Problematising the Subjectivities of Single Parenthood
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Worthless and undeserving? Problematising the subjectivities of single parenthood Sandra May Coe Bachelor of Justice (Honours I) School of Justice, Faculty of Law Queensland University of Technology Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2011 Keywords Poststructuralism; discourse analysis; Michel Foucault; power; truth; knowledge; discourse; single parenthood; subjectivities; games of truth; media analysis; insider discourses; outsider discourses; normalisation; dividing practices; risk; neoliberal discourses; child wellbeing; parenthood; resilience. Reference list i Abstract A considerable body of knowledge has been constructed perpetuating the notion single parenthood is a significant problem for society, and while this is supported by specific research designs and sampling practices, it is also maintained by two key discourses. The first constitutes single parenthood as a deficit, while the second identifies it as a risk. In both cases, these discourses are operationalised by the philosophy of neo-liberalism, which envisions good citizenship as economic autonomy. Historically, it has been the convergence of the risk and deficit discourses that has constituted single parenthood as a social problem. More recently, however, risk discourses have come to dominate thinking about single parenthood. As a result, this thesis terms risk discourses as dominant discourses. As dominant discourses, risk sidelines or discounts other ways of Reference list thinking about single parenthood. While a few exceptions are notable, including some feminist, poststructural and family resilience scholars, most researchers appear unable to see past the positioning of these discourses and envision another way of being for parents who are single. This means that alternative subjectivities are obscured and have limited influence in this field of research. Because this thesis aimed to problematise dominant subjectivities of single parenthood, a poststructural Foucauldian framework has been utilized in order to document the discursive constructions of single parenthood through literature, insider discourses, and outsider discourses. For the purposes of this thesis, outsider discourses are constituted as those outside the subjectivities of single parenthood, such as media and research discourses. An examination of the Australian media has been undertaken over a one year period, the results of which ii form the basis for the analysis of media discourses of single parenthood. Parents who are single were also targeted for self selection into this project to provide insider discourses about single parenthood. This analysis explored how respondents negotiated the discourses of single parenthood and how they themselves used or rejected the subjectivities constructed for them via these discourses to constitute their own subjectivities. This thesis aimed to explore the role of discourses in the construction of individuals’ subjectivities. Specifically, it draws attention to the way in which knowledge and power work through discourses to emphasize what is allowable, both publicly and privately, in relation to single parenthood. Most importantly, this thesis offers alternative subjectivities for single parenthood to facilitate new ways of thinking about parents who are single. Reference list iii Contents Keywords i Abstract ii Statement of Original Authorship x Acknowledgement xi Chapter 1: Introduction to a social problem 1.1 The misconceptions and assumptions of single 1 parenthood 1.2 The purpose of this study 3 1.2.1 Research aims and objectives 3 1.3 Single parenthood as a social problem 6 1.4 A poststructural/Foucauldian toolbox: setting the 8 parameters for theoretical conceptualisations 1.5 A poststructural research design 11 1.6 Conclusion 12 Chapter 2: Exploring the discourses of single parenthood: the literature review Reference list 2.1 Introduction: single parenthood as deficit 15 2.2 Risk discourses and employment: constructing single 18 parents as problematic workers 2.2.1 Single parents helplessly addicted to welfare: the 23 riskiness of dependency 2.2.2 Feminists rewriting single mothers’ dependency as 26 victimisation 2.2.2.1 Resisting dependency and enacting responsibility 29 2.3 Perpetuating the species: family discourses and the 31 riskiness of single parenthood 2.3.1 Destabilising and damaging: the threat of single 33 parenthood. 