PRG. 28-A (xvi-xvii) (N) 1,000

CENSUS OF INDIA 1961

VOLUME V-PART VII-A

SELECTED CRAFTS OF

GUJ~RA~T

16. BRASS AND COPPERWARES AT SmOR 17. SNUFF MAKING AT SIHOR

R. K. TRIVEDI Superintendent oj Census Operations, Gujarat

PRICE Ra. 6.50 or 15 Sh. 2 d. or $ U.S. 2.34 SIHOR TOWN DISTR leT: BHAVNAGAR

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u CENSUS OF INDIA 1961 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

CENTRAL GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS

Census of India, 1961 Volume V-Gujarat is being published in the following parts: '" I-A(i) General Report '" I-A(ii)a " '" I-A(ii)b " * I-A(iii) General Report-Economic Trends and Projections ;tc I-B Report 011 Vital Statistics and Fertility Survey * I-C Subsidiary Tables i< II-A General Population Tables :I' II-B(l) ( General Economic Tables (Tables B-1 to B-IV-C) * II-B(2) General Economic Tables (Tables B-V to B-IX) * II-C Cultural' and Migration Tables :\< III Household Economic Tables (Tables B-X to B-XVII) * IV-A Report on Housing and Establislunents "'IV-B Housing and Establislunent Tables '* ·V-A Tables on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes • V-B Ethnographic Notes on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (including reprints) '>1'* VI Village Survey Monographs t VII-A Selected Crafts of Gujarat * VII-B Fairs and Festivals

:I< VIII-A Administration Report-Enumeration Jl Not for Sale :\< VIII-B Administration Report-Tabulation

I« IX Atlas Volume * IX(A) Atlas Volume (Abridged) :\< X-A (i) Special Report on Ahmedabad City :I< X-B Special Tables on Cities and Block Directory * X-C Special Migrant Tables for Alunedabad City STATE GOVERNMENT PuBLICATIONS '" 1 7 District Census Handbooks in English '" 17 District Census Handbooks in Gujarati • Published •• Village Survey Monographs for thirteen villages, Pachhatardi, Magdalla, Bhirandiara, Bamanbore, Tavadia. Isanpur, Ghadvi, Chichod, Sutrapada, Jambur, Arubav, Nana Sanja and Velavadar published t Monographs on Agate Industry of Cambay, Wood Carving of Gujarat, Patara Making at Bhavnagar, Ivory Work of Mahuva, Padlock Making at Sarva, Scale Making of Savarkundla, Perfumery at Palanpur, Crochet Work of Jamnagar, Sujani Weaving of Broach, Soap Making at Kapadvanj, Mashru Weaving of Patan, Glass Work at Kapadvanj, Jari Industry of Surat, Transparent Lacquer Work of Sankheda and Traditional Silver Ornaments published

PRINTED BY SHANTILAL H. SHAH AT NAVAJIVAN PRESS, AHMEDABAD-H. PUBLISHED BY THE MANAGER OF PUBLICATIONS, DELHI 1969. ACKNOWLEDGEMEN TS

1. BRASS AND COPPERWARES AT SIHOR

FIELD INVESTIGATION V. M. VYAS, Statistical Assistant

PHOTOGRAPHS K. D. V AISHNAV LAYOUT AND PRINTING M. P. JACOB, Head Proofreader

SUPERVISION AND FIRST DRAFT. C. P. VYAS, Research Officer (Special Studies Section) Assisted by

C. B. PATEL, Statistical Assistant

EDITOR R. K. TRIVEDI, Superintendent of Census OPerationS'~ Gtljarat, AHMEDABAD

2. SNUFF MAKING AT SIHOR

FIELD INVESTIGATION M. P.JHALA, Statistical Assistant

FURTHER INVESTIGATION K. C. DESAI, Computor PHOTOGRAPHS K. D. VAISHNAV LAY OUT AND PRINTING M.·P. JACOB, Head Proof-reader

SUPERVISION AND FIRST DRAFT 1. C. P. VYAS, Research Officer (Special Studies Section) 2. K. F.. PATEL, Deputy Superintendent of Census Operations Assisted by KUM. P. C. GANDHI, Computor

EDITOR R. K. TRIVEDI, Superintmdent of Census Operations, Gujarat, AHMEDABAP

CONTENTS PAGES FOREWORD xi-xiv PREPACE xv 1. BRASS AND COPPERWARES AT SIHOR 1-26 2. SNUFF MAKING AT SJHOR 27-55 GLOSSARY 57-58 INDEX 59-61 CONTENTS

1. BRASS AND COPPERWARES AT SIHOR PAGES SECTION INTRODU CTION Introduction-Art of Metalware in India-Selected Centres-Sihor-Jamnagar-Wadhwan- Joravarnagar-Visnagar-Nadi:td-Dabhoi-History of the Craft 3-5 SECTION II CRAFT AND CRAFTSMEN Caste and Community-Location of Workshop-Family Structure-Literacy-Households according to Income Group-Health, Hazards, Hobbies and Recreation 6--9 SECTION III RAW MATERIALS Copper-Brass-Zinc-Tin-Cooperative Society 10-11 SECTION IV TOOLS AND TECHNIQUE Tools and Implements-Technique and Processes-til Cutting:.._(ii) Shaping-(iii) Soldering­ (iv) Polishing-(v) Mechanised Process-Extension Service by Small Industries Service Institute 12-15 SECTION V FINISHED PRODUCTS Articles-Their Forms am! Designs-Designs and Motifs-Sale Price-Location of Markets- Value and Volume of Finished Goods-Problems of Marketing 16--18 SECTION VI ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS Sihor--Jamnagar-Wadhwan-Visnagar-Dabhoi-Wage Structure 19-20 SECTION VII CONCLUSION 21

APPENDIX TABLES 25-26

LIST OF STATEMENTS IN TEXT

STATEME~T I Households surveyed by caste 7 II Distribution of family members according to age, sex and earning status 7 III Literacy in craftsmen families 8 IV Households by annual income ranges 8 V Tools used and price 12 VI Sale price. 17 VII Cost of conversion 17 VIII Wage structure 20 IX Persons employed in production 20 LIST OF TABLES IN APPENDIX

TABLE I Family members employed in production 25 II Distribution of artisan communities 25 III List of very skilled craftsmen of each community 26

vi ILLUSTRATIONS Notional map of Sihor Frontispiece PLATE I Brass and copper scrap Between pagel 22-23 II Tools III Furnace operated by diesel oil IV Crucible for melting scrap metal with a blowing oil furnace in the rear V Potter making bowl for pouring liquid metal VI Making lid to cover the earthen howl VII (1) Bowls and (2) Lids VIn Baking earthen bowls in fire-wood furnace IX Bowls with and without lids before the liquid metal is poured for casting X Brass pieces recast from liquid metal MANUAL OPERATION (PLATES XI TO XXI) XI Brass pieces hammered into sheets XII Hand cutting of sheets XIII Mechanical cutting of sheets XIV Hammering the sheets XV Shaping the base of a 'ghada' XVI Shaping the middle portion of a 'ghada' XVII Fixing the upper portion of a 'ghada' XVIII Heating and soldering different parts of a 'ghada' XIX Different components that go to make a 'ghada'; Heating 'ghadas' into the furnace XX The final touch (The 'tochas' produced by hammering makes the 'ghada' bright and attractive) XXI The different stages in the making of a bronze bowl and a 'thali' MECHANICAL OPERATION (PLATES XXII TO XXVI) XXII Brass 'gullis' heated in furnace before they are passed through the rolling machine XXIII The roller which converts 'gullis' into brass sheets XXIV The hand press shapes brass utensils by the use of different dies XXV Electrically operated presll for giving shape to various types of brass utensils XXVI Machine polishing XXVII Hand-made 'ghada' and 'kathrot' XXVIII Machine-made brass utensils and other articles XXIX Finished articles stored for sale XXX Hand-made brasswares on sale; Ready for despatch

vii 2. SNUFF MAKING AT SIHOR PAGES SECTION I INTRODUCTION Tobacco-Snuff-Sihor-Antiquity • • 29--32 SECTION II CRAFT AND CRAFTSMEN Structure of the Industry-Caste/Community-Bania-Surveyed Households-Dwelling and Workshop-Literacy-Physical Fitness-Hobbies and Recreational Activities 33-34 SECTION III RAW MATERIALS Excise Duty-Other Materials . 35-37 SECTION IV TOOLS AND TECHNIQUE I-TooIs-Handmill-Earthen Pot-Wooden Club-Piece of Cloth-II-Technique-Packing . 3840 SECTION V FINISHED PRODUCTS AND MARKETING Finished Products-Other Preparations of Tobacco-Marketing 4142 SECTION VI ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 43 SECTION VII OTHBR CENTRES Anand-Kadi 44-45 SECTION VIII CONCLUSION -«i APPENDIX I Tables 49-50 APPENDIX II Unstructured Biography 51-55

LIST OF STATEMENTS IN TEXT

STATEMENT J Workers by industrial classification, 1961 32 II Different varieties of tobacco according to use and area of production 35-36 III Area and production under tobacco in India and Gujarat, 1960-65 36 IV Area under tobacco in Gujarat, 1958 to 1963 37 V Price-list, 1966 +1 UST OF TABLES IN APPENDIX I

I Distribution of artisan communities and general description of workshop 49 II Distribution of family members according to age, sex and earning status 49 III Literacy according to age and sex 50 IV Composition of workers 50

viii ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATE Tobacco leaves Between pages 46-47 II Collecting tobacco for fermentation III Pouring water on tobacco 'pattis' for fermentation IV Sun-drying tobacco after fermentation V Collecting dried tobacco VI Filling tobacco in gunny bags VII Sieving VIII 'Dhoka' and earthen bowl IX Pounding snuff with a wooden pestle X Grinding tobacco by handmill XI Grinding tobacco by electrically operated mill XII Passing the snuff through metal siever; Sieving the snuff through thin cloth XIII Huller XIV Perfume laboratory XV Perfume mixing machine XVI Packing in 'paJas' leaves; Weighing XVII Packing and labelling XVIII Marking the packages before despatch XIX A irouP of female workers

, ,

FOREWORD

One of the first steps to be taken in the study may well reveal that it is perhaps cheaper First Five Year Plan was the establishment of from the social point of view to develop industrial six boards for the promotion of handicrafts, skills from scratch than to try to graft traditional village and small indus tries : (I) The Kh adi and skill on alien soil. A rather tragic case of Village Industries Board; (2) The All-India failure to make what would on the face of it Handicrafts Board; (3) The All-India Hand­ seem a minor adjustment cast its heavy shadow loom Board; (4) The Central Silk Board; (5) on the nation when it was discovered that The Coir Board; and (6) The Small Indu­ goldsmiths used to working on 22-carat gold all stries Board. their lives felt sadly helpless when asked to The rapid expansion of the activities of these work on 14-carat, so narrow and un adaptable Boards which concentrated not only on produc­ were the limits of their skill and proficiency tion and techniques, but also on organisation, and so rudimentary the tools and equipment extension, credit, marketing, and export, conso­ with which they and their forefathers had worked. lidated and enlarged the position that the This fiscal accident revealed that tools are even household industries sector had so long enjoyed more important than skills. in the nation's economic life. It was this fact An early opportunity was therefore taken that forced itself upon the preparations for the in February 1960 to suggest to State Census 1961 Census and demanded that household Superintendents, that the Census provided a industry should be separately investigated for a unique opportunity for conducting and document­ proper accounting of the nation's manpower, ing a survey of this kind. As such a survey was resources and its specific contribution to the quite outside the usual terms of reference of Census national income. The 1961 Census therefore work it was thought prudent cautiously to feel asked a special series of questions on household one's way with the thin end of the wedge of industry, input of family and hired labour, what would, it was hoped, prove to be an and the periods over which household exciting pursuit. It was therefore considered industry is conducted. It was felt, however, that the wiser course to wait until the State Census an enumeration of the total number of establish­ Offices felt so interested that they would no ments and their industrial classification would longer take the inquiry as an imposition but be incomplete without a proper description of rather want to do it on their own and ask for what they produce and how they produce. the necessary staff and equipment. This office, It waS important to make an assessment of the too, in its turn, could make use of the interval limits of rigidity within which traditional skill to organise and elaborate the design of inquiry operates. This could be obtained by studying in order to feed the appetite that work in the caste, occupational, social and economic progress would serve to whet. Because it was a stratifications, the limitations of credit and labour of love, sought to be unobtrusively thrust marketing facilities, the dominance of custom over on one's colleagues and because the inquiry contract, the persistence of traditional tools and itself was sO vast that normally it would demand design forms, the physical limitations of transport, in any country as big a set-up; if separately communication and mobility, the inability to established, as the Census organisation itself and adopt new lines or adapt to changing circum­ that over a much longer period, and because stances. It was important also to make an it was almost a poineer venture, nothing like it assessment of the limits of flexibility that having been undertaken since the 1880's, it was traditional skill is capable of, because the decided to move towards a build-up by stages, transformation of traditional skills to modern to let the inquiry unfold itself only as fast as skills is ea-sier said than done and a thorough my colleagues chose to ask for more,

XI FOREWORD

Thus, in the first circular of 18 February, Mention has been made of a questionnaire in 1960, it was suggested that the inquiry might three parts and thirty questions. The idea was be conducted through the agency of the to make a beginning with empirical, analytical Development Department, the State Director of studies based on a structured questionnaire Industries, the Director of Tribal Welfare, the which would replace general descriptive accounts Registrar of Cooperative Societies, and other orga­ that had obtained so far. The primary aim nisations concerned with the promotion of house­ was to obtain a picture as much of the artisan hold industry. A draft questionnaire containing himself as of his craft, to obtain a perspective of 30 questions in three parts was recommended the artisan and his craft in his social and for canvassing. It was suggested that information economic setting, the extent to which tradition on this questionnaire, village by village and bound him and the winds of change ruffled area by area, might either be obtained through him, the extent of his mobility and immobility, the regular departmental channels of the State the conditions of market, credit, new contacts Government, or through the newly set up Census and designs in which he operated, the frame organisation, or through the hierarchy of the of new as well as traditional producer-customer newly-created Panchayats. Stress was laid on relationships in which he still worked, and how the need of photographic documentation and far he was ready to pierce his own caste-tribe illustration of designs, shapes and forms not only socio-economic cocoon and make a break by photographs but with the help of line through to new opportunities promised by the drawings or sketches together with a full Five Year Plans. The aim was to hold up the description of the materials used. mirror to hereditary skills struggling with the Almost the whole of 1960 and the first half dialectics of tradition and change. of 1961 were spent in organising and taking Th us the first part of t,he questionnaire, purport­ the Census count, although several States even ing to be a village schedule, sought to take account during this period had not allowed the grass of the size and population of the village, its to grow under their feet but made exploratory remoteness from a proximity to centres of trade studies and decided in their minds how the and commerce, in short, the degree of isolation in inquiry should be organised. A series of regional which the artisan worked, and the relative conferences held in Trivandrum, Dadeeling and strengths of various communities in the village Srinagar in May and June 1961 revealed much which would afford clues to social interdependence enthusiasm among State Superintendents to and the prevalence of the jajmani system. The proceed with the survey, but the need of second part was devoted to artisan communities separate staff and equipment was felt at the in the village: the several castes of artisans, the same time as the realization dawned that this number of families in each, the total number of was much too serious an inquiry to be treated workers, males and females, the extent of casually and left to be achieved through the cooperative activity among them, the extent of usual administrative channels and State Census dependence upon employers and of wage of Superintendents I proceeded to augment their contract labour. There were questions on the raw staff with qualified research and investigating materials user, the means of their procuremen t, the officers, technical persons, photographers, artists, possible ex.tent of dependence on others for raw draughtsmen and other trained personnel. materials, the extent of the material that artisans This was followed by rapid progress in can handle within the limits of their skill. There coordination between the Central and State were other questions on the exchange· and flow Census Offices in the matter of exchange and of designs, the use of colours, the ancientness of processing of information, documentation and the craft and legends associated, the colonization investigation, of assisting each other with trained of the craftsman, on patrons and customers and investigators and editing and finalizing drafts, on social and economic contact with the layouts, presentations. world inside and outside the village. There FOREWO'RD

