Mongghul, Mangghuer and Beyond: Estimating the Proximity
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The Mongolic Languages Routledge Language Family Series
THE MONGOLIC LANGUAGES ROUTLEDGE LANGUAGE FAMILY SERIES Each volume provides a detailed, reliable account of every member language, or representative language of a particular family. Each account is a reliable source of data, arranged according to the natural system of classification: phonology, mor- phology, syntax, lexicon, semantics, dialectology and socio-linguistics. Each volume is designed to be the essential source of reference for a particular linguistic commu- nity, as well as for linguists working on typology and syntax. The Austronesian Languages of Asia The Manchu-Tungusic Languages and Madagascar Edited by Alexander Vovin Edited by Nikolaus Himmelmann & The Mongolic Languages Sander Adelaar Edited by Juha Janhunen The Bantu Languages The Oceanic Languages Edited by Derek Nurse & Edited by John Lynch, Malcolm Ross & Gérard Philippson Terry Crowley The Celtic Languages The Romance Languages Edited by Martin Ball & James Fife Edited by Martin Harris & Nigel The Dravidian Languages Vincent Edited by Sanford B. Steever The Semitic Languages The Germanic Languages Edited by Robert Hetzron Edited by Johan van der Anwera & The Sino-Tibetan Languages Ekkehard König Edited by Graham Thurgood & Randy The Indo-Aryan Languages LaPolla Edited by George Cardona & Dhanesh The Slavonic Languages Jain Edited by Bernard Comrie & Greville The Indo-European Languages B. Corbett Edited by Paolo Ramat & Anna The Turkic Languages Giacalone Edited by Lars Johanson & Eva Csato The Iranian Languages The Uralic Languages Edited by Gernot Windfuhr Edited by Daniel Abondolo The Khoesan Languages Edited by Raïner Vossen THE MONGOLIC LANGUAGES Edited by Juha Janhunen First published 2003 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. -
Contents Abbreviations of the Names of Languages in the Statistical Maps
V Contents Abbreviations of the names of languages in the statistical maps. xiii Abbreviations in the text. xv Foreword 17 1. Introduction: the objectives 19 2. On the theoretical framework of research 23 2.1 On language typology and areal linguistics 23 2.1.1 On the history of language typology 24 2.1.2 On the modern language typology ' 27 2.2 Methodological principles 33 2.2.1 On statistical methods in linguistics 34 2.2.2 The variables 41 2.2.2.1 On the phonological systems of languages 41 2.2.2.2 Techniques in word-formation 43 2.2.2.3 Lexical categories 44 2.2.2.4 Categories in nominal inflection 45 2.2.2.5 Inflection of verbs 47 2.2.2.5.1 Verbal categories 48 2.2.2.5.2 Non-finite verb forms 50 2.2.2.6 Syntactic and morphosyntactic organization 52 2.2.2.6.1 The order in and between the main syntactic constituents 53 2.2.2.6.2 Agreement 54 2.2.2.6.3 Coordination and subordination 55 2.2.2.6.4 Copula 56 2.2.2.6.5 Relative clauses 56 2.2.2.7 Semantics and pragmatics 57 2.2.2.7.1 Negation 58 2.2.2.7.2 Definiteness 59 2.2.2.7.3 Thematic structure of sentences 59 3. On the typology of languages spoken in Europe and North and 61 Central Asia 3.1 The Indo-European languages 61 3.1.1 Indo-Iranian languages 63 3.1.1.1New Indo-Aryan languages 63 3.1.1.1.1 Romany 63 3.1.2 Iranian languages 65 3.1.2.1 South-West Iranian languages 65 3.1.2.1.1 Tajiki 65 3.1.2.2 North-West Iranian languages 68 3.1.2.2.1 Kurdish 68 3.1.2.2.2 Northern Talysh 70 3.1.2.3 South-East Iranian languages 72 3.1.2.3.1 Pashto 72 3.1.2.4 North-East Iranian languages 74 3.1.2.4.1 -
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Between Shanghai and Mecca: Diaspora and Diplomacy of Chinese Muslims in the Twentieth Century by Janice Hyeju Jeong Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Engseng Ho, Advisor ___________________________ Prasenjit Duara, Advisor ___________________________ Nicole Barnes ___________________________ Adam Mestyan ___________________________ Cemil Aydin Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2019 ABSTRACT Between Shanghai and Mecca: Diaspora and Diplomacy of Chinese Muslims in the Twentieth Century by Janice Hyeju Jeong Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Engseng Ho, Advisor ___________________________ Prasenjit Duara, Advisor ___________________________ Nicole Barnes ___________________________ Adam Mestyan ___________________________ Cemil Aydin An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2019 Copyright by Janice Hyeju Jeong 2019 Abstract While China’s recent Belt and the Road Initiative and its expansion across Eurasia is garnering public and scholarly attention, this dissertation recasts the space of Eurasia as one connected through historic Islamic networks between Mecca and China. Specifically, I show that eruptions of -
547 References
