IDRC-MR176e

A COMPENDIUM OF ENERGY SOURCES FOR TANZANIA

M.J. Mwandosya and M.L. Luhanga

Department of Electrical Engineering University of Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Material contained in this report is reproduced as submitted and has not been subjected to peer review or rigorous editing by IDRC Communications Division staff. Unless otherwise stated, copyright for material in this report is held by the authors. Mention of a proprietary name does not constitute endorsement of the product and is given only for information. About the Authors

Dr. M. J. Mwandosya is a Professor of Control Systems and Power Electronics in the department of Electrical Engineering of the University of Dar es Salaam. He is currently on secondment to the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania as Commissioner for Energy and Petroleum Affairs in the Ministry of Energy and Minerals.

Dr. M.L.P. Luhanga is with Department of Electrical Engineering of the University of Dar es Salaam as an Associate Professor of Control Systems and Telecommunications.

Both authors have published widely on energy and engineering systems.

Authors wish to gratefully acknowledge the support of:

The international Development Research Centre, 250 Albert Street, P.O. Box 8500, Ottawa CANADA KIG 3H9

The Research and Publications Committee, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35091, Dar es Salaam TANZANIA

The Ministry of Energy and Minerals, P.O. Box 2000, Dar es Salaam TANZANIA PREFACE

It is a pleasure to be asked to preface this annotated bibliography on energy in Tanzania. I trust that it will be a useful aid for rese~r~hers, development workers, policymakers and all those who are concerned ~with the growth and prosperity of Tanzania.

A bibliography such as this can be as revealing as the documents it lists. From the descriptions of the papers, one can see that the problems of woodfuel use, energy inputs to agriculture and the appropriate development of our renewable energy resources are dominant themes in the literature. On the other hand there appears to be very little concerning such important issues as urban and industrial energy uses, energy in transportation and policies. This bibliography can itself help to set the agenda for further research.

Perusing the citations, I am also struck by the number of Tanzanian authors and scholars listed. Those who are impatient with Africa's development should keep in mind that the authors of these learned papers are the first educated generation in this country. Many of the other papers were written by development experts who lived and worked with us for many years. We are grateful to all of these individuals who have contributed to our better understanding of our resources and potential.

Professors Mwandosya and Luhanga are to be complimented for their efforts in preparing this bibliography. I hope that they will be able to find the time and resources to continue updating it in the future, and that our researchers will be moved by their work to fill the many gaps in our knowledge.

Al Noor Kassum Minister for Energy and Minerals

Dar es Salaam

26 September, 1987 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE

Introduction 1 Part I 3 Annotated Alphabetical Entries Part II 72 Subject Classification INTRODUCTION

Knowledge of what subjects have been researched and/or written about in a particular country is as important to researchers as it is to the target audience of the information or research findings. Absence of this knowledge results in a waste of resources in that duplication of work done by others may occur or researchers may fail to take advantage of the lead created by earlier work on a subject.

In 1980, through a research grant from the University of Dar es Salaam Research and Publications Committee, the authors of this compendium initiated work on the analysis of the energy resources, potential and end­ uses in Mbeya Region, an administrative province of mainland Tanzania. The results obtained were encouraging and it was decided to expand the work to cover the whole of Tanzania. For the rest of the country, it was decided to rely on various studies that had already been done by the Government, various institutions, and individuals from within and outside the country.

Through library research we were encouraged to discover a number of sources on energy in Tanzania that were largely unknown to energy analysts, some stretching as far back as the early part of this century. We also stumbled into 'grey' literature through interviews with energy related organisations and individuals.

It has not been an easy task. We have therefore decided that it would assist present and future reseachers if we were to compile a compendium of some of the work that has been done on energy in the country, in particular that which cannot be classified as confidential in nature and could be available in the public domain.

It is against this background that we have compiled a compendium of energy sources which either address the issue of energy in Tanzania or have been authored by Tanzanians on energy as a subject. The annotated entries are in alphabetical order according to the surname of the principal author. The same entries are also reclassified according to subject area. These latter entries are unannotated. The alphanumeric codes used in subject classification are borrowed from IDRC and are include at the end of the alphabetical classification/beginning of the subject classification. More and more literature is being generated as interest in the subject is growing. It has therefore been decided that this edition will contain

1 sources from early days up to 1985. Entries for 1986 ownwards will be included in revised editions later on.

This bibliography cannot by any means be ·considered exhaustive. It is hoped, however, that it will provoke a response to the authors of this bibliography from those authors whose entries do not appear or from those individuals who have knowledge about what more could be added.

2 P A R T I

A N N 0 T A T E D

A L P H A B E T I C A L E N T R I E S

3 AMANN, H., Energy Supply and Economic Development in East Africa. Afrika-Studien Series, African Studies Centre of IFO Institute for Economic Research, Weltforum Verlag, Munich, Germany, 1969.

The energy situation of East Africa (Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania) is evaluated. An assessment is made of the energy sector's role in the East African economic development. The electricity supply industry is treated to some detail to include features of generation, transmission, distribution and demand development. Price structure and price level of electricity are investigated. Rural electrification as an agent for the removal of dualism is also evaluated. Future exploitation of other energy sources such as geothermal and atomic energy is also touched upon.

ANTAPA, P. L., Design, Consruction and Testing of a Low - Cost Agricultural Produce Solar Drier (mimeo). University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, 1977.

This report presents results of work on a drier with mud walls and a double layer of polythene sheet cover, the effective tray area was 1.1 square metres, total cost was 200 Tshs, estimated annual running cost was 45 Tshs, output was 5 kg of grain per day and unit cost was 3 cents per kg. Average germination of the dried grain was found to be 92%.

ARNOLD, J.E.M., (Forestry Department, FAO Rome) and MNZAVA, E.M., (Forest Division, Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Tourism, Tanzania). Forests for People - The Developing Country Case. Paper presented at The Twelfth Commonwealth Forestry Conference, September, 1985.

This paper attempts to demonstrate how important forests and trees are in the daily life of people in developing countries. Fuelwood, food, income and environmental protection are just a few of the benefits. The role of social forestry is highlighed. Forestry is just 'one of the spokes in a wheel'. It is therefore argued that an understanding of other subsystems in development is essential and this entails a multidisplinary and integrated approach to forestry. It is also argued that for forestry to succeed, readiness of governments to take important policy decisions is essential. A case in point is fundamental changes in land tenure such as turning land ownership and control to local groups and people.

ASMAN,S.J.,and KAYUMBO,H.Y.,Prospects for Utilisation of Renewable Energy Resources in Developing Countries -Conference Report, German Foundation for International Development,1980.

This paper gives an overview of energy usage in Tanzania concentrating on possibilities of meeting energy needs of

4 rural Tanzania. End-use energy needs of a typical village are elaborated in terms of lifestyles.The potential use of biogas technology in the village is explored as is the possible use of wind power.

BEIJER INSTITUTE (The International Institute for Energy and Human Ecology of The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences), Issues in SADCC Energy Planning: Usage Patterns, Resource Potential, and Regional Possibilities. Sto~kholm, Sweden, November, 1982.

This documment provides in summary form the energy situation in each of the nine countries comprising the Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC), and identifies opportunities for cooperative regional energy planning. The objective is to contribute to the evolving SADCC discussion on energy cooperation by providing a summary of the current supply and demand picture and a glimpse of the long-range patterns, and by raising issues for ongoing discussions and action.

BEURSKENS,H.J.M., Feasibility Study of Windmills for Water Supply in Mara Region,Tanzania. Publication No. SWD78-l, Steering Committee on Wind Energy for Developing Countries, Box 85, Amersfoot, The Netherlands, 1978.

Results on the feasibility of wind-powered water systems for village water supplies and for vegetable garden irrigation on the shores of Lake Victoria are presented in this report. Apart from technical feasibility, the economics of windmills and possibilities of local production of the windmill were analysed. Other items covered are the determination of water needs and the wind regime for Mara region, windmill site selection and recommendations on windmill types and their specifications.

BHARGAVA,R.N., and FORSMAN,A., Report of a Mission to Evaluate Small Hydropower Sites in Tanzania. United Nations Information Centre, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1981.

This report presents findings of a survey of small hydro­ potential sites in Tanzania which was carried out in order to identify potential sites that could supply the electricity needed by small and/or isolated communities. The report presents data on preliminary investigations of the Hainu river and the Mto wa Simba river. The site investigated on the Hainu river indicates the possibility to harness a hydro­ potential of 1.5 MW, enough to supply Mbulu and Babati towns together with their adjoining rural areas. The hydro­ potential at the site investigated on the Mto wa Simba river is l.5MW. Design data on discharge and head for both sites are provided. Also provided are the capital cost for the generation, transmission and distribution systems.

5 BLEIJS,J.A.M., Report on the Feasibility of Electricity Generation by Windpower or Other Alternative Energy Sources for Sengerema Hospital. Research Report, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, July, 1981.

Sengerema is a district headquarters in Mwanza, North-West Tanzania. This research report analyses various alternativeE for supplying Sengerema hospital with electricity. Options considered were wind electricity generation, extension of the grid, electricity generation using solar cells and the use of a biogas/diesel fuel mixture in the present thermal power station. Economic analysis showed that the use of biogas to displace diesel fuel use in the present thermal plant was the least cost option.

BROWN,N.E.,and HOWE,J.W.,Solar Energy for Tanzania,Science,Vol.199 pp651-7, 10 February, 1978. Also in Abelson,P.H.,and Hammond,A.L.,(Eds) Energy II: Needs, Conservation, and Supply, The American Association for The Advancement of Science, 1978 ,and in Smil,V.,and Knowland, W.E., Energy Crisis in the Developing World ,The Real Energy Crisis, Oxford University Press,pp297-309,1980.

Small scale technologies that use renewable energy coming from the sun for rural communities in Tanzania are explored.The major part of the paper is about costs and comparisons with conventional technologies.Promising technologies identified include photovoltaic power generation, small scale hydropower,biogas generation,windmill generators and solar refrigeration.Preliminary calculations indicate that each of the five technologies appear to be or will soon be competetive with diesel and for certain tasks a number of them compete well with electricity from the grid.

BRUBAKER, G., Shirati Installs Microcomputer. VITA News, pp 13- 14, April, 1984.

Shirati Hospital in Musoma, Tanzania, installed a TRS - 80 Model T Computer for data storage for medical research, enhancing the data handling capability of a tuberculosis/leprosy programme, word processing, payroll and financial record keeping. The computer was initially supplied with generator power. This power was available a few hours per day and its reliability was poor. To overcome the power supply problems, a photovoltaic system consisting of 10, 35-watt solar panels was installed. The panels charged a bank of six 100 ampere-hour batteries hooked in a 24-volt configuration. The batteries power a 1250 watt inverter that supplies AC voltage to the microcomputer. Problems associated with batteries and the inverter are described.

6 CATANIA, P.J., Post ENERGEX'82 Analysis, Renewable Energies/Energy Conservation Propects in Tanzania (mimeo). University of Regina, Canada, May, 1984.

During ENERGEX'82 participants from the third world expressed desire to explore the potential of establishing links with Canadian institutions engaged in renewable energy technology development and energy conservation. A project was formulated and supported by the Canadian International Development Agency to evaluate the scope and extent to which Canada could assist and the potential for educational links in research and application of renewable energy and conservation. This is a report of the result of on-site visitation to Tanzania in the course of the project. It represents the author's perspective on developmental issues related to the rational use of renewable energy and energy conservation in Tanzania after visiting the Tanzania National Scientific Research Council and the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Dar es Salaam.

CHESWORTH, W., et al., Agrogeology in Tanzania. Episodes, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp 257-258, December, 1985.

The introduction of high yield wheat varieties into Africa requires a western - style infrastructure for their support, and agrochemical inputs that poor countries like Tanzania cannot afford. Instead of introducing these varieties, this article argues for learning from optimizing techniques developed by African farmers ·which would result in enough food for the continent on a "minimum input basis". In this regard, the article dwells on the role of the soil scientist in locating geological resources available locally such as soil additives, carrying out pot and field experiments to test the agricultural potential of the resources located and mounting an extension effort to show local farmers the effects of each successful material. The article uses, as an example, an agrogeology project involving scientists from Canada and Tanzania and funded by IDRC.

CHOUDHURY,M.S.,et al., Contribution of Biological Nitrogen Fixation to the Nitrogen Supply of Soils. In Semoka,J.M.R., et al., (Eds), Resource Efficient Farming Methods for Tanzania. Proceedings of a Workshop, Held University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, Tanzania, 16-20 May, 1983. Rodale Press, U.S.A., 1983.

Increased oil prices have led to a large increase in prices of nitrogen fertilizers. In order to avoid the use of these nitrogen fertilizers, one needs to supply agricultural lands with biologically fixed nitrogen. This paper describes both symbiotic and non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation and provides data on the potential nitrogen fixed per hectare by various

7 bacteria. The paper also explains the logistics of exploiting biological nitrogen fixation.

COMMONWEALTH SECRETARIAT, Energy Policy in Tanzania. Consultancy Report to The Government of The United Republic of Tanzania by The International Institute for Environment and Development, 1980.

This report is about a study on energy in Tanzania undertaken under the auspices of the Commonwealth Secretariat.It reviews the existing data and state of knowledge on energy in Tanzania and examines existing strategies,giving recomendations on guidelines for future national energy programs.The report also gives detailed recommendations on organisational structures for the implementation and coordination of energy policy and planning.

CONYERS,D., Forestry in Tanzania. Bureau of Resource Assessment and Land Use Planning, Research Notes No.Sd, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1969.

In the first section, tables and maps are used to show the location, area, vegetation types and timber production of the forest reserves of Tanzania. This is followed by a guide to the information on forest reserves which can be obtained from the offices of the Forest Division and other sources.

CONYERS,D., Agro-economic Zones of Tanzania. Research Paper No. 25, Bureau of Resource Assessment and Land Use Planning, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1973.

This paper is a summary of research findings from a research project on the identification of the agro-economic zones of Tanzania. The zone boundaries were chosen so that within each zone agricultural conditions were as homogeneous as possible. The paper contains enough detailed information to form a basis for district level planning for agriculture, water development, human settlements for all districts of Tanzania. The information is also useful for teaching, and carrying out management studies.

COOK,A., The Use of Photo-Interpretation in the Assessment of Physical and Biological Resources in Tanzania. Bureau of Resource Assessment and Land Use Planning, Research Paper No. 31, University of Dar es Salaam, March, 1974.

This paper reviews previous work done in Tanzania on the use of photo-interpretation for resource assessment and also makes recommendations for future developments in using this method. The paper covers, among other items, the use of photo-interpretation in forest inventory studies.

8 DARKOR,M.B.K., Man and Desertification in Tropical Africa. Professorial Inaugural Lecture Series, No. 26, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1980.

This Professorial Inaugural Lecture identifies the main causes of desertification in Africa. For Tanzania, excessive collection of wood for charcoal and firewood for both domestic and industrial uses are said to be the major contributory factors to desertification. Afforestation and the use of alternative sources of energy, together with considerations which could lead to successful implementation of programmes against desertification are suggested as necessary for reversing the trend. The development and distribution of cheap solar cookers with adequate instructions for use and arrangements for their maintenance are identified to be of paramount importance in lightening the load on vegetation resources.

DOLEIB, M.E., and KOLJONEN, K., A Linear Programming Model for the Optimun Product Mix of the Sao Hill Sawmill. Record No. 26, Division of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Science, University of Dar es Salaam, 1983.

In its first three years of operation, the Sao Hill Sawmill in Iringa Region suffered substantial losses. This study summarises an attempt to find the most profitable lumber size combination in order to maximize prof it using linear programming to test product mix strategies under a number of anticipated market conditions.

EAST AFRICAN METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT, Climatological Statistics for East Africa and Seychelles, Part III : Tanganyika and Zanzibar. Nairobi, Kenya, 1964.

