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Aquaporin-5, Subunit Beta in the Sodium Channel Epithelium, Lung

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Aquaporin-5, Subunit Beta in the Sodium Channel Epithelium, Lung Sys Rev Pharm 2020; 11(6): 466 473 A multifaceted review journal in the field of pharmacy E-ISSN 0976-2779 P-ISSN 0975-8453 Aquaporin-5, Subunit Beta in the Sodium Channel Epithelium, Lung Ultrasonography Examination in Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn Herlina Uinarni1*, Bachtiar Murtala2, Muhammad Nasrum Massi3 Andi Dwi Bahagia Febriani4, Ristaniah Rose Effendy5, Mochammad Hatta6, St. Maisuri T Challid7, Mirna Muis8, Ema Alasiry9, Burhanuddin Bahar10, Huldani11, Harun Achmad12 *1Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia 2Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia 3Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia 4Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia 5Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. 6Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia 7Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia 8Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia 9Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia 10Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia 11Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia 12Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia Correspondence Author E-mail: [email protected] Article History: Submitted: 02.04.2020 Revised: 10.05.2020 Accepted: 25.06.2020 ABSTRACT Studies have identified several isoforms of aquaporin that expressed of lung ultrasonoghraphy in diagnosing TTN are double lung point and in many types of cells and located in different locations in human alveolar intersisial syndrome. body. Aquaporin plays an important role in water regulation system by Keywords: Aquaporin 5, Subunit beta in the natrium channel providing the water channels to facilitating water transport through epithelium, X-ray, Lung ultrasonography, Transient tachypnea of the the barriers. In neonates, aquaporin helps pulmonary fluid clearance newborn. as quick as after the birth time by absorption mechanism to allows the Correspondence: air exchange normally and avoid the respiratory distress as in transient Herlina Uinarni tachypnea of the newborn (TTN). Subunit beta in the sodium channel Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, epithelium also plays a role in respiratory distress of the newborn. Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia Some pathological condition affect the aquaporin expression. Study E-mail: [email protected] showed that aquaporin 5 expression was higher in TTN group than the DOI: 10.31838/srp.2020.6.73 control and respiratory distress syndrome group. The primary findings @Advanced Scientific Research. All rights reserved INTRODUCTION showed the structure of aquaporin 5 tetramer and its overlays The internal surface of lung is formed by two types of cells 4 protomers. All of these protomers showed the same water known as epithelial type 1 and type 2, both are have different channel profiles when measured by using HOLE. There is a cell shapes and functions.1 Most lung surface covered by type cavity that narrows in the extracellular surface area of 1 cells squamous shaped for air exchange during the aquaporine 5, it will be filled by lipids and cause occlusion. respiration process, their performance is identified by The occlusion will prevents the passage of air and ions 14 phenotypic specific markers, one of them is aquaporin 5. through the center of tetramer. Type 2 cells are cuboid-shaped, they play important role in There are six alpha helical domains that stretch along the the synthesis of surfactant proteins, such as SFTPA.2 membrane, accompanied by carboxylates and amino 15 The process of fluid transfer between the airspace to the terminals on both sides of the aquaporin. Aquaporin is also capillaries occurs by osmosis and across several barriers (i.e. involved in the physiological human body response to epithelial cells, interstitial and endothelial spaces).3,4,5,6 pulmonary edema condition after acute lung injury (ALI).16,17 Aquaporin is an important protein in water regulation Whereas in neonates, aquaporin plays a major role in system by providing the water channels that facilitating the maintaining the stability of lung fluid by quick absorption water transport through high permeability epithelial cells and process of lung fluid. All roles in the physiological and lung microvascular. 