were specific questions on the workshop itself and handicrafts obtaining in their State. As for the particularly the tools and the source of supply of specific crafts to be investigated several tables these tools, because it was felt that tools decide were de~ised from the structured questionnaire everything and are the surest index of inertness in order to guide investigators toward pointed or flexibility. Separate blocks of questions were observation and analysis, to enable them to designed to bring_ out the ramifications of write, not just general descriptions, but with artisan castes throughout the country and the their eye on the object and on facts. ways they sustained themselves, the type of clientele they catered for, the extent to which Investigations conducted between September they operated on money or barter or service, 1961 and May 1962, including a study group how specialized their craft was, how wide the of all States and the Social Studies Division in market, how dependent they were on their December 1961 at Delhi, stimulated many of socially preordained clientele and how restricted the States into going in for a much enlarged the latter was by the seemingly unalterable schedule. The revised village schedule itself, the laws of social custom; the extent to which counterpart of the first part of the February they could operate in the open market, the 1960 schedule, contained 19 large sections range of their wares and the sizes to which containing elaborate and probing questions. The these were ordinarily restricted either by the Family Schedule for practising artisan families limits of their own skill or the length of their similarly contained 19 main questions each customer's purse-strings. Inquiries were to be subdivided into many questions. The Family made about the operation of middlemen and Schedule for non-practising artisan families of cooperative societies, the people who gave contained 21 questions. There were schedules new designs and demanded new products. for the study of cooperative societies, of production. Finally the several stages of production of the cum-training centres, and of consumer's prefe­ articles themselv({s were to be fully described rence. This enlarged schedule of investigation~ in including the final· and finishing stage and a the formulation of which the States themselves list of very skilled craftsmen of each community actively assisted, was greatly welcomed.Thesurveys was to be furnished. The third part was devoted that will appear in this series will therefore consist specially to tribal communities and designed to of two main types: (a) those based on the original find out how self-sufficient or dependent they short schedule and (b) those based on the much were on the production and supply of manufa­ enlarged schedule. In some Cases Oensus Superin. ctured goods, the extent to which they produced tendents felt enthused enough to scrap the work themselves or depended on others, their contacts based on the original short schedule and do it over with other communities and the specific forms again on the enlarged schedule. In the meantime of production and commerce through which these much experience was gained on the analysis of contacts were maintained. facts and figures to clothe each observation with Particular emphasis was laid on the need of plenty of authentic information so that the reader obtaining as full an account as possible of could m,ake his own judgement instead of being unique regional design differentiations as they expected to see all the time through another reflect not only the very culture patterns of the pair of eyes. country but the persistent inventive faculties of This programme of survey of handicrafts the craftsmen. The importance was emphasised and household industries has been fortified by of giving full attention to articles of domestic several ancillary surveys, each one of which use as it is in their shapes, designs and forms would deserve major attention. Along with the that the culture patterns and traditional skills survey a compilation has been made of all persist most tenaciously. handicraft centres in each State and an inventory Simultaneously with the investigation of prepared of skilled craftsmen. Photographic specific crafts, State Superintendents proceeded and other documentation has been built up to to compile a comprehensive list of all types of constitute what may now be regarded as the xiii FOREWORD most considerable repository iri the country. complete inventory, replete with sketches and Elaborate and accurate maps of craft centres measurements of every object, has been prepared in taluks, tehsils ,and :.districts are, either ready of exhibits in tnuseums of tribal crafts in India. or under preparation. A full census of all fairs There has been a fairly satisfactory survey of houses and festivals, weekly hats and markets, throughout and buildings~ indigenous architectual designs India, has been taken and is being published and use of local building material of the whole for the first time. Andhra Pradesh has embarked country. All this has been entirely a labour of upon a project of chronicling the social and love, patiently organised and executed under religious antiquity and uniqueness of every fair great strain and in disregard of health and and festival. A separate volume will be devoted to comfort, for which I take this opportunity of each district which promises to be- of the utmost expressing my appreciation and grateful thanks value to sociologists and orientalists. A full and to my colleagues.

NEW DELHI, ASOK MITRA, I . JULY 30, 1964. Registrar General, India. PREFACE

Cujarat has been well-known in the country and abroad for its crafts since ages. A special study, therefore, of the selected crafts in this region along with the 1961· Census has been undertaken to find out what they were in the past and are capable of in present. This publication is the ninth in the ser,ies of craft monographs. It reviews (i) Brass and Copperwares at Sihor and (ii) Snuff Making at Sihor. The earlier publications relate to

(i) Agate Industry of Cambay, (ix) Sujani Weaving of Broach, (ii) Wood Carving of Gujarat, (x) Soap Making at Kapadvanj, (iii) Patara Making at Bhavnagar, (xi) Mashru Weaving of Patan, (iv) Ivory Work of Mahuva, (xii) Glass Work at Kapadvanj, (v) Padlock Making at Sarva, (xiii) Jad Industry of Surat, (vi) Scale"' Making of Savarkundla, (xiv) Trp.nsparent Lacquer Work of (vii) Perfumery at Palanpur, Sankheda and (viii) Crochet Work of Jamnagar, (xv) Traditional Silver Ornaments. Besides the field staff and other members of the Census organisation who have contributed to this survey, I must acknowledge the useful comments offered by Dr. Roy Burman, Officer on Special Duty, while going through the draft monograph and express my gratitude to Shri Asok Mitra, Registrar General and ex-o.ificio Oensus Conunissioner, India, for his valuable guidance in the organisation of this survey in Gujarat.

R. K. TRIVEDI, AHM:EDABAD, Superintendent oj Census Ope,atioru, October 12, 1968. Gujarat.

1. BRASS AND COPPERWARES AT SIHOR

F-l

SECTION I INTRODUCTION

known for its metal images and ritualistic ve~els INTRODUCTION with sculptural mythological figure~ engraved 1.1 "COPPER OR BRONZE (an alloy of copper and on them. Lucknow is known for ornamental tin) was the earliest metal known, and several repousse. Bengal, Kerala, Mysore and Assam hoards of axes, swords, daggers, harpoons, and are known for bell~metal work. Ahmedabad is rings made of it have been found mostly in famous for ornamental decorations, exquisite the Ganga-Yamuna doab."l metal SCreen and pan box, etc. jaipur, Kashmir Wares of different kinds of metals such as and Bidri have also their speciality in metal­ brass, copper, bronze, iron, tin and German­ ware. The utility articles, decorative articles silver are in vogue since ages. Those of st2inles~ and images of mythological gods prepared at steel, bakelite and plastic material have come all these centres show the aesthetic sense of the into fashion in recent times. Brass and copper Indian people and artistic genius of the crafts­ were found more suitable for utensils since man. The modern industrialization, however, costly metalwares entailed pecuniary liability has begun the process of unsettling the crafts~ while other metals were not suitable for keeping men. But the persistence of the craft shows the sour things. These two metals are in common strength of tradition and tenacity of workman use by the people as an average man could to hold under adverse conditions. afford them and had a distinct advantage for SELECTED CENTRES durability. 1.3 The craft of making brass and copper­ ART OF METALWARE IN INDIA wares is spread throughout the· urban centres 1.2 The art of metal work flourished·in India of Gujarat State. However, there are certain since ages. The bron~e figure of dancing girl places which have developed their own specia~ an outstanding piece of metal work found at lity in their manufacture. While the technique Harappa dates back to the third millennium of manufacture manual as well as mechanical B.C. Indian craftsmen prepared artistic warcs detailed in this monograph has been studied at from the metals like brass, copper and bell­ Sihor, the centres covered include five other metal for domestic use, ritualistic vessels and important places, viz., jamnagar, Wadhwan~ various other articles like jewel box, pan box, joravarnagar, Visnagar, Nadiad and Dabhoi lamps, etc. The sculptural images of mytholo­ which also are important centres of this craft. gical gods are also in abundance usually made SlHOR by casting process. A large variety of articles like tumblers, pots, pans, dishes, containers of Sihor is believed to date back to the eighth all sorts, etc., were decorated with delightful century A.D. It was originally called Saraswat­ designs. Hundreds of designs and shades found pur. Later on, after King Sinhavarma, it was in each of these items show the creative zeal, named Sinhapur whence its present name has artistic skill and dynamism of the craftsman. been derived. It is famous for its handicrafts . Varanasi and Muradabad are even today of brass and copperware and other products noted for variety and excellence of metalwares such as snuff, mortar and sweets called plnaaJ. both plain as well as ornamen tal. Banaras is It has a pottery work and oil-wlls. There are

t. MAJUMDAR, R. C., Ancient India, pp. 12-13,1952 4 SECTION I-INTRODUCTION about 23 families working in the craft of brass of brass and copper vessels and is a thriving and copperwares. The pioneers in this craft are centre of trade in metal and cotton. The other bell-metal smiths called Kansaras the name important crafts are hand-printing, weaving and derived from kansa, i.e., bell-metal or bronze. making of ivory bangles. One Kansara Meraj Natha first took up the Joravarnagar is situated at a distance of work of making brass sheets, from which brass one and a h(j.lf miles from Wadhwan. It is also utensils were prepared. Other Kansaras followed an important centre for the manufacture of him. This craft has thrived at Sihor as the brass and copperwares. It was established 40 minerals like copper, coal and China clay were years ago by Shri Joravarsingh, the then ruler

available in Ranio Dungar situated close by. of VVadhwan State. Craftsmen from Wadhwan t Limbdi and Dhrangadhra have settled here. JAMNAGAR There are nearly 100 families at Wadhwan Jamnagar also called Navanagar is the and 32 at Joravarnagar engaged in this craft. headquarters of the district of that name situated VISNAGAR on the confluence o{ the rivers Nagmati and Rangmati. It is a junction station on the Visnagar was founded by King Visaldev in Viramgam-Okha metre gauge railway station. the year 1243 A.D. It is famous for copper and Till its merger in Saurashtra in 1948, it was brass vessels manufactured locally by the Kansara the capital of a prosperous State called Nava­ community. "Once its name Was a. virtual hall­ nagar ruled by Jams claiming to be the mark of quality in distant markets. Machine descendants of the Yadvas. After Independence, production has given the usual set-back to this Jamnagar has developed fast as an industrial industry as to all others. ·However, certain town. It has a woollen mill, chemical works, articles yet continue to command a sale be.cause 22 oil-mills and 4 salt works, ·besides a number of their sound quality, the joint-soldering work of handicrafts and small-scale industries, the of this place is particularly celebrated. Artistic chief of which are the manufacture of nut­ production has ye~ .a definite though small crackers, penknives, musical instruments, buttons, market. The superiority of handicraft in this stone-carving, silk-weaving, embroidery, textile respect is not likely to be discounted even by dying, bandhani printing by tie and dye method. the best manufactured products."l The number The brassware industry is one cf the impor­ of families surveyed in this craft is 48. There tant local crafts of Jamnagar. There were nearly are still about 8 skilled craftsmen in the town 75 to 80 Kansara families engaged in the craft who specialise in artistic articles and their work. at the time of the settlement of Jamnagar city, manship is notable. At present this number has gQne up to 220 of NADIAD whom about sixty families are engaged in the manufacture of metalware and nearly double Nadiad, 46 kro. from Ahmedabad,situated in that number in the manufaoture of brass articles the fertile tract of Charotar, is the largest town suc~ as screws, electric accessories, etc. in Kaira district and a junction station on the Bombay-Ahmedabad broad gauge line of the VVADH~AN-JORAVARNAGAR VVestern Railway. It was also one of the largest Wadhwan town previously the capital of towns thriving in Gujarat in the ninteenth the former State of the same name, is at present cen tury. Nadi,ad was the headquarters of the headquarters of VVadhwan taluka in Surendra­ Mahatma Gandhiji at the time of Kaira Satya,,: nagar district. It is at this place that Ranak graha during 1917-18. Being an important centre Devi committed sati when she was carried off of trade and commerce, there is a large number by Sidhraj in the hope of persuading her to of establishments manufacturing iron safes and be his wife. Her paliya or memorial stone still other articles, soap, furniture, brass and copper stands on the southern bank of the Bhogavo vessels. Manufacture of gold and silver ornaments river. Wadhwan is well-known for manufacture and wares is another important craft. Its lIlruP HISTORY OF THE CRAFT 5 crop being tobacco there are several bitfi making the metal sheet required to be produced. The factories as well. The New Shorrock Mills entire process is manually operated by hand. established in 1913 produces excellent cotton The loamy type of clay required for making textiles which are exported to foreign the mould is available from a pond near Rania countries. Hill. Hills around Sihor have fuel in plenty are available. It is also said that copper was D.t\BHOI also available in some of them. One poet has Dabhoi, a taluka headquarters town, is 27 km. described Sihor as "land full of precious metals". east of Baroda city. It was an important town All these facilities bave contributed to the in the past, fortified by the kings of the Solanki growth and develop men t of the industry of dynasty. Originally known as Darbhavati, it brass and copper manufacture at Sihor. Presum­ has a historical fort round the town having ably these also were the factors which have four gates. It is a wholesale centre for trade been responsible to a varying extent for the in agricultural produce, viz., cotton, groundnut establishment of this craft in other centres of

and paddy. Known for its brass and copper­ peninsular Gujarat, viz., Jamnagar, Wadhwan l wares, the only important craft of the town, etc. Visnagar being a well-known centre of trade Dabhoi attracted merchants of far off places in the past, the craftsmen settled there after the like Bombay, Kanpur, Agra and Delhi. Crafts fall of Champaner and started the craft. Simi­ like making cradles, etc., are also there but larly Dabhoi was also a flourishing town during their concentration IS not heavy in this the reign of Sidhraj of Patan (1093 to 1142 area. A.D.) which seems to have attracted the artisans to this place. The industry has developed at HISTORY OF THE CRAFT these and other cen tres in recen t times owing 1.4 The industry of brass and copperwares to the modern facilities of transport and com­ came to Sihor 150 years ago. Till 1858 A.D. munication by rail which enabled its products (Samvat 1914) ready-made brass sheets were not to be marketed at distant places outside Gujarat. imported from foreign countries. They were In the earlier days forging was done on made locally by the artisans themselves from stone. Metal was melted in the furnace and the material locally available by casting brass sheets were prepared . by smitting the and other allied processes. This process ingots. In Visnagar jointless utensils were consisted of three parts, viz., making the designed previomly. These vessels were strong mould, casting and finishing. The artisans of but rather dim and tough. The old method Sihor had acquired much earlier the art of of preparing wares was crude, clumsy and tire­ manufacturing alloy metals from the basic metal. some and involved much labour and time in Fine and sticky river-bed clay is collected for the manufacture of these products. With the the purpose. After removing the stone pieces availability of ready-made sheets of brass and in the clay, it is allowed to dry in the sun and copper the craft entered into a new.phase. Large­ then mixed with water in which condition it is scale produce in factories 'has given the usual kept for 24 hours. Husk is added to the clay in set-back to this craft as to other handicrafts. the proportion of I: 5 and kneaded into a fine The work which would last for 20 days in paste. Paga or clay bowls of convenient sizes are forged method can now be completed within then prepared from it for making the COre or 10 days. Similar technique is now in vogue in mould in accordance with the size and form of manually operated units at other centres also. SECTION II CRAFT AND CRAFTSMEN

ePalitana and Lathi blood. Kansaras belong to five divisions :­ houses, who migrated from Marwar along with Champaneri, Maru, Shihora, Ahmedabadi some Kansaras to save themselves from Muslim and Visnagara of whom the lastnamed are the oppression during the invasions of Mewar. These most numerous. None of the five divisions eat Kansaras who sought protection under Sejakji, together or interm'arry. Of the five divisions, later on settled in Gariadhar, Lathi and Sihor. the Maru or Marwari wear the sacred thread. Gujarati Kansaras, according to the legend, In their look,dress and speech, Kansaras do were the residents of Champancr near Pavagadh. not differ from Vanias and Kanbis. Kansaras They were originally Kshatriyas wl'o are believed hold a respectable position like Vanias and call to be the descendants of sahastrarjun. On account themselves Mahajan. In religion they are Rama­ of differences with the ruler on some local issue, nandi, Shaiva and Vallabhachari, but hold their there was a series of strifes between the ruler family goddess Kalika Mata in high reverence. and this commlll1ity. As a result, the Kansaras Their great holiday is the bright ninth of had to leave Champaner and go to Dhinoj in Aso 011 which day they perform in some of Mehsana district along with their family goddess, their settlements a sacrifice ar_d at midnight and then shifted to Visnagar where they had good dance and leap, holding a wreath of' karena p;ospects of pursuing the industry. Visnagar (oleander) flowers in one hand and a lighted being a reputed trading centre helped the crafts­ torch in the other, and shouting Palai! Palai! men to stabilise there. Later on this craft spread Palai! One of the revellers, inspired by the to other centres of Gujarat, viz., Nadiad and goddess, professes to cut off his tongue Dabhoi. Census of India, ·1931, Vol. XIX, with a sword. They visit the shrines of Baroda, Part I-Report in its glossary of castes, Ambaji, Becharaji and Kalika. Their priests tribes and races describes Kansaras as belong to many divisions of Brahmans­ under. Audich, Mewada, Shrigod and Shrimali. "Coppersmiths deriving their names Except among Visnagaras, widoW remarriage from Kansu (bell-metal). They are found in is allowed. They have their own trade guild. most of the large towns except Sidhpur in In south Gujarat, an outsider who sets up the Mehsana district, where there are no a copper-smith's rhop, pays Rs. 7 to the guild coppersmiths. The saying is 'Copper will not fund, Rs. 11, if he starts a pedlar's business melt in Sidhpur'. They say that their original and Rs. 150 if he wishes to work in brass,"!

1. MUKERJEA, SATYA. V., Census of India, 1931, Vol. XIX, Baroda, Part I-Report, pp. 442-443 () CAS1'E AND OOMMUN11'Y 7

Hailing from Mewar, Kansaras migrated to who have adopted this craft at all the six the former princely States of Wadhwan, Limbdi, centres surveyed of the State. Later on it Dhrangadhra, etc., in Saurashtra. On establish­ spread amongst other communities but their ment of Joravarnagar a few families migrated to participation n:mains quite negligible. Out of a Joravarnagar. The members of this community total of 240 families surveyed, 229 afC Kamaras are mainly engaged in making brass and copper and the rest 11 belong to other castes. The utensils. No new entrants from other community strength of Kansara and the other families in are practising this craft. It is only the Kansaras each centre is as under.

STATEMENT I

Households surveyed by caste

. Centre Kansara Kumbhar Sikh Sathvara Brahmakshatriya Thakarda Total 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Sihor 17 4 2 23 Jamnagar 8 8 Wadhwan 59 59 Visnagar 47 1 48 Nadiad 71 3 75 Dabhoi 27 27 Total 229 3 1 4 2 1 240

Among families of other castcs in Nadiad 3 shop at such a distance as would hamper the are Kumbhar and 1 is Sikh, in Sihor 4 are efficiency or cause inconvenience to the crafts­ Sathvara and 2 Brahmakshatriya. One family man. Of the 240 households surveyed, 115 or in Visnagar is from Thakarda community. 47.92 per cent have their own workshops and the remaining 125 or 52.08 per cent have LOCATION OF WORKSHOP rented ones. General environment and 11.2 Majority of families have workshop-cum­ hygiene conditions of the workplace are dwellings. 207 or 86.25 per cent of the total satisfactory. families surveyed have workshops inside the FAMIL Y STRUCTURE house, while only 33 have workshops away from their place of residen ce, of which 31 are located U.3 The statement given below shows distribu­ within a mile, and 2 beyond one mile from their tion of workers and non-workers in these house­ residence. None of the household~ has a work- holds according to age and sex.

STATEMENT U

Distribution of family members according to age, sex and earning status

Persons Males Females Age ~oup Workers Non-workers Total Workers Non-workers Total Workers Non-workers Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0-14 3 (i82 685 2 365 367 1 317 318 15-59 504 442 946 408 115 523 96 327 423 60 & above 34 26 ' 60 33 5 38 21 22 Total 541 1,150 1,691 443 485 928 98 665 763 SECTIOW It-CRAFT AND CRAFTSMEN

Households numbering 240 afe comprised of years and 34 In the age group. 60 and above. 1,691 persons or an average of a little over 7 LITERACY persons per family. Classifying the members according to age, sex and economic activity it II.4 Percen tage of literacy is fairly high. is seen that, 541 or 31. 99 per cen t are workers Literates account for 72.62 per cent (81.57 per and 1,150 or 68.01 per cent are non-workers. cent males and 61.73 per cent females) of the Among workers 520 work entirely in this craft total. Literate males aged 15-59 number 510 or and the remaining 21 do not work in the family 67.37 per cent of the total male literates. craft but are engaged in services like teaching, Amongst males, 45 have passed secondary school banks, post office, etc. Out of 520 engaged in certificate examination, while 10 arc graduates. this craft, 423 are males and 97 females while Only 4 females have passed matriculation, none non-workers comprise 485 males and 665 females. having gone beyond that level. The extcnt of The age composition shows that out of 54-I workers literacy among the craftsmen and thc members as many as 504 or 93.16 per cent belong to the of their families at the selected centres are given working age group 1~:-59 as against 3 below 15 in the statement below.

STATEMENT DI Literacy in craftsmen families

Total members in Total literates in craftsmen families craftsmen famllies Percentage of literacy

Centre Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Sihor 252 149 103 156 114 42 61.90 76.51 40.78 Jamnagar 43 27 16 38 24 14 88.37 88.89 87.50 Wadhwan 466 242 224 340 197 143 I 72.96 81.40 63.84- Visnagar 225 129 96 170 107 63 75.56 82.95 65.63 Nadiad 538 295 243 408 254 154 75.84 86.10 63.37 Dabhoi . 167 86 87 116 61 55 69.46 70.93· 67.90 Total 1,691 928 763 1,128 757 471 72.6~ 81.57 61.73 families constituting 18.33 per cent earn Rs. 2,501 HOUSEHOLDS ACCORDING TO INCOME GROUP and above. II.5 The economic condition _ of the families The term very skilled craftsmen is mean t engaged in this craft can be ~een from the to apply to renowned craftsmen in the centre following statement which distributes households having a reputation for producing quality goods~ according to annual income. Artisans of the Kansara community at these centres having income around Rs. 10,000 per STATEMENT IV annum are very few. They neither possess Hoaseholds by annual income ranges academic qualifications nor have they taken any technical training except in the craftliman '8 Income ranges No. or Percent_ae workshop. Theyare hereditary artis:::p1s who have (in Rs.) . householda to total 1 2 3 acquired the technique by working as apprentice in the family or elsewhere. The names of five Up to 1,500 154:- 64.17 1• .501-2.000 27 11.25 master craftsmen are listed iD Table III 2.001-2.500 15 6.25 prill ted in the Appendix. 2.501 and above 44 18.33 Total 240 100.00 HEALTH, HAzARDS, HOBBIES AND RECREATION A large majority of the families numbering 154 11.6 Though the work of manufacturing or 64.17 per cent earn up to Rs. 1,500 per year, wares is fairly strenuous especially for hands while only 86 families rise above this level. 44 and eyes, it does not appear to have caused HtALnt~ HAZAlU>S, HOBl3IES AND RECREATIoN 9 any particular disability. The workers have diversion. Being Hindus they celebrate Hind1l hardly any recreation except the general hobby festivals like Divali, ;Navratri, Dassera, Holi, of reciting bhajans and kirtans. No games are J anmash tami, Shivratri, etc. They are worshippers played. The artisans are normally addicted to of Goddess Kali or Bhavani and celebrate tea and bidi which usually are the items of Navratri festivals with special zeal and:devotion. SECTION III RAW MATERIALS

111.1 THE MAIN RAW materials used in this craft It is malleable, ductile and tenacious and heavier are copper and brass and the subsidiary ones are than zinc. Pewter is a tin alloy of most uncer­ zinc, borax, sulphur, nickel, etc. Zinc is used for tain composition since some state it to be an making brass sheets and tin or pewter for bell­ alloy of 20 parts of tin to one of copper, while metal. Borax is used as a flux in the moulding others say that it is an alloy of tin and lead. But and soldering process. whatever the other component metal be, its volume is very insignificant in comparison with COPPER (Tamb!() tin with which it is mixed."3 Copper (tambu in Gujatati) "has a reddish The main raw materials used at the selected brown colour, inclining to yellow, a faint but centres are copper and brass in plain sheets of nauseous and disagreeable taste and when rubbed different gauges, and in broad strips or rolls, between fingers imparts a smell somewhat depending upon the nature of articles and wares analogous to its taste. It is much more malleable to be manufactured. Brass sheets, roIlg and than it is ductile so that fat finer bars can be strips are purchased from Bombay and Jagadhari obtained from it than wire."! Block copper is (Punjab). However, most of their requirement the best kind of copper and is largely used in of raw materials is met with from the towns making alloys, copper sheets (chadar) for preparing within the State like Ahmedabad, Baroda, wares by beat method. In the third grade Rajkot, Morvi, Dhrangadhra, Navsari and copper, cuttings and old and used utensils Petlad. Brass and copper sheets required (bhangar) are used. for certain type of wares like water-pot, cooker, bakadia, etc.~ . are even manufac­ BRASS (Pittal) tured at Nadiad and Visnagar centres. Up to Brass, (pittal in Gujarati) an alloy of copper and 1957 there was no restriction On the imports of zinc, is widely used in metalware. The copper brass and copper from abroad, but the paucity content varies according to the intended use of the of foreign exchange led to import restrictions alloy. Brass is somewhat harder for the crafts­ and consequent rise in prices. On 2nd April, 1958 men to work than copper, as it is less malleable the Government of India promulgated the Non­ and splits easily. ferrous Metal (Control) Act 1958 for controlling the price and distribution of imported copper. This ZINC (Jasat) order was subsequently amended by the Non­ Zinc (jasat in Gujarati) is a "bluish-white ferrous Metal (Control) Amendment order metal of considerable lustre and susceptible 1959 dated 4th December, 1959, whereunder of polish. In ingots and castings it is brittle, quota was fixed for the actual users on the though tough in sheets and is more tenacious basis of their average consumption of the metal than either tin or lead".2 in the year 1957. According to this scheme many artisans and cooperative societies have TIN (Kalai) been allotted copper and zinc quota. QIota holders Tin (kala; in Gujarati) and pewter are used get them processed into brass sheets and roll. as alternatives. "Tin in general appearance is in the rolling mills at Wadhwan city, Surendra­ white, approaching silver and has metallic lustre. nagar, Morvi, Ahmedabad, Baroda, Nadiad,

1. DAMPIER, G. R., Brass and C~ftftgrWtlrlS of tlte N. W. Prollinm aM Ouilt. 189 .. 2. 16M. 3. -Ibid. 10 RAW MATERIALS 11

Visnagar, etc. The quota of brass sheets and magnitude. The cost of these materials roughly rolls are felt insufficient in proportion to their comes to Rs. 100 per annum per craftsman. required demand and also frequently not availa­ Hard coke is used as fuel in the production of ble from registered dealers. The traders and brass and copperwares. Electric power is used artisans hence make their purchases in the open as fuel for polishing only. market even at higher rates. The purchases of raw materials are generally COOPERATIVE SOCIETY made on cash payment. Purchases on credit 111.2 Formation of cooperative societies for basis are avoided since the dealer and craftsmen procuring raw materials, advancing loans to are required to pay heavily by way of interest. members for deve10pmen tal activities like con­ In addition to the system of cash payment these struction and improvement of workshops, and goods are purchased as and when required and marketing the goods of members are the main not in advance according to their monthly or phases of this industry which have come under yearly requirements presumably due to paucity the purview of cooperation. Such cooperative of funds. The existing price of brass sheets and societies have come up in various centres and roll is Rs. 6.50 per kilogram. Annual consump­ are eligible for allotment of brass and copper tion of brass sheets and rolls at Wadhwan by Department of Industries. These are (1) centre is of 5 lakh kilograms worth about Kansara Karigar Cooperative Society, Jamnagar, Rs. 32 lakhs, while at Joravarnagar the (2) Artisan Cooperative Society, Wadhwan, (3) consumption is 72 thousand kilograms costing Visnagar Dhatu Udyog Cooperative Society Ltd., a bout Rs. 4.50 lakhs. Kansara Karigar Visnagar and (4) 8hri Gujarati Kansara Karigar Cooperative Society, Jamnagar, keeps on hand Cooperative Society, Nadiad. These societies stock of brass sheets and rolls worth Ri. 10,000 supply the raw materials as per requirement to 15,000. The system obtaining in Dabhoi is a and capacity of the member. Societies also little different. There are about 12 to 13 dealers market finished goods. dealing in finished goods of this craft and they Difficulty as to shortage of raw materials ill supply the required raW materials to the artisam. experienced by one and all types of units The hoarding capacity of these dealers is quite whether they are cooperative societies or indi­ substantial. They purchase brass and copper in vidual manufacturer, since the quota released quintals the rates of which are Rs. 650 and per unit of production is limited, and is not Rs. 850 respectively. The total. consumption of commensurate with the requirement. Particularly brass and copper at Dabhoi is around Rs. 12 to after the Chinese and Pakistani aggre~sions the 13 lakhs. Most of these dealers have their difficulty now experienced in obtaining raw godowns for storing raw materials. materials at controlled ratel has become more Shortage of hard coke was also experienced acute. The prices in the open market are very by fotmdry units in the past and had very often high. The result is that the procurement of impeded the production of metal sheets. To these metals frequently made from open markets meet with this situation, the Small Industries swells up the bill of production and in the Service Institute, Ahmedabad, has designed an alternative, a curtailment in production. Despite improved type of furnace operating with oil in the present difficulty in procurement of metals lieu of hard coke. This sort of technical assis­ and coke, the craft is \\-ell progressing as the tance has to some extent obviated the shortage wares manufactured are necessities required for of hard coke. The use of other subsidiary raw household purposes. These are more or less materials such as acid and rav'i is not of high conSumer goods having an inelastic delIland, SECTION IV

TOOLS AND TECHNIQ,UE

The an viI ,is used for making sheets (bralls TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS and copper) plain and thin while crooked headed IV.l THE COSTLY tools and implement5 iron rod (kharbar) is used for lifting and turning required in the industry are blower (fan), hammer the plain sheets as also for fixing the joints of (small and big), anvil, cutter or scissors, pincers, the sheets. Stakes are used for fixing the bottom iron rod with crooked head (kharbar) , electric of the vessel and removing its uneven surface motor, furnace, cording machine (kandora machine), by placing the vessel upside down over the roll, drilling machine, moulding machine. Other round headed iron bar. important but less costly implements are tongs, stakes, tacks, circles, vice, various types of files, The tools and equipments required for this tin mould box, mallets, scrapers, dissectors, craft are manufactured locally by blacksmiths. supports (prop), compass, measuring yard (gaj) The approximate price of tools and equipment,; and pestles (dasta). and its uses are given hereunder. STATEMENT V Tools used and price

S1. Price SI. Price No. Tools Use (in RI.) No. _Tools Use (in Rs.) 1 2 3 4- 1 2 3 4 1 Electric motor For blowing furnace MO 13 File For smoothening 10 2 Moulding Il'\achine Used for : moulding 14- Dasta ' For striking 7 purposes 300 15 Tin mould box For moulding 3 Rolling machine For flattening the purposes 6 metal 130 16 Shears For cutting brass 4 Drilling machine Used for drilling and copper sheets S to 25 holes 70 17 Pair of compass For drawing marks For supporting and for appropriate 5 Big iron nail with cuttings of sheets 2 top axle shaping 60 18 Measuring tap For measuring ,heets 6 Furnace For heating brass and ' 2 copper" plates 35 19 Pincers For holding heated articles 2 to 6 7 Blower fan For blowing-furnace 30 to 500 8 Scrapers For scraping 25 20 Wooden hammer 21 Small hammer For hammering the 9 Anvil For supporting } purposes 25 to 100 22 Big hammer sheets 1 to 5 23 Needle For making outlines 10 Vice Used for gripping, holding and fixing 18 of designs on wares N.A. H Iron rod with 24 Chisels For repousse and relief designs crooked head For shaping 15 to 350 N.A. 12 Wooden log Stand made of 25 Templates For testing the wood used in symmetry of the repousse work 15 ware. N.A. N. A. =Not available materials of this craft. More often the plain TECHNIQ.UE AND PROCESSES sheets of brass or copper are directly purcha~ed IV.2 Copper and zinc ingots are mixed and instead of giving copper and zinc ingots for processed in rolling mills to manufacture bra~5 making brass sheets. sheets. The processed materials received in The processes followed in manufacturing wares the form of pattas ,or rolls are the main raw from metal sheet are described below by stages. TECHNIQUE AND PROCESSES 13