EAST AFRICAN METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT, Sunshine and Radiation Data at Stations in East Africa, (Revised Edition). Nairobi, Kenya,1971.

EAST AFRICAN METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT, Climatological Statistics for East Africa, Part III : Tanzania. Nairobi, Kenya, 1975.

ECONOMIST INTELLIGENCE UNIT, Quartelry Energy Review Africa. The Economist Publications Ltd., London.

ECONOMIST INTELLIGENCE UNIT, Quartelry Economic Review Tanzania, Mozambique. The Economist Publications, London.

ERIKSSON,T.S.,LUSHIKU,E.M.,and GRANQUIST,C.G., Radiative Cooling to Low Temperatures : Assessment of The Potential, and Development of Selectively Emmiting Materials. In Szokolay,S.V., (Ed.), Proceedings of the Eighth Biennial Congress of The International Solar Energy Society. Held Perth, 14-19 August, 1983, Vol.3, pp 1953-1957. Pergammon

9 Press, 1983.

Efficient radiative cooling is feasible with surfaces which radiate predominantly in the 8 - 13 micrometer atmospheric window range. This paper reports on spectrophotometric measurements and preliminary field tests of silicon oxynitrade films on Aluminium, and on gas slabs of various elements backed by Aluminium. The paper contains results showing that these materials can be potentially applied to radiative cooling.

FLORDAL, L.E., and KIVAISI, R., Vacuum Evaporated Thin Films for Solar Collectors. Vacuum, Vol. 27, No. 44, pp 399-402, Pergamon Press, 1977.

Selectively absorbing surfaces are important for the efficient use of solar energy. In this paper results of laboratory tests on evaporated semiconductor films with suitable anti-reflection coatings on a variety of metals are presented. A comparison is made between the properties of the layers on flat and rough surfaces. Humidity and high temperature test results on the coatings are also presented. 3 references are cited.

FOLEY, G., and VAN BUREN, A., Coal Substitution and Other Approaches to Facing the Pressure on Woodfuel Resources. Natural Resources Forum, Vol. 6, No.2, pp 127-149, 1982.

This paper presents case studies on the use of coal to substitute for charcoal and firewood in the cities of Dakar, Senegal and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Although the substitution of coal for charcoal in domestic use in Dar es Salaam is not immediately possible for technical, social and economic reasons, in the event of severe charcoal shortages, coal is the only large scale substitute likely to be available. Research should be carried out to ensure that problems of its distribution and use are sorted out in advance.

GABEL,M., and HEILAND,A., National Implications of Resource Efficient Farming Methods. In Semoka,J.M.R. et al., (Eds), Resource Efficient Farming Methods in Tanzania. Proceedings of a Workshop.Held University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, Tanzania, 16-20 May,1983.Rodale Press,U.S.A., 1983.

This paper presents arguments which show that the use of organic materials to meet most of Tanzania's nitrogen fertilizer needs is technologically possible, ecologically sensible, economically viable and socially advantageous. This energy input conserves scarce foreign currency which would have otherwise been spent on chemical fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, and fuel inputs into agriculture. The approach also improves soil vitality.

10 GEMBE, R.L., Design, Construction, and Testing of a Low-Cost Solar Water Heater (mimeo). University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, 1977.

This report presents test results of a 0.5 sq. m. glass covered solar still for heating water.

GILLMAN,C., A Reconnaissance Survey of The Hydrology of Tanganyika Territory in its Geographical Settings. Water Consultants Report No. 6-1940, Government Printer, Dar es Salaam, 1943.

This report contains a partial amount of observational and critical material which might be used in the development of the water resources in the Territory. The report's fundamental analytical chapters are, however, not very detailed. They also lack a vegetation map of the territory.

GROENEVELD,M.J., and WESTERTERP, K.R., Social and Economic Aspects of Introduction of Gasification Technology in Rural Areas of Developing Countries (Tanzania). Gasification Technology, Vol. 49, pp 705-719, American Chemical Society, 1980.

This article describes a gasification process used to generate power for rural areas requiring a relatively small quantity of energy. To identify the social and economic advantages of this process, a study was carried out to examine its applicability to the rural areas of Tanzania. This included an evaluation of the the macro- and micro­ economic aspects, and a comparison of this process with the existing socio-cultural system.

GUJARATI,M.A.M., Generation of Electrical Power Using Solar Energy as Applied to a Village. UHANDISI (Journal of Faculty of Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam) Vol. 4, No. l,pp 20-23, June, 1978.

This brief note highlights essentials of photovoltaic electricity generation. Its advantages with regard to meeting basic energy needs of decentralised rural communities are elaborated. A rough calculation is carried out to indicate the cost of using photovoltaic cells for electricity generation for lighting a hypothetical village with 300 families.

HALDEMANN, E.G., A Note on Structural Pattern and Erosion in Eastern and Southern Tanganyika. Geological Survey of Tanganyika ,Dodoma. Paper presented at the first meeting, East-Central Regional Committee for Geology, Dar es Salaam, 1956.

11 The relationship between structural pattern of the pre­ Cambrian rocks, pre-Karroo and post-Karroo structural lines in the East Tanzania fault system between the Uluguru blocks and the Ruhuhu trough is discussed. The tendency of post­ Karroo (and post -Tertiary) faults to follow Pre-Cambrian trends and other structural lines is established for Lake Nyasa, Ruhuhu and Kilombero areas. The Kilosa-Msolwa faultline scarr strikes southwards towards the Luwegu plateau. Karroo is preserved in the trough between this fault-line scarp and the Western boundary of the Uluguru block and its southern extension. Remnants of the Jurassic peneplain occur in the Uluguru mountains and on Kalenga mountains above Msolwa, i.e. on either side of the trough. It is postulated that the Uluguru Mountains represent a relic of the continental divide of the Jurassic peneplain. An interpretation of the evolution of the Kilombero Valley is given. A map showing the structural features in Pre-Cambrian rocks and the distribution of Karroo and continental cretaceous map with post Karroo structural line are presented. This article presents essential preliminary information for petroleum geologists.

HAMILTON, R., and NELLIST, R., (Ministry of Water, Energy and Minerals) Energy Development in Tanzania (mimeo). 1983.

This paper reviews developments in the energy sector in Tanzania and evaluates prospects for managing the energy transition away form high priced oil and overcoming the constraint on economic growth imposed by the need to spend on net oil imports more than 50% of the country's export earnings. The paper eleborates the energy sector organisation. It also gives the energy balance for 1981. Petroleum exploration efforts including the effects of the Petroleum (Exploration and Production) Act, 1980 and subsequent Production Sharing Agreements are highlighed. Electricity, Coal and renewable sources of energy are also discussed.

HANLON,J., Not Just Another Windmill. New Scientist, Vol. 79, No. 1120, pp 756-758, 1978.

The efforts of the Arusha Appropriate Technology Project in Tanzania in the development of windmills, biogas digesters and water pumps are discussed. The speed with which this project has developed and the impact it has had provide strong encouragement for similar efforts elsewhere.

HARKIN, D. A., The Geology of the Songwe - Kiwira coalfields in Rungwe District. Geological Survey Department of Tanganyika, Dodoma, Bulletin No. 27, Government Printer, Dar es Salaam, 1955.

12 The Songwe - Kiwira Coal field is situated about 30 km north of the northern end of Lake Nyasa. This publication summarizes the then existing information on the coalfield. A coalmine slated to produce 150,000 MT/year is currently under construction. Production in scheduled to begin in 1988.

HARRIS, J.F., Summary of the Geology of Tanganyika, Part IV: Economic Geology. Government Pr inter, Dar es Salaam, 1981.

This is a fourth part of the Summary of the geology of Tanganyika and it describes the modes of occurrence, distribution and relative importance of the economic minerals found in Tanganyika .These include coal (a fossil fuel) and minerals needed in the manufacture of chemical fertilizers such as phosphates and potassium.

HASSANALI, H.G., KADETE,H., and REICHEL,R., Installation of Photovoltaic Cells in Mt. Kilimanjaro. Department of Electrical Engineering, Report EP 78.09, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania,1978.

This consultancy report provides technical data on two photovoltaic systems set up on Mount Kilimanjaro to provide DC power to VHF radio links. The report also contains information on the installation and commissioning of the two photovoltaic systems.

HILL,J.F.R., and MOFFETT,J.P., Tanganyika, A Review of Its Resources and Their Development. The Government of Tanganyika, 1955.

This book presents a comprehensive survey of the requirements of the Colonial Government in 1951-52. It deals with many aspects of the territory including the geography, brief history, population, the political structure, social services, communication, production, labour and manpower, trade, finance, urban development and the 10 year development and welfare plan. In the energy sector, the book is useful in so far as it presents an historical background on the formation of the Tanganyika Electric Supply Company, growth of electricity consumption, hydroelectric sites identified then, forest reserves, and forest plantations.

HOFSTAD, O., Preliminary Evaluation of the Taungya System for Combined Wood and Food Production in North-Eastern Tanzania. Record No. 2, Division of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Science, University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, 1978.

The taungya system which links farming and forestry has been extensively used in Tanzania during the past decades. In this system peasants are allocated plots in the natural forest to grow food crops and trees are planted. Food

13 production continues until the canopy of trees closes after which they move to a new area. This article discusses the economics of the system and arguments for and against it in the context of Tanzania.

HOLDEMANN, E.G., The Geology of the Rufiji Basin (with Reference to Proposed Darn Sites). Government Printer, Dar es Salaam, 1962.

This report describes the general geological and geomorphological features of the Rufiji Basin and their particular relevance to engineering projects. The second and main part of there port describes the geological factors in the immediate vicinity of proposed darn sites and storage areas. An important section is devoted to consideration of seismic activity in the basin.

INSTITUTE OF ADULT EDUCATION AND MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND TOURISM, Final Report of 'Forests are Wealth' Campaign. Dar es Saam, 1982.

While developed countries are preoccupied with looking for solution to environmental pollution due to industrialisation and urbanization e.g. disposal of industrial waste, developing countries are faced with a more serious environmental problem - deforestation. In an effort to solve this problem, a national six-month campaign on tree planting was organised by Government with support from SIDA. The objectives of the campaign were :- (1) to instill in the people awareness to dangers of desertification, (ii) to educate people on how to arrest the deterioration of resources to prevent further damage, (iii) to educate people on careful use of the environment, and (IV) to encourage people to be active in afforestation and reforestation programmes. The campaign was organised using the media. This is an evaluation report of the campaign.

ISHENGOMA, R. C., and KLEM, G. S., Yield, Quality, Cost and Market Acceptability of Charcoal from Softwood Slabs. University of Dar es Salaam, Division of Forestry, Morogoro, Tanzania, Record No. 4, 1979.

This report is about the use of wood residues which accumulate at or near sawmills which are constructed to utilize soft wood plantations. It summarises the findings of a study that was conducted to investigate the yield, quality, cost and market acceptability of charcoal from soft woods compared to charcoal from hard woods.

INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION, Basic Needs in Danger, A Basic Needs Oriented Development Strategy for Tanzania. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 1982.

14 This is a report of ILO's Jobs and Skills Programme for Africa (JASPA) mission to Tanzania in 1980.It profiles the existing situation regarding satisfaction of basic needs.It examines to some detail various elements of basic needs including employment, nutrition, water, health, sanitation, shelter, education, transport,energy,and others.Policies concerning the rural sector,the small scale and large industries,and income policies are also discussed. Chapter 12 of the report is about energy.Recommendations of this chapter include conservation,afforestation,clear definition of strategy,and popular participation with emphasis on the role of women in overall energy strategy.

JAMES, T.C., (Geological Survey of Tanganyika, Dodoma) The Nature of Rift Faulting in Tanganyika. Paper presented at the first meeting of the East and Central Africa Regional Committee for Geology, Dar es Salaam, 1956.

Observations on Lake Nyasa, Lake Tanganyika, Lake Rukwa and Gregory rifts and also on faulting in the Coastal belt are recorded and inferences drawn therefrom. It is considered that these features are initiated by the formation of graben due to the interplay of systems of block faulting not necessarily of the same age. It is believed that the term rift faulting covers two district tectonic styles, i.e. blockfaulting and tilting, and trough - faulting. Volcanism appears to be associated with block-faulting. Trough faulting entails the sinking of floors of existing graben, e.g. Lake Nyasa, and this is of much later age than the block-faulting that caused the initial graben. Of late interest in oil prospecting in the rift system has increased. This article is of interest to petroleum geologists in the search for hydrocarbons in the rift system.

JOSEPH,G., An Econometric Approach to Forecasting Demand for Electricity in Tanzania to Year 2000 A.D. Bureau of Resource Assesment and Land Use Planning,University of Dar es Salaam.Research Report No.38,1979.

This report presents the results of a study to investigate the future trends of electricity demand as indicated by electricity sales from the grid and isolated branches through construction of separate econometric models for different sales categories. An historical perspective on demand growth for electrical energy in terms of number of units and customers, presents a basis for the study.Past forecasts are critiqued and a comparison is made of the results with those obtained by the Canadian group, ACRES. The results obtained should be looked at against the background of limitations of econometric forecasting particulary since forecasts of driving economic variables used themselves contain many assumptions.

15 KAALE,B.K., (Ministry of Lands ,Natural Resources and Tourism, Dar es Salaam) Planning for Village Afforestation in Tanzania. Master of Science in Forest Management Thesis,Australian National University, Canberra,March, 1981.

Fuelwood will continue to be the main source of domestic energy in Tanzania for a long time to come. The intensity of natural vegetation clearance is such that acute shortage of fuelwood is inevitable,and the resultant soil degradation will lead to reduced agricultural production and subsequent food shortages. This study is aimed at the formulation of general guidelines for village afforestation in Tanzania. Literature on fuelwood use and community forestry in developing countries is reviewed. Local participation and effective extension services are emphasised. 60 references are cited.

KAALE,B.K., Afforestation for Energy and Charcoal in Tanzania. International Development Research Centre Manuscript Report No. IDRC-MR 73e, ppll8-135, April,1983.

The paper provides some experiences in afforestation for energy supply. It briefly discusses social-economic factors, current fuel wood supply and consumption, afforestation, and charcoal production. One major contribution of this paper is the provision of comprehensive tables of recommended species of wood for village forestry,their uses, geographical zones for better results and climatic adaptation of the species.

KAALE,B.K., Charcoal Production and Utilization in Tanzania. Report of Regional Workshop on Development of Test Methods for Renewable Energy Technologies. Held Dar es Salaam, 30 June - 2 July 1982, African Programme on Standardization and Quality Control, Commonwealth Science Council Report CSC (82) SQC-15, pp53-56, September, 1982.

This paper is a survey of charcoal production and utilization methods. The paper also identifies research needs in the following areas: improvement of efficiency of the earth kiln, production of efficient, low cost brick and steel kilns, use of fast growing commercial wood species in charcoal production and the development of more efficient charcoal stoves.

KAALE,B.K.,and MUNISI,I.A.N., Woodfuel in Tanzania (mimeo). Forestry Division,Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Tanzania, 1983.

This is a summary of the wood supply and consumption

16 situation in Tanzania. It highlights the significance of woodfuel compared to other energy sources.

KAALE, B.K., Woodf uel as a Potential Renewable Energy in SAD CC Countries (mimeo). Paper presented to the SADCC Energy Conference on Making use of Renewable Energy. Held Harare, Zimbabwe, 21- 23 March, 1984.

This short paper argues that wood fuel will remain the major source of energy within SADCC countries for a long time to come. It is noted that Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe are all in a deficit woodf uel situation. In order to ensure renewability and sustainability of supply, intensive planting of trees and proper management of the forests and use of efficient stoves are essential.

KAALE, B.K., Utilization of Fuelwood and Charcoal in East Africa. Energy Research Group Paper No. 038, International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada, May, 1985.