Mongolic phonology and the Qinghai-Gansu languages Nugteren, H. Citation Nugteren, H. (2011, December 7). Mongolic phonology and the Qinghai-Gansu languages. LOT dissertation series. Utrecht : LOT, Netherlands Graduate School of Linguistics. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/18188 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the License: Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/18188 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). REFERENCES Apatóczky, Ákos Bertalan. 2009. Dialectal traces in Beilu Yiyu. V. Rybatzki & A. Pozzi & P. W, Geier & J. R. Krueger (eds.). The Early Mongols: Language, Culture and History. Tümen tümen nasulatuɣai. Studies in Honor of Igor de Rachewiltz on the Occasion of His 80th Birthday. 9-20. Bloomington. Binnick, Robert I. 1987. On the classification of the Mongolian languages. CAJ 31. 178-195. Bökh, & Chén Năixióng. 1981. Tóngrén Băo‟ānhuà gàiyào [Outline of the vernacular of Tongren Bao‟an]. Mínzú Yŭwén 1981:2. 61-75. Peking. Bökh & Čoyiǰungǰab. 1985 [1986]. Düngsiyang kele ba Mongɣol kele / Dōngxiāngyŭ hé Mĕnggŭyŭ [Dongxiang and Mongolian]. Hohhot. Bökh & Liú Zhàoxióng. 1982. Băo’ānyŭ jiănzhì [Concise grammar of Bao‟an]. Peking. Bökh, et al. 1983. Düngsiyang kelen-ü üges / Dōngxiāngyŭ cíhuì [Vocabulary of Dongxiang]. Hohhot. Bolčuluu & Jalsan. 1988. Jegün Yuɣur kelen-ü kelelge-yin matèriyal / Dōngbù Yùgùyŭ huàyŭ cáiliào [Materials of Eastern Yugur spoken language]. Hohhot. Bolčuluu, et al. 1984 [1985]. Jegün Yuɣur kelen-ü üges / Dōngbù Yùgùyŭ cíhuì [Vocabulary of Eastern Yugur]. Hohhot. Bolčuluu & Jalsan. 1990 [1991]. Jegün Yuɣur kele ba Mongɣol kele / Dōngbù Yùgùyŭ hé Mĕnggŭyŭ [Eastern Yugur and Mongolian]. -
Iberian Imperialism and Language Evolution in Latin America
11 * The Ecology of Language Evolution in Latin America: A Haitian Postscript toward a Postcolonial Sequel michel degraff While reading the preceding chapters in this volume, on Iberian Imperial- ism and Language Evolution in Latin America, I kept trading two distinct hats on my bald head: one for the theoretical linguist interested in the cognitive aspects of language contact and language evolution, the other for the MIT professor challenged by social injustice in language policy and education in my native Haiti and other Creole-speaking communi- ties. These communities, like many others in the world, including the United States, still suff er from insidious colonial and neocolonial impe- rialist prejudices and practices. By the time I fi nished those chapters, I realized that the two hats are fundamentally made of the same material. As a theoretical linguist, I was fascinated by the contributors’ insight- ful illustrations of the complexity of language contact in Latin America— complexity in sociohistorical, ecological, and linguistic-structural dimen- sions. As a Haitian and a Haitian Creole–speaking linguist, I was curious as to how language shift, language change, language endangerment, and (meta-)linguistic correlates of social hierarchies in Iberian America may help us better understand related phenomena in the Caribbean, and vice versa. I’ve used the phrases Latin America and Iberian America with some trepidation, as I realize that the chapters to which I am responding have focused exclusively on areas of Latin America that were colonized by the Spanish or the Portuguese, leaving aside Latin American territories that were or are still under the control of France. -
CORE STRENGTH WITHIN MONGOL DIASPORA COMMUNITIES Archaeological Evidence Places Early Stone Age Human Habitation in the Southern
CORE STRENGTH WITHIN MONGOL DIASPORA COMMUNITIES Archaeological evidence places early Stone Age human habitation in the southern Gobi between 100,000 and 200,000 years ago 1. While they were nomadic hunter-gatherers it is believed that they migrated to southern Asia, Australia, and America through Beringia 50,000 BP. This prehistoric migration played a major role in fundamental dispersion of world population. As human migration was an essential part of human evolution in prehistoric era the historical mass dispersions in Middle Age and Modern times brought a significant influence on political and socioeconomic progress throughout the world and the latter has been studied under the Theory of Diaspora. This article attempts to analyze Mongol Diaspora and its characteristics. The Middle Age-Mongol Diaspora started by the time of the Great Mongol Empire was expanding from present-day Poland in the west to Korea in the east and from Siberia in the north to the Gulf of Oman and Vietnam in the south. Mongols were scattered throughout the territory of the Great Empire, but the disproportionately small number of Mongol conquerors compared with the masses of subject peoples and the change in Mongol cultural patterns along with influence of foreign religions caused them to fell prey to alien cultures after the decline of the Empire. As a result, modern days Hazara communities in northeastern Afghanistan and a small group of Mohol/Mohgul in India, Daur, Dongxiang (Santa), Monguor or Chagaan Monggol, Yunnan Mongols, Sichuan Mongols, Sogwo Arig, Yugur and Bonan people in China are considered as descendants of Mongol soldiers, who obeyed their Khaan’s order to safeguard the conquered area and waited in exceptional loyalty. -
