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The World's Most Popular State of the Art The World’s Most Popular Gun The Long Road to the AK-47 o firearm in history has and created a revolutionary romance enjoyed the fame or popular- that still surrounds the weapon. Nity of the assault rifle known Since gunpowder is not static in as the AK-47, or Kalashnikov. Created power in the way that human muscle by a Soviet weapons designer at the is, once fiery arms were invented in the dawn of the Cold War, it was mass- fourteenth century, they would in the- produced and distributed worldwide in ory constantly improve in a way that the millions, leading to its canonization bows, slings, and swords could not. in the revolutionary Third World of the But in reality, centuries of technologi- 1950s and 1960s. Indeed, far beyond its cal stagnation followed the invention utility, the AK-47 became a Cold War of the first gun: for example, the eigh- icon, appearing on revolutionary flags, teenth- and nineteenth-century “Brown in songs and poems, and in televised Bess” flintlock musket remained almost insurgencies as proof of communist fer- unchanged during its use by the British vor and supposed martial superiority. Empire over the course of more than a And it continues to play a major role in century. Early muskets and their pre- warfare today, most visibly in guerrilla decessors had slow rates of fire and conflicts in Africa and the Middle East. poor accuracy and reliability, and thus The AK-47 has succeeded so wildly did not always ensure battlefield supe- because it is almost an ideal realization riority over arrows, edged weapons, of the personal firearm: where most and hand-launched missiles. Benjamin weapons have had to contend with Franklin famously advocated the use of tradeoffs between accuracy, lethality, bows by the cash-strapped Continental speed of fire, reliability, cost of produc- Army, arguing that they were cheaper, tion, and ease of carrying and use, the easier to use, and could send more AK-47 managed to find a sweet spot arrows per minute than the musket maximizing these traits. In fact, the could fire balls. weapon is so reliable, effective, and The problem was that the vari- easy to use by untrained operators that ous qualities of a good handheld its advent made it widely possible for weapon were often mutually exclu- just about any group, even with little sive. Increased lethality, for instance, money, modern technology, or formal was usually attained by increasing military training, to mount significant, the weight of the firearm and bul- deadly assaults against a much larger lets, which often reduced reliability and more advanced force — a fact that and mobility, and made weapons too has transformed the face of warfare expensive to outfit an entire army. So 140 ~ The New Atlantis Copyright 2011. All rights reserved. See www.TheNewAtlantis.com for more information. A Survey of Technology and Society the development of personal firearms of these machines could in theory spit was often haphazard, especially during out six hundred rounds per minute, periods of general peace. Black-powder, allowing two-man teams to lay down muzzle-loading, smoothbore (unrifled) a volume of fire greater than what firearms were the norm for centuries. was possible from a whole company Only in the mid-nineteenth century of riflemen. The new machine guns did sophisticated metallurgy and tech- proved revolutionary, especially in the niques of mass production at last begin colonial wars in Africa, Asia, and Latin to usher in rear-loading models, car- America, in which small numbers of tridge ammunition, more powerful and Westerners could trump numerically smokeless gunpowder, rifled barrels, superior foes, sending a chilling mes- and interchangeable, machined parts. sage of technological superiority. The The result was a giant leap in the venerable traditions of the mounted ability of soldiers to kill one another lancer, the cavalryman, and the skilled on a mass scale, as the ancient science swordsman slipped into decline with of effective body armor was unable to the advent of the machine gun. keep pace. By the nineteenth century, But the early machine guns, though the personal arms race was on. rapid-fire and quite lethal, were heavy The watershed years were those of and they often jammed, leaving their the American Civil War, which cre- operators defenseless. And they were ated a race for more rapidly firing costly and difficult to move and maneu- and lethal arms. The war that began ver. Nevertheless, during World War I, with the use of muskets and Minié improved mobile Maxim, Vickers, and balls ended with the Henry repeating Colt-Browning machine guns reigned rifle, which allowed a skilled single supreme across the trenches, overpow- shooter to load and fire up to twenty- ering the firing rates of bolt-action, clip- eight times per minute. The war also fed rifles. In