This paper is part of the work undertaken for the Energy Research Group sponsored by IDRC. It seeks to examine the present state of knowledge with respect to production and utilization of woodfuel in East Africa. The study the analyses the woodfuel utilization patterns in East Africa. It discusses the charcoal production techniques. An analysis is made of alternatives in the utilization of fuelwood and charcoal and the role of research into the problem of woodfuel. Agro-forestry, improved forest management and woodlots are emphasised. Improved cookstoves and improved charcoal production techniques are also emphasised. Land use interaction between agriculture, livestock and forestry should form an important part of woodf uel research in order to avoid land use conflicts. It is also argued that use of logging residues, sawmill wastes, agricultural wastes should be encouraged.

KAALE,B.K. and MWANDOSYA,M.J., Fuelwood Supply and End-Uses in Tanzania. In Mwandosya, M.J., et al., (Eds). Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Energy for Development in Eastern and Southern Africa. Held Arusha, Tanzania, April 4-13, 1983. Vol. 2, pp 172-191, Faculty of Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam,Tanzania, 1983.

In this paper, an overiew of the current situation in Tanzania with regard to fuelwood supply, demand and end-uses is presented. Enviromental and other problems resulting from deforestation are highlighted and the adoption of measures such as the regeneration of the fuelwood resource and more efficient production and utilization of charcoal and fuelwood is proposed to reduce and eventually arrest the rate of deforestation.

17 KAALE,B.K., Social Economic Aspects with Respect to Wood Energy Research and Production (mimeo). Paper presented at the International Symposium on Wood Energy Research, June 8-9, 1984, Uppsala, Sweden. Ministry of Natural Resources, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1984.

This conference paper gives an overview of socio-economic and cultural aspects which should be considered by fuelwood energy researchers in order to ensure quick and widespread adoption of newly developed technologies for the production and utilization of wood energy.

KAALE,B.K., Tanzania Five Year National Village Afforestation Plan, 1982/83 - 1986/87(mimeo).Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, 1983.

This publication contains the objectives of the village afforestation plan together with data on the hectarage of village afforestaion to be undertaken at regional level during the plan period. The data can form a basis for indepth village-level plans to be compiled by regional and district authorities in their local areas.

KAALE,B.K., and MWORIA, C.P., Alternative Uses of the Rubya Plantation for T:illlber and Energy Production. Report to Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism and SIDA, January, 1984.

The Rubya Plantation is situated at the western end of Ukerewe Island in Lake Victoria about 50 km north of Mwanza. The plantation has 1,800 hectares of fast growing Pinus Caribaea planted in 1960 -1973. It is estimated that 50,000 cubic metres of roundwood and 3,000 tonnes of logging residues per year can be harvested from Rubya Plantation on a sustained basis. At present only 3,000 cubic metres of round wood are cut. This report is about a study on alternatives of using the Rubya Plantation for supply of timber and energy (charcoal and electricity) to Ukerewe and Mwanza. The study does not come up with a final recommendation but defines a set of actions which need to be taken in order to come up with a viable option out of a range of options.

KAALE,B.K., and TEMU A.B., Guidelines for Compiling Regional and District Afforestation Plans in Tanzania. Compiled for the Forestry and Beekeeping Division, Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Tourism, 1985.

In order to effectively implement tree planting programmes and allocate resources to village afforestation, planning at district and regional level is essential. A plan should attempt to relate the magnitude of annual afforestation desired to meet present and future demand on a sustainable basis. In this paper important points to be

18 considered in proper formulation of afforestation plans are presented. These include planning objectives, social economic information, data collection and analysis, action plans, and control and evaluation. A summary of an actual plan for the Kilimanjaro Region five year afforestation (1985 - 1990) is presented to demonstrate a typical plan.

KAGERA BASIN ORGANIZATION (KBO) AND UNDP, Development Programme of the Kagera Basin. Final Report, Vol. 3 : Energy. February, 1982.

This is a report of a multidisciplinary,multidonor mission fielded in 1980 to collaborate with KBO .The report gives the general description of the basin ,its geography and social economic factors. The main part of the report is about energy in the basin.Previous studies are revisited,an energy demand forecast is made,and the supply situation described. The hydo potential of the basin is identified and sites for immeadiate development are proposed. Work plan and budget for the implementation of identified projects are also presented.

KAJATO, H.K., Gas Strike Spurs Search for Oil in Tanzania. Oil and Gas Journal, pp 123-131, 15 March, 1982.

This is a paper on the geology and petroleum prospects of Coastal Tanzania sighting previous work done in terms of geological and geophysical surveys, shallow stratigraphic and deep wells drilled. The 1982 licence situation based on the Petroleum (Exploration and Production) Act, 1980 is given and a brief note on the Songo Songo Gas Field is included.

KAMBA,K., and MSABILA,G., The Role of Women and Children in Ensuring Sustained Wood Energy Supply for Domestic Use in Tanzania. In Temu,A.B., et al., (Eds), Wood-Based Energy for Development, Proceedings of a national seminar held in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, pp 52-56, 26-28 March, 1984.

The role of women in rural energy systems, and in urban domestic energy use is highlighted. The tendency of development planners to target economic opportunities at men, resulting into neglect of women in assessment of their tasks and responsibilities in the subsistance sector is noted. Suggestions are given which it is hoped will help in formulating realistic strategies for solving the fuelwood crisis in Tanzania through the involvement of women in management of fuelwood systems.

KASEMBE, J.N.R., SEMOKA, J.M.R., and SAMKI, J.K., Organic Farming in Tanzania. In Semoka,J.M.R.,et al. (Eds),Proceedings of Workshop on Resource-Efficient Farming Methods for Tanzania. Held Morogoro, Tanzania, May 16-20. Rodale Press, USA, 1983.

19 The oil crisis which has sent prices of oil and its products sky-rocketing has renewed interest in the use of organic materials as sources of nutrients for crop production. This conference paper reviews organic farming practices in Tanzania and indicates that organic materials (especially animal waste products but may also include kitchen garbage or refuse, animal wastes from slaL5hterhouses, crop residues, sisal wastes, etc.) could supplement the use of inorganic fertilizers in Tanzania to an appreciable extent.

KASHINJE, S.P., and KWIZERA, P., MOS Solar Cells (mimeo). University fo Dar es Salaam, Department of Physics, 1986.

This report is about the properties of a Metal Insulator Semiconductor (MIS) solar cell that has been made by the authors by depositing SO angstrom thick aluminium film on a 1000 ohm-centimetre resistivity P-silicon. Factors that limit the efficiency of such solar cells are discussed and possible improvements proposed. Efforts towards fabrication of better devices are discussed. These mainly involve the use of better substrates to reduce internal resistance of solar cells once reduction of current leakage at the metal semiconductor interface has been achieved.

KASSAM, S.I., Urban and Rural Electrification in Tanzania. In Mwandosya, M.J., et al., (Eds). Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Energy for Development in Eastern and Southern Africa. Held Arusha, Tanzania, April 4-13, 1983, Vol. 2, pp298-309, Faculty of Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1983.

This paper gives a brief history of the electric utility industry in Tanzania and an account on the status of electrification in Tanzania for 1983. The paper also provides information on future power development in Tanzania for both urban and rural areas.

KASSUM, AL NOOR, Statement by the Minister for Water,Energy,and Minerals when presenting the bill for the Petroleum (Exploration and Production) Act ,1980 in the National Assembly in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, July,1980.

This speech gives the purposes of and the conceptual framework for the Petrolum (Exploration and Production) Act, 1980 of the United Republic of Tanzania. The Tanzania Government assumes that most exploration for and production of petroleum will be done by the world's major oil companies and so the Act details the legal framework governing the relationship between the Government and any oil company provided with either an exploration or a production licence. The speech also provides a summary of geological and seismological work carried out in Tanzania between the

20 early 1970's and 1980 together with the preliminary results obtained from this work.

KASSUM, AL NOOR, Speech Delivered to the United Nations Conference on New and Renewable Sources of Energy. Held Nairobi, Kenya, 10 - 21 August, 1981.

This speech contains the views of the Tanzania delegation to the United Nations Conference on New and Renewable Sources of Energy. The views of the delegation on research and development, technology transfer, manpower and institutional requirements, finance and international cooperation in the area of new and renewable sources of energy are detailed. The speech also reviews the then current activities in Tanzania on both traditional energy sources and new and renewable energy sources.

KASSUM, AL NOOR, Energy and Economic Development From the Perspective of an Oil Importing Developing Country. Speech delivered at the United Nations Symposium on Energy Planning, Stockholm, Sweden, 28 September, 1981.

This statement was presented to the Symposium on Energy Planning in Developing Countries. The address identifies several key points to be borne in mind when thinking about energy policy and economic development and then gives a brief account on how Tanzania is evolving an energy policy which embraces these key points.

KASSUM, AL NOOR, Energy Supply and Demand in Tanzania. Presented at the Seminar on Energy and Developing Countries, Stockholm, Sweden, November 14, 1985.

In Tanzania today wood and petroleum imports account for over 98 percent of final energy consumption. While development of the modern sector of the economy will clearly require increasing supplies of oil and electricity, 90 percent of Tanzanians continue to rely on firewood and charcoal for basic needs. A balanced approach for the development of energy inputs to sustain economic and social progress is thus an important goal. Reducing the impact of oil related debt service on the balance of payments situation through substituting of local resources and improvements in the efficiency of use is recognized as an essential thrust of energy policy and strategy. The fuelwood problem in rural areas is more intractable. The solutions to the wood energy problem in rural areas are closely interrelated with development of the rural economy as a whole including agricultural practices, afforestation and education programmes. In the longer term the energy outlook is very positive. Tanzania has hydro, coal, and natural gas resources which are needed to satisfy domestic demand well into the forseeable future. Through well managed exploitation

21 of these resources Tanzania can substantially improve energy self-reliance and also use these energy resources to earn foreign exchange. Innovative but sound solutions are needed.

KASSUM, AL NOOR, Towards More Equitable Interdependence. Paper Presented at an OPEC Seminar. Held Vienna, Austria, 26 November, 1981.

This speech presents arguments shbwing that the economic well being of the South is essential to the economic well being of the North. The speech further presents justification for global international discussions and agreements on energy, trade, and finance, which would lead to a new international economic order.

KASSUM, AL NOOR, Oil and Gas Exploration in Tanzania. Statement Delivered to the National Assembly in Dar es Salaam,Tanzania, 5 July, 1982.

This is a detailed statement concerning developments in the search for oil and gas within Tanzania in the period 1977- 1982. Information provided is on prospective, probable and proven gas reserves at Songo Songo and Kimbiji and on agreements signed or expected to be signed with international oil companies on oil and gas exploration.

KASSUM, AL NOOR, Third World Oil and Gas Policies - Prospects and Challenges. Paper Presented at the Ministerial Panel Discussion. Held Geneva, Switzerland, 17 December, 1982.

In this address, the reduction of a country's dependence on oil imports through the location and production of its own oil reserves is proposed as an essential component of a good petroleum policy for a non-oil exporting developing country. The address also gives general principles and guidelines of an oil exploration policy for developing countries and indicates how these guidelines were used to draw up Tanzania's oil exploration policy. Tanzania's problems and challenges faced in the implementation of her exploration policy are also detailed.

KENT,P.E., HUNT,J.A., and JOHNSTONE,M.A., The Geology and Geophysics of Coastal Tanzania. Geophysical Paper No. 6, Institute of Geological Sciences, London, 1971.

The paper describes the stratigraphy, tectonics and distribution of sedimentary rocks of Tanzania coastal basin on the basis of mapped outcrops, geophysical surveys and stratigraphic boreholes. It starts with the Karroo which are the earliest sedimentary rocks deposited on the mainland. They were deposited on downfaulted blocks which have been reactivated through time. Transgressions and regressions bear significant sedimentary inprints on the sedimentary

22 sequence of coastal Tanzania. These were dominant from Mid - Jurassic to recent times. The oil potentialities of the mainland coastal zone of Tanzania and of the islands of Pemba Zanzibar and Mafia motivated the carrying out of exploration operation to determine the vertical sequence of rocks and their lateral variation. Knowledge on the rocks was obtained by means of geological mapping, palaeontological investigations, geological surveys of different ki1:ds, and by shallow and deep drilling. Relatively little evidence of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons was found but the extensive results of the operations are outlined in this article.

KESWANI, C.L., and NDUGURU, R.J.,(Eds.) Intercropping in Semi-Arid Areas. Proceedings of a symposium on Intercopping in Semi­ Arid Areas, IDRC/University of Dar es Salaam. Held Morogoro, Tanzania, 4-7 August, 1980.

Efforts of intercropping on soil nutrient content, plant protection from pests and farming systems research are explored in several papers appearing in these proceedings.

KIKULA,I.S., and NILSSON,P., Trees for Fuel and Building: A Preliminary Assessment in Two Villages Adjacent to The Southern Pulp and Paper Mill. Bureau of Resource Assessment and Land Use Planning, Research Report No.51, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, May, 1982.

This study looks at woodfuel consumption and its main end­ uses in two villages around the paper and pulp mill, the Southern Paper Mill (SPM), located in Mufindi District, Tanzania. Some socio-economic factors related to forestry and attitudes of people to trees as a source of woodfuel are also looked into.

KIKULA,I.S., and MASCARENHAS,A., and NILSSON,P., Report to Support Village Afforestation in Tanzania. Institute of Resource Assessment, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, November, 1983.

This report gives the status of fuelwood use in arid and semi-arid Tanzania based on field surveys carried out in 10 administrative districts.The report also provides information on rural energy supplies, end-uses, options, and projections of future fuelwood demand in the surveyed areas.Information contained in this report is useful for planning afforestation strategies and for designing ways and means for future monitoring and management of fuelwood resources in the study area.

23 KILAHAMA, F. B., Wood as a Source of Energy for Domestic Uses in Tanzania. Master of Science (Forest Management) Dissertation, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia, March, 1983.

This dissertation reviews the problems of woodfuel in developing countries in Africa and Asia. The fuelwood supply stituation in Tanzania is examined. It is stressed that an understanding of perception of the affected population of the woodfuel crisis is an essential prerequisite to the solution of the work on woodfuel shortage. It is suggested that establishment of peri-urban f uelwood plantations is a viable alternative for meeting energy needs of urban populations. Efficient wood stoves and charcoal production techniques are also described.

KILAHAMA, F. B., Progress Made in Village Afforestation Programme: Tanzania (mimeo). Paper presented at the Community Forestry Seminar. Held Arusha, Tanzania, 5-17 November, 1984.

Tanzania's woodlands which are the principal source of supply of energy in the country have been overharvested. Corrective measures were initiated in the early 1970's through the afforestation programme. An average planting rate of 10,000 hectares per year has been achieved compared to the target of 200,000 hectares. This paper makes a critical examination of the program. Actions responsible for the poor performance are discussed and recommendations are made on elements necessary for the success of the program.

KIMARO,T.S., Petroleum Refining, Supply and Utilization in Tanzania. In Mwandosya,M.J., et al., (Eds). Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Energy for Development in Eastern and Southern Africa. Held Arusha, Tanzania, April 4-13, 1983, Vol. 2, pp232-263., Faculty of Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1983.

This paper gives a brief account and confirmation of capacities of refineries and also covers the chemistry of petroleum refining. The problems of refineries in Africa are highlighted. Petroleum refining in Tanzania is discussed and observations on the end-uses of petroleum products in Tanzania are made.

24 KIMARYO,B.T.,Yield and Quality of Charcoal From Lesser -Known Tree Species of Tanzania. International Development Research Centre Manuscript Report No. IDRC-MR73e, ppl36-146, Ottawa, Canada, April, 1983.

This paper reports some of the results of a project carried out by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism.The main aim of the project was to undertake investigations on various properties and uses of lesser-known tree species and promote them on the market. The paper presents investigations on the yield and quality of charcoal from five such species found in Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions; three indigenous and two exotic species. Observations have shown that there is a general increase in yield recovery rates using portable steel kilns. There are also marked variations in yield and density of charcoal among tree species and insiginificant variations in chemical properties of charcoal.