Another method of shaping sheet wares is by (i) Cutting pressing the metal sheets in a ·pressing machine Appropriate marks for cutting are made with for turning out articles like katori, katoran, thai, the help of steel pointed needle on the brass kathrot, tiffin carrier, etc. The equipment consists or copper sheets. After the markings are over mainly of the circle cutting machine, fly presses, the sheet is cut ·with the help of a kapani or punche~, dyes, etc. shears. This fundamental process calls for an (iii) Soldering understanding of the entire composition of the article so as to be able to put the marks at Some of the wares are prepared in parts and proper places to use the resultant curves to then joined, the process of joining the parts is advantage. Desired cuttings are then made locally termed as ren kam or soldering. Also the from the brass sheets by the artisans according casting and beating processes are combined in to the size and shape of different articles such manufacturing some of the wares. Some parts as gola, handi, beda, Iota, tapeta in tended to be are cast and others are beaten. Subsequently manufactured. these parts are soldered together for obtaining the ware. The Copper gagar is such a vessel (ii) Shaping made with three joints, first at the bottom, After cutting the sheets in required size shap­ second at the middle (side joints) and the third ing is done either by beating process or by at the neck or the top according to its size and press machine. In beating process the pieces of shape. At first two circular sheets (\f copper are metal sheets are beaten into shapes by suitably cut out by a snipper or chisel. Each sheet is hammering them over the stake. Simple tools placed over khandni and beaten into the dip like shears, mallet, etc., are used in the process. with a mallet till it assumes a basin like shape The sheets are beaten or hammered into various for the bottom. A hole of required diameter is shapes by bending, hollowing, raising, stretching cut in to the middle from the upper surface of and contracting. For instance, when the metal the ware. The neck or the top shaped separa­ is to be shaped into a dish or bowl it can be tely from pressed copper sheets is then inserted hollowed or raised. In hollowing hammering is into it. The mouthpiece (neck) is beaten to done on the top in concentric circles with a the desired exten t from centre outwards with bossing mallet, resting the sheet on a wooden hammer. It is then soldered with the opening block. Hammer marks are not visible on the of the middle part of the gagar. Subsequently sheet, if a wooden hammer is used. Hollowing the edges of the bottom and middle part are tends to stretch the metal and make it thinner. dovetailed ~illd soldered. Tbe roughness of joints Therefore, the shapes that can be obtained in is removed first by filing and then by chiselling. this way are limited. The raising is generally (iv) Polishing done with specially shaped hammers pn suitable stakes. In this process the metal sheet is kept Thereafter the process consists of polishing on against an iron stake and hammered with a electric lathe with the help of detergmts like mallet or hammered from outside. Whenever nitric and sulphuric acids to eliminate uneven required the metal sheets are heated in the surface. A chisel is then pressed against the heating furnaces (hhatthikam) so that it could be article to ensure the polishing of the surface. worked upon easily. The shape of the utensil is then finalised by hammer. In common parlance this process is The shapes of the various articles cannot be known as matharvu or to give final to.uches. All satisfactory unless they are regular in their form. the processes are carried out by hand operatioJ15 The curvature of the ware has, therefore, to be except that of polishing on lathe machine. checked up at frequent intervals by the use of (v) Mechanised Process templates the metal sheet instrument used for measuring gauges or guides in bringing any Apart from the traditional method of manu­ piece of work to the desired shape. facturing brass and copperwares by the small 14 SECTION lV-TOOLS AND TECHNIQ.UE units, there are also small-scale industries manu­ skilled workers attend to this work. This is the facturing utensils and other wares by a comp­ most strenuous and hard job and only skilled letely mechanized process. The most common workers with sufficient experience perform the tools used in such concerns are,· viz., (1) oil task. The solid logs of brass are heated in the furnaces, (2) hot rolls, (3) cutting machines, oil furnace before they are passed through the (4) welding machines, (5) high power presse~, rollers. The furnace is fully equipped with the (6) lathes and (7) polishing machines. The facilities of blowers and burners so as to main­ mechanized process is briefly described in the tain the capacity of air-pres5ure and flame to following paragraphs. the extent required. One skilled worker attends For preparing brass sheets, the scrap metal the furnace. He puts five to seven logs of metal collected from households by hawkers and traden at a time in the furnace and when sufficiently is purchased at the ruling price. The copper hot takes them out with the help of big pincers, and brass scraps are first separated by sorting. and transfers them on the hot roll without any The scrap of copp~r, brass and zinc in suitable loss of time. Thereafter they are pressed in the proportions according to the quality of brass rollers to flatten them. The logs are repeatedly sheets to be prepared, are melted in the cru­ passed through the hot roll and the pressure is cibles by means of oil furnace the capacity of adjusted at all operations by a skilled worker. which varies from concern to concern. Mostly After repeated heating and passing through the foreign made crucibles are preferred as they hot roll, the logs get flattened into sheets. Out­ last longer and do not crack. Though indi­ put depends on the capacity of hot roll and genous crucibles are available, they are not of efficiency of the skilled workers. The artisans required standard. A skilled worker attends ·to attending this work are instructed bef~rehand this job to ensure quality and efficiency. When regarding the required gauge into which the the scrap metal is completely melted, i.e., after sheets are to be pressed. The edges of the sheets completion of charge, the liquid meta] is filled are generally unevFn . and irregular. To make in the round or rectangular bowls locally known them completely circular, square, rectangular, as paga. The shape and size of the sand bowls etc., the sheets are sent to the cutting depart­ depend on the ultimate shape to be given to the ment, where they are cut into the required size· sheets. The earthen bowls are manufactured and shape by means of an automatic cutting usually by the potter employed by the firm. The machine. The shape and size will vary according potter is mostly paid piece-wages. The earthen to the size and shape of the utensils to be bowls are baked in the furnace in which fire­ manufactured. When the sheets of required size wood is used as fuel, by a skilled artisan before and shape are cut, they are sent to the pressing melted liquid is poured in it. This is necessary department. Here, the sheets are shaped into to give enough strength to it. When the utensils by the power press. Dies according to melted liquid poured in the earthen bowls cools the shape of the utensils to be manufactured, down and becomes solid, an unskilled labourer are fixed in the machine and the sheet placed breaks them and separates rOlUld or square over it. When the press operates the striker brass logs known as 'gullis' in business parlance. comes down and gives pressure appropriate 10 Care is taken to weed out the smallest pieces the metal sheet placed on the die. As a result of metal left out in the broken pieces of earthen of which the. sheet assumes the required shape bowls after 'gullis' are taken out. Another of the ware to be manufactured. A skilled worker unskilled labourer attends this job. Each log is required to attend this operation. He poes of brass, (gulli) is cleaned . by means of a on putting one sheet after the other over tne duster to remove clay particles, etc., attached die at each successive stroke. The output will to it. depend on the capacity of the press. The utmsils The round, square or rectangular brass logs or wares shaped by the press machine are then (gullis) are then pressed or passed through sent for polishing. As the edges of the pressed the hot roll repeatedly to flatten them into sheets utensil remain uneven, they are polished on the either circular, square, rectangular, etc. Five polishing machine. SOJIleti:pJ.es grooves or linings SMALL INDustlUES SERvicE INSTrru:tE 15 are also made on these machines with the help Plac, PrOClJses Nadiad Machine-shop, carpentry, forgin" heat of chisels to add to its look. The articles are treatment then dipped in the diluted solution of sulphuric Jamnagar Electroplating Bhavnagar Machine-shop, heat treatment, foundry, acid for getting shine. The finished products sand testing are lastly packed in gunny bags and sent to Savarkundla Forging and blacksmithy Udhn:a (Surat) Machine-shop. mechanical testing. their destination. foundry, sand telting . The extensive service rendered by this insti­ EXTENSION SERVICE BY SMA'LL INDUSTRIES SERVICE tute to small-scale units is widespread and all INSTITUTE . embracing. It helps the prospective entrepre­ IV.3 The manual as well as ,the mechani­ neurs in selecting suitable industries and in cal processes of manufacturing wares have been enhancing the productivity of existing small discussed above. With the passage of time units. Technical assistance programme at the changes in these processes have been noticed. institute level includes giving advice on selection The strenuous and- monotonous operations are of raw materials, designing of tools, preparation now carried out on machines. Formerly the of blue prints, etc. In the follow-up programme, artisans used to convert ingots in to brass sheets technical officers visit the factories from time to by continuously hammering them. The sheets time to help them overcome manufacturing are now purchased from the market. Different defects and achieve economy in fuel and raw shapes which were imparted by hammering the materials. Services such as repairs of machinuy, brass and copper sheets with different tools can and physical and chemical testing have also now be had in the hand presses fitted with been provided. appropriate dies. Such changes in the manual The extension service centres are provided processes have helped to increase the output. and located in the areas where small units are In some of the establishments, polishing is done mostly concen trated or where there is a poten­ on electrically operated lathes. Economical tial for developing small industries. The modern furnaces operated by diesel oil are also extension centres at Jamnagar and Nadiad also found in various workshops. The Small Indus­ cater to the needs of manufacturers engaged in tries Service Institute gives the technical and this craft. The workshop attached to these business advice to small-scale workers engaged cen tres, besides providing training in improved in the craft. The Small Industries Service techniques, is equipped with testing facilities Institute, Ahmedabad, established on 27th and machinery required for various processes February, 1961 under the auspices of the Small which an average small-scale unit can indivi~ Industries Organisation, Ministry of Commerce dually ill-afford to possess. The Small Indus­ and Industry, Government of India, has, besides tries Service Institute also renders technical the main institute, a branch institute at Rajkot assistance to the units engaged in the manu­ and five extension centres in the State at the facture ofcertain componen ts and having pro blems following places. The location of these five of blow holes, scabs in castings, hardness in extension centres and the industries to which machines, open grain casting with cavities, cold they cater are as under. shuts and misruns. SECTION V FINISHED PRODUCTS

tastes of the buyers. The designs are made by ARTICLES-THEIR FORMS AND DESIGNS the artisans themselves. If any new model is V.1 A LARGE VARIETY of utilitarian articles are given to them they make designs based on that manufactured at these centres. Colis, ghadas and model also. In the past Sihor and Visnagar bagharnas bothof brass and copper are prepared at were the renowned centres for the manufacture all the selected centres. Dabhoi in Baroda district also of artwares. Artistic articles which were has specialised in preparing brass pavali (pails), used as ornamental pieces in the palaces of the large cooking utensils, thali, thai, kathrot (trencher) ·princely households and puja articles like deep, limbodi and goli (large size brass pot for churning). Ehanta, dhupdani having images of gods and Visnagar in Mehsana district has specialised in goddesses, animal figures, birds like peacock copperwares, e.g., charudi and charu (big open and parrots were manufactured in numerous pot). Sihor in Bhavnagar district and Nadiad shapes at these centres by casting, moulding and in Kaira district manufacture large size chasing. Of all the ornamental processes in the utensils used in caste dinners in addition to manufacture of brass and copperwares ubhar kam those used in households. Joravarnagar and or repousse work was prized the most for which Wadhwan are famous for gali, ghada, bogharna, Visnagar was wellpknown. Besides brass and gagar and matli whereas Jarnnagar for tapela, copperwares for household use and other decora. lata, goli, gagar, etc. tive pieces, a variety of articles were also Some of the articles used exclusively for ritual manufactured which consisted of "artistic articlcli purposes, e.g., the tamra patra, the panch patra, the of furniture of carved wood covered with brass or achmani, the ghadiyal (gong) and ghantadi and copper sheets, brass inlaid work, brass and silver ghanta of brass or bell-metal are manufactured in worked stools for Jain shrines and various orna- Sihor. The pothia (Pack-bull), arti, dhupdani, nag mental and costly pieces of metal sheeted furniture (metallic serpent) and such other articles needed for palaces and royal household. This work in Shiva Puja are also prepared at Sihor. The is universally appreciated and patronized biggest and the heaviest ghanta (bell) weighing by Europeans and other tourists."l With the 12 maunds, (240 kg.), adorning one of the Jain passage of time and absence of patronage, the temple~ on Moun t Girnar was made by the demand for such articles was on the wane. Kansaras of that centre. Nagaras or drums used Large or small size brass and copper utensils at the time of arti in the temples are made of form the bulk of production at all these centres. copper and covered with hide at the top. These As seen earlier each of these centres has a are a speciality of Dabhoi. specialisation for certain products. Though Culinary and utilitarian utensils are generally various sorts of utrnsils are now manufactured heavier in weight because they are subjected to mechanically, there is still a number of products greater wear and tear. The articles put to ritual traditionally manufactured which are stillin equal use are lighter in weight. demand by the consuming public. These are DESIGNS AND MOTIFS beda, goli, handa, ghada, gagar, kalasiya, bogharna, V.2 The articles manufactured at all these matti, Iota, bogharni, chhaliya, trambakundi, kamandlll, centres usually have designs and shapes which khumcha, charudi, degdi, dig, limbodi, bakadia, are in vogue since long consistent with their valona goli, etc., whieh are used by the utility, 'value and preference of the Consumers of villagers and have more or less assured market the locality where they are to be marketed. The as they are strong and durable. The sophisticated artisans adopt new designs and bring about urban class prefers articles such as thali, changes in the shapes according to the changing tapela, vadka, vadki, aoya, dab la, tiffin box,

1. MUKER,JEA, SATYA. V., Census of India, 1931, Vol. XIX, Baroda, Part-I Report, p. 291 16 SALE PRICE 17 etc., manufactured by big firms as they are be purchased from the open market at a high modern in shape and light in weight. Tochas or pnce. spots which adds to the look and shine of the utensils are made by beating the utensil with STATEMENT VI tankna. Even though these manually operated Sale price establishments have an assured market in some of the items they are aware of the changes Article with approximate lise and hei,ht Average sale taking place, in the buyers preference and Sl. price accordingly they try to adjust with the demand No. Article Height Breadth (in RI.) by changing the shapes and designs of the wares. 2 3 5 In the past, ghaaas and golis were big and I Handa (51 lb.) 9" "12" 17.50 to 18.00 heavy but now they are comparatively small 2 Ghada (31 lb. ) Sr' 7" 13.00 to 1•• 00 and light. So also with bowls. Kansaras of Sihor 3 Boghama (21 lb.) 61" S" 6.68 to 10.02 .(. Lota (30 to 40 tolas) 4" always take the lead in adopting new designs. 3" 2.+2 to 3.22 5 Matli (5 lb.) 81" 12" 16.00 to Hi.50 They acquire ideas of new motifs from magazines, 6 Buzara 2i" .(." to 9" 1.75 to 3.00 books and calendars. Another source of new (25 tolu to 1 lb.) designs is the various mythological picturcspub­ 7 Charni (1 lb.) Ii" 6" to 9" :3.00 lished in magazines like .Akhand Anand, Dharmyug, 8 Chhaliya Ii" 6" to 12" 0.67 to ~.75 Kumar, etc. Attempts are continually made to (10 tolas to 1 lb.) 9 Vadaka (15 tolal) 2" create new designs and bring about improve­ I" to ." 0.37 to 1.12 10 Thall (35 tolas to 1 lb.) 1" 9" to 10" 2.50 to 2.75 men ts in the existing designs by reviving old 11 Tanah (Sauce-pan) 2" 12" to 16" 5.50 to g.75 forms in new shape. Designing is also done with (Ii to 3 lb.) an eye on the utilitarian aspect combined with 12 Kathrot (Trencher) 3f" II" to 13" 4.00 to 4.50 artistic values. (Ii to 2 lb.)

SALK PRICK The cost analysis for manufacturing 13 '4,da~ Ifunais weighing 30 kg. requiring 4 man-day. is V.3 Pa(1ali, tapeli, goli, degda, ,hada, limb6di given below. and talhro' (trencher) are some of the finished products. Brass pa(101i, a cylindrical ve~sel having STATEMENT VD a diameter from 9" to 40" and a height from Co.t of converllion i' to 5', weighing 500 gm. to 60 kg. is used Sl. Amouat for water storage. Tapela, a cylindrical culinary No. Item Quantity Rate (in RI.) (In as.) . 3 vessel, has a diameter from l' to 4' and a height 1 2 4 5 1 Copper Iheetl SO ka:. 8.02 per kg. 240.60 from 2' to 2.5' and weighs 250 gm. to 50 kg. 2 Hard coke 15 kg. 0.20 per kg. ~.OO Goli is a round utensil like a large earthen pot 3 Handlel 13 pairl l.30 per pair 19.50 used for churning curd and preparing butter. It 4 Brass ,olution (Ravti) Hg. 2.50 per lb. 2.50 is quite big in size and has a diameter of 5' at 5 Acid (Sulphuric) t ki· 0.50 per lb. 0.50 time8. (; COlt of converlion (Beating, loldering, These and others are the articles in daily filing, Icrapin, and use for cooking purposes, while larger velsel, polilhing) 2.75 per k,. 82.50 are meant for community/caste dinner. The Total 348.60 Statement VI shows the average sale price of finished goods. Cost of conversion into finished good. The prices of brass and copperware. have includes, among other things, labour charges, gone up con~iderably in recent times, owing to depreciation charges of tools and implements, paucity of raw materials and rise in their prices. etc. The finished goods are sold to dealers with The quantity of raw materials 'received through a very narrow margin which would just cover quota systemis too small and no t enough to meet the the labour charges of the artisans. The dealen full requirements of the artisans engaged in this sell goods either to semi-wholesalers or COD'umera craft. The remaining quantity has, therefore, to with a margin of 6 to 10 per cent profit. F-3 18 SEOTION V-lIINISHED PRODUCTS

Bombay, RatIam, Kanpur, etc., are properly LOCATION OF MARKETS packed in gunny bags. Costly vessels are packed V.4 Marketing plays an important. role in in wooden boxes. the development of an industry. In the absence VALUE AND VOLUME OF FINISHED GOODS of proper marketing organisation, adequ<.te profit does not accrue to the artis,ans on account of the V.5 Statistics of annual sales-retail or whole· weak bargaining power of producers. The compe­ sale, exports and undisposed of stocks at the tition of machjne-made goods renders the making end of the year are not available. However, in of goods of utility uneconomical, though artistic Wadhwan and Joravarnagar it is estimated articles and articles designed for special purposes, that 500 metric tonnes of brass utensils worth e.g., utensils for caste dinners or the like have yet a Rs. 36 lakhs (approx.) and 72 metric tonnes of definite mar keto Articles which are not the speciality brass utensils worth about Rs. 5.25 lakhs arc of any particular centre are sold at competitive sold annually. The average realisations from the rates but those which have a speciality of place sale of utensils is estiniated at Rs. 7.25 to 7.50 enjoy monopolis'tic position. Dabhoi specialises per kg. In Jamnagar and other places of the in brass pavalis and big cooking vessels, Visnagar district the turnover of this craft is assessed at in big copper vessels, Sihor in puja articles, 10 to 12 metric tonnes worth Rs. 72,000 to Surendranagar in matlis and go lis and Jamnagar 100,000. The total sale of different articles in articles of domestic use. produced at Dabhoi amounts to Rs. 10 lakhs an,d Now the sales of the finished goods is not usually the entire volume of finished goods is limited to the local areas only but the market disposed of during the year. During the year orbit has expanded with the increased facilities 1960-61 the Visnagar Dhatu Udyog CQoperative of transport and communication and tht goods Society Ltd., made sales worth Rs. 212,392. are sold even at the distant places outside the In Sihor the estimated sales are of Rs. 15 lakob. State. The finished articles of Dabhoi are sold and over. As re~ards Nadiad the details as to in Bombay, Surat, Hardwar, Kanpur, etc., purchases and sales are not forthcoming. besides the local market. The wares manufactured PROBLEMS OF MARKETING at Vis nagar are marketed mostlyin North Gujarat, viz., 'in Harij, Palanpur, Patan, Khed Brahma, V.6 Small artisans generally manufacture Idar, Ahmedabad, Katosan, Viramgam, etc., and goods on behalf of big dealers. On the balis of Udaipur in Rajasthan. The brass and copper the information compiled from the schedules10f vessels of Sihor have market mostly at Bombay housing and establishment, Census 1961, the and, in all important towns and cities of the number of establishments working in brass and State. Articles manufactur~d at Wadhwan are copper as a household industry having less than in demand in Jodhpur, Bikaner and other 5 workers in the six selected centres is 238 places outside the State. A number of wares which tallies with number returned by the such as cookers, tiffin careers~ etc., manufa­ survey (24.0). Their goods are purchased by the ctured at Nadiad are exported even to Africa. big dealers. Most of the artisans complained The articles manufactured at J amnagar are sold about the levy of sales tax. Though literate. mostly in the surrounding areas. they are mostly uneducated and not used to , The traditional utensils like goli, gc,ar, maintaining regular books of accounts in the bogharna, etc., are in demand in the rural manner required by the authorities, with the areas by the agriculturist. Similarly big culinary result that many a time they art unable to utensils used by community associations are establish their claim for the refund of sales tax purchased from the local ma~ket. PujQ article paid on the purchases of raw materials required usually made of copper are in demand at the for manufacturing finished products. Artisans religious centres like MaJ;hura, Hardwar, Sidhpur feel that handicraft products should be com­ and Prabhas Patan for giving in alms to pletely exempted from the payment of ulel Brahmins. The finished goods sold locally are tax and/or the prescribed limit for the registra. not packed but those sent to outside places like tion of manufacturers .hould be raised. SECTION VI

ECONOMIC, CHARACTERISTICS

VI.I THE CAPITAL required for investment to 500, while the traders (or their financiers) varies from Rs. 1,000 to 25,000 according to invest as per volume of business. The traders the size of the unit. Average investment per get financial facilities from their relatives and unit is Rs. 400 to 500 iJ;l tools and equipments. money-lenders. The Artisans' Cooperative Society, Capital is mainly provided by money-lenders, Wadhwan, has 24 members. including 6 well. bankers and the Government. The rate of wishers. The so.ciety was granted a loan of interest varies from 9 to 12 per cent. Economic Rs. 84,000 at a concessional rate of interest of characteristics of surveyed units in the selected 2i per cent by the Saurashtra Small Industries centres are discussed below. Bank Ltd., Rajkot. In Joravarnagar almost all SIHoR-Sihor is importan t centr~ of the units undertake their own production and sale. industry where a fairly large number of manu­ VrSNAGAR-The Dhatu Udyog Cooperative facturing establishments are concentrated. The Society, Visnagar is a very important institution t.otal fix capital employed both in the manually and functioning efficiently since 1956. It will be mechanically operated establishments amounts interesting to discuss in brief its growth and to about 10 lakhs. The working capital which activities in relation to this craft. The society includes the raw materials, stock of finish pro­ was registered on 9thJune, 1956with 34 meII_lbers. ducts and cash on hand comes to about Rs. 150 It has raised its funds by collection of share lakhs. Thus the total capital employed in the capital to the tune ofRs.12,180.ltalso received industry at Sihor come~ to Rs. 160 lakhs. The from Government a sum of Rs. 5,000 as contri­ total annual production at the centre aggregates bution to the share capital repayable within a Rs. 2 crores. The industry gives employment to period of 15 years, besides management subsidy 750 workers which includes skilled as well al worth Rs. 600. The society d~es not advance unskilled artisans. The annual consumption of loan to individual members, as the cooperative raw materials for the year 1966-67 wal a. itself manufactures wares and carries on the under: business of selling its products. It pays regular (1) Copper-I,080 tons wages to the artisans. A scheme is contem­ (2) Brass -1,080 tons plated to raise the share capital by way of (3) Zinc - 270 tons deducting 6 paise in a rupee from the wages (4) Coal -1,000 tons paid to worker-members. During the year JAMNAGAR-In Jamnagar individual units 1959-60 the society had a turnover ofRs. 109,769 invest Rs. 2,000 to 3,OOOapproximately as work­ against its purchases of Rs. 84,358 earning the ing capital. Members ofthe Industrial Cooperative gross profit of Rs. 25,411 or 30.12 per cent Society of this craft get good work and market over purchases. The corresponding figures for their finished products through the society. The the year 1960-61 were Rs. 212,392 for sales,~' sources of working capital are either cooperative 172,824 for purchases with a gross profit of society or private merchants. A few artisans Rs. 39,568 Or 22.89 per cent. have borrowed loans from Government which DABHOI-The system of financing at Dabhoi are repaid by instalments within a period of is more or less on the same pattern as that at 3 to 5 years.- Wadhwan.Artisans get loan from money-lenders WADHwAN-Since most of the artisans under­ who are also traders. The rate of interest is 9 take production on behalf of traders, they have per cent. Financing traders purchase the finished to invest mainly for tools Iud equipments. goods of the artisans at the prevailing market Hence the avera~e investment per unit is Rs. 400 price and valqe thereQf credited toward~ 20 SECTION VI-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS repayment of loan advanced. Both artisans and An average worker earns about Rs. 100 to money-lenders find this system convenient and 125 per month; while an efficient worker may each side feels secured. earn from Rs. 200 to 250. In other, centres too, wages are based on WAGE ~TRUCTURE weight of utensils turned out. The wage rates VI.2 Besides large manufacturing establish­ per kg. vary according to the size of the utensil ments, there are number of units run entirely as also on local conditions obtaining in each by the labour of family members. The hired centre. In Wadhwan the wages are fixed at a workers are paid piece-wages· as well as daily rate of 62 to 75 paise per kg. for the whole wages. At Sihor there is a paucity of skilled year in advance at the time of Divali. The craftsmen and the wages per day for a skilled cost of wages works out to nearly 10 per cent worker during the busy and slack season was of the sale price. Rs. 7 whereas for a unskilled worker it was Participation of females and children below Rs. 3 in the year 1966,.67. Wages are also paid IS is very limited. Only in Nadiad centre 97 to the artisans according to the output in weight (94 Kansara and 3 Kumbhar) females are shown hence when the output is more he earns mor~. as adult workers. In Dabhoi too, light manual Th~ following rates of wages based on weight, la bour and cleaning work i~ done by females in kilograms are prevalent in Visnagar. and children. An artisan works for 8 to 10 hours a day and 10 to 12 hours.' during peak STATEMENT vm season. During monsoon there· is less work. Wage structure Establishments generally remain clOlled on Sun­ SI. Rate per .,. days, amavasyal and also when any arti.an in No. Name of the uten.i1 (in Rs.) the trade expire~. I 2 3 I Oharudi 0.91 The following statement based on the house­ 2 Ghada 0.94 holds covered by the survey, shows the compo­ 3 Degdi 0.94 4 Charu 1.07 sition of workers and number Qf household. 5 Goll 1.07 engaging hired w9rkers.

STATEMENT IX Persons employed in production

Total No. of persons employed in porduction Households Name of Households engaging Family Hired Main caste/tribe of hired the centre surveyed hired workers members workers Total workers shown in col. 5 2 3 4- 5 6 7

Sihor 23 18 45 63 108 Kansara, Khavas, Khatri, Bava, Musalman, 8alat, Koli, Ghanchi Jamnagar 8 2 15 9 24 Kansara , .. Wadhwan' , . 59 17 124- 36 106 Kansara ~altar 48 16 70 23 93 Thakarda Nadiad ." 75 : 2 232 2 234 Kansara

Dabhoi 27 " 6 34 6 40 Kansara Total 240 61 520 139 659

The above statistics reveal that out of 240 duction. Sihor, Wadhwan and Visnag~r have the household, surveyed, only 61 or 25.42 per cent highest number of households engaging hired employ hired workers and the' hired workers workers. They mostly come from Kansara, numbering 139 and forming 21.03 per cent of Khavas, Khatri, Bava, Salat, Musalman, Koli and the total number of persons employed in pro- Ghanchi communitiel, SECTION VII CONCLUSION

THE FOREGOING pages give salient features of the the industry has to proceed, in the main, through cnlft at some selected centres of the State. The provision of raw materials, improvement in technical artisan!! engaged in the craft mainly belong to the efficiency of various processes and expert guidance caste called Kansara ~mong whom the skill is here­ in design and development. With a view to ensure ditary. The craft is neither taught nor learnt in better facilities to the craftsmen, the following steps any institution. The artisans, when young, start may assist the future development of the craft. learning the craft by actually working in it, and (i) While marketing is not a problem facing in course of time acquire requisite knowledge this industry the real handicap lies in the and skill of the various processes and technique inadequacy of brass and copper sheets, the quota of the craft. In the past the craft was en tirely for which are insufficient to cope with the demand. non-mechanifed and various processes were carried Craftsmen' and cooperative societies engaged in I out only by hand. But with the advent of indus- the craft should be assured of adequate supply trial development, the technique of production of raw materials, viz., copper and brass sheets, has changed with the establishment of large-scale zinc and all other subsidiary raw materials at factories and mechanisation of various processes reasonable rate. which were formerly hand-opera ted. (ii) Improved type of machinery, viz., sheet The traditional craft has, therefore, to face metal spinning machine, pedal operated sheet the competition of machine-made products. The cutting machine, scraping and turning lathes and factories which flre run in an organised manner electrically operated degressing machine should have various advantages in procurement of raw be supplied on hire-purchase basis. materials, credit facilities, marketing, etc., which (iii) The study also reveals that most of the the small units worked on household basis do not dealers get loan from money-lenders at a high have. Such and other factors do not help the rate of interest. The State Government should craftsmen in bringing their earnings to the extend credit facilities at better and easier terms. required level. This handicraft, however, contri. Availability of easy and cheap credit would bute a sizeable amount to the total volume of enable craftsmen to raise the output and reduce production of brass and copperw~res. The the cost. The State Government and banking various sorts of articles manufactured at the institutions should relax the conditions for giving selected centres show that each of the. centres credits to craftsmen. has specialised in one or other type of warts (iv) Fold of cooperative activity should be and holds good reputation in market. Govern­ expanded by giving raw materials as well as finance ment has taken various steps to promote the to the craftsmen for promotion and expansion of craft by supplying technical guidance through their craft. This' will have the addeQ advantage.' ~mall Industries Service Institute and distribu­ of giving better wages and earnings to the tion of raw ,materials by quota system. However, craftsmen which are at present decided' by the it appears from the present etudy that craftsmt:n traders and dealers who employ them on piece. and cooperative societies engaged in this indus­ work wages. To end the exploitation of crafts­ try experience great difficulties in procuring-raw men by traders and dealers, cooperative has materials at reasonable rates. If sufficient quota yet to playa vital and significant role. of raw materials is supplied in favour of cooperative (v) The i\rtistic articles manufactured byv~ry SoCieties or individuals, there are sufficient chances skilled craftsmen ~hould be exhibited in Covern­ for the future progress and development of this ment emporia, and wide publicity measures taun c:raft. For integrated development.of the industry, to create demand for artwares. 21 PLATES PLATE I

Tobacco leaves PLATE II

Collecting tobacco for fermentation PLATE I

Tobacco leaves PLATE II

Collecting tobacco for fermentation PLATE III

oUTing water on tobacco 'pattis' for fermentation PLATE IV ?LATE V

Collecting dried tobacco PLATE VI PLATE VII

Sieving PLATE VIII

'Dhoka' and earthen BOW PLATE IX

Pounding snuff with a wooden pestle PLATE X

Grinding tobacco by handmiLL PLATE XI

(Jrmding tobacco by electrical b operated mill PLATE XTT

Passing the snuff through metal siever

Sieving the snuff through thin cloth PLATE XIII

Hulin PLATE XIV

Perfume laboratory PLATE XV

Peljume mzxmg machine PLATE XVI

Packing in 'Palas' leaves

Weighing PLATE XVII PLATE XVIII

Marking the packages before dispatch PLATE XIX 50 APPENDIX I

TABLE m Literacy according to age and sex

PerIODS Males Female. Age: woup IL L P S SSC D G TotalIL L P S SSC D G Total IL L P S sse D G Total 2 3 4 .5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 l~ 20 21 22 23 24- 25

, ., 0-4 6 .. ., " 7 4 .. . .. 5 2 .. 2

9 . , 4 5 5-9 13 ., .. " 14 " .. 9 .. .. " " .. ..

., 10-14 10 3 ...... 13 " .. 4 2 " .. 6 6 1 .. 7

., 15 17 .. 9 1 10 ...... 6 7 15-19 . " 2 " .. " ..

20-24: 1 .. 9 3 .. .. 14 7 3 " .. 10 1 " 2 .. 4

25-29 2 7 ...... 9 6 ...... 7 1 " 2

30-34 .. ., .. 2 ...... " .. .. 1 .. 2

35-44 3 .. 3 4 2 12 ...... 4 ...... 4 3 " 3 .. 2 8

45-59 4- 9 1 ., .. 14 8 1 .. .. 10 3 1 .. 4

60+ 2 .. S .. " .. 6 .. 2 " .. .. 2 2 .. 1 .. ...

Total 12 2 35 51 8 " .. HIS 4 1 15 38 5 .. .. 63 8 1 2013 3 .. .. 45

Non: IL=Illiterate, L-Literate:, P=Primary, S ... Secondary, ~SC-Secondary Schoel Certificate Examination, D==Diploma, G-Graduate -

TABLE IV

Compo.hion of worker.

Total No. of pelion. employed in productioa

Name of Total No. of No. of hOUiebold. Total No. of Total No. of Main calte/tribc of centro families cagaged engaging ~cr family other hired other hired workers SW"Yeyed in the craft hired workera members WorRI!I Total u shown in col. 5 . I 2 3 4- 5 6 7 Sihor Ii 6 28 1'8 176 laDia, R~put, KoB. Barot, Muslim, etc. APPENDIX II Unstructured Biography

NAME: Purshottamdas Manilal Dholakia, Presiden t of "To ba cco Traders and Man ufacturers' Asso cia tion, Siho r";

