IDRC-MR176e A COMPENDIUM OF ENERGY SOURCES FOR TANZANIA M.J. Mwandosya and M.L. Luhanga Department of Electrical Engineering University of Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Material contained in this report is reproduced as submitted and has not been subjected to peer review or rigorous editing by IDRC Communications Division staff. Unless otherwise stated, copyright for material in this report is held by the authors. Mention of a proprietary name does not constitute endorsement of the product and is given only for information. About the Authors Dr. M. J. Mwandosya is a Professor of Control Systems and Power Electronics in the department of Electrical Engineering of the University of Dar es Salaam. He is currently on secondment to the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania as Commissioner for Energy and Petroleum Affairs in the Ministry of Energy and Minerals. Dr. M.L.P. Luhanga is with Department of Electrical Engineering of the University of Dar es Salaam as an Associate Professor of Control Systems and Telecommunications. Both authors have published widely on energy and engineering systems. Authors wish to gratefully acknowledge the support of: The international Development Research Centre, 250 Albert Street, P.O. Box 8500, Ottawa CANADA KIG 3H9 The Research and Publications Committee, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35091, Dar es Salaam TANZANIA The Ministry of Energy and Minerals, P.O. Box 2000, Dar es Salaam TANZANIA PREFACE It is a pleasure to be asked to preface this annotated bibliography on energy in Tanzania. I trust that it will be a useful aid for rese~r~hers, development workers, policymakers and all those who are concerned ~with the growth and prosperity of Tanzania. A bibliography such as this can be as revealing as the documents it lists. From the descriptions of the papers, one can see that the problems of woodfuel use, energy inputs to agriculture and the appropriate development of our renewable energy resources are dominant themes in the literature. On the other hand there appears to be very little concerning such important issues as urban and industrial energy uses, energy in transportation and policies. This bibliography can itself help to set the agenda for further research. Perusing the citations, I am also struck by the number of Tanzanian authors and scholars listed. Those who are impatient with Africa's development should keep in mind that the authors of these learned papers are the first educated generation in this country. Many of the other papers were written by development experts who lived and worked with us for many years. We are grateful to all of these individuals who have contributed to our better understanding of our resources and potential. Professors Mwandosya and Luhanga are to be complimented for their efforts in preparing this bibliography. I hope that they will be able to find the time and resources to continue updating it in the future, and that our researchers will be moved by their work to fill the many gaps in our knowledge. Al Noor Kassum Minister for Energy and Minerals Dar es Salaam 26 September, 1987 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Introduction 1 Part I 3 Annotated Alphabetical Entries Part II 72 Subject Classification INTRODUCTION Knowledge of what subjects have been researched and/or written about in a particular country is as important to researchers as it is to the target audience of the information or research findings. Absence of this knowledge results in a waste of resources in that duplication of work done by others may occur or researchers may fail to take advantage of the lead created by earlier work on a subject. In 1980, through a research grant from the University of Dar es Salaam Research and Publications Committee, the authors of this compendium initiated work on the analysis of the energy resources, potential and end­ uses in Mbeya Region, an administrative province of mainland Tanzania. The results obtained were encouraging and it was decided to expand the work to cover the whole of Tanzania. For the rest of the country, it was decided to rely on various studies that had already been done by the Government, various institutions, and individuals from within and outside the country. Through library research we were encouraged to discover a number of sources on energy in Tanzania that were largely unknown to energy analysts, some stretching as far back as the early part of this century. We also stumbled into 'grey' literature through interviews with energy related organisations and individuals. It has not been an easy task. We have therefore decided that it would assist present and future reseachers if we were to compile a compendium of some of the work that has been done on energy in the country, in particular that which cannot be classified as confidential in nature and could be available in the public domain. It is against this background that we have compiled a compendium of energy sources which either address