KIMARYO, S. J., Impact of the Energy Crisis on Electricity Supply in Developing Countries: The Tanzanian Experience (mimeo). The 12th Conference of East and Central African Electricity Undertakings, Arusha, Tanzania, 1983.

The impact on electricity production in Tanzania of price increases on fuel oil is explored in this paper. Data on Tanzania is used and efforts are made to point out possible steps which can be adopted by developing countries to check the impact of fuel prices on electricity production.

KING, A.J., Notes on The Seismicity of Lake Nyasa and Lake Rukwa Areas. Geological Survey of Tanganyika,Dodoma. Presented at the first meeting, East-Central African Regional Committee for Geology, Dar es Salaam, 1956.

A summary is given on the then existing knowledge of seismic phenomena experienced in the Southern Tanzania trough. The conclusion is drawn that this area can be termed a seismic region by virtue of both the frequency and intensity of local seismic activity. The similarity between this area and California with respect to seismicity and tectonics is discussed, and the need for more instrumental data is stressed.

KIUNSI,R.B., Woodlands in Rural Settlements of Developing Countries -Problems, Causes and Solutions With Special Reference to Tanzania. A Discussion Paper, Ardhi Institute, Dar es Salaam, 1985.

The paper is about woodland depletion in developing countries. The paper identifies policies aimed at the control of wood depletion. It is argued that policies adopted for woodland management in Tanzania are inadequate and

25 not well implemented. Policy proposals and areas that need further research for the improvement of woodland management are presented. 50 references are cited.

KIVAISI,R.T., Performance Tests of a Linear Collector Solar Water Heater. University Science Journal, Vol. 6, Nos. 1&2, pp 151-166, July 1980.

Results of experimental investigation on the performance of a solar water heater operating under the thermosiphon - flow conditions are reported in this paper. Results of tests made to provide optimum data for the design of an economical solar water heater are also provided.

KIVAISI,R.T., Social Uses of Solar Energy in Tanzania. Tanzania Notes and Records, Vol. 84-85, pp 153-157, 1980.

With ever increasing energy consumption, man has started to look for alternative sources other than traditional ones. Economic supply of energy from the sun can be made available for such purposes as heating, cooling, drying and so on. This paper discusses possibilities on the use of solar energy in Tanzania. Possibilities on the use of solar refrigerators, solar heaters, solar cookers are discussed. 8 references are cited.

KIVAISI, R.T., Optical Properties of Obliquely Evaporated Aluminium Films. Thin Solid Films (Electronics and Optics), Vol.97, pp 153 - 163, Elsevier Sequoia, 1983.

This paper reports experimental results obtained by the evaporation of aluminium films at high oblique incidence in good vaccum and compares them with results obtained when films are produced in an atmosphere containing pure argon. The results indicate that optical anisotropy, scattering and high absorption present in obliquely evaporated aluminium films can be greatly reduced if the evaporation is carried out in an argon atmosphere. 30 references are cited.

KIVAISI, R.T., Spectral and Angular Selectivity of Obliquely Deposited Films (mimeo). University of Dar es Salaam, Department of Physics.

This is a report on transmittance/reflectance results for obliquely deposited films with possible application as selective surf aces for photothermal solar energy conversion. The note is on coatings which exhibit both spectral and angular selectivities. These coatings were prepared by oblique-beam or resistive heating evaporation of Ge and Cr onto glass substrates. High absorption in solar spectrum and transparency in the infrared was detected through transmittance measurements in the 0.35 - 20 micrometer range. 17 references are cited.

26 KIVAISI, R.T., A Study of Solar Water Heating in Dar es Salaam. Solar Energy Research Report, Department of Physics, University of Dar es Salaam, 1977.

This research report presents test results of a solar water heater which uses a concentrating system. The unit consisted of a 2.9 square metre aluminium sheet fixed onto a parabolic wooden structure and a cylindrical galvanised pipe collector onto which solar energy is concentrated. Results showed that it was possible to heat 30-40 litres of water to a temperature as high as 63 degrees centigrade during clear sky days.

KIVAISI, R.T., High Temperature Optical Degradation of Cr, Ni and Ge Films Deposited at Oblique Angle of Incidence. Solar Energy Materials, Vol. 9, pp 311-327, North-Holland, 1983.

Selective absorbing surfaces are used to collect solar energy by absorbing radiation from the sun while emitting very little thermal radiation. Such a surface should have very low reflectance in the visible and near infrared but have very high reflectance further out in the infrared. In this paper experimental results are presented for the obliquely selective surfaces to demonstrate their stability at elevated temperatures in the air. Chromium, Nickel and Germanium films were deposited on aluminium or chromium evaporated substrates. The films were deposited at 80 degrees oblique angle of incidence on planar substrates. High absorption was found to depend on substrate material, the coating thickness and preparation conditions. 26 references are cited.

KIVAISI, R.T., and STENSLAND, L., Spectral Selectivity of Nickel and Chromium Rough Surfaces. Applied Physics A (Solids and Surfaces), Vol. 27, pp 233-238, Springer Verlag, 1982.

The main requirement for selective surfaces for solar energy collection is high absorptance in the solar spectrum and low thermal emittance in the operating temperatures. This paper presents results of reflectance of metal surfaces with sinusoidal roughness of different periods and different depths. It is shown that the surface structure can be used to modify the optical properties of metal sufaces at different wavelengths. It is shown that with a proper choice of depth to period ratio, nickel or chromium coatings on gratings have low reflectance in the shortwave region and high reflectance in the infrared region. 20 references are cited.

KLEN, G., Planning of Sawmilling Industry in Africa: Possible Sources of Energy. Record No. 1, Division of Foresty, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Science, University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, 1978.

27 This report discusses various energy sources in sawing operation. The discussion centres around a choice among manpower, combustion engines, electric motors, pitsawing, small and simple sawmills and large hightech sawmills. It is found that for an output of 20,000 cubic metres of sawnwood from soft wood plantation in Tanzania, manpower through pitsawing is the most expensive of all and that a number of small, simple sawmills powered by combustion engines are the least cost solution.

KOWERO, G.S., and OPENSHAW, K., An Economic Appraisal of The Wood Based Panel Industry in Tanzania. Record No. 17, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Science, University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, 1980.

This paper examines the cost structure of individual wood­ based panel factories in the country and the industry as a whole taking into account the supply and demand of the panels in the short and long term.

KOWERO, G.S., and TEMU, A.B., Some Observations on Implementing Village Forestry Programmes in Tanzania. The International Tree Crops Journal, Vol. 3, No. 2/3, pp 135- 146, 1985.

Village afforestation activities in Tanzania are characterized by varying degrees of success. Four major limiting factors are identified: inadequate planning and poor follow-up resulting from a shortage of skilled manpower; and a lack of both sufficient seedlings and transportation, owing to funding contraints. Further, the lack of a clear policy to guide such a large programme is a major handicap. It is suggested that the programme will be more succesful if overall responsibility for its implementation is given to the forest division, and if it can be ensured that adequate funds and manpower are available where and when required. In addition, such a programme should become an integral part of village development plans. 5 references are cited.

KREUSER,T., Source Rock Analysis in Two Karroo Basins of Coastal Tanzania. Journal of Petroleum Geology, Vol.7, pp 47- 54, 1984.

The article reports on rock samples from two Karroo basins: Mikumi/Nyakatitu and Rufiji in the coastal area of Tanzania, which were analysed by Shell Exploration Company to determine source rock potential for probable oil and gas generation. Source rock evaluation and geochemical analysis gave total organic carbon (TOG) content of up to 2.4%, with maceral composition of mainly structureless organic matter and some vitrinite. These are moderate values of organic carbon content. However, they probably represent marginal source

28 rock for oil and gas which have been overcooked during organic metamorphism, and now are post-mature. Tectonic framework and sedimentary history of the area are presented.

KYOMO, M.L., and CHAGULA, A., Role of Livestock in Organic Farming. In Semoka,J.M.R., et al., (Eds), Proceedings of a Workshop on Resource Efficient Farming Methods for Tanzania. Held Morogoro, Tanzania,May 16 - 20, 1983. Rodale Press, USA,1983.

Animal excreta can be used as fuel, fertilizer, animal feed and building material. In dried form, dung from cows and other animals is used as a fuel for cookig or heating. When not dry, methane gas may be produced from the dung through biogasification techniques. This paper estimates the production of manure in Tanzania and gives indications on crop yield increments obtained by using farmyard manure. The potential use of farmyard manure as an energy source is, however, not discussed.

LAYA, S.T., Lets Make a Pangawe Ceramic Woodstove (mimeo). Centre for Continuing Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Science, University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, 1984.

The Pangawe ceramic woodstove is an adaptation of the Thai bucket and Indonesian Keren stoves to suit practices obtaining in rural Tanzania. It consists of a fired clay stove and an optional charcoal grate. In an ideal condition it is protected by a thick (5-lOcm) mud wall when installed in the user's kitchen. This is a manual on how to make the stove.

LAYA, S.T., Let Us Build a Lounga Woodstove (mimeo). Centre for Continuing Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veternary Science, University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, 1984.

The Lounga Woodstove, a fixed mud stove, was originally made in Senegal. This manual describes how to make the Lounga stove to suit the local cooking practices of Tanzania.

LAYA, S.T., Let's Solve Our Firewood Problem: Stoves and Trees A Training Package (mimeo). Centre for Continuing Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Science, University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, 1984.

This is a training package intended for use by extension workers who work directly with villagers on the solution of woodfuel problems. For each lesson it sets out the goal, objectives, preparations, lesson content, and instructional and evaluation procedures. Lessons include properties of good stoves, preparation of mixes for ceramic stoves,

29 making/ consruction, planting trees, agroforestry, etc.

LIMBE,L., Energy from Biogasification. In Temu,A.B., et al.,(Eds), Wood-Based Energy For Development. Proceedings of a National Seminar held in Dar es Salaam. Organised by Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Tanzania, 26-28 March, 1984.

An outlook on the usefulness of biomass gasification as a renewable source to meet energy needs of developing countries is presented. The state of the art of the technology of gasifiers is explained.A brief description of the gasificat­ ion by partial combustion project in Tanzania is presented.

LUHANGA, B.E.A.T., Electric Power Development and Use.The Tanzania Engineer, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp 8-12, December, 1983.

This paper is generally about the engineers'contribution to society and more specifically about the power sector in Tanzania. The author asseses the contribution by the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Dar es Salaam towards the provision of manpower. A summary of electric power development and a future outlook of power generation requirements are presented.

LUSHIKU,E.M., Construction of a Simple Manual Ellipsometer. University Science Journal, (University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania), Vol. 2, No.2, pp 81-94, 1976.

This paper describes an ellipsometer constructed by the author. The ellipsometer can be used to measure the azimuth to an accuracy of 0.1 micrometer. Initial results of aluminium films on glass substrates agree well with previous experimental results. The ellipsometer will thus enable a large number of new materials to be studies for suitability as selective coatings for photothermal solar energy conversion.

LUSHIKU,E.M., and O'SHEA, K.R., Ellipsometry in the Study of Selective Radiation - Absorbing Surfaces. Solar Energy, Vol. 19, pp 271-276, Pergamon Press, 1977.

Elipsometry is the study of surf aces by the analysis of polarization of reflected light. A simple form of the apparatus is described in this paper and the method of determining optical constants is discussed. The relevance of the method in the study of selective surfaces is considered and comparisons made between calculated special reflectivities and experimental observations for electro­ deposited black nickel films on copper substrate. The results presented lead to a clearer understanding of former empirical results.

LUSHIKU,E.M., HJORTSBERG,A., and GRANQUIST,C.G., Radiative

30 Cooling with Selectively Infrared Emitting Ammonia Gas. J. App. Phys., (American Institute of Physics), Vol. 53, No. 8, pp 5526-5530, August, 1982.

Spectrophotometric measurements are reported in this paper for ammonia gas and the potential use of this substance in radiative cooling is evaluated. The basic cooling parameters and the radiated power versus temperature are computed. The radiative properties are discussed from the configuration of the ammonia molecule.

LUSHIKU,E.M., Radioactive Cooling in Dodoma (Tanzania) With Selectively Emitting Ammonia Gas (mimeo). Dept. of Physics, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1983.

This paper presents experimental results on radiative cooling of materials exposed to a clear sky. The paper specifically shows that ammonia gas can cool radiatively to about 12 degrees centigrade below ambient temperature in the clear skies of Dodoma, Tanzania. The temperatures reached are found to be suitable for storage of food and vaccines.

LUSHIKU,E.M., and GRANQVIST,C.G., Radiative Cooling with Selectively Infrared Emitting Gases. Applied Optics, Vol. 23, No. 11, pp 1835-1843, June, 1984.

Gases which are strongly radiating in the 8-13 micrometer wavelength range can be employed for radiative cooling to low temperatures. This paper uses molecular vibration and rotation to identify suitable gases and then presents results on a detailed study of three of the most promising gases ammonia, ethylene and ethylene oxide. Basic cooling parameters and the relation between cooling power and temperature difference were computed and results of some practical field tests of radiative cooling are reported.

LUSHIKU, E.M., and NKONOKI, S.R., Energy Planning and Emerging Trends in Renewable Energy Research and Development in Tanzania (mimeo). Department of Physics and Institute of Development Studies, University of Dar es salaam, 1986.

This paper reviews Tanzania's current conventional energy resource potential and utilization. It also discusses alternatives and the potential for use of renewable energies especially solar energy. The authors also highlight suggestions for possible strategies and policies.

LUSHIKU, E.M., ERIKSSON, T.S., GRANQVIST, C.G., and STIGTER C.J., Radiative Cooling in Dar es Salaam - A Preliminary Assessment Based on Radiosonde Data. University Science Journal (University of Dar es Salaam), Vol. 9, pp 73-83, 1983.

The radiative cooling resource is evaluated by means of

31 LOWTRAN computation based on radiosonde data for clear days of 1970 and 1975 in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. It is predicted that a cooling power of about 120 watts-per square metre can be achieved for black-body like surfaces at ambient temperature under favourable meteorological conditions. It is also predicted that a minimum temperature of 30 degrees centigrade below ambient can be reached with a highly infrared selective substance incorporated in a ~hermally well isolated device. 20 references are cited.

LWAKABAMBA,S., and JOHN,G., Prospects of Energy Conservation in the Industrial Sector in Tanzania. Proceedings of the Training Workshop on Energy Conservation for Industrial Applications, Commonwealth Science Council, CSC Tech. Publication Series No. 138, pp 38-44, 1984.

This conference paper reviews the prospects for energy conservation in the industrial sector of Tanzania. Results of energy audits performed on major energy consuming industries are presented. The results show that, on average, industries could save about 20% of their energy costs through use of insulation, proper maintenance of the industrial plant, heat recovery and power factor improvement. The payback period for the energy conserving investments was less than a year for the surveyed industries.

LWAKABAMBA, S., et al., The Diffusion of Family Size Unit Biogas Plants in Suitable Areas in Tanzania - The Development of an Extension Strategy. Commonweath Science Council, Africa Energy Programme, International Conference on Research and Development of Renewable Energy Technologies in Africa. Held Redruit, Mauritius, 25 March -1 April, 1985.

In the past efforts to extend biogas technology have not been very successful because of incorrect assessment of the technology. A biogas extension strategy involving a teaching programme including demonstration plants is essential. This paper summarises the Tanzanian experience with biogas technology, identifies mistakes in the programme and narrates the approach taken by the Centre for Agricultural Mechanisation and Rural Technology (CAMARTEC) at Arusha in its Biogas Extension Programme.

LWANDA, E.G., Feasibility of Using Windmills for Dodoma, Morogoro and Dar es Salaam (mimeo). University of Dar es Salaam. Morogoro, 1974.

Data for three windpower sites in Dodoma have been analysed to produce velocity duration curves, power duration curves and annual specific output for each location. Wind pump costs have been analysed and the economics of wind pump use for each location calculated.