Linxia, People’S Republic of China
Applicant UNESCO Global Geopark Linxia, People’s Republic of China Geographical and geological summary 1. Physical and human geography Linxia Geopark is situated in Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China. The geographical coordinates are 103°02′19.08′′-103°38′21.06′′E; 35°14′37.43′′-36°09′10.87′′N, with a total area of 2120 km2. Linxia Geopark stretches across two natural regions, that is, the arid area of the Loess Plateau in Northwest China and the alpine humid area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The Geopark, high in the southwest and low in the northeast, is in the shape of a sloping basin with an average elevation of 2000m. The Geopark is in a temperate continental climate zone with annual average temperature of 5.0- 9.4°C. The annual precipitation is 260-660mm, and the rainfall is mostly concentrated between June and September. The Geopark is located in the upper reaches of the Yellow River basin and has abundant surface water. Most parts are covered with aeolian loess parent material. The distribution of natural vegetation varies widely with very prominent zonality. The Geopark involves six counties (cities) including Yongjing County, Hezheng County, Dongxiang County, Linxia City, Guanghe County, and Linxia County in Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture, and 66 townships. The Geopark has a population of 1.166 million, with 31 nations including Hui, Han, Dongxiang, Baoan, Salar, and so on. In the north of the Geopark, Yongjing County is 74km away from the provincial capital Lanzhou, and in the south, Hezheng is 116km away from Lanzhou. -
Toponymic Culture of China's Ethnic Minorities' Languages
E/CONF.94/CRP.24 7 June 2002 English only Eighth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names Berlin, 27 August-5 September 2002 Item 9 (c) of the provisional agenda* National standardization: treatment of names in multilingual areas Toponymic culture of China’s ethnic minorities’ languages Submitted by China** * E/CONF.94/1. ** Prepared by Wang Jitong, General-Director, China Institute of Toponymy. 02-41902 (E) *0241902* E/CONF.94/CRP.24 Toponymic Culture of China’s Ethnic Minorities’ Languages Geographical names are fossil of history and culture. Many important meanings are contained in the geographical names of China’s Ethnic Minorities’ languages. I. The number and distribution of China’s Ethnic Minorities There are 55 minorities in China have been determined now. 53 of them have their own languages, which belong to 5 language families, but the Hui and the Man use Chinese (Han language). There are 29 nationalities’ languages belong to Sino-Tibetan family, including Zang, Menba, Zhuang, Bouyei, Dai, Dong, Mulam, Shui, Maonan, Li, Yi, Lisu, Naxi, Hani, Lahu, Jino, Bai, Jingpo, Derung, Qiang, Primi, Lhoba, Nu, Aching, Miao, Yao, She, Tujia and Gelao. These nationalities distribute mainly in west and center of Southern China. There are 17 minority nationalities’ languages belong to Altaic family, including Uygul, Kazak, Uzbek, Salar, Tatar, Yugur, Kirgiz, Mongol, Tu, Dongxiang, Baoan, Daur, Xibe, Hezhen, Oroqin, Ewenki and Chaoxian. These nationalities distribute mainly in west and east of Northern China. There are 3 minority nationalities’ languages belong to South- Asian family, including Va, Benglong and Blang. These nationalities distribute mainly in Southwest China’s Yunnan Province. -
Language Typology and Sprachliche Universalien La Typologie Des
i ;.1,ijr! jri:j...li'' ljl LanguageTypology and LanguageUniversals Sprachtypologieund sprachlicheuniversalien La typologiedes langues et lesuniversaux linguistiques An InternationalHandbook / Ein internationalesHandbuch / Manuelinternational Editedby I Herausgegebenvon / Edite par Martin Haspelmath' Ekkehard Konig Wulf Oesterreicher' WolfgangRaible Volume2,1 2. Halbband/ Tome2 Walter de Gruvter ' Berlin ' New York 2001 i*.' 1492 XIV. Typologicalcharacterization of languagefamilies and linguisticareas 107.The European linguistic area: Standard Average European L lntroduction guagesshare structural features which cannot 2. The major SAE features be due to retention from a common proto- 3. Somefurther likely SAE features languageand which give these languagesa 4. Degreesof membershipin SAE profile that makesthem stand out amongthe 5. How did SAE come into being? is thus no min- 6. Abbreviationsof languagenames surroundinglanguages. There 7. References imum number of languagesthat a linguistic area comprisesQtace Stolz 2001a).In prin- ciple, there could be a linguistic area con- 1. Introduction sisting of just two languages(though this would be rather uninteresting), and there This article summarizessome of the main are also very large(continent-sized) linguistic piecesof evidencefor a linguistic area (or areas (Dryer 1989a).Likewise, there is no li rlltt' i. rili Sprachbund)in Europe that comprises the minimum number of structural featuresthat llll'itt Romance, Germanic and Balto-Slavic lan- the languagesmust sharein order to qualify guages,the -
Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Law, Language and Discourse
Proceedings of The Fifth International Conference on Law, Language and Discourse Sept. 27 – Oct. 1, 2015 Örebro University, Sweden The American Scholars Press Editors: Cheng Le, Laura Ervo, Jian Li, Lisa Hale and Jin Zhang Cover Designer: Xin Wang Published by The American Scholars Press, Inc. The Proceedings of The Fifth International Conference on Law, Language and Discourse is published by the American Scholars Press, Inc., Marietta, Georgia, USA. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. Copyright © 2015 by the American Scholars Press All rights reserved. ISBN: 978-0-9861817-6-4 Printed in the United States of America 2 Preface Internationally, there is a growing interest from the academia and legal professionals in the study of the interface between language and law. Locally, Language and Law is one of the core postgraduate programs, which can be traced back to the early 1990s at City University of Hong Kong. In recent years, exchanges and collaborations in language and law between the City University of Hong Kong and other universities, including Aston University, China University of Political Science and Law, Columbia Law School, Georgetown University, and Peking University, have been frequent and productive. With Hong Kong, as an international city, playing an important role of the meeting point of different cultures and with China being the convergence of various jurisdictions, a new association – the Multicultural Association of Law and Language (hereafter, as MALL) was founded in 2009 with the Secretariat located in Hong Kong. -
Cantonese Opera and the Growth and Spread Of
Proceedings of the 29th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics (NACCL-29). 2017. Volume 1. Edited by Lan Zhang. University of Memphis, Memphis, TN. Pages 217-225. A Research on the Error Types in Four Editions of Bǎijiā xìng in hP’ags-pa Script Sicheng Wang University of Massachusetts, Amherst The hP’ags-pa script was created in the late 13th century which was intended to transliterate all the languages of the Mongol empire such as Tibetan, Uyghur and Chinese into a single writing system. Among all the Chinese hP’ags-pa materials, the primer Bǎijiā xìng (BJX) offered us extensive hP’ags-pa syllables and their corresponding Chinese characters. The BJX in hP’ags-pa script has four editions that are currently known to scholars. In my research, I found three types of errors in those hP’ags-pa syllables: (1) Misuse of similar-looking letters; (2) Pure clerical errors; (3) Errors in the transliteration of variant pronunciations. Among the three types, the third kind is rare. Most of the errors are graphic mistakes reflecting a lack of knowledge of the nature of the writing system. Hence, people’s cognition of writing systems influenced the effectiveness of script promulgation. 1. The hP’ags-pa Script The hP’ags-pa script was created by hP’ags-pa Lama (1235–1280), a Tibetan scholar in the late 13th century who assisted Qubilai Khan (1215–1294) in the early Yuan dynasty. The script was completed and issued in 1269 (Coblin 2007, Shen 2008) and was originally called Ménggǔ xīn zì 蒙古新字, “new Mongol characters,” or simply guó zì 國 字, “national script,” as opposed to the old Uighur script. -
A Grammar of Bao'an Tu, a Mongolic Language Of
A GRAMMAR OF BAO’AN TU, A MONGOLIC LANGUAGE OF NORTHWEST CHINA by Robert Wayne Fried June 1, 2010 A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Buffalo, State University of New York in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Linguistics UMI Number: 3407976 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI 3407976 Copyright 2010 by ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This edition of the work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 Copyright by Robert Wayne Fried 2010 ii Acknowledgements I wish to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor, Matthew Dryer for his guidance and for his detailed comments on numerous drafts of this dissertation. I would also like to thank my committee members, Karin Michelson and Robert VanValin, Jr., for their patience, flexibility, and helpful feedback. I am grateful to have had the opportunity to be a part of the linguistics department at the University at Buffalo. I have benefited in ways too numerous to recount from my interactions with the UB linguistics faculty and with my fellow graduate students. I am also grateful for the tireless help of Carole Orsolitz, Jodi Reiner, and Sharon Sell, without whose help I could not have successfully navigated a study program spanning nine years and multiple international locations.