CASTE: Bania; AGE: 49 years; ADDRESS: Mahasugandhi Snuff Works, Sihor required for snuff industry were received from THE LATE MANILAL RANCHHODDAII DHOLlllA. Gujarat, my father used to ask us to chew a The snuff industry of Sihor revives the memo­ sample from the atock. The production of good ries of the late Manilal Ranchhoddas, Dholakia quality of snuff always depends upon the (my father), who died fourteen yean ago on particular taste and aroma of the leaves. By 19th November, 1953. He was 10 much merely chewing the leaf my father could also intimate and engros~ed in the snuff industry detect whether during the preceding year any that he wal not interested in any activity other crop was grown in the field from which other than snuff making. The pr~ent snuff the tobacco is brought. We were trained by industry owes its existence and development to him in this art. On account of hi! conltant his cons tan t endeavour and exhaustive research. goading and sympathetic teaching of the Up to the end of his life, he ceaselellslyexperi­ technique of snuff production, we were also mented on improving the quality of snuff by attracted to this industry. My father alway. making it purer, more beneficial to health, and wished to be associated with the snuff indUitry devoid of any defects. He tried to produce the even in his next birth. He had earned luch .. best quality of snuff and attained his t~rget. unique name and popularity in the snuff trade It was due to his sincere efforts that the Sihor that the words 'Dholakia' and snuff became snuff has been made known in every nook and synonymous. Though, there are other muff corner of the country. He was unrivalled in factories at Sihor besides ours, the penonl testing and specifying the quality of snuff by addicted to snuff and its loverl always ask for chewing the tobacco leaf. Due to these abilitiel Dholakia Inuff. the tobacco growers and agents used to addre. My BRIEi' LIFE SKETCH him as 'Tobacco King'. He used to purchase the best variety of tobacco; and in Gujarat the My name is Pmshottamdu Manilal Dholakia. growers from whom he purchased tobacco used My birthplace is Sihor. I was born on ~~ to take pride that the quality of tobacco grown October, 1918. We are two brother., the younger by them being the best was appreciated by him. being Ramniklal Dholakia. My two IOns They offered their tobacco to him at a price Navinchandra and Devendra also help me. My lower than that current in the market. He younger brother has four son~ of whom olle was large-heerted, honest, good judge, fearlell Niranjan has joined this industry; while the and religious. There is no wonder that not other named Anilkumar is in the U. S. A. for only his sons, but the waole snuff industry of the study of Radio Engineering. We originally Sihor were proud of him. belong to Dholka in Gujarat from where we have migrated here for the last 8 generationa, OOOuPATIONAL TRAINING and hence our family is known al Dholakia. All the secrets of the sn uff industry were taught In Dholka we owned lands. The purpose for by our father to me and my younger brother, which our forefathers migrated from Dholka to whose name is Ramniklal. When tobacco leave. Sihor is not known, but I think it may be for 51 52 APPENDIX II better livelihood and commerce. We are Modh I am not much interested in public life as Bania by caste and follow Vaishnav lect. The it is fraught with likes and dislikes and is full history of Modh community is well-known since of clashes and differences. I am also not long. Being the original inhabitants of interested in other religious· activities, since I Modhera we are called Modh. The temple of define religion in my own way. Sectarian our tutelary goddess Matangi Devi is in customs are not religion to me. Similarly I do Modhera. My gotra is Gautam. The history of not go to a temple intentionally. Nevertheless, I Modh community is given in Modh Purana. am not an atheist. Whenever and wherever I I have studied up to Matric but £Quid not go, I feel that the eternal spirit is pervading prosecute my studies further as my father was the universe and is manifesting itself all around not keeping well and we two brothers had to me in its diverse forms whom I worship and get join our occupation. I have worked in thifi fulfilment of my existence. industry for about 30 years. I have married in my community at Bhavnagar. The birth. marria,ge BEGINNING OF THE INDUSTRY and death customs prevalent ip. our community The exact details ,,1S to how ar,d by whom are akin to those in other Brahmin and Bania the industry was started at Sihor are not availa­ communities. The old customs are giving way to ble. However, our firm of Ranchhodda~ Zinabhai modfrn ideas according to the convenienct Dholakia exists 2.t Sihor for the last 125 years. of the society. Social reform measure! beneficial This period has ",ctually been worked out from to the community are being implemented accord­ the dates found in the old account books. In ing to the circumstances and on the whole the beginning it is said that one or two persons our community can be called progressive. of the Barot eommunity used to manufacture THE ROLE OF MODH COMMUNITY IN STAR.'l1NG TIllS snuff for their own use and wmetimes for INDUSTR.Y AND ITS DEVKLQPwtNT BY DHOLAltIA customers by pulverizing snuff by wooden mortar FAMILY in an earthen vessel. This was ~he beginning of the snuff industry at Sihor.: But the Barot In Sihor the snuff industry was originally community afterwards lost in terest in this indus­ started by the Modh Bania community and try and left it as the technique of manufacturing today 99.75 per cent of the proprietors engaged snuff became widrspread. This industry later in this industry are from our community. The on fell in the hands of Modh Bania community: progress of the industry is attributed to the Our concern ofRanchhoddas Zinabhai Dholakia hereditary experience of the community. Th06 was the first among Modh Banias to take up the hereditary knowledge of the craft, business this occupation. The concern of Pitamhardas acumen, personal attention and diligence of the Ancndji Mehta was the s~cond and today in community has made the Sihor snuff famollS Sihor there are several big and small snuff' all over the country and abroad. factories.

OTHER AOTIVITIES RAW MATERIALS AND TECHNIQ.UE My favourite hobbies are music and spiritUal Tobacco required for the industry was brought reading. It was my father who encouraged me from Charotar area of Gujarat. The tobacco in my childhood to learn music. Even today I growers used to bring tobacco in their carts can sing and play upon musical instrumen t5 for and auction it for cash. my own pleasure and recreation. I also pJay on For many years snuff was prepared in sitar a little, but after the death of my fathtr earthen basin by the pulverizing method. But I had to give up further studies of music as I as its demand grew, it was deemed expedient had to shoulder the respopsibility of my trade. to increase the production. The snuff prepared Mmic is, however. my life's delight and by by the pulverizing method in earthen pan gave muSic I mean classical music with all rags and an output o_f only two to three pounds per raJinis. person per day. With a view to increase the APPENDIX D 53 production, handmills Were introduced, which The species of tobacco undergo constan t changes were replaced by the electrically operated mil), eveIY year. The processes of manufacturing only 10 years back. snuff, therefore, require timely adjustments in its manufacture to maintain the standard of FINI3HED PRODUCTS quality according to popular taste. Otherwise In the beginning OUf factory produced only the demand for the product is adversely affected. ordinary snuff used as tooth-powder but there­ Similarly scenting of snuff prima facie appears to after it was scented by adding fragrant materials. be very easy but several manufacturers have Thus only two types of snuff appeared in the failed after wasting their money and energy in market, (1) ordinary and (2) scented. Or; account producing appropriate quality of scented snuff, of the strenuous and in tensive training given by my as they lacked the practical experience in finding father, we took interest and achieved mastery out the appropriate perfume suitable to the over this industry. It was due to interest and quality of the tobacco used. It is, therefore, zeal invoked by our father that we two brothers imperative to know the chemical properties of began to- experiment on producing varioUB the perfume and the tobacco and their exact types of ordinary and scented snuff and put a blending; otherwise even the costliest perfume variety of sn uff in the market. The other varietiel will spoil the entire lot. Practical experien""te which are our exclusive products are (1) black and the secret of manufacture handed down sn uff similar to Madras type prepared in ghee, from generation to generation always pays in (2) PUrijabi snuff welknown among Punjabi this trade. Those without experience Incur people, (3) black and granular Vartaki snuff, losses. (4) the sneezing type and (5) the snuff con­ PROPERTIES OF SIHOR SNUFF taining Ayurvedic herbs and materials used as a dentifrice for healthy teeth. ' The outstanding qualities of Sihor snuff ill its versatility as a snuff and as a dentifrice for TECHNIQ.UE OF PRODUCTION healthy teeth giving equal pleasure and taste. The production of snuff involves 10 to 13 The Madrasi, Mangalori, Vartaki and the other processes. To achieve the best and flawless varieties produced in other parts of the country quality, tobacco is made to undergo various are only useful for snuffing. It has been observed processes. First, tobacco leaves are dried and that the Sihor snuff is prepared out of high dirt and other impurities are removed from grade tobacco without any adulteration, while leaves. Thereafter the lea'ves are cut into striplI the other varieties of India are found to have called patti. The next stage is of fermenting lime, clay and other injurious elemwts mixed tobacco by mixing with water. For fermentation with them. That is the reaSon why the Sihor different processes are adopted which last for snuff is innocent and can be used freely without several weeks. The tobacco is then dried and any adverse effect. ground into fine powder which is sieved through TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS various sieves having me5he~ of varying denomi­ nations. Grinding mills of stone run by elect1'ic motor are used for grinding tobacco. The other MAINTP.NANQE OF STANDARD QUALITY processes including packing are done by hand. Every process is to be operated with great The idea underlying the non-mechanisation of care and skill as the slightest defect spoils the the industry except grinding is to give employ­ whole lot. Apparently the tramformation of ment to as many personS as possible. Formerly tobacco leaves into snuff is very easy, but the the grinding of tobacco was done in an eartheJ'l. further processing of snuff into standard quality basin by means of a wooden mortar. This is very difficult. However, these secrets are process was replaced by hand mills and thereafter inherited by the snuff man ufacturers of Sihor. by mills operated by electric motor. This is Besides, the production of standard quality of the only change brought about in the produc­ sn uff calls for constant and intensive research. tion of snuff. 54 APPBNDIX n

varieties of tobacco suitable for different purpose. WHY THE SIHOR SNUFF IS FAMOUS such as (i) snuff making, (ii) bidi man ufactur· Snuff·is produced at many places in Gujarat in?;, (iii) chewing and (iv) smoking in hukkah. but in Sihor the industry has been developed The variety used for mallufClcturingsnuff is called into a major industry. Aquestion is often being kalu chopadiyu. Gujarat tops the list among the asked as to why the snuff industry of Sihor is States growing tobacco i!1 India. Tobacco is a cash so much prosperous. An inference is also drawn crop and for the last ten years there is scarcity of that the climate of Sihor might be conducive kalu chopadiyu-variety ()f to bacco, because it is to the production of snuff. But my reply to grown in a few villages only. The cost of raw the above question is that only the hereditary material is also rising day by day. As a result skill and business acumen of the Sihor craftsmen the margin of profit in this industry is going are responsible for this achievemen t. down.

EFFl!:CT OF SNUFF ON HEALTH INVESTMEKT Physical fitness is required for manual work. This industry involves considerable capital This equally applies to the snuff industry. The investment as the raw materials required are process of packing is, however, a sedentary job available only in the harvesting seas()n of and it can be attended to at home according tobacco. Besides, for maintaining the quality and to convenience. Even persons of weak physique standard, tobacco of the required t},-pe is to be can, therefore, attend to it at their convenience stocked so as to last for one to two yean. with ease and peace of mind. The number of Considerable investment is also necessary &1 households doing packing work at home is most of the sales are on credit. This alBo entail. about 300. Besides, there are about 200 to 250 loss in interest. This industry has not received persons who either work in our factory or take Government aid and is overburdened with the packing work at home. There is not a single exorbit;mt rates of excise duties. Though run instance in the history of this industry that on the scale of a cottage indtistry, very heavy anybody has contracted any defect or disease taxation on the lines of large-scale industry on account of working in this industry. On the comes in the way of its expansion. contrary there are persons who got themselves There is no shortage of workers. Compared free from chronic cold, bronchitis or flue. Though to other States of India, minimum wages of tobacco is exhilarating, it does not affect the workers in this industry have been fixed at a health adversely. Of course, the chain smokers higher rate in Gujarat. Other concessions like have been found suffering from cancer of lungs providmt fund. compulsory bonus, etc., to be and throats due to nicotine poison prese,nt in granted to the workers have also increased the tobacco. But in snuff this poison has been burden on the industry to such an extent that removed by perfect fermentation which destroys it is very difficult to stand in competition with all harmful influences of tobacco. Experience other States. If no relief is granted in taxation has taught us that by brushing tobacco on or aid extended in some other form, it is teeth and gums various diseases of teeth like reasonably apprehended that the snuff industry \ 'pyrrhoea, are cured. Ayurved has also described of Sihor might perish. The demand of muff snuff as insecticide and recommended its use in generally comes from the medium and lower various ailments. My grandfather Ranchhodda~ classes. The overhead charges, taxation, etc., used to apply pure snuff in eyes and as are growing and ultimately the price also rise I confirmed by my father hi; eyesight was good affecting its demand. This is a handicap to throughout his life. the development of the industry. Besides, in Sihor the electric charges are double thOle HANDICAPS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SNUFF prevailing all over Gujarat. This has abo -MANUFACTURING enhanced the cost of snuff. Though many The main raw material in this industry is requests and applications have been made to the tobacco grown in Gujarat. There are many the Government for giving concenion in electric APPENDIX II 55 charges. they have not yet been attended to. perfumes, like essential oils, aromatic chemical., The Sihor snuff is being exported to countriel etc., which are not produced in India. They like East Africa, Burma and Pakistan. where are sold in market at a very high price. The our snuff cannot compete in price and hence manufacturers are, therefore, given alicence for we are losing foreign market. Once the good. importing these perfumes. The defect in the have been assessed for excise duties. the duties licence system is that those who are actual are refundable under the export scheme. But the users get about one-fourth of their requirement, procedure for getting the refund is 80 complicated, while those who are beginners and tho.e who that the exporters do not care to apply for refund. do not produce scented snuff get an import Under the Export Promotion Scheme of the licence for more than their requirement •. The Government of India. the exporters of incense latter directly ,ell their quota into open market sticks, raw to baceo, etc., get certain benefitl, which we the real users purchase by paying ft which are not extended to snuff which i. higher price. This is also one of the impedi­ manufactured from raw tobacco. To give an ments. illustration of excise duties, there i. an excile MARKETING, CREDIT, ETC. ~ duty of Rs. 2 on 1 kg. of raw tobacco. ThiJ raw tobacco is wet, full of dirt, a.nd other impurities Under the provisions of the Gujarat Agri­ and on these useless things itn excise duty hal cultural Produce Market Act, 1963, the factory to be paid. The excise duty is assessed on the owners have to purchase tobacco on ca.h from whole unprocessed tobacco which increase. the the tobacco growers, while most of the .ale. cost price of the manufaetured goods. Today are effected on credit. The Re.erve Bank also the incidence of cancer caused by bidi Imokins strictly forbids banks to advance loan. to has increased considerably, and therefore, businessmen and factory owners. ThUi the smoking is being replaced by snuffing and it. source of finance in thi. industry i. becoming other uses like brushing teeth, etc., are gaining more difficult and restricted. The commoditie. ground ultimately increasing its demand. In view on which speculation and forward contracts are of this there is much scope for expanlion of thil made should not be allowed to be treated a. industry, but the factorl mentioned above securities for advancing a loan. Banks should operate as a bottleneck to its progress. According be liberal in advancing credit to the manufac­ to my opinion the excise duty on black tobacco turers of snuff as they have to inves~ large fundi and that levied on whole leaves may be in storing large stocks of raw materials and removed and levied on processed Itrip.. The should have finance readily available at any excise duty should be levied at a lower rate on moment. Otherwise the industry will come to materials like dirt, twigs and other impurities of grief bringing unemployment. Thua banb should tobacco so that the bye-product. can be Iiberalise credit to finance this industry. lisllUlte utilized for man ufacturing lower quality of is the back-bone of any industry. Keeping tbis_ &Duff. Electricity should also be made available in view, the Government should render every to the manufacturers at a reduced rate so al possible help in the formofsubsidiel, concelJion. to enable the industry to expand. The scented and credit relief to the factory OWJlen of thft snuff produced at Sihor tops the list of snuff ir;dustry. If this is done, there i. e.el'f .cope manufactured in India. The process of manufac­ of expansion, better production and developmeat turing scented snuff involve. addition ofimported of snuff induatry.

GLOSSARY

A G Cagar A water-pot Achman; A small spoon-shaped article employed Caj A local measure equivalent to two feet in religious ceremonies Chada or Chado • A water pot Atfatfya An agent Chadiyal A gong for striking hours of the day Amava.rya New-moon day; the last day of the dark Chanta A bell used in worship lunar fortnight Charttadi A small bell used in worship Arti Ceremony of waving a lamp before an Chet Clarified butter idol Cola or Coli. A large sized water-pot Attar Perfume,; scent H B Handa or Handi A smaller sized brass or copper pot Hina Lawsonia alba Bakadia A pan Hookah Smoking pipe, a hubble-bubble Bandhani Tie and dye sa,i Beaa A pair of water-pots placed one J upon the other Jasat Zinc Bhajan A devotional song Javantri Outer shell of a nutmeg Bhangar Scrap Jaya/al • Nutmeg Bhatthi kam. Proces. of heating in a furnace Bidi Indigenous cigarette K Bogharna A pot generally of brass or copper Kalai Tin Buzara Lid placed over a water-pot Kalasiya A jug: Kalu c%opadiyun Leaves of black tobacco c Kamandal . A type of vessel used for serving Chameli Jasminum auriclllatum liquid food and vegetables Charm A .ieve; a strainer Kandora machine Cording machine Charu or Charudi Metal pot, an urn Kama Bell-metal or bronze Chhaliya Brass, copper or bronze bowls Kansyakar Bronzesmith Chhap Brand or trade-mark Kapani A shear Chhinkani Snuff Kasturi Musk Chora Public building used as rest house Kathrot A large and flat circular dish of as well as for talaii's office brass or copper Kalori or Katora. A metal bowl D Kesar Saffron, Crocus sativus Kevado Pandanus odoratissimus Dabba A container Khakhra or palas Butea /rondosa Dalali Commission; brokerage Khandni A mortar A pestle Dasta Kharba, Iron rod with crooked head A lamp Deep Khumcha A tray Del A large pot of brass or copper used Khus Andro/!ogon sguarrosus for cooking Kirtan A devotional song A smaller pot Degdi Kund A reservoir A public rest-house j an inn Dharmashala Kunda An earthen pot A wooden club Dhoka Kutcha seer. Local measure of weight equivalent to A censer; a pan in which incense il Dhoopdani • 0.466 kg. burned Doya A bowl with a handle with which L water is taken out Laving Clove; Engenia caryophyllata E Lilimati Green clay Limbodi A copper vessel used in cooking Elayachi Cardamom Lota Jug 57 58 GLoSSARY