response to the machine saw the development of the Gatling gun’s lethal tyranny on the battle- machine gun, and, somewhat later, field, early twentieth-century tacticians the Maxim, the first fully automatic began dreaming of an everyman’s mini- weapon. The more advanced models machine gun that would diffuse such AK-47: The Weapon that The Gun The Gun that Changed Changed the Face of War By C. J. Chivers the World By Larry Kahaner Simon & Schuster ~ 2010 By Mikhail Kalashnikov Wiley ~ 2006 496 pp. ~ $28 (cloth) with Elena Joy 272 pp. ~ $25.95 (cloth) Polity ~ 2007 224 pp. ~ $19.95 (paper) Summer 2011 ~ 141 Copyright 2011. All rights reserved. See www.TheNewAtlantis.com for more information. State of the Art killing power into the hands of millions that few submachine guns were deadly of combatants. beyond two hundred yards — a poten- The result was the generation of tially fatal limitation at the times when the so-called submachine gun, most rifle sharpshooters had clear fields prominently the German MP-18, the of fire at over a thousand yards. The Italian Villar Perosa and Beretta Model constant rapid firing, together with 1918, and the American Thompson (or the grime, heat, and filthy conditions Tommy Gun). These weapons fired of battle, made the submachine guns pistol cartridges, allowing for the jam far too frequently. And another employment of existing stocks; they problem developed during the war that were relatively light at around ten transcended the weapons’ advantage pounds; and they could in theory be of rapid firing: heavily-laden soldiers shot at astounding rates of fire of well simply could not carry enough addi- over 400 rounds per minute. Whereas tional bullets — often larger-caliber .30 World War I was defined by heavy and .45 ammunition — to take advan- machine guns battling each other in tage of their guns’ voracious appetites. antipodal fashion across clearly defined On the other hand, repeating rifles, fields of fire, battles of World War even when semi-automatic and equipped II were frequently fought in jungles, with enlarged clips and improved bar- forests, and urban streets, in which the rel and stock designs that allowed a enemy was typically near and highly good chance of hits at great distances, mobile. Submachine guns proved pop- did not allow enough shots per minute ular during this war — and spawned a for the increasingly close-order combat number of cheaper imitations — thanks in which enemy soldiers might appear to their adaptability to a situation in suddenly en masse, and in all conceiv- which constant streams of bullets were able landscapes. Their longer barrels directed at soldiers from every direc- and clumsy shoulder stocks certainly tion by constantly moving enemies, proved a hindrance during close-in and enemies were more likely to be fighting. Other tradeoffs arose as mil- stopped by sudden, rapid fire than lions of combatants joined the Allies or by precisely aimed shots from small, Axis powers in a global war, allowing longer-barrel weapons. little time to ensure traditional marks- Yet, for a variety of reasons, the manship training for men from such new submachine guns could still not widely disparate backgrounds. The entirely replace clip-fed repeating advantages that could be gained from rifles. While they delivered far more employing a more accurate, slower- bullets per minute, their short bar- firing, traditional semi-automatic rifle rels allowed only for poor accuracy were often lost by the inexperience and limited range. The less powerful of the users. There had been design pistol cartridges and greater recoil attempts during World War I to bridge from near-continuous fire also meant these differences, the most successful 142 ~ The New Atlantis Copyright 2011. All rights reserved. See www.TheNewAtlantis.com for more information. A Survey of Technology and Society of which was the American Browning countries, and the Kremlin would glee- Automatic Rifle. It was almost as accu- fully reward its new friends with mass rate as a rifle, but with a weight of over deliveries of their wondrous weapon. fifteen pounds and a small magazine of The sudden ubiquity of the AK-47 just twenty rounds, riflemen often had stunned the United States and Europe, to shoot from a prone position, with and seemed to turn the so-called First a barrel tripod and plenty of available World’s advantages in marksmanship magazines nearby. and weapon craftsmanship on their heads. But in the post-World War II era, Illiterate insurgents, amply equipped a true breakthrough addressed the with cheap AK-47s — now produced apparently irreconcilable advantages of even more inexpensively by an array submachine guns and repeating, clip- of Soviet satellite countries — suddenly fed rifles. The brilliant compromise had at their disposal more firepower became known as the “assault rifle,” than American soldiers.
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