7,8,9,10 Although it facilitates the water pathophysiological processes in the lungs are carried out by transport, aquaporin selectively prevent the passage of ions several types of aquaporin that located in different and other solute materials through the membrane by a cluster locations.18 The first type, aquaporin 1, its expression of amino acids as a selective filter, called as arginine or upregulated near the delivery time of neonates ar/R.11,12,13 the peribronchial endothelium, visceral pleura, and some Horsefield et al examined the structure of aquaporin 5 in pneumocytes.19,20 The second type, aquaporin 3 is located on humans (HsAQP5) with high-resolution X-ray. HsAQP5 the basolateral surface of the bronchial epithelium.21 The contains several phosphorylation sites and has terminal C third type, aquaporin 4, located in basolateral epithelial and N that shaped similarly to those that found in aquaporin membrane of bronchial and trachea epithelial, just like the 1. The shape of crystal aquaporin 5 look like a stacked two- first type its expression also upregulated near the delivery dimentional membranes. The results of this study also time of neonates.22 The fourth type, aquaporin 5, located in 466 Systematic Review Pharmacy Vol 11, Issue 6, 2020 Herlina Uinarni et al / Aquaporin – 5, Subunit Beta in the Sodium Channel Epithelium, Lung Ultrasonography Examination in Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn apical membrane of type 1 alveolar epithelial cells, trachea faster in people with AA genotype.33 Therefore, the type of and bronchial submucosa, its expression increases after the genotype plays an important role in the process of lung baby delivery time.21,23,24 inflammation and participate in determining the prognosis. Each aquaporin protein is located in a different gene in the In neonates, pulmonary fluid clearance must occur human body. Aquaporin 1 is in gene 7p14, aquaporin 3 in immediately after the birth time by absorption mechanism of gene 9p21 - 12, aquaporin 4 in gene 18q11.2-12.1, and air cavity fluid and the exchange of oxygen and carbon aquaporin 5 in gene 12q13. If a deletion occurs in aquaporin, dioxide gas can occur normally. If this does not work well, it it will causes a decrease the ability of water permeability and will cause respiratory distress conditions, some pathological various other effects that vary according to the type of conditions in neonates that often occur are transient protein.18,21 The deletion of some type of aquaporin protein tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) and respiratory distress in type 1 pneumocytes will be replaced by another type of syndrome.34 Lack of oxygen supply to cells under aquaporin protein.21 People with aquaporin 1 deficiency will physiological and pathological conditions called hypoxia. still look healthy, but decrease the body ability to extract Hypoxic conditions can lead to pulmonary edema, it will get various solutes in urine and conserve water in low water worse in people with low amiloride-sensitive Na+ channel intake condition.25,26 Deletion of aquaporin 5 will not cause (ENaC) expression. Because, ENaC plays an important role damage to the microscopic picture of the lung and do not in fluid clearance from the respiratory tract.35 affect other types of aquaporin.27 However, it will caused 10- Kawedia et all performed a research on mice and shows that fold decreases the osmotically water transport between hypoxia causes a significant decrease in aquaporin 5 in the airspace and the capillary.18,24 lungs up to 70%.28 Deletion of aquaporin 5 in neonates will Aquaporin 5 in the human body is not only found in the reduce the effectiveness of alveolar airway clearance, which lungs, but also in the salivary glands and lacrimals gland.28 In can lead to transient tachypnea condition.36 Furthermore, salivary glands, acetylation of histones of H4 and DNA subunit beta in the sodium channel epithelium also plays a methylation act as regulators of aquaporin 5 work. Research role in respiratory distress in neonates.34,37 by Flodby et al on rat lungs as subjects, showed an increase in X-ray findings of transient tachypnea on the newborn may be aquaporin 5 expression by histone deacetylation (HDAC) include pulmonary hyperexpansion, density in the perihilum inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamide acid (SAHA).29 with fissure filling fluid, pleural effusion.38 X-ray become a The results of Tonghui et al's study of the knockout mice traditional method now and concludes radiation exposure to showed that aquaporin 5 plays an important role in patients.39 Lung ultrasound (LUS) is considered safer and
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