32 MABUGO, D.R.R ., Use of Farm Wastes to Produce Biogas (mimeo). University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, 1975.

A 200 litre unit was designed, constructed and tested with cow dung, poultry manure and liquid of previous batch fermentations as starter materials and grass clippings as feeder material. Chicken manure was found to be the best starter material. Gas production was measured as a function of time and ambient temperature. Rates of return on capital were calculated.

MACKINLAY, A.C.M., Geology of Ketewaka - Mchuchuma Coalfield, Njombe District. Geological Survey Department, Government Printer, Dar es Salaam, 1954.

This bulletin describes the results of a preliminary geological and geographical survey carried out in considerable detail over the Ketewaka - Mchuchuma coalfield during 1948 and 1949. These coalfields are of interest since they are nearest to the known occurence of iron-ore in the same region. The coal bearing beds are subdivided into an upper unit, shale-coal measures, and lower unit, sandstone­ coal measures. The sandstone-coal measures contain coal seams of direct economic importance. The coals, as sampled at outcrop, are medium to high volatile, bituminous with ash contents and calorific values of the same order as those of Karroo coals worked in other parts of Africa. Sulphur content is not very high.

MACKINLAY, A.C.M., The Coalfields and the Coal Resources of Tanzania. Geological Survey of Tanzania, Dodoma, Bulletin No. 38, Government Printer, Dar es Salaam, 1965.

This report contains results of geological investigations into Karroo rocks and coalfields of Tanzania. The distribution of these rocks and coalfields is discussed. The coalfields are described individually from the economic aspects. The descriptions include location and communication, geology and regional setting, and appraisal and assessment of the quality of coal and reserves.

MAGANGA, L. S., and CHAMSHAMA, S.A.O., Impact of Wood Harvesting on Soil and the Residual Trees in Plantations on Mount Meru, Tanzania. Record No. 32, Division of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Science, University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, 1984.

In 1982 a study was carried out in the University of Dar es Salaam Training Forest and the Mount Meru Forest Project. The objectives of the study included the assessment of damage to residual trees during thinning and extraction, determination of the degree of soil compaction after tractor skidding and quantification of soil surface disturbance

33 resulting from wood harvesting. It was found out that the damage to residual trees is substantial, soil compaction in skid trails is significant and soil surface disturbance results in reduced productivity.

MAGHEMBE, J.A., Effect of Weeding and Some Soil Characteristics on the Survival and Growth of Pinus Caribaea in Plantat­ ions at Ruvu. Record No.8, Division of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Science, University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, 1979.

This report sum.~arises the findings of a study to investigate the effects of weeding and some soil characteristics on the survival and early growth of Pinus Caribaea at Ruvu near Dar es Salaam. The results suggest that survival of this species depends largely on intensive weeding. Six weedings in two years result in survival rates exceeding 80%. Survial is unrelated to soil characteristics but organic carbon and total nitrogen of soil surface are correlated with height growth.

MAKUNDI,S.J., Energy Situation in Tanzania. In Temu,A.B., et al., (Eds), Wood-Based Energy for Development. Proceedings of a National Seminar. Held Dar es Salaam, 26-28 March, 1984, pp 8-19, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, 1984.

The energy situation in Tanzania is elaborated in the context of the general economic situation. A brief description of sectoral consumption is given and the various sources of energy to match the consumption are also elaborated.

MAKUNDI, S.J., and KIFUA.G., Geothermal Features of the Mbeya Region in Tanzania. Paper presented at International Symposium on Geothermal Energy, Hawaii, published in Transactions of Geothermal Resources Council, Davis, California, U.S.A., August, 1985.

The part of the East African Rift in South Western Tanzania at Mbeya has been earmarked for prospective geothermal development. Initial studies of this area have been prioritised first due to the projected industrial and agricultural high future energy demand. Analysis of the results suggests that high enthalpy, bicarbonate-sulphate­ chloride fluids and temperatures exceeding 220 degrees Celsius may exist beneath the Mbeya and Rungwe volcanoes. Some probable deeper chloride-rich water possibly moves laterally along faults and through sedimentary permeable zones to the lower elevations of the Rift. More delimitation of the geothermal area will need to be supported by other studies such as temperature gradient, application of gas and isotope geothermometers and undertaking detailed hydrothermal alteration studies.

34 MARIKI,G.E., Village Photovoltaic Power Systems, Commonwealth Science Council, African Energy Programme. Report of the Project Group Meeting. Held Arusha, Tanzania, 20-26 September 1979, Vol. 2,Resource Material, Publication CSC(79)AEP-2, pp 24-26, 1979.

This paper describes the state-of-the art of photovoltaic power systems with particular emphasis on typical loading patterns. The photovoltaic system proposed for village use has storage batteries but assumes no stand-by generating systems are available thus making it mandatory to have a load management scheme.

MASCARENHAS,A., The Relevance of the MITI Project to Wood-Based Energy in Tanzania. In Temu,A.B., et al., (Eds), Wood-Based Energy for Development. Proceedings of a National Seminar. Held Dar es Salaam, 26-28 March, 1984, pp 26-46, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, 26-28 March, 1984.

This paper summarises results of the project to support village afforestation which was undertaken by the Institute of Resource Assessment, University of Dar es Salaam with the support of SIDA through FAO. The spatial coverage of the project and the conduct and results of the woodfuel use survey are elaborated. The nature and determinants of fuelwood use patterns are elaborated.

MAUER,G., The Present Use and Potential for Energy From Biomass in Tanzania. Energy From Biomass, pp 758-762, 1981.

In Tanzania,the increasing shortage of wood fuel in rural areas and expenditure for oil imports which consumes more than 50% of the total export earnings are charecteristics of the current energy scene. It is estimated that a simple low cost biogas plant constucted in cattle raising areas could supply the majority of energy required for cooking. If sufficiently developed,biogas should be able to provide about 60% of the energy required for cooking for the whole rural population at a cost lower than any other non­ conventional energy source. Ethanol produced from molasses can also provide part of the energy requirements now supplied by imported oil. It is estimated that the planned ethanol plant could annually produce 8000 cubic metres of ethanol and 1000 tonnes of yeast for bread. 4 references are cited.

MCCONNELL, R.B., The Geology of the Namwele - Mkomolo Coal Field, Ufipa District, with Notes on Undergound Exploration Carried out by the Tanganyika Government. Tanganyika Territory Department of Lands and Mines, Geological Division, Dodoma. Short Paper No. 27, Government Printer, Dar es Salaam, 1947.

This bulletin presents results of investigations of the Namwele - Mkomolo coalfied forming part of Ufipa coalfields

35 in South - West Tanzania (then Tanganyika). The total indicated reserves are about 7.5 million tons. The coal is a non coking bituminous with high volatile, ash and sulphur contents and the ash having a comparatively low fusion temperature. A cleaning process was determined to yield 50 to 60 percent of usable coal.

MGENI, A., The Complexities of Community Forestry. CERES, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp 19-24, March - April, 1985.

Social or community forestry has recently been identified as one of the goals of rural development since its objective is to meet the forest-based needs of rural inhabitants. This paper gives a background of traditional forests management practices in various third world countries. The paper then discusses community forestry, its nature, its complexity and the way it is practiced in various third world countries. The Chinese model of community forestry is used to draw lessons on successful design and implementation of community forestry programmes.

MHINA,P.S., A Brief Description of Manufacture and Utilization of Gobar Gas in Tanzania. UHANDISI, Journal of the Faculty of Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania , Vol. 4, No. 1, pp 11-19, June, 1978.

This paper summarises the Gobar gas technology, the raw materials needed, construction of the digester and gas holders, plant operation and maintenance. A brief description of Tanzania's experience with Gobar gas plants is given.

MINISTRY OF LANDS,NATURAL RESOURCES,AND TOURISM, Trees for Village Forestry. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania,1984.

The Government of Tanzania has embarked on an extensive village afforestation programme in order to meet wood demand and maintain sound environmental conditions. To achieve this goal an equivalent of 200,000 hectares of trees has to be planted annually. For successful implementation of this program the provision of sustainable tree species is an important factor. This book attempts to elaborate on good species with attention being given to climatic and geographic conditions. Fifty four of these species are covered in detail and forty-two superficially. The book is important to foresters,energy planners, and to people involved in rural development and environmental conservation.

MINISTRY OF LANDS,NATURAL RESOURCES AND TOURISM, Kumbukumbu ya Warsha wa Kitaifa ya Upandaji Miti. Shinyanga, Tanzania. September 14-16,1984. (In Kiswahili).

This book is a record of proceedings, in Kiswahili, of a

36 national workshop on afforestation.Attended by 500 leaders of the Party and the Government, the workshop was officially opened by President J.K.Nyerere.The workshop was aimed at educating the leaders on dangers of environmental degradation, proper use of land ,better management of forests and formulation of afforestation plans. Eleven discussion papers presented at the workshop are included as are the recommendations of the workshop participants.

MINISTRY OF WATER DEVELOPMENT AND POWER (WESTERN TANZANIA PROJECT), The Hydropower and Irrigation Study for Western Tanzania. Report No.l (The Air Survey 1974), 1975.

This is a report about the surf ace water resource study in Western Tanzania.It presents results of aerial investigations in October and November of 1974.The scope of the flights included:getting an overview of the area over a limited time, ascertaining rivers which still carried water in the dry season and to the extent possible gathering impressions of water discharges,reservoir possibilities,dam sites,water falls etc. This report describes the rivers draining into lakes Rukwa, Nyasa, and Tanganyika and makes preliminary identification of the hydro and mini hydro potential of the area.

MINISTRY OF WATER, DEVELOPMENT AND POWER (WESTERN TANZANIA PROJECT), The Hydropower and Irrigation Study of Western Tanzania. Report No. 2, 1976.

This report is a summary of studies carried out to quantify the surface water resources in Western Tanzania. The study mainly emphasized hydroelectric power resources and only briefly looked at irrigation possibilities. The report does not contain cost estimates or detailed surveys of the hydropower sites. The main value of the report is therefore to serve as a basis for further investigation and planning of hydropower and irrigation schemes in western Tanzania.

MINISTRY OF WATER ENERGY AND MINERALS, Statements of the Minister of Water Energy and Minerals During Presentations in the National Assembly of Estimates of Expenditure. Government Printer, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

These budget speeches summarise the performance of the energy sector in development in the preceeding year and plans for the following fiscal year. They also contain a statement on policy directions of the sector.

MINISTRY OF WATER, ENERGY AND MINERALS, Report on Reconnaisance of Geothermal Resources (a SWECO-VIRKIR Report). December, 1976.

This is a report of a reconaissance mission undertaken to

37 make a preliminary appraisal of a project to study the feasibility of exploiting geothermal resources in northern Tanzania.A programme for futher investigations is outlined.

MINISTRY OF WATER ENERGY AND MINERALS, Coal Development in Tanzania :A Report by the Coal Development Committee. 1978.

The rep:irt outlines Tanzania's coal reserves,resources and coal quality.The present and future coal requirements are established and extra studies and investigations on identification of coal deposits and uses are suggested.There are 10 known coalfields in Tanzania for which geological information is available. The total inferred reserves are of the order of 1500 million tonnes.Comparative data on investiment expenditures,and transport costs for the development of two fields,the Songwe-Kiwira and Mchuchuma coalfields are presented. Manpower requirements for the development of the coal industry are also presented.

MITZLAFF,K.,and MKUMBWA,M.H., Performance of a Small Diesel Engine Operating in a Dual Fuel Mode with Biogas. Department of Mechanical Engineering,University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Paper presented at the International Conference on State of The Art on Biogas Technology, Transfer and Diffusion. Held Cairo, November 17-24, 1984.

Results on the performance of a small diesel engine of lOkW which was modified to operate in a dual fuel mode with biogas are presented in this conference paper. The perfomance was studied under different operating conditions and a comparision with operation using diesel fuel alone was made. The power output was found to be slightly higher in dual fuel mode than for diesel fuel operation whereas the efficiency is inferior especially in the lower power ranges. The savings in diesel fuel ranged between 60% at higher engine speeds and 90% at lower engine speeds.

MMAK.ASA,S., Tanzania Country Paper, Biogas Systems for Rural Development. A Report of a Training Workshop on Monitoring and Evaluation of Biogas Systems. Held Lusaka, Zambia, 29 August-1 September, 1983. The African Energy Programme, Commonwealth Science Council, Technical Publication Series No.137, pp 22-28, 1983.

This paper reviews the progress,as of 1983, of the biogas project of Dodoma Rural Energy Project. The paper identifies problems encountered in implementing the project and indicates methods used or research being undertaken to overcome the problems. The paper also indicates future programmes to be undertaken on optimal operation of biogas plants and on the use of biogas in internal combustion engines.

38 MNZAVA,E.M., Village Afforestation Lessons of Experience in Tanzania. FAO, Rome, 1980.

This paper reviews the experience gained in the first ten years of Tanzania's village afforestation programme. The paper reviews the choice of tree species, the organization of tree planting and the involvement of villagers in village afforestation efforts. ' The paper also identifies research needs in the choice of appropriate tree species and techniques for growing them.

MNZAVA,E.M., Fuelwood, The Private Energy Crisis for the Poor. CERES, Vol. 14(4), pp 35-39, July-August, 1981.

This paper describes the woodfuel situation in developing countries and how it relates to income, deforestation, time spent in wood collection and availability of substitutes. The paper calls for improved management of existing wood resources and proper planning for the implementation of reforestation and afforestation efforts.

MNZAVA,E.M., Village Industries Versus Savanna Forest. Unasylva, FAO, Vol. 33. No. 131, pp 24-29, 1981.

Fuelwood and charcoal will continue for several decades to be the only feasible energy source for village industries. In this paper the ammount of f uelwood and charcoal used in village industries such as tobacco curing, brick and pottery making, tea drying, fish smoking, baking and local beer brewing is estimated. Since meeting the energy needs of village industries has accelerated the rate of deforestation, the paper suggests more efficient bio-energy utilization schemes and the use of energy alternatives such as coal, oil/kerosene, hydroelecric power and biogas to solve the problem of deforestation.

MNZAVA, E.M., Tanzanian Tree Planting A Voice from Villagers. Unasylva, Vol.37, No. 4, pp 33-39, 1985.

Tree planting will for a long time to come remain one of the strategies in achievement of the broad goal of socio-economic development in Tanzania. Although strides have been made in the spirit of self-help it is argued that some issues remain unsolved. This study is an attempt to identify these issues and suggest options where these exist. It makes an assessment of surveys that have been conducted on wood supply, demand and use. Traditionally forestry has been about trees and not about people and the author contends that the main problem for lack of progress in the afforestation campaign is that the voice of villagers has not been heard. The study ends up with a number of recommendations on nurseries, extension work, credits/loans for tree planting activities and training of foresters.

39 MNZAVA, E.M., Rural Forestry Programmes: The Participatory Approach (mimeo). Paper presented at the World Forestry Congress, Mexico City, July, 1985.

Designers and implementers of rural forestry always talk of peoples' participation in forestry programmes without a deep understanding of the concept of participation. This paper discusses the concept. Emphasis is put on decentralisation of control of afforestation projects to the participating local organisations. The important role of women in rural forestry programmes is highlighted and participatory tree planting in Tanzania is detailed as an example of successes and constraints.

MNZAVA,E.M., Peoples' Participation in Forestry: The African Context (mimeo). Report submitted to FAO, October, 1985.

'Peoples' participation as an approach in forestry has recently begun to pick momentum. The main focus is the involvement of people in all stages of the participating process so that people may benefit from their involvement. During the African Forestry Commissions' Meeting held in Arusha in 1983, it was recommended that a study be launched to synthesise the experiences of people's participation in Africa. This report is an attempt to address the issue. It summarises experiences and draws conclusions from a study of 15 African countries.