the issue of energy in Tanzania or have been authored by Tanzanians on energy as a subject. The annotated entries are in alphabetical order according to the surname of the principal author. The same entries are also reclassified according to subject area. These latter entries are unannotated. The alphanumeric codes used in subject classification are borrowed from IDRC and are include at the end of the alphabetical classification/beginning of the subject classification. More and more literature is being generated as interest in the subject is growing. It has therefore been decided that this edition will contain 1 sources from early days up to 1985. Entries for 1986 ownwards will be included in revised editions later on. This bibliography cannot by any means be ·considered exhaustive. It is hoped, however, that it will provoke a response to the authors of this bibliography from those authors whose entries do not appear or from those individuals who have knowledge about what more could be added. 2 P A R T I A N N 0 T A T E D A L P H A B E T I C A L E N T R I E S 3 AMANN, H., Energy Supply and Economic Development in East Africa. Afrika-Studien Series, African Studies Centre of IFO Institute for Economic Research, Weltforum Verlag, Munich, Germany, 1969. The energy situation of East Africa (Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania) is evaluated. An assessment is made of the energy sector's role in the East African economic development. The electricity supply industry is treated to some detail to include features of generation, transmission, distribution and demand development. Price structure and price level of electricity are investigated. Rural electrification as an agent for the removal of dualism is also evaluated. Future exploitation of other energy sources such as geothermal and atomic energy is also touched upon. ANTAPA, P. L., Design, Consruction and Testing of a Low - Cost Agricultural Produce Solar Drier (mimeo). University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, 1977. This report presents results of work on a drier with mud walls and a double layer of polythene sheet cover, the effective tray area was 1.1 square metres, total cost was 200 Tshs, estimated annual running cost was 45 Tshs, output was 5 kg of grain per day and unit cost was 3 cents per kg. Average germination of the dried grain was found to be 92%. ARNOLD, J.E.M., (Forestry Department, FAO Rome) and MNZAVA, E.M., (Forest Division, Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Tourism, Tanzania). Forests for People - The Developing Country Case. Paper presented at The Twelfth Commonwealth Forestry Conference, September, 1985. This paper attempts to demonstrate how important forests and trees are in the daily life of people in developing countries. Fuelwood, food, income and environmental protection are just a few of the benefits. The role of social forestry is highlighed. Forestry is just 'one of the spokes in a wheel'. It is therefore argued that an understanding of other subsystems in development is essential and this entails a multidisplinary and integrated approach to forestry. It is also argued that for forestry to succeed, readiness of governments to take important policy decisions is essential. A case in point is fundamental changes in land tenure such as turning land ownership and control to local groups and people. ASMAN,S.J.,and KAYUMBO,H.Y.,Prospects for Utilisation of Renewable Energy Resources in Developing Countries -Conference Report, German Foundation for International Development,1980. This paper gives an overview of energy usage in Tanzania concentrating on possibilities of meeting energy needs of 4 rural Tanzania. End-use energy needs of a typical village are elaborated in terms of lifestyles.The potential use of biogas technology in the village is explored as is the possible use of wind power. BEIJER INSTITUTE (The International Institute for Energy and Human Ecology of The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences), Issues in SADCC Energy Planning: Usage Patterns, Resource Potential, and Regional Possibilities. Sto~kholm, Sweden, November, 1982. This documment provides in summary form the energy situation in each of the nine countries comprising the Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC), and identifies opportunities for cooperative regional energy planning. The objective is to contribute to the evolving SADCC discussion on energy cooperation by providing a summary of the current supply and demand picture and a glimpse of the long-range patterns, and by raising issues for ongoing discussions and action. BEURSKENS,H.J.M., Feasibility Study of Windmills for Water Supply in Mara Region,Tanzania. Publication No. SWD78-l, Steering Committee on Wind Energy for Developing Countries, Box 85, Amersfoot, The Netherlands, 1978. Results on the feasibility of wind-powered water systems for village water supplies and for vegetable garden irrigation on the shores of Lake Victoria are presented in this report.