2.3.2 Ameliorating risks: discourses of good motherhood 36 2.3.3 Entering the ‘charmed circle’: single mothers by 37 choice as ‘Maverick’ mothers 2.3.4 Discursively constructing good fatherhood and the 40 essentialness of men 2.3.5 ‘At risk’ of single parenthood: career choices of 43 undesirable women 2.3.6 Air pollution, depression, and injury: single 46 iv motherhood as risk 2.3.7 Limiting exposure and protecting children: the 49 riskiness of single parenthood 2.3.8 Immature parents: public surveillance of risky 53 teenage single parenthood 2.3.9 Stigmatisation and vilification: single motherhood as 56 victimisation 2.4 Dividing practices and enacting difference to construct 58 a social problem 2.5 Challenging discourses of deficit and risk 60 2.5.1 ‘Fewer and poorer’: the burden of free-riding men and 61 divided women 2.5.2 Deconstructing a social problem: poststructural 63 interpretations of single parenthood 2.5.3 Searching for family resilience: personal growth and 65 successful single parenthood 2.6 Conclusion 67 Chapter 3: Using Foucault’s toolbox: theoretical conceptualisations 3.1 Introduction 71 3.2 The making of things: discursively constituting reality 72 3.3 The creative and constraining aspects of power 74 3.3.1 Foucault’s trifecta: the power/knowledge/truth 77 Reference list complex 3.3.2 Understanding and contesting truths 78 3.3.3 Understanding subjectivities 81 3.3.4 Resistance: rejecting subjectivities 83 3.4 The macro processes of governance: disciplinary 85 citizenship 3.4.1 Producing the good citizen: normalisation and 88 dividing practices 3.4.2 Internalising normalisation practices: technologies of 91 the self 3.4.3 Risk and the importance of children 92 3.5 Conclusion 95 Chapter 4: Doing knowledge differently: poststructural research design 4.1 Introduction 99 4.2 Fractured mirrors and refracted culture: interpreting 101 the poststructural research design 4.3 Recognising slipperiness: the qualitative approach to 104 v research processes 4.3.1 Discursively shaping reality: the analysis of discourse 105 4.4 Worrying the old shibboleths: rewriting validity 107 4.5 Writing under erasure: ethical considerations 111 4.6 Reconfiguring reality: media influence on discursive 112 reality 4.7 Exploring insider and outsider discourses of single 114 parenthood 4.7.1 Stage one: highlighting outsider discourses 116 4.7.1.1 ‘Unrelated’ and ‘duplicated’ data 118 4.7.1.2 Second and third coding rounds 119 4.7.1.3 Research findings: coding and classification 121 4.7.2 Making space for insider discourses: the stage two 124 data 4.7.2.1 Constructing the data: the interview questions 125 4.7.2.2 Accommodating diversity: the recruitment process 126 4.7.2.3 Profile of respondents 128 4.7.2.4 Coding the stage two data 129 4.8 Conclusion 130 Chapter 5: Social burdens and poor citizens: truth games of a social problem Reference list 5.1 Introduction 132 5.2 Problematic workers: barriers and vulnerability as 133 economic threat 5.2.1 Breeding in rabbit proportions: welfare dependency 134 and the economic threat of single parenthood 5.2.1.1 Losing jobs and being exploited: respondents engage 140 with problematic worker subjectivities 5.2.1.2 Having to work differently so the wheels don’t fall off: 142 resisting problematic worker subjectivities 5.2.2 Feeling the pinch: the economic vulnerability of single 147 parenthood 5.2.2.1 Outsider assumptions and good financial managers: 148 resisting economic vulnerability 5.3 Constructing abnormality: media accounts engage 155 risk discourses 5.3.1 Blighted with mental problems: the psychological 156 riskiness of single parenthood 5.3.1.1 Trying not to fall off the cliff: the cataclysmic 158 devastation of single parenthood vi 5.3.2 Mentally destabilised children: the riskiness of single 162 parenthood for children’s wellbeing 5.3.2.1 Natural phobias and protection: respondents engage 166 with risk discourses 5.3.3 Born on the wrong side of the tracks: single 170 parenthood as criminal risk 5.3.3.1 A natural distrust: respondents engage with criminal 173 risk 5.3.4 Changing horses midstream and the uncertainty of 176 life: the contradictions of risk discourses 5.3.4.1 Losing the big fig tree: loss as a manifestation of 178 single parenthood 5.4 Generating substandard beings: single parent and 181 threat discourses 5.4.1 Sex and the single parent: shameless single mothers 187 and philandering men 5.4.1.1 Stealing husbands: insiders respond to threat 188 discourses 5.5 Surveillance via stigma, stereotypes and labelling: 191 living publicly examined lives 5.5.1 Soiled goods: single motherhood and stigma 191 discourses 5.5.1.1 Sucking breath and having to tell the bad story: 193 insider discourses on stereotypes, labels, and stigma Reference list 5.5.2 Public scrutiny and the problem of teenage single 205 mothers 5.5.2.1 Stuffing up your life or creating opportunities: insider 207 discourses on teenage single motherhood 5.6 Conclusion 212 Chapter 6: Re-thinking single parenthood via resilience and metamorphosis 6.1 Introduction 214 6.2 Media fashioning single parenthood into good 215 citizenship 6.2.1 The mouse that roared: