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Effect of Alkali-Silica Reaction on Confined Reinforced Concrete

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Effect of Alkali-Silica Reaction on Confined Reinforced Concrete University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 5-2020 Effect of Alkali-Silica Reaction on Confined Reinforced Concrete Nolan Wesley Hayes University of Tennessee, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Recommended Citation Hayes, Nolan Wesley, "Effect of Alkali-Silica Reaction on Confined Reinforced Concrete. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2020. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/5805 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Nolan Wesley Hayes entitled "Effect of Alkali- Silica Reaction on Confined Reinforced Concrete." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Civil Engineering. Z. John Ma, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Richard M. Bennett, Timothy Truster, Yann Le Pape Accepted for the Council: Dixie L. Thompson Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Effect of Alkali-Silica Reaction on Confined Reinforced Concrete A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Nolan Wesley Hayes May 2020 Copyright c by Nolan Wesley Hayes, 2020 All Rights Reserved. ii To God Be the Glory To my wife and To my parents iii Acknowledgments This research was made possible by the support of the US Department of Energy's Office of Nuclear Energy, Light Water Reactor Sustainability Program, under contract number DE-AC05-00OR22725. I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. John Ma, who instilled in me a passion for the progression of knowledge. His expertise, understanding, guidance, and support have encouraged me to achieve more than I could have imagined. I am grateful to Dr. Yann Le Pape whose passion for research was a major driver in developing my own devotion for research. His mentoring and deep understanding of material related to my topic has immensely helped in my own studies. I am thankful to Dr. Farid Benboudjema who hosted my stay in France at the Ecole´ normale sup´eriereParis-Saclay. Through his patience in teaching and mentoring, the inclusion of the concrete models presented in this research was possible. I am also thankful to Dr. Timothy Truster and Dr. Richard Bennett for serving on my committee. I would also like to thank Dr. Sihem Le Pape whose assistance and support in the management of the research project established my work for success. I am grateful to Dr. Alain Giorla whose mentoring and guidance strengthened my analysis of the research data. I am thankful to Larry Roberts and Andy Baker for all their assistance in helping with all the aspects of performing lab-work in structural engineering research. Because of their attention to safety, I still have all my fingers and toes. I am also grateful to Nancy Roberts who through her unending list of contacts was able to help in the procurement of many materials necessary for the research. iv Abstract Alkali-silica reaction (ASR), which was recently discovered in nuclear power plant structures commonly without shear reinforcement, has previously been shown to induce anisotropic expansion in confined concrete. A large-scale testing program on alkali silica reaction (ASR)-affected concrete structural members without shear reinforcement representative of structural members found in nuclear power plants is presented. Three large concrete specimens with ASR and varying levels of confinement were monitored in accelerated testing conditions. Strong anisotropic expansion and oriented ASR-induced cracking resulting from the confinement effect caused by the reinforcement layout and additional structural boundary conditions were observed. Surface cracking is not indicative of internal ASR- induced damage/expansion. The fracture properties (strength, stiffness, and specific fracture energy) of ASR- induced anisotropically-damaged concrete specimens were quantified by varying both the damage level and relative direction of the ASR-induced cracking orientation against the loading direction corresponding to the fracture propagation. The effect of different orientations (0, 45, and 90 degrees relative to the notch of the specimen) of expected ASR-induced cracks on the fracture properties was investigated using a wedge-splitting test (WST). Specimens without ASR expansion generally showed the highest fracture properties; however, the specific fracture energy was highest for ASR-affected specimens in which the expected orientation of ASR-induced cracks was perpendicular to the WST specimen notch. Specimens in which the ASR-induced cracks were parallel to the notch exhibited the lowest strength and fracture energy. A new model was developed for predicting the expansion of concrete structures affected by alkali-silica reaction. The model includes a novel combination of existing models as a v alkali-silica reaction advancement model, a novel casting direction anisotropic expansion model, a novel stress-dependent anisotropic expansion model, and a novel material property evolution model dependent on the degree of ASR expansion. The calibrated model was validated in predicting the ASR-expansion of the large-scale reinforced concrete specimens with confinement of this study. The results of this study highlight the need for additional research to be conducted to investigate a possible size effect for very-large concrete specimens affected by ASR and the need for additional research on multi-axially loaded concrete specimens with ASR. vi Table of Contents 1 Introduction1 1.1 Background....................................1 1.1.1 Alkali-Silica Reaction...........................1 1.1.2 ASR in Nuclear Power Plants......................1 1.2 State-of-the-Art..................................3 1.2.1 Reaction..................................3 1.2.2 Expansion.................................3 1.2.3 Material Property Deterioration.....................4 1.2.4 Modeling of ASR.............................5 1.3 Research Scope and Objectives.........................5 1.4 Dissertation Organization............................6 2 Monitoring of Alkali-Silica Reaction in Confined Reinforced Concrete8 2.1 Introduction and Research Significance.....................8 2.2 Materials and Methods..............................9 2.2.1 Specimen Design.............................9 2.2.2 Dimensions and Reinforcing Details................... 10 2.2.3 Steel Confinement Frame......................... 11 2.2.4 Concrete Formulation........................... 13 2.2.5 Casting and Curing Conditions..................... 14 2.2.6 Material Testing............................. 16 2.3 Monitoring and Sensing Techniques....................... 16 2.3.1 Embedded Strain Sensors........................ 17 vii 2.3.2 Long-Gauge Fiber-Optic Deformation Sensors............. 18 2.4 Results....................................... 19 2.4.1 Early-Age................................. 19 2.4.2 Monitoring Data Correlation....................... 19 2.4.3 ASR-Induced Expansion......................... 20 2.4.4 Material Properties............................ 23 2.5 Discussions.................................... 24 2.5.1 Visual Inspection............................. 24 2.5.2 Sensor Resilience............................. 27 2.5.3 Expansion Anisotropy.......................... 27 2.5.4 Effect of Confinement on Materials Properties............. 29 2.6 Conclusion..................................... 32 3 Effect of Alkali-Silica Reaction on the Fracture Properties of Confined Concrete 33 3.1 Introduction.................................... 33 3.2 Materials and Methods.............................. 35 3.2.1 Materials................................. 35 3.2.2 Specimens................................. 37 3.2.3 Testing................................... 40 3.3 Results....................................... 42 3.3.1 Data analysis............................... 42 3.3.2 Mechanical properties.......................... 44 3.3.3 Crack pattern............................... 48 3.3.4 Petrographic analysis........................... 49 3.4 Discussion..................................... 51 3.4.1 Uncertainties............................... 51 3.4.2 Effect of Alkali-Silica Reaction...................... 52 3.4.3 Effect of micro-cracking orientation................... 54 3.4.4 Consequences for numerical models................... 55 viii 3.5 Conclusion..................................... 56 4 Modeling of Alkali-Silica Reaction in Confined Reinforced Concrete 57 4.1 Introduction.................................... 57 4.2 Model Descriptions................................ 58 4.2.1 Reaction Advancement.......................... 59 4.2.2 Casting Direction Anisotropy...................... 60 4.2.3 Stress-Dependent Anisotropic Expansion................ 61 4.2.4 Material Property Evolution....................... 64 4.3 Model Validation................................. 66 4.3.1 Experiment Description......................... 66 4.3.2 Software and Meshing.........................
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