M S One who has renounced the world; Sanyasi , . Maliqjan Guild a recluse Matharvu Fini~ing touch Sitar A musical instrument with strings Matli A small brass or earthen pot Skand Puran One of the 18 Puranas, the religious works of the Hindus N Sona geru Red .ochre Suba The Governor • The'Sun Nagaras • Drums Suraj Nag • Snake T Taj Cinnamon Tambu Copper p Tamra patra A copper plate Tankanu A chisel Clay bowls Paga Tansh Sauce-pan Memorial stone Paliya Tapeli A copper or brass utensil used for • Vessels used in. religious ceremonies Paneha patra cooking Pallas Sheets ' Tara Star Patti -Iron strip Thai A large dish A pail Pavali Thali Brass or copper di,h A kind of sweet prepared from milk Pendas Trambakundi A water tub made of copper or brass Pili mati Yellow clay U Piltal • Brass I Popat A parrot Ubhar kam • Repousse work Pothia • A bull; carrier of Lord Shiva V Pr4ja Worship Vadako or Vadki A metal bowl Valonagoli Large size pot used for churning R Varryali Fennel-seeds Rag or Ragin; A musical mode Z &nkam Soldering Zarda Tobacco INDEX

A D

Adalaj, 33 Darbhavati, 5 Africa, 18, 42, 46 Dayanand Yogendra, 31 Agra., 5 Delhi, 5 Ahmedabad, 3, 4, 10, 18 Designs and Motifs, 16 Akbar, 29 Dharmaj, 37, 44 Ambassador, 30 Dhinoj, 6 ' America, 42 Dhrangadhra, 4, 7, 10, 33, 42 Amre1i,32 Dublin Fire, 30 Anandgar, 44 Dwelling and workshop, 7, 34 Anne, 30 Annual consumption, 11, 19 E Antiquity, 32 Area under tobacco, 36, 37 Economic CharacteristiCl, 19, 43 Art of Metalware in India, 3 England, 29, 30 Artisan Cooperative Society, Wadhwan, 11, 19 Europe, 29, 42 Asia, 29 Extension Service, 15 Assam, 3 Australia, 29 :r

B Factory Act, 43 Family Structure, 7 Babra, 30, 42 Finished products, 16, 18, 41 Bagasara, 30, 42 France, 29, 30, 37 Banaraa, 3 Baroda, 10, 37 G Bhadran, 44 Bhavnagar, 30, 31, 33, 37, 42 Ganga-Yamuna, 3 Bhogavo, 4 Gariadhar, 31 Bhuta family, 32 Gautam Rishi, 31 BhuveI, 37 George IV, 30 Bidri, 3 Gogha,33 Bikaner, 18 Gomati,29 Bombay, 5, 10, 18, 37 Govindrao Gaekwad, 45 Dorsad, 44 Great Plague, 30 Botad, 30, 33, 42 Burma, 42, 46 H

c Harappa,3 Hardwar, 18 Callie, 29 Harij, 18 Cambay, 37 History of the Craft, a Catherine of Medici, 30 Hobbies and Recreation, 8, 34 Ceylon, 31, 42, 46 Holland, 37 Champaner,6 Charotar, 4, 32 I Christopher Columbus, 29 Colombo Plan, 44 Idar, 18 Conclusion, 21, 43 Indian Mutiny of 1857, 31 Cost of conversion, 17 Introduction, 3, 29 59 60 INDEX

J N

Jabalpur, 32 Nagmati and Rangmati, 4 J agadhari, 10 Nana Saheb Peshwa, 31 Jaipur, 3 Navanagar,4 Judan, 33,42 Navsari, 10 J ayatwada, 37 Nicotiana, 29 Jean Nicot, 30 Non-ferrous Metal Control Amendment Order 1.959, 10 Jodhpur, 18 p K Packing, 40 Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers' Union, 44 Palanpur, 18 Kaira Satyagraha, 4 Palita}1a, 31 Katu chopadiyu, 37, 44 Patan, 5, 18 Kannauj 37 Pavagadh, 6 Kanpur, 5, 18,32 Petlad, 10, 37,44 Kansaras, 4, 6, 7 Pewter, 10 -Ahmedabadi, 6 Physical Fitness, 34 -Champaneri, 6 Portugal, 29, 30 -Maru, 6 Prabhas Patan, 18 -Shihora, 6 Prant of Gaekwad, 32 - Visnagara, 6 Price-list, 41 Kansara Karigar Cooperative Society, Jamnagar, 11 Punjab, 37 Kashmir, 3 Katosan, 18 R Kerala, 3 Khed Brahma, 18 Rajkot, 30, 42 Khodiyar Pottery Works, 32 Ranak Devi, 4 King Sinhavarma, 3, 31 Ranio Dungar, 4, 5, 32 King Visaldev, 4 Rappee, 30 Rathnam Bros., 31 L Ratlam,18 Raw materials, 35 Lakshamandasji, 31 Romans Pane, 29 Limbdi, 4, 7, 30,42 Lishan, 30 s Literacy, 8, 34 Lucknow,3 Sale-price, 17 Lundy Foot, 30 Saraswatpur, 3, 31 Saurashtrzo. Small Industries Bank Ltd., Rajkot, 19 M Scotch, Taddy's and Prince's Mixture, 30 Scotland anG Ireland, 30 Sejakpur,6 Mahuva, 30, 33, 42 Selected Centres, 3, 4, 31 Malharrao Gaekwad, 45 -Anand,30, 31, 42, 44- Malwa,33 -Dabhoi, 3, 5, )1, 16, 18, 19 Marketing, 18, 42 -Jamnagar, 3, 4, 5, 16, 18, 19 Marwar,6 -Kadi, 30, 31, 42, 44 Mathura, 18 -Nadiad, 3, 4, 10, 16, 19 Meraj Natha, 4 -Sihor 3, 4, 5, 16,18, 19,30, 31, 33, 42 Mewar,6 -Visnagar 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 16, 18, 19 Minimum Wages Act, 43 -Wadhwan Jorawarnagar, 3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 16, 19 Modhera,33 Shetrunjaya Hills, 31 Morvi, 10, 33, 42 Shree Kansara Karigar Cooperr.tive Society, N adiad, 11 Mount Girnar, 16 Shri Joravarsingh, 4 Mulraj Solanki, 31 Siddhakshetra, 31 Muradabad, 3 Sidhraj, 4,5, 31 Mysore,3 Sinhaldweep, 31 INDEX 61

S-contd. u Sinhapur, 3 Udaipur, 18 Snuff Manufacturing centres, 30 Umrala,31 Spain, 29 Ubhar kam, 16 Speciality of centres, 16 UNICEF,44 Structure of the Industry, 33 Sural, 18 Surendranagar, 30, 42 v Surveyed households, 7, 34 Vakhatsinhji, 32 Swami Ramadasji, 31 Vara.nasi,3 Switzerland, 37 Varieties of tobacco, 35, 36 T Vijaykumar, 31 Visnagar Dha,tu Udyog Cooperative Society, 11, 18, 19 Tabac Rape, 30 Visoji Gohil, 31 Technique and processes, 12, 13, 14, 39 Thakore Vajesangji, 32 w The Amul Dairy, 44 The New Shorrock Mills, 5 Wage Structure, 20 The T. A. S. Brand snuff, 31 Wilson's S.P., 30 Tools, 12, 21 Workers and non-workers, 7, 20, 34

LIST OF AGENTS FOR THE SALE OF GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PUBLICATIONS AS ON 17-2-1964 AGARTALA- S. S. Book EmpOrium, 118, Mount Joy Road Laxmi Bhandar Books & Scientific Sales (R) The Bangalore Press, Lake View, Mysore Road, AGRA- P. O. Box 507 The Standard Book Depot, Avenue Road National Book House, jeoni Mandi Vichara Sahitya Private Ltd., Balepet Wadhawa & Co., 45, Civil Lines Banwari Lal Jain, Publishers, Moti Katra (R) Makkala Pustaka Press, Balamandira, Gandhinagar Maruthi Book Depot, Avenue Road (R) English Book Depot, Sadar Bazar, Agra Cantt. (R) International Book House Private Ltd., 4-F. Mahatma AHMADNAGAR- Gandhi Road V. T. Jorakar, Prop., Rama General Stores, Navi Navakamataka Pubns. Private Ltd., Majestic Circle (R) Path (R) BAREILLY- Agarwal Brothers, Bara Bazar AHMEDABAD- BARODA- Balgovind Kuber Dass & Co., Gandhi Road Chandra Kant Chiman Lal Vora, Gandhi Road Shri Chandrakant Mohan Lal Shah, Raopura '(R) New Order Book Co., Ellis Bridge Good Companions Booksellers, Publishers & Sub­ Mahajan Bros., Opp., Khadia Police Gate (R) Agent (R) Sastu Kitab Ghar, Near Relief Talkies, Patthar Kuva, New Medical Book House, 540, Madan Zampa Road (R) Relief Road BEAWAR- AjMER- The Secretary, S. D. College, Co-operative Stores Ltd. (R) Book-Land, 663, Madar Gate Rajputana Book House, Station Road BELGHARIA- Law Book House, 271, Hathi Bhata Granthlok, Antiquarian Booksellers & Publishers Vijay Bros., Kutchery Road (R) (24-Parganas), 5/1 Amlica Mukherjee Road Krishna Bros., Kutchery Road (R) BHAGALPUR- , Paper Stationery Stores, D. N. Singh Road ALIGARH- \ Friend's Book House, Muslim University Market BHOPAL- Superintendent, State Government Press ALLAHABAD- Lyall Book Depot, Mohd. Din Bldg., Sultania Road Superintendent, Printing & Stationery, l,J. P. Delite Books, Opp., Bhopal Talkies (R) Kitabistan, 17-A, Kamla Nehru Road BHUBANESWAR- Law Book Co., Sardar Patel Marg, P. Box 4 Ekamra Vidyabhaban, Eastern Tower, Room No.3 (R) Ram Narain Lal Beni Modho, 2-A, Katra Road_ Universal Book Co., 20, M. G. Road BljAPUR- The University Book Agency (of Lahore), Elgin Shri D. V. Deshpande, Recognised Law Booksellers, Prop. Road Vinod Book Depot, Near Shiralshetti Chowk (R) Wadhwa & Co., 23, M. G. Marg (R) BIKANER- Bharat Law House, 15, Mahatma Gandhi Marg (R) Bhandani Bros. (R) Ram Narain Lal Beni Prashad, 2-A, Katra Road (R) BlLASPUR- AMBALA- Sharma Book Stall, Sadar Bazar (R) English Book Depot, Ambala Cantt. BOMBAY- Seth Law House, 8719, Railway Road, Ambala Superintendent, Printing & Stationery, Queens Road Cantt. (R) Charles Lambert & Co., 101, Mahatma Gandhi Road Co-operator's Book Depot, 5}32, Ahmed Sailor AMRITSAR- Bldg., Dadar The Law Book Agency, G. T. Road, Putligarh Current Book House, Maruti Lane, Raghunath S. Gupta, Agent, Govt. Publications, Near P. O. Dadaji St. Majith Mandi Current Technical Literature Co., Private Ltd., India Amar Nath ~ Sons, Near P. O. M,yith Mandi House, Ist Floor International Book House Ltd., 9, Ash Lane, ANAND- M. G. Road Vijaya Stores, Station Road (R) Lakkani Book Depot, Girgaum Charotar Book Stall, Tulsi Sadan, Stn. Road (RJ Elpees Agencies, 24, Bhangwadi, Kalbadevi ASANSOL- P. P. H. Book Stall, 190-B, Khetwadi Main Road D.N. Roy & R.K. Roy Booksellers, Atwal Building (R) New Book Co. 188-190, Dr. Dadabhai Naoroji Road BANGALORE- ,Popular Book Depot, Lamington Road The Bangalore Legal Practitioner Co-operative Sunder Das Gian Chand, 601, Girgaum Road, Near Society Ltd., Bar Association Building Princess Street

i List of Agents-eontd.·

BOMBAY-contd. English Book Shop, 34, Sector 22-D (Rl Mehta Bros., 15·Z, Sector 22-8 (R) D. B. Taraporewala Sons & Co., (P) Ltd., 210, _ Tandan Book Depot, Shopping Centre, Sector 16 (R) Dr. Dadabhai Naoroji Road Kailash Law Publishers, Sector 22-B (R) Thacker & Co., Rampart Row N. M. Tnpathi Private Ltd., Princess Street CHHINDWARA- The Kothari Book Depot, King Edward Road The Verma Book Depot (R) P. H. Rama Krishna & Sons, 147, Rajatam Bhuvan, COCHIN- Shivaji Park Road No.5 (R) Saraswat Corporation Ltd., Palliarakav Road C. Jamnadas & Co., Booksellers, 146-C, Princess St. Indo Nath & Co., A-6, Daulat Nagar, Borivli CU'ITACK- Minerva Book Shop, Shop No. 1/80, N. Subhas Road Press Officer, Orissa Sectt. Academic Book Co., Association Building, Gitgaum Cuttack Law Times Road (R) Prabhat K. Mahapatra, Mangalabag, P.B. 35 Dominion Publishers, 23, Bell Building, Sir P. M. D. P. Sur & Sons, Mangalabag (R) Road (R) Utkal Stores, Balu Bazar (R) Bombay National History Society, 91 Walkeshwar DEHRADUN- Road (R) Jugal Kishore & Co., Rajpur Road Dowamadeo & Co., 16, Naziria Building, Ballard National News Agency, Paltan Bazar Estate (R) Bishan Singh and Mahendra Pal Singhl 318, Asian Trading Co., 310, the Mirabhll, P.B. 1505 (R) Chukhuwala CALCUTIA- Utam Pustak Bhandar, Paltan Bazar (R) Chatterjee & Co., 3/1, Bacharam Chatterjee Lane DELHl- Dass Gupta & Co., Ltd., 54/3, College Street J. M. Jaina & Brothers, Mori Gate Hindu Library, 69 A, BoI9l"am De Street Atma Ram & Sons, Kashmere Gate S. K. Lahiri & Co., Private Ltd., College Street Federal Law Book Depot, Kaslunere Gate M. C. Sarkar & Sons Private Ltd., 14, Bankim Babri Bros., 188, Lajpat Rai Market Chatterjee Street Bawa Harkishan Dass Bedi (Vijaya General Agencies) W. Newman & Co., Ltd., 3, Old Court House Street P.B.2027, Ahata Kedara, Chamalian Road Oxford Book and Stationery Co., 17, Park Street Book-Well, 4, Sant Narankari Colony, P. B. 1565 R. Chambray & Co., Ltd., Kent House, P. 33, Mission Imperial Publishing Co., 3, Faiz Bazar, Daryaganj Road Extension Metropolitan Book Co., 1, Faiz ~zar S. C. Sarkar & Sons Private Ltd .• I.C. College Square Publication Centre, Subzimandi! . Thacker Spink & Co., (1933) Pri'l{ate Ltd., 3, Esplanade youngman & Co., Nai Sarak, East Indian Army Book Depot, 3, Daryaganj Firma K. L. Mukhopadhaya, 6/1A, Banchha Ram All India Educational Supply Co., Shri Ram Buildings, Akrar Lane Jawahar Nagar (R) K. K. Roy, P. Box No. 10210, Calcutta-19 (R) Dhanwant Medical & Law Book House, 1522, Sm. P. D. Upadhyay, 77, Muktaram Babu Street (R) Lajpat Rai Market (R) Universal Book Dist., 8/2, Hastings Street (R) University Book House, 15, U. B. Bangalore Road, Modern Book Depot, Chowringhee Centre (R) Jawahar Nagar (R) Soor & Co., 125, Canning Street, Law Literature House, 2646, Balirnaran (R) S. Bhattacharjee, 49, Dharamtala Street (R) Summer Brothers, P. O. Birla Lines (Rl Mukherjee Library, 10, Sarba Khan Road Universal Book & Stationery Co., 16, Netaji Current Literature Co., 208, Mahatma Gandhi Road Subhash Marg The Book Depository, 4/1, Madan Street (lst Floor) (R) B. Nath & Bros., 3808, Charkhawalan (Chowri Scientific Book Agency, Netaji Subhash Road (R) Bazar) (R) Reliance Trading Co., 17/1, Banku Bihari Ghose L~ne, Rajkamal Prakashan Private Ltd., 8, Faiz Bazar District Howrah (R) Premier Book Co., Printers, Publishe.rs & Booksellers Indian Book Dist. Co., 6512, Mahatma Gandhi Road (R) ~~~ ~ , CALICUT- Universal Book Traders, 80, Gokhle Market Touring Book Stall (R) Tech. & Commercial Book Coy., 75, Gokhle CHANDIGARH- Market (R) Saini Law Publishing Co., 1416: Chabiganj, Kasbmere Superintendent, Government Printing & Stationery,' Gate (R) Punjab G. M. Ahuja, Booksellers & Stationers, 309, Nehru Jain Law Agency, Flat No.8, Sector No. 22 Bazar (Rl Rama News Agency, Booksellers, Sector No. 22 Sat Naram & Sons, 3141 Mohd. Ali Bazar, Mari Universal Book Store, Booth 25, Sector 22-D Gate

ii List of Agents-contd.