MNZAVA,E.M., The Role of Wood Energy in the Tanzanian Economy. In Temu A.B. et al., (Eds), Wood-Based Energy For Development. Proceedings of a National Seminar held in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, 26-28 March, 1984.

This short paper argues that false hopes have been raised regarding the role of renewable energy sources as a way of substituting for traditional sources particularly wood energy. The author also observes that there is no legal national body responsible for energy development and emphasises the need for a national body to coordinate energy development,use and conservation.

MONYO, J.H., et al., Intercropping in Semi-Arid Areas. Report of a Symposium on Intercropping in Semi-Aid Areas, IDRC/University of Dar es Salaam. Held Morogoro, Tanzania, 10-12 May, 1976.

This report contains summaries of papers presented at the first conference on intercropping in semi-arid areas. Although no paper addresses directly the issue of energy in agriculture, the fact that intercropping may obviate the use of fertilizers, pesticides and other agricultural inputs mean that some of the papers have an implicit bearing on

40 energy in agriculture.

MOSHA,S.L., The Kidatu II Hydroelectric Power Project. The Tanzania Engineer, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp 16-18, December, 1983.

The first phase of the Great Ruaha Power Project (KIDATU 1) included the construction of an earth rockfill dam, a lOOMW underground power station and of 220KV transmission lines from Kidatu to Dar es Salaam between 1975 and 1975. The second phase (KIDATU 11) included the construction of a concrete buttress dam at Mtera, upstream of Kidatu, and an additional capacity of 100 MW at Kidatu, between 1977 and 1981. This paper is about the planning and implementation of the second phase of the Great Ruaha Power Project.

MREMA,G,C.,Energy in Agriculture. In Mwandosya,M.J.,et al.,(Eds), Proceedings of a Regional Workshop on Energy for Development in Eastern and Southern Africa. Held Arusha, Tanzania, April 4-13,1983, Vol.2, pp 207-231, Faculty of Engineering, University of Dar-es-Salaam, 1983.

This paper reviews the energy consumption patterns in agriculture with special reference to developing countries.Energy related constraints in agricultural production are discussed and linked to factors limiting total food and cash crop production. Suggestions for future course of action for increased and efficient utilisation of energy in agriculture are given.

MREMA,G.C., Energy Consumption in Small Holder Rainfed Agriculture in the Semi-Arid Tropics. Paper presented at the International Symposium on Energy in Agriculture organised by The Institute of Agricultural Engineering and The World Ploughing Organisation. Held Harare, Zimbabwe, May, 1983.

In this paper energy consumption in small holder peasant agriculture of the Semi - Arid Tropics (SAT) is discussed. Energy requirements are considered at three levels of technological development: handtool, animal powered and mechanically powered technologies~ On a per hectare basis, it is shown that fertilizers and pesticides are the most energy intensive inputs in respect of the technology and for field operations. It is shown that these two inputs account for 90 per cent of the energy inputs when handtool or animal powered technology is used and over 55% when mechanical power is used. It is argued that introduction of traditional agronomic packages linked to the Green Revolution in small­ holder rainfed agriculture like high yielding varieties, fertilizers and pesticides without tackling timeliness in preparation of land, planting and weeding will not solve the food problem of these regions. Problems associated with animal and mechanical power use in SAT are also discussed.

41 MREMA G.C., WEREKO-BROBBY, C., et al., Solar Dryers - Their Role in Post-Harvest Processing. Commonwealth Science Council, Commonwealth Secretariat, London, 1985.

This book provides an introduction to basic theories of solar crop drying. It outlines the principal operating features required for classification of solar drier designs. It presents an account of three most popular types of driers. Also included in the book is information on theory and design of flat plate collectors. Case studies are presented and economic considerations for selected end-uses are elaborated.

MREMA,G.C., Development of Test Methods for Solar Crop Driers. In Proceedings of Commonwealth Science Council/International Development Research Council (I.D.R.C.), Solar Crop Drying Workshop. (Held Nairobi, 11-13 October, 1982) Vol.2, pp69-74. 1984.

This paper attempts to define a course of action in the development of test methods and standards for solar crop driers. Main factors involved in the development of test methods and standards for the evaluation of the performance and rating of solar crop driers are presented. Parameters which need to be measured to give a proper rating and testing of the driers are also given.

MREMA,G.C.,and MAKUNGU,P.S.J.J., Drying of Pyrethrum, Fish, and Tobacco. Report of the African Energy Programme Workshop on Solar Crop Drying. Held Nairobi, Kenya, 11-13 October, 1982. Vol. 2, Resource Materials, Commonwealth Science Council Publication CSC (82) AEP-10, pp 97-108, 1982.

Experimental results on a prototype of a solar crop drier designed to dry a bach of lOkg of pyrethrum for five hours drying time are presented. Results of feasibility studies on capacities and size of driers for tobacco and fish drying are also provided.

MREMA, G.C., Utilization of Bioenergy Resources: A Case Study of Tanzania. Paper presented at the symposium on Biomass Energy Systems: Building Blocks for Sustainable Agriculture. Sponsored by World Resource Institute and Rockefeller Brothers Fund. Held Airlie House, Airlie, Virginia, USA, 29 January to February 1, 1985.

This paper reviews the energy requirements for Tanzania in two sectors, domestic and agricultural which are likely to face serious energy shortages in the next two decades. In the past they have relied on bioenergy sources in the form of wood for domestic requirements and nitrogen fixation and organic fertilizers for agriculture. Unplanned exploitation of natural forests due to pressure of population increase is such that natural forests may disappear by the year 2000. In

42 agriculture, adoption of more settled agriculture in place of shifting cultivation is leading to a serious soil infertility problem.

MSHANA, Z. M., Possibilities of Using Donkeys as a Source of Farm Power (mimeo). University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, 1974.

Three pairs of donkeys were each used on a plot to power a single - furrow mould board plough, a 5-tonne interrow cultivator, and a 3-row seed drill. Each animal produced an average of 0.6 hp. The average weight of the donkeys was 195kg.

MUNSLOW,B., et al., Energy and Development in the African East Coast: Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique. Ambio, Vol. 12, No. 6, pp 332-337, 1984.

This paper gives a brief comparison of the economic and energy scenes in the four countries of Eastern Africa. The heavy reliance on imported oil for the commercial sector and the impending shortage of fuelwood for the traditional sector are highlighted. The adverse impact on the fuelwood crisis of agricultural policies which aim at self-sufficiency in wood production is touched upon and an integrated look at food and energy production is advocated to mitigate the fuelwood crisis.

MUSH!, S.J.S., KAYUMBO, H.Y., and ASMAN, S.T., Biogas Technology for Rural Communities in Tanzania. Report of Regional Workshop on Development of Test Methods for Renewable Energy Technologies. Held Dar es Saalaam, 30 June to 2 July, 1982. African Programme on Standardization and Quality Control, Commonwealth Science Council Report CSC (82) 5QC-15, pp 57- 59, September, 1982.

Work on research, development and diffusion of biogas technology up to 1982 is briefly reviewed. Criteria for the successful development of biogas technology are presented. Important factors are presented on biogas plant site selection, designing and construction of biogas plants and gas holders, selection of materials for digester and gas holder construction and selection of organic materials to be fed to the digester. The operation and maintenance of biogas plants is reviewed and a comparison of the fixed dome (Chinese) and floating dome (Indian) designs is made.

MWAIPOPO, P.B., A Woodfuel Consumption Survey in Morogoro Urban Area (mimeo). University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, 1977.

Total consumption of charcoal and fuelwood was estimated based on a strafitied sample of households, service and industries in 1976. Based on field measurements, the roundwood to charcoal conversion is 1 tonne of charcoal

43 equivalent to 13.4 cubic metre of round wood, much higher than the standard factor of 6 cubic metres. Woodfuel is used by 95 percent of households. It has been found that per­ capita consumption decreases curvilinearly with increased family size. Most use by household is in form of charcoal. To meet projected demand by the year 2000, between 15 and 30 thousand hectares of woodfuel plantations need to be established.

MWALYEGO, Y.S., Petroleum History of Tanzania (mimeo). Paper presented to the Tanzania Geological Society, March, 1984.

Exploration drilling in the Tanzania sedimentary coastal basin started in 1954. To date more than twenty deep test wells have been drilled. By comparison,exploration drilling in the Norwegian Shelf started in 1966, a total of 333 wells had been drilled by September 1982. Exploration and delineation drilling in that area has reached a level of more than 40 wells a year. Thus the Tanzania sedimentary coastal basin is largely unexplored and can be considered as virgin.Gas discovery on Songo Songo island,160 km south east of Dar es Salaam, and the introduction of the Petroleum (Exploration and Production) Act, 1980, have attracted many oil companies. This paper narrates the history of hydrocarbon exploration in Tanzania from 1950.

MWANDOSYA,M.J., LUHANGA, M.L., and HASSANALI M.G., Harnessing Wind Energy. In Proceedings of the Africa Energy Programme Project Group Meeting, Held Arusha, Tanzania, 20-26 September, 1979, Commonwealth Science Council Publication CSC(79)AEP-2, Vol. II: Resource Material, pp 3-8, 1979.

The uses of wind energy to meet rural energy needs are highlighted in this conference paper. Experience on the running of wind electricity generating systems in Tanzania is provided. Also provided is information on the history and experience of using wind energy for water pumping in Tanzania.

MWANDOSYA,M.J., New and Renewable Energy Sources in Tanzania, With Emphasis on Financing Aspects. Proceedings of the Seminar on Financing of New and Renewable Energy Sources in Developing Countries Organised by the OPEC Fund and Governments of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden, pp73-78, Helsinki, Finland, 22-24, October, 1981, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland State Printing Centre, 1982.

The main objective of this paper is to document the experience of Tanzania in the financing of New and Renewable Energy Resources. The paper focuses on the financing of fuelwood and hydropower projects. The financing of other resources is mentioned briefly.

44 MWANDOSYA,M.J., Energy and Renewable Energy Resources for Morogoro and its Impact Area (mimeo). Paper presented at the UNESCO Sub-Regional Workshop on Energy for Rural and Dispersed Populations. Held Bujumbura, Burundi, December, 1982.

Morogoro is one of Tanzania's administrative regions. It had a population of 1 million inhabitants in 1982 of whom almost 90% lived in rural areas. This report was prepared to assist in the review of the Morogoro Master Plan in the area of new and renewable energy resources. The report concentrates mainly on possible solar energy applications, windpower potential and applications, fuelwood and charcoal, potential for biogas utilization and energy from industrial wastes.

MWANDOSYA,M.J.,et al., (Eds), Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Energy for Development in Eastern and Southern Africa. Held Arusha, Tanzania, April 4-13, 1983, Vol. 2. Faculty of Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1983.

This volume contains papers which were presented at a regional workshop on energy for development which was held in Arusha, Tanzania. The volume contains country energy profile papers from Tanzania, Ethiopia, Burundi, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The volume also contains technical papers together with a summary of workshop highhights and workshop recommendations.

MWANDOSYA,M.J., and NKONOKI,S.R., Profile of Energy Utilization in Tanzania An End-Use Centered Assessment of Energy and Development in Tanzania. In Mwandosya et al., (Eds), Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Energy for Development in Eastern and Southern Africa. Held Arusha, Tanzania,April 4-13, 1983, Vol. 2, ppll-42, Faculty of Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1983.

This paper describes commerical and non-commerical energy supply and consumption in Tanzania. Fuelwood supply, demand and end-uses is discussed at length. As for commercial energy, petroleum, coal and electricity are discussed with emphasis being placed on the supply of and demand for these energy sources. The only alternative energy source discussed is biogas.

MWANDOSYA,M.J., and LUHANGA,M.L., Energy Resources, Flows and End-Uses in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam University Press, 1983.

This book presents a comprehensive coverage of the resources and end-uses of commercial energy sources (coal, petroleum and thermal electricity) and of new and renewable energy sources (biomass, biogas, solar, hydro) in Tanzania. Historical energy usage patterns are analysed and recommendations on reshaping these energy usage patterns in future are provided. The book contains a relatively complete set of data on the whole energy scene in Tanzania.

45 MWANDOSYA,M.J., An overview of Research and Development in Energy in Tanzania. Strengthening Energy Research Capacity in Developing Countries, SAREC Report R2, ppl31-134, 1983.

This article provides information on energy research and development activities in Tanzania. The article also provides information on organizations in Tanzania concerned with energy policy formulation, energy research and development and on mechanisms for energy information dissemination in Tanzania.

MWANDOSYA,M.J., On Training in the Energy Sector in Tanzania and the East African Sub-Region. Presented at the Workshop on Training in Solar Energy, Held at the Nuclear Research Centre, Cadarache, France, November, 14-17, 1983.

Comprehensive energy planning and energy management are a necessary component of any energy policy. To implement ideas associated with planning and management, training is essential. There is a broad realisation among policy makers that lack of trained manpower in energy is a major constraint in the development of the sector. This paper discusses energy training needs, categories of persons (target groups), current status of energy training in Tanzania, possibilities for regional cooperation and ends with a list of institutions in Eastern Africa dealing with energy related activities.

MWANDOSYA,M.J., and LUHANGA,M.L., An Analytical Model of a Biomass System. Energy, Vol. 10, No.9, pp 1023-1028, Pergamon Press, 1985.

This paper presents a linear, dynamic, deterministic model which captures the interaction between the supply and demand for biomass from both natural forest and man-made forests. Tanzania is used as an example to derive parameters of interest but the model can be applied to any developing country.

MWANDOSYA,M.J., and LUHANGA,M.L., Energy Planning, Energy Technologies and Development. In H. Egnens, A. Ellegard, P.O'Keefe and L. Kristofferson (Eds), Bioenergy 84, Vol. V, pp 22-50, Elsevier Applied Science Publishers 1985.

The increasingly unavailable supplies of f uelwood in the rural areas of developing countries is the energy crisis for the majority of the people in these countries. The rapid population increase occuring in developing countries has widened and will continue to widen the gap between the supply of and demand for bioenergy.Meaningful policies on bridging the gap between the supply and demand for bioenergy can only be formulated when proper assessment of the

46 bioenergy demand has been made. This contribution assesses the bioenergy demand in developing countries in terms of gross statistical averages and attempts a modest forecast of the demand.

MWANDOSYA,M.J., and LUHANGA, M.L., Energy Demand Structures in Rural Tanzania. Paper presented at the Workshop on Global Energy End-Use Strategies. Held Sao-Paulo, Brazil, June 1984. Based on a presentation at the Symposium on World Energy: How much is Enough and Where Will We Get it? Organised by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), New York, May 27, 1984.

This paper is an expanded version of the paper by the same authors presented at a workshop in Gotternbug, Sweden and cited immeaditely above.

MWANDOSYA,M.J., and LUHANGA,M.L., Food and Energy Choices for Tanzania (mimeo). Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam,Tanzania,1985.Paper submitted for presentation at the 2nd International Conference on Energy for Agriculture, Held Sirmion/Brescia, Italy, 13-16 October, 1986.

Tanzania has set targets for cash crop production needed to meet the needs of home industries and those of the export markets for the year 2000. In this paper, these targets are augumented with a target of producing sufficient nutrients for the projected population for the year 2000. The implications of several low energy intensity and high energy intensity agricultural scenarios for meeting the food and cash crop targets for the year 2000 are considered.

MWAPACHU,B., Energy Resources and Technologies in Tanzania(mimeo). Paper Presented at the seminar on Energy Policy in Tanzania, Ministry of Water and Energy, Tanzania, 1981.

In 1981, the Government of Tanzania organised a workshop in Dar es Salaam with a view to reviewing the report of the Commonwealth Secretariat on Energy Policy in Tanzania (cited above) and making appropriate recommendations. Various ministries and agencies were represented. This paper is an input into the workshop by the then Ministry of Water and Energy, the Ministry responsible for energy development in Tanzania.

MWENGAMBA, A.M.O., The Use of Animal Power for Driving Processing Machines, With Particular Reference to a Sugarcane Crusher (mimeo). University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, 1976.

A vertical axis twin-roller animal power all-steel sugarcane crusher has been designed and constructed. Wooden bearings have been used. Average extraction from the cane has been

47 have been used. Average extraction from the cane has been 70% by weight. Energy input has been measured by a tension dynamometer. Uses for the bagasse are disussed.

MWINGIRA,P.A., Tanzania Country Paper. Presented at the Training Workshop on Meteorological Data for Solar and Wind Energy Applications. Held Mahe, Seychelles, 20-25 June,1983. Summary in Commonwealth Science Council Technical Report No.131,Meteorology for Solar and Wind Energy Applications, 1983.

This is a summary of measurements (parameters) being undertaken by the Directorate of Metorology in its 19 synoptic stations in Tanzania and a special radiation station at the University of Dar es Salaam.

MWORIA C.P., and KAALE,B.K., Use of Wood Energy in Forest Industries. In Temu, A.B., et al., (Eds), Wood-Based Energy for Development, Proceedings of a National Seminar held in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, pp47-51, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, 26-28 March, 1984.

This paper summarises the study carried out in 1983 to explore ways of utilizing the wood resources of Rubya forest, a plantation of fast growing Pinus Caribaea on an area of 1800 hectares in Ukerewe Island in Lake Victoria. It is estimated that 50,000 cubic metres of round wood and 3,000 tonnes of logging residues could be harvested per year on a sustainable basis. Alternatives of combined production of sawn-timber, charcoal and electricity are analysed.Economic comparison of the alternatives is given with preliminary results indicating that combination of mobile sawmills and brickwalled charcoal kilns being the most cost effective.

MZEE,A., BHATIA,B.S.,and NANYARO,E.M., Biogas Plants and Their Application for Rural Water Pumping. Commonwealth Science Council Africa Energy Programme, Report of the Project Group Meeting. Held Arusha, Tanzania, 20-26 September 1979, Vol. 2, Resource Material, Publication CSC(79)AEP-2, ppl3-20, 1979.

The cost of fuel and its transportation to rural water pumping schemes in Tanzania now accounts for almost half the running costs of these schemes. In order to reduce the consumption of diesel fuel required to operate water supply equipment it was decided to investigate the possibility of using a biogas/diesel fuel mixture to run small diesel engines of up to 12hp. This conference paper gives experimental results, and cost and fuel savings obtained by running small diesel engines on a biogas/diesel fuel mixture.

48 NGAIZA, E.M., Manure and Compost Handling in Tanzania. In Semoka,J.M.R.,et al.,(Eds),Resource Efficfrnt Farming Methods for Tanzania. Proceedings of a Workshop, Held University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, Tanzania, 16-20 May, 1983. Rodale Press, U.S.A.,1985.

The recommended amounts of compost to be applied to a hectare of farmland range from 17.5 tonnes to 50 tonnes. This makes compost handling a tedious job. Compost is sticky, dirty and heavy. This paper describes current compost-handling equipment in Tanzania, estimates the equipment demand and supply and suggests strategies for handling manure and compost in the future.

NGANA,J.O., Hydraulic Studies Downstream of the Proposed Stieglers Gorge Dam. Bureau of Resource Assessment and Land Use Planning, Research Report No. 35, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

The then anticipated completion of the Stiegler's George dam was expected to spur economic development downstream of the dam. Since the economic projects downstream of the dam have an impact on the dam design, a study had to be done on the hydraulic behaviour of the river downstream of the dam. The main aim of the study was to predict and analyse hydraulic behaviour of the river for the design of the dam, the irrigation activities in the flood plain, water supplies in the lower Rufiji and navigation. The report contains results of investigations carried out together with conclusions and recommendations.

NGEZE, P.B., MNZAVA, N.A., and RUTTLE, J., Methods of Compost Preparation. In Semoka,J.M.R. et al., (Eds),Proceedings of the Workshop on Resource-Efficient Farming Methods for Tanzania. Held University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, Tanzania, 16-20 May,1983. Rodale Press, U.S.A., 1983.

Compost can be used in place of or as a supplement to inorganic fertilizers. This paper describes the fundamental principles and methods of compost preparation appropriate for farmers in Tanzania. Modified approaches to composting as dictated by prevailing conditions in Tanzania are also described. Since compost can be made from many materials or material mixtures, the methods are presented as guides rather than as absolute recipes.

NKOMA,J.S. and ASMAN,J., Reflections on Energy With Some Reference

49 to Tanzania. Energy and Environment in East Africa, pp267- 280 ,Proceedings of an International Workshop on Energy and Environment in East Africa, Held Nairobi, Kenya, 7-10 May, 1979, United Nations Environment Programme, Report ERS-3-80 (March 1980), Nairobi, Kenya, 1980.

After a brief presentation of energy sources and tasks requiring energy, the energy resouces in Tanzania are described. Fossil fuels, fuelwood, hydropower, wind energy, solar energy, biogas and geothermal energy prospects are reviewed. The important considerations for energy research and development in Tanzania are examined. A list of the Tanzanian institutions involved in energy research and development and a table of the biogas plants installed by the Small Industries Development Organization are included. 12 references are cited.

NKONOKI,S.R., and MWANDOSYA, M.J., Solar Energy Programs in Tanzania. Proceedings of the African Solar Energy Workshop organised by Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia, Vol. 1, pp 49-50, 1979.

This conference paper describes activities which were being carried out up to 1979 in Tanzania on the exploitation of solar energy. Information on research, development and field testing of solar stills, solar cookers, photovoltaic water pumping systems, windmills for water pumping and biogas for cooking, lighting and water-heating is also contained in the paper.

NKONOKI,S.R., Development and Use of Solar Energy Resources and Planning Activities in the Energy Sector. Long Term Energy Resources (Proceedings of the UNITAR International Conference on Long-Term Energy Resource, held Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 26 Nov. 1979). R.F. Meyer (Ed.), Vol.II, PP 823 - 829, Pitmen, Boston MA, USA, 1981.

Energy sources and the largely rural population distributions of Tanzania are reviewed. Commercial energy, which represents 15% of the total, is mostly derived from imported petroleum. Future developments, such as coal, gas and hydroelectric power, are discussed as well as energy problems in rural areas caused by the rapid depletion of forests; the main rural-energy sources being firewood and charcoal. Renewable energy sources for the future are described including:- (1) solar energy (heating, cooking, crop drying) (2) biomass (methane production, electrical­ power production), and (3) wind power (water pumping). Current activities concerning solar energy and renewable energy sources are discussed briefly. 11 references are cited.

NKONOKI,S.R., Rural Energy End-Use and Resource Crisis in

50 Tanzania. In Mwandosya,M.J. et al., (Eds), Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Energy for Development in Eastern and Southern Africa, Held Arusha, Tanzania, Faculty of Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Vol. 2, pp 155-171, April, 4-13, 1983.

This paper presents the findings of a rural energy survey carried out in 12 villages in 9 regions of Tanzania. The survey concentrated on the end-uses of fuelwood, cowdung, kerosene and charcoal. Cost of fuel wood and charcoal and estimated monthly expenditure on energy for low, middle and upper income rural inhabitants are also provided.

NKONOKI,S.R, and SKUTLE,J., Planning for Hydropower Development and Industrialization The Case of Stiegler's Gorge Hydropower and Flood Control Project in Rufiji Basin, Tanzania. DERAP Working Paper No. A296, Chr. Michelsen Institute, Bergen, Norway, July, 1983.

This paper examines the planning of the Stiegler's Gorge Hydropower and Flood Control Project in the Rufiji River Basin. The paper also looks at the energy requirements of Tanzania's long term industrialization strategy and how these could possibly be met by exploiting the hydro site at Stiegler's gorge.

NKONOKI,S.R., (Ed), Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Energy for Development in Eastern and Southern Africa. Held Arusha, Tanzania, 4-13 April, 1983, Vol. 1, Faculty of Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1983.

This is a summary report of the regional workshop on energy for development which was held in Arusha, Tanzania, 4 - 13 April, 1983. The report contains summaries of papers presented at the workshop. Complete versions of the papers are contained in volume 2 which carries the same title and which was edited by Mwandosya et al.

NKONOKI,S.R., Cooperation in Energy Development in Eastern Africa. A Case Study of Development Planning of the Kagera Basin with Special Reference to the Planning for Rusumo Falls Hydropower Project and Related Issues of the Stiegler's Gorge Hydropower Project in Tanzania. DERAP Publications No. 166, Chr. Michelsen Institute, Bergen, Norway, November, 1983.

The prospects for cooperation in energy and industrial development in Eastern Africa are examined in this report using the experience of planning the Rusumo Falls hydropower scheme of the Kagera River Basin Development Authority and the Stiegler's Gorge hydropower scheme of the Rufiji Basin Development Authority.

NKONOKI, S. R., Society, Energy and Development in East Africa.

51 Presented at the Seminar of the Environmental Studies Programme, University of Lund, Sweden, September 28th, 1984, based on a paper Presented at the International Conference on World Recession and Crisis in Africa, University of Keele, 1984.

There are clear social demarcations in East Africa concerning who has access to the various sources of energy and the purpose for which energy systems are utilized. The commercial energy sources such as electricity and oil, are consumed almost entirely by the affluent, urban based population while the majority of the East African population, (about 90%), who live in the rural areas depend heavily on woodfuel; that is firewood and charcoal. The crisis in East Africa has correspondingly two main dimensions. Firstly, there is the energy crisis of the relatively well off portion of the population; that is the oil crisis. Secondly, there is the crisis of dwindling woodfuel resources; that is the real energy crisis of the poor. This paper highlights the major energy and related environmental issues in East Africa.

NKONOKI,S.R., The Poor Man's Energy Crisis - Final Revised Version. Chr.Michelsen Institute, Norway, 1983.

The research report describes the findings of a rural energy survey which covered 12 villages in 7 regions of Tanzania. The survey concentrated on demand, availability and use of charcoal, firewood and kerosene. The work was funded by the Rockefellar Foundation.

NKONOKI,S.R., Rural Energy End-Uses and the Environment in Tanzania. Presented at Ar Agricultural University of Norway, September 8,1983 and at the Center for Development Research, Copenhagen, Denmark, September 26, 1983.

This in an expanded and revised version of a paper presented at the Eastern African Regional Workshop on Energy for Development and cited above. This paper focusses on the pattern of energy end-use in rural communities in Tanzania with specific reference to woodfuel. The paper also makes reference to economic and ecological impacts and implications due to excessive use of wood energy in rural Tanzania, especially the now fast spreading deforestation in central and northern Tanzania. It is recommended that rural development strategy should incorporate and put special priority on rural energy research, development and implementation if an environmental catastrophe is to be avoided by the end of the present century.

NKONOKI,S.R., and SORENSEN,B., A Rural Energy Study in Tanzania : The Case of Bundilya Village. Natural Resources Forum, Vol.8, No.l, pp 51-62, 1984.

52 This paper discusses the rural energy problems facing the third world based on observations, estimates and an energy model for Bundilya village in Magu District in Mwanza, Tanzania. The seriousness of the imbalance in energy supply is highlighted and measures to reduce the imbalance through reduction of livestock, energy conservation, use of more efficient stoves and introduction of renewable energy technologies, are discussed. The relationship between the study on the village and village studies in other developing countries is also touched upon. 22 references are cited.

NKONOKI,S.R., Cooperation and Energy Development in Southern Africa, The Quest for Policy Harmonisation, Seminar Paper, University of Lund Environmental Studies Programme, 30 September, 1985.

This paper highlights issues that need to be taken into account in trying to harmonise energy policies in the SADCC countries. With regard to wood-based energy, it is observed that efforts made to reduce ecological destruction due to deforestation do not seem to match the magnitude or extent of the problem. The paper submits that in energy sector programming in SADCC, biomass energy technologies seem to have been ignored. It is also noted that R & D cooperation in the field of energy in SADCC is lacking and a proposal for establishment of a Regional Energy Research Institute is given.

NTOMOLA,S.J., and ABRAHAMSEN,K.A., Source Rocks and Hydrocarbon Distribution in the Coastal Basin in Tanzania. Paper presented at the Conference on Petroleum Geochemistry and Exploration in the Afro - Asian Region. Held Dehra Dun, India, November, 1985.

Two gas discoveries in Tanzania have proved the presence of mature source rocks.The commercial Songo-Songo Field contains 30 billion SCM of gas with minor amount of associated oil/condensate in a reservoir of early cretaceous age. In Mnazi Bay gas has been tested from oligocene sandstones. Source rocks of good quality are documented in the Karroo system of Permian to early Jurassic age. The Karroo bituminous shales are of lacustrine and marine origin, have fair to high organic content and contain amorphous material. These source rocks are post mature for oil generation in the samples analysed so far.The source rock quality of the Middle Jurassic to Upper Tertiary is generally low to fair, with some potential for gas generation. Due to considerable variation in temperature gradients,the present day top oil window varies in depth from 2 to 3 km within the coastal basin.The Songo-Songo gas probably sourced from Cretacious and Jurassic source rocks. The origin of the small amounts of

53 oil found is still not fully understood. This article also gives a broad overview of the petroleum geochemistry of the coastal basin of Tanzania.

OATES, F., Report on the Geology of the Ruhuhu Coalfields. Geological Survey Department, Bulletin No. 2, Government Printer, Dar es Salaam, 1931.

This bulletin provides a detailed description of the succession of strata and fossiliferous horizons in the Ruhuhu coalfieds. The extent of coal in seams of workable thickness has been shown to be very considerable. A comprehensive chemical examination of coals in the area is included. The bulletin gives an accurate estimate of the coal reserves in the area and includes a translation of parts of Bonhardt's examination of the Songwe-Kiwira region.

O'KITIN'GATI, A., Fuelwood Consumption in an Economically Depressed Urban Centre (Tabora). Record No. 31, University of Dar es Salaam, Division of Forestry, Morogoro, Tanzania, 1983.

The report summarises the findings of a survey that was carried out in Tabora urban district in 1978/79 to assess fuelwood consumption in economically depressed areas of the township. It is found that around 61% of residents use fuelwood. Of these 48% get supplies from a single source, Tabora Msitu Sawmill, and have an average annual consumption rate of 1.9 cubic metres. Those households that get fuelwood directly from traders have a lower annual consumption rate of 1.1 cubic metres. Local breweries are also prominent users, consuming about 67% of fuelwood used by non-households.

OMAR, S.J., A Comparative Economic Study of Milling Energy Requirement for Traditional and Modern Man-powered Techniques (mimeo). University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, 1977.

An average use of an efficient pedal operated plate mill with roller bearings required only 70% as much energy as the pounding process. The plate mill produced a finer flour and required less skill. Maize and sorghum of moisture contents 12-18 percent were milled to fineness moduli 1.7-4.S.

OPENSHAW, K., Energy Problems and Requirements of Dodoma Region. A Report for the Capital Development Authority of Tanzania, Dodoma, 1977.

Dodoma is the new capital of Tanzania. It is in a semi-arid area with shallow soils. Much of the energy requirements for cooking and heating are obtained from woodfuel. Tremendous pressure will be put on existing woodland area to meet future requirements. Forest plantation and village woodlots should

54 be established. Woodfuel consumption is estimated and the area and cost of establishing plantations to meet this requirement is given. A number of tree species are suggested that could be used not only for woodfuel but for fodder, food, and soil improvement. The Mtera Dam site is recommended as one location for a fuelwood plantation.

OPENSHAW, K., Developments in the Utilization of Wood in Tanzania. Paper presented at the Conference on Wood as a Natural Resource. Held Makerere University, Uganda, 22 March, 1976.

In this paper consumption of wood products in Tanzania is given. Fuelwood is dominant in end use, accounting for 96 percent. Industrial wood panel products and paper account for two percent of consumption in wood raw material with poles accounting for the remainder. Developments in the utilization of wood are examined, emphasizing on efficient utilization. Sawn wood is the most important industrial wood product and stress is placed on improvement of cutting techniques.

OPENSHAW, K., Woodfuel - a Time for Reassessment. Paper presented at the 12th Symposium of the East African Academy, Energy Resources in East Africa Session. Held Arusha, Tanzania, August - September, 1976.

In terms of total energy requirement for various developing countries, woodfuel, a renewable resource, is the third most important fuel after oil and coal, but may be the primary fuel in terms of actual consumers. The world total woodfuel consumption may increase by about 2 percent per year until the year 2000. While present consumption of all forest products is more or less in balance with the increment in stock in certain areas the forest capital is being depleted to meet demand. It is asserted that plantations especially for fuelwood need to be established to avert an energy crisis in developing countries.

OPENSHAW, K., Animals and Trees: Food for Thought. Tanzania Veterinary Bulletin, Vol. 1., No. 3, pp 2-8, July, 1979.

Animals and trees are examined from a position of mutual benefit rather than exclusive land use forms. Trees on the one hand provide fuel, the material for shelter and animal fodder. On the other hand animals may, by grazing, reduce the fire hazard and improve the soil fertility through droppings. Specific tree species are described, some of which may be used as fodder and others as a source of medicine. A principal task is to persuade the farmer of the benefits of planting and tending trees. The veterinary scientist, coming into direct contact with the farmer as he does, could play an essential role in this task. 4 references are cited.

55 OPENSHAW,K., Energy Requirements for Household Cooking in Africa with Existing and Improved Stoves. Proceedings of the Bio­ Energy 80 World Congress and Exposition, pp256-258, (Held Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 21-24 April, 1980) Bio-Energy Council, 1625E Street NW, Washington DC 20006, USA, 1980.

The present consumption of wood products is compared with supply. It is estimated that by or before the turn of the century demand will outstrip renewable supply, thus depleting the forest capital. This trend could be halted by more intensive forest management and by the introduction of more efficient cooking stoves. In many tropical areas over 90% of the people use wood fuel for cooking at an average rate of 1 cubic metre per person per year. This consumption could be halved by the introduction of improved stoves. Traditional cooking African stoves are described together with two alternative stoves that are twice as efficient. It is argued that if these stoves were introduced there would be considerable saving in energy and maybe foreign exchange. Alternative renewable energy sources are examined but it is concluded that the greatest saving would be achieved by concentrating on improving stove design and by more intensive forest management. 9 references are cited.

OPENSHAW, K., Energy Development in Tanzania. A report prepared for the SADCC Seminar on Energy, Beijer Institute of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

This paper gives an overall assessment of energy supply and utilization in Tanzania. Various sources of energy are presented and the potential for inprovement in the efficiency of use is explored. A forecast of future consumption patterns based on the energy and GNP correlation is presented. Woodfuel is highlighted as the most important source of energy. It is observed that government has given little attention to plan for continuous supply of woodfuel.

O'SHEA,K.R., Theoretical Evaluation of Selective Radiation Absorbing Surface. University Science Journal, (University of Dar es Salaam) Vol. 1, No. 2, pp 62-72, 1975.

Each house on average in Tanzania has about 750 watts of radiation falling on each square metre of area of its roof at midday. For distillation of seawater in a simple solar still this represents distillation of about half a litre of pure drinking water per hour. Efficiency of solar devices is therefore an important factor as are optical properties which are crucial in determining the proportion of incident energy which is absorbed. Principles of production of a surf ace having maximum net absorption of energy are outlined. A computer based method of calculation of absorption is described.

56 PARKER,N., Energy Considerations in the Development of the Transportation and Building Sectors. In Mwandosya,M.J., et al., (Eds), Proceedings of The Regional Workshop on Energy for Development in Eastern and Southern Africa, Held Arusha,Tanzania,April 4-13,1983 ,Vol.2,pp 266-283, Faculty of Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1983.

This paper has a two-fold objective: to define some conceptual relationships between energy consumption and the construction, operation and maintenance of transportation and building infrastructure; and to explore the likely impacts of these relationships on future design and investment decisions.

PARKES,N.M., The Use of Windmills in Tanzania. Bureau of Resource Assessment and Land Use Planning, Research Paper No.33, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, September, 1974.

This report reviews the general and particular use of windmills in Tanzania. Characteristics of wind phenomenon relevant to windmill site selection are described. Windmill types and their performance are presented. Design criteria for the use of windmills in rural water supply, cattle watering and irrigation are derived. A comparison of annual costs is made with equivalent diesel power. The possibility of local manufacture of conventional windmills in Tanzania is also discussed. Wind data from various metorological stations in the country is appended. 20 references are cited.

PARKES,M.E., and van de LAAK, F.J.M., Windpower Installations for Water Pumping in Developing Countries. Proceedings of The International Symposium on Wind Energy Systems, Held Cambridge, UK, 7 Sept. 1976, pp F.3.31-40, H.S. Stephens,M.P. Patel and N.G. Coles (Eds.), British Hydromechanics Research Association, Cranfield, UK, 1977.

In developing countries windmills may be used for pumping rural water supplies, irrigation or cattle watering. Possible applications are examined by considering the wind power potential and design criteria in Tanzania. Wind rotors and associated pumps are reviewed with reference to low-cost irrigation purposes. A technique is presented for assessing the minimum storage requirements to provide uniform water supplies from wind-powered installations. An economic comparison of wind-and engine-powered water pumping is given.

PORTER,P., Potential for Photosynthesis and Agriculture in Tanzania. Bureau of Resource Assessment and Land Use Planning, Research Paper No.29, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, April, 1974.

57 This research report contains data on daily and monthly values for gross photosynthesis and potential photosynthesis in grams of carbohydrates per square meter for 63 locations in Tanzania. Radiation estimates in Langleys per day are also given. Although the data on potential photosynthesis may overestimate considerably photosynthesis data that would actually be observed, the data is nevertheless useful for relative comparison of yields.

RAJESWARAN,K., Simple Energy Technology Biogas Utilization in Tanzania. Institute of Resource Assessment, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Research Paper No. 4, May, 1983.

In recent years biogas systems have attracted considerable attention as a promising approach to meeting rural energy needs. This report examines biogas technology in Tanzania. The economics, technical viability, and social acceptability of biogas technology is considered and reference is made to the extensive use of biogas in China and India. The study draws heavily on the work done by the Small Industries Development Organisation (SIDO) and the Arusha Appropriate Technology Project.

REICHEL, R.S., Windpower in Tanzania. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Wind Energy Systems, Vol. 2, No.l, pp A 5.45 - A5.52, 1978.

The paper presents a broad overview of the uses of wind energy in Tanzania. Individual and institutional windpower programmes geared to the local manufacture of low cost equipment are also reviewed. The paper also evaluates village energy needs and how these may be met by using village-based windpower systems.

REICHEL,R., Rural Electrification and Windpower in Tanzania. Master of Science Dissertation, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, March, 1978.

This dissertation reports work on electricity demand estimates in the rural areas of Tanzania and the role which wind energy can play in meeting this demand. The dissertation particularly addresses technical requirements and economics of windpower systems for telecommunications links and village power stations. Results on the design and performance evaluation of a Savonius rotor are also given.

REICHEL,R., Energy and Self-reliance (mimeo). Paper presented at an Institution of Engineers Tanzania Seminar on Technology in Rural Development. Held Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 18-19 September, 1978.

This paper surveys the use of small scale hydroelectric

58 plants, biogas generation, producer gas generation, wind energy and solar energy for meeting village electric energy needs in the range of 20 - 200 kW.

RIHA, J., Collector Heats Water at Bugando. VITA News, pp 12-13, April, 1984.

This article describes a 680 square-metre solar collector installed at Bugando Hospital in Mwanza, Tanzania, to preheat water entering the hospital hot water system. The solar system was designed to supply 6000 litres of water per hour. The system was installed in 1982 at a cost of US$ 40,000, including over US$ 4000 for labour. The hospital estimated a two-year pay back period in equivalent oil consumption.

ROSENDAHL, B. R., and LIVINGSTONE,D.A., Rift Lakes of East Africa. New Seismic Data and Implications for Future Research. Episodes, Vol.6, No.l, pp 14-19, 1983.

The geology of the East African Rift has been difficult to understand because large expanses of the Rift are covered by Lakes. Of these Nyasa and Tanganyika extend over 1200km. A systematic geophysical investigation of the main rift valley lakes of Africa has begun. To date about 4000km of single channel reflection profiles of the two lakes have been collected. Preliminary studies have led to new ideas on early stages of rift basin development and have interested the oil exploration community, particulary with regard to Lake Tanganyika. Seismic surveys of the Lakes is continuing. This paper presents some highlights of these investigations, spearheaded by a scientist from Duke University, which have spurred on hydrocarbon exploration activities in the rift lakes.

RUFIJI BASIN DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY(RUBADA) and NORAD, Rufiji Basin Multipurpose Development-Coastline Investigations. VHL Consultants Report ; Project No. 602273, April, 1979.

This four-volume report contains information on the technical feasibility of constructing a dam at the Stiegler's Gorge site and an assessment of the economics of the Stiegler's Gorge power and flood control project in comparison with other alternatives available. The report also contains an indication of the optimal timing for commissioning phase I of the project.

SEFU, A., Morogoro Fuelwood Stove Project. Annual Report for the First Twelve Month Period, January to December 1985 (mimeo). Christian Council of Tanzania Women Training Centre, Morogoro, Tanzania, 1985.

During 1983 and 1984 two types of stoves were developed at Morogoro at the Centre for Continuing Education of the then

59 Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veternary Science of the University of Dar es Salaam. On completion of initial work, a pilot project was drawn up to test feasibility in production and acceptability of these stoves among villagers. The project has concentrated mostly towards the development of the ceramic stove for charcoal use and portable ceramic and fixed mud stove for firewood. The Morogoro Stove, the charcoal ceramic stove, has been shown to save up to 38% of charcoal over the commonly used metal stove. This report summarises the work carried out by the project in the first year of its set up.

SEGAL, M.D.J., and MOSHA, S.L., Economic Choices for Electrical Energy Supply in Tanzania. Tanzania Electric Supply Company, Dar es salaam, February, 1979.

This study looks into the electric power sector expansion including the economics of the grid expansion north-westwards and south-westwards with the Zanzibar submarine inter­ connector under construction. Several plausible generation sequences are analyzed with the objective of recommending the most economic one. In short and medium terms, thermal installations for the different load centers are recommended as an interim solution. The economics of grid extensions are analysed by present worth comparisons of the specific grid extension costs and continued operation with diesel or other options available for expansion in the area under consideration. It is found that grid extensions are the most economic option.

SEMOKA, J.M.R., NDUNGURU B.J., and LIEBHARDT, W.C., Agronomic Aspects of Manure and Compost Use. In Semok.a, J.M.R, et al., (Eds), Proceedings of the Workshop on Resource - Efficient Farming Methods for Tanzania. Held University, Morogoro, 16-20 May, 1983. Rodale Press, USA, 1983.

The types and amounts of organic nutrients available in the soil are a function of organic matter present, water temperature, oxygen and soil pH. The supply of any nutrient can be increased or decreased, short-term or long-term, by the level and type of management that an agricultural system receives. This paper describes nutrient-creating and nutrient-conserving agricultural systems which rely on such management as much as possible to provide nutrients.

SECHAMBO,F.C.M., An Econometric Analyisis of Demand for Charcoal in Tanzania : The Case of Dar es Salaam and Mwanza, Master of Arts (Econ.) Thesis, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1984.

This report, a Master's thesis, is about consumption of charcoal in urban areas. The study seeks to identify determinants of charcoal demand in two urban areas of

60 Tanzania, Mwanza and Dar es Salaam using econometric techniques. These deteminants are identified for charcoal demand at household level and aggregate terms (for Dar es Salaam only). At household level, family size, supply and the price of electricity are identified as determining factors. At the aggregate level in Dar es Salaam, population, income, price of charcoal and kerosine and the time factor are identified as determining factors and average elaciticities estimated. Short term and long run policy implications are suggested.

SHERRIF,A.H., and LARJI,B.M., Waste Oil as Fuel : How it Works. The Tanzania Engineer, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp 19-23, Dec., 1983.

This short paper presents an outline of the use of waste oil in a ceramic kiln for temperatures up to 1120 degrees centigrade as successfully applied at a ceramic factory in Arusha. The down draft kiln system described uses a mix of oil with water or splash plates. The use of waste-oil drip method for a domestic stove is also described. Environmental and health risks of using transformer oil are not included.

SHETTO, R. N., Design, Construction and Evaluation of a Wind­ Driven Grain Mill (mimeo). Univeristy of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, 1977.

A 2.7 metre diameter impulse-type steel multivane fan was constructed and fitted to a shaft located in tapered roller bearings. This shaft was used to drive milling plates directly. The mean height above ground level of the fan was 2m, the total weight of the machine was 150 kg, and estimated production cost was sh. 1500. A linear curve of torque coefficient against tip speed coefficient was established, with a maximum efficiency of 21 per cent of wind kinetic energy. Flour of fineness modulus as low as 1.7 could be produced with the milling plates used.

SIMOES, J.T.C. (Ed.), Energy Development in the United Republic of Tanzania. In Energy Environment and Development in Africa, Vol.2: SADCC: Energy and Development to the Year 2000, J.T.C. Simeoes (Ed.), pp 157 - 173, 1984.

This book is a contribution on energy planning in the SADCC region and the chapter on Tanzania being a specific contribution on energy planning in Tanzania. Reviewed are objectives of energy planning in Tanzania, organization involved in various aspects of energy research in Tanzania, commercial and non-commercial sources of energy and current energy projects in the petroleum (exploration) and electricity sectors. The limited quantity and low quality of data on supply and demand of the varios forms of energy are singled out as major bottlenecks to energy plannig in Tanzania.

61 SKUTSCH,M., et. al., (The Centre for Energy Policy Research, Resources for the Future, Washington D.C.) Why People Don't Plant Trees, Case study of Social Forestry in Tanzania (mimeo). Paper presented at the American Association for the Advancement of Science meeting, Washington D.C., 8 January, 1982.

Social forestry, a recent approach in forestry is an attempt to decentralise the benefits of human and other resources for maintenance of biomass productivity in or near the vicinity of rural communities. While the logic of this approach is appealing, evaluation of actual projects has not indicated satisfactory results. This paper presents a case study methodology for investigation of social forestry programme. The study was conducted in a total of 14 villages in 3 climatically distinct areas of Morogoro region of Tanzania. The study of these villages indicates that the ability to start a woodlot is related to climate, peoples' perception of wood shortage, availability of seedlings and to a great extent women's interest in having a woodlot. It is recommended that dissemination of information on the fuelwood problem, provision of seedlings and an effective extension service are essential to success of social forestry.

SKUTCH, M., Forestry by the People, for the People: Some Major Problems in Tanzania's village Afforestation Programme. The International Tree Crops Journal, Vol. 3, No.2/3, pp 247- 170, 1985.

A programme of village afforestation for fuelwood was announced in Tanzania in 1967, but despite the Government's commitment, it had shown little result by 1978. A study of 18 villages was conducted, nine of which had started woodlots and nine of which had not. By comparative analysis some factors which appear to be connected to a villages's espousal of the programme are identified. The most important of these are the absolute quantity of fuelwood the villagers use, and the villagers' trust in their own village councils. Fear of physical hazards such as fire or cattle trampling was not a determining factor. Tree planting expertise and care was widespread in all the villages investigated. 15 references are cited.

SPENCE, J., The Geology of the Galula Coalfield, Mbeya District. Geological Survey Department of Tanganyika, Dodoma, Bulletin No. 25, Government Printer, Dar es Salaam, 1954.

This bulletin presents results of investigations made in 1951 of the coal-bearing Karroo rocks of the Galula Coalfield which is about 50km west of Mbeya. While the Galula Coalfiled is not one of the larger deposits, its proximity to the