DELHl*Contd. JABALPUR- Kitab Mahal (Wholesale Div.) Private Ltd., 28, Faiz Bazar Modem Book House, 286, Jawaharganj Hindu Sahitya Samar, Nai Sarak (R) National Book House, 135 Jai -Prakash Narain Marg (R) Munshi Ram Manohar Lal, Oriental Booksellers JAIPUR- & Publishers, P. B. 1165, Nai Sarak (R) Government Printing and Stationery Department, K. L. Seth, Suppliers of Law, Commercial, Tech. Rajasthan Books, Shanti Nagar, Ganeshpura (R) Bharat Law House, Booksellers & Publishers, Opp., Adarsh Publishing Service, 5A/tO Ansari Road (R) Prem Prakash Cinema DHANBAD- Garg Book Co., Tripolia Bazar Ismag Co-operative Stores Ltd., P. O. Indian School Vani Mandir, Sawai Mansingh Highway of Mines Kalyan Mal & Sons, Tripolia Bazar (Rl New Sketch Press, Post Box 26 (R) Popular Book Depot, Chaura Rasta Krishna Book Depot, Chaura Rasta (R) DHARWAR- Dominion Law Depot, Shah Building, P.B. No. 23 (R) The Agricultural College Consumers Co-op. Society (R) Rameshraya Book Depot, Subhas Road (R) JAMNAGAR- Karnatakaya Sahitya Mandira of Publishers and Swadeshi Vastu Bhandat Booksellers JAMSHEDPUR- ERNAKULAM- Amar Kitab Ghar, Diagonal Road, P. B. 78 / Pai & Co., Cloth Bazar Road (R) Gupta Stores, Dhatkidih South India Traders C/o Constitutional Journal Sanyal Bros., Booksellers & News Agents, Bistapur FEROZEPUR- Market (R) English Book Depot, 78, Jhoke Road JAWALAPUR- GAUHATI- Sahyog Book Depot (R) Mokshada Pustakalaya JHUNjHUNU- GAYA- Shashi Kumar Sarat Chand (R) Sahitya Sadan, Gautam Budha Marg Kapram Prakashan Prasaran,l/90 Namdha Niwas, Azad GHAZIABAD- Marg (R) Jayana Book Agency (R) JODHPUR- GORAKHPUR- Dwarka Das Rathi, Wholesale Books and News Agents Vishwa VidyalaYli Prakashan, Nakhes Road Kitab-Ghar, Sojati Gate Choppra Brothers, Tripolia Bazal GUDUR- The General Manager, The N.D.C. Publishing & Ptg. JULLUNDUR- Society Ltd. (R) Hazooria Bros., Mai Hiran Gate (R) GUNTUR- Jain General House, Bazar Bansanwala Book Lovers Private Ltd., Kadriguda, Chowrasta University Publishers, Railway Road (R) GWALIOR- KANPUR- Superintendent, Printing & Stationery, M.B. Advani & Co., P. Box 100, The Mall Loyal Book Depot, Patankar Bazar, Lashkar Sahitya Niketan, Shradhanand Park M. C. Daftari, Prop. M. B. Jain & Bros., The Universal Book Stall, Tbe.-Mall Booksellers, Sarafa, Lashkar (R) R~ Corporation, Raj House, P. B. 200, Chowk (R) HUBLI- Pervaje's Book House, Koppikar Road KARUR- HYDERABAD- Shri V. Nagaraja Rao, 26, Srinivasapuram (R) Director, Government Press KODARMA- The Swaraj Book Depot, Lakdikapul The Bhagwati Press, P.O. Jhuxnri Tilaiya, Dt.Hazaribag Book Lovers Private Ltd. (R) KOLHAPUR- Labour Law Publications, 873, Sultan Bazar (R) Maharashtra Granth Bhandar, Mahadwar Road (R) IMPHAL- KOTA- Tikendra & Sons, Booksellers (R) Kota Book Depot (R) INDORE- KUMTA- Wadhwa & Co., 56, M. G. Road S. V. Kamat, Booksellers & Stationers (N. Kanara) Swamp Brother's, Khajuri Bazar. (R) LUCKNOW- Madhya Pradesh Book Centre, 41, Ahilya Pura (R) Modem Book House, Shiv Vilas Palace (R) Soochna Sahitya Depot (State Book Depot) Navyug Sahitya Sadan. Publishers & Booksellers, Balkrishna Book Co., Ltd., Hazratganj to, Kbajuri Baur (R) British Book Depot, 84, Hazratganj iii List of Agents-conld.

LUCKNOW",olltd. Geeta Book House, Booksellers & Publisher.' Krishna­ Ram Advani, Hazratganj, P. B. 154 murthipuram (R) Universal Publishers (P) Ltd., Hazratganj News Paper House, Lansdowne Building (R) Eastern Book Co., Lalbagh Road Indian Mercantile Corporation, Toy Palace Ramvilas(R) Civil & Military Educational Stores,106/B Sadar Bazar (R) NADIAD- Acquarium Supply Co., 213, Faizabad Road (R) R. S. DeBay Station Road (R) Law Book Mart, Amin-Ud-Daula Park (R) NAGPUR- LUDHIANA- Superintendent, Go~rnment Press & Book Depot Lyall Book Depot, Chaura Bazar Western Book Depot, Residency Road Mohindra Brothers, Katcheri Road (R) The Asstt. Secretary, Mineral Industry Association, Nanda Stationery Bhandar, Pustak Bazar (R) Mineral House (R) The Pharmacy News, Pindi Street (R) NAINITAL- MADRAS- Coural Book Depot, Bara Bazar (R) NANDED- Superintendent, Government Press, Mount Road Book Centre, College Law General Books, Station Account Test Institute, P. O. 760 Emgore Road (R) C. Subbiah Chetty & Co., Triplicane Hindustan General Stores, Paper & Stationery K. Krishnamurty, Post Box 384 Merchants, P. B. No. 51 (R) Presidency Book Supplies, 8, PyCl'(lft Road, Triplicane Sanjoy Book Agency, Vazirabad (R) P. Vardhachary & Co., H, Linghl Chetty Street NEW DELHI- Palani Parchuram, 3, Pycrofts Road, Triplicane Amrit Book Co., Ccnnaught Circus NCBH Private Ltd., 199, Mount Road (R) Bhawani & Sons, 8-F, Connaught Place V. Sadanand, The Personal Bookshop, 10, Congress Central News Agency, 23/90, Connaught Circus Buildings, 111, Mount Road (R) Empire Book Depot, 278 Aliganj MADUMI- English Book Stores, 7.L, Connaught Circus, P.O.B. 328 Oriental Book House, 258, West Masi Street Faqir Chand & Sons, 15-A, Khan Market Vivekananda Press, 48, West Masi Street Jain Book Agency, C-9, Prem House, Connaught Place Oxford Book & Stationery Co., Scindia House MANDYA SUGAR TOWN- Ram Krishna & Sons (of Lahore) 16/B, Connaught Place K. N. Narimhe Gowda & Sons (R) Sikh Publishing House, 7-C, Connaught Place MANGALORE- Suneja Book Centre, 24/90, <;:onnaught Circus U. R. Shenoye Som, Car Street, P. Box 128 United Book Agency, 31, Municipal Market, MANjESHWAR- Connaught Circus Mukenda Krishna Nayak (R) J ayana Book Depot, Chhaparwala Kuan, Karol 'Bash MATHURA- Navayug Traders, Desh Bandhu Gupta Road, Dev Nagar Rath & Co., Tilohi Building, Bengali Ghat (R) Saraswati Book Depot, 15, Lady Harding Road MEERUT- The Secretary, Indian Met. Society, Lodi Road Prakash Educational Stores, Subhas Bazar New Book Depot, Latest Books, Periodicals, Sty. & Hind Chitra Press, West Kutchery Road Novelles, P. B. 96, Connaught Place Loyal Book Depot, Chhipi Tank Mehra Brothers, 50-G, Kalkaji Luxmi Book Stores, 42, Janpath (R) Bharat Educational Stores, Chhippi Tank (RJ Hindi Book House, 82. Janpath (R) Universal Book Depot, Booksellers & News People Publishing House (P) Ltd., Rani Jhansi Road Agents (R) R. K. Publishers, 23, Beadon Pura, Karol Bagh (R) MONGHYR- Sharma Bros., 17, New Market, Moti Nagar Anusandhan, Minerva Press Buildings (R) Aapki Dukan, 5/5777, Dev Nagar (R) MUSSOORIE- Sarvodaya Service, 66A.1, Rohtak R.oad, P. B. 2521 (R) Cambridge Book Depot, The Mall (R) H. Chandion, P. B. No. 3034 (R) Hind Traders (R) The Secretary, Federation of Association of Small MUZAFFARNAGAR- Industry of India, 23-B/2, Rohtak Road (R) Mittal & Co., 85-C, New Mandi (R) Standard Booksellers & Stationers, Palam Enclave (R) B. S. Jain & Co., 71, Abupura (R) Lakshmi Book Depot, 57, Regarpura (R) MUZAFFARPUR- Sant Ram Booksellers, 16, New Municipal Market Scientific & Educational Supply Syndicate Lady Colony (R) . Legal Comer, Tikmanio House, Amgola Road (R) PANJIM- Tirhut Book Depot (R) Singhals Book House P.O.B. 70 Near the Church (R) Sagoon Gaydev Dhoud, Booksellers, 5-7 Rua, 3 Ide MYSORE- . Jameria (R) H. Venkataramiah & Sona, New Statue Circle PATHANKOT- Peoples Book House, Opp., J agan Mohan Palace The Krishna Book Depot, Main Bazar (R) fy List of Agents-contd.

PATIALA- SHILLONG- Superintendent, Bhupendra State Press The Officer-in-Charge, Assam Government, B. D. Jain & Co., 17, Shah Nashin Bazar Chapla Bookstall, P. B. No. 1 CR) PA1NA- SONEPAT- Superintendent, Government Printing (Bihar) United Book Agency J. N. P. Agarwal & Co., Padri-Ki-Haveli, Raghu- SRINAGAR- nath Bhawan Luxmi Trading Co., Padri-Ki·Haveli The Kashmir Bookshop, Residency Road Moti Lal Banarsi Dass, Bankipore SURAT- Bengal Law House, Chowhatta (Rl Shri Gajanan Pustakalaya, Tower Road PITIIORAGARH- TIRUCHIRPALLI- Maniram Punetha & Sons (Rl Kalpana Publishers, Wosiur PONDICHERRY- S. Krishnaswami & Co., 35, Subhash Chander Bose _ MIs. Honesty Book House,9 Rue Duplix (R) Road POONA- Palamiappa Bros. CR) Deccan Book Stall, Deccan Gymkhana TRIVANDRUM- fmperial Book Depot, 266, M. G. Road International Book Depot, Main Road International Book Service, Deccan Gymkhana Reddear Press & Book Depot, P. B. No.A: (R) Raka Book Agency, Opp., Natu's Chawl, Near Aflpa Balwant Chowk TUTICORIN- Utility Book Depot, 1339, Shivaji Nagar (Rl Shri K. Thiagarajan, 1O-C, French Chapal Road CR) PUDUKOTTAI- UDAIPUR- Shri P. N. Swaminathan Sivam & Co., East Main Jagdish & Co., Inside Surajapole CR) Road (Rl Book Centre, Maharana, Bhopal Consumers, Co-op. RAJKOT- Society Ltd. CR) Mohan Lal Dossabhai Shah, Booksellers and Sub-Agents UJjAIN- RANCHI- Manek Chand Book Depot, Sati Gate CRl Crown Book Depot, Upper Bazar Pustak Mahal, Upper Bazar CR) VARANASI- REWA- Students Friends & Co., Lanka (R) Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Gopal Mandir Superintendent, Government State' Emporium V. P. Road, P. ~. 8 ROURKELA- Glob Book Centre CR) The Rourkela Review (R) Kohinoor Stores, University Road, Lanka SAHARANPUR- B.H.U. Book Depot (R) Chandra Bharata Pustak Bhandar, Court Road (R) VELLORE- SECUNDERABAD- A. Venkatasubhan, Law Booksellers Hindustan Diary Publishers, Market Street VIJAYAWADA- SILCHAR- The Book & Review Centre, Eluru Road, Governpet CR) Shri Nishitto Sen, Nazirpatti CR) VISAKHAPATNAM- SIMLA- Gupta Brothers, Vizia Building Superintendent, Himachal Pradesh Government Book Centre, 11/97, Main Road Minerva Book Shop, The Mall The Secy. Andhra University, General Co-op. Stores The New Book Depot 79, The Mall Ltd. (R) SINNAR- VIZIANAGRAM- Shri N. N. Jakhadi, Agent, Times of India, SinnlU' Sarda & Co. (R 1 (Nasik) (R) WARDHA- Swarajeya Bhandar, Bhorji Market Government of India Kitab Mahal, 1 J Janpath, Opp.,India Coffee House, New Delhi. ,.. For local sales High Commissioner for India in London, India Govern. ment of India Book Depot, )1 House, London, W. C. 8 Raltings Street, CalCl,ltta 2 v YiSt~Agen'ts-concLd._.

Railway Book-staU holders FOl'eign

SIS. A. H. Wheeler & Co., 15, Elgin Road, Allahabad SIS. Education Enterprise Private Ltd., Kathumandu (Nepal) SIS. Aktie Bologat, C. E. Fritzes Kungl, Hovobokhandel, Gahlot Bros., K. E. M. Road, Bikaner Fredsgation-2 Box 1656, Stockholm-16, (Sweden) Reise-und Verkehrsverlag Stuttgart, Post 730, Gutenberg­ stra2l, Stuttgart No. 11245, Stuttgart den (Germany West) Higginbothams & Co., Ltd., Mount Road, Madras Shri Iswar Suhramanyam 452, Reversite Driv Apt. 6, New York, 27 N W Y M. Gulab Singh & Sons, Private Ltd., Mathura Road, The Proprietor, Book gentre, Lakshmi Mansions, 49, The New Delhi Mall, Lahore (Pakistan) (On S " R Basis)

The Head Clerk, Govt. Book Depot, Ahmedabad The Registrar of Companies, Mahatma Gandhi Road, West Cotto Bldg. P. B. 334, Kanpur The Asstt. Director, Extension Centre, Kapileshwar Road, Belgaum The Registrar of Companies, Everest 100, Marine Drive, Bombay The Employment Officer, Employment Exchange, Dhar The Asstt. Director, Footwear Extension Centre, Polo The Registrar of Companies, 162, Brigade Road, Bangalort' mCU'I\Il Nc. l, Jcdh~mt The Registrar of Companies, Gwalior \ The Officer I/C., Extension Centre, Club Road, Muzaffarpur Asstt. Director, Extension Centre, Bhuli Road, Dhanbad The Director, Indian Bureau of Mines, Govt. of India, Registrar of Companies, Orissa, Cuttack Candhi, Cuttack Ministry of Mines & Fuel, Nagpur The Registrar of Companies, Guj arat State, Guj arat The Asstt. Director, Industrial Extension Centre, Nadiad Samachar Building, Ahmedabad

(Gujarat) Publication Division, Sales Depot, North Block, New Delhi The Head Clerk, Photozincographic Press,S, Finance Road, The Development Commissioner, Small Scale Industries, Poona New Delhi Government Printing & Stationery, Rajkot The Officer I/C., University Employment Bureau, Lucknow The Officer Extension Centre, Industrial Estate, I/C., Officer I/C., S. I. S. I. Extension Centre, MaIda Kokar, Ranchi Officer I/C., S. 1. S. 1. Extension Qentre, Habra, Tabaluria, The Director, S. I. S. I. Industrial Extension Centre, Udhna, 24 Parganas Surat Officer I/C., S. 1. S. I. Model Carpentry Workshop, Piyali The Registrar of Companies, Narayani Building, 27, Nagar, P. O. Burnipur Erabourne Road, Calcutta-l Officer I/C., S. I. S. I. Chrontanning Extension Centre, The Registrar of Companies, Kerala, 50, Feet Road, Ernakulatn Tangra 33, North Topsia Road, Calcutta-46 The Registrar of Companies, H. No. 3-5-83, Hyderguda, Officer I/C., S.LS.I. Extension Centre, (Footwear), Calcutta Hyderabad Asstt. Director, Extension Centre, Hyderabad _ Registrar of Companies, Assam, Manipur and Tripura, Asstt. Director, Extension Centre, Krishna Distt. (A.P.) Shillong Employment Officer, Employment Exchange, Jhabua Registrar of Companies, Sunlight Insurance Building, Aj meri Dy. Director Incharge, S.I.S.I., C/o Chief Civil Admn. Goa, Gate Extension, New Delhi Panjim The Registrar of Companies, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh, The Registrar of Trade Unions, Kanpur Link Road, Jullundur City The Employment Officer, Employment Exchange, Gopal Registrar of Companies, Bihar, Jammal Road, Patnaol Bhavan, Mornia Registrar of Companies, Raj, & Ajmer; Shri Kamta Prasad The Officer I/C., State Information Centre, Hyderabad House, 1st Floor, 'c' Scheme, Ashok Marg, Jaipur The Registrar of Companies, Pondicherry The Registrar of Companies, Andhra Bank Building, 6 Linghi The Asstt. Director of Publicity and Information, Vidhana Chetty Street, P. B. 1530, Madras Saubha (P. B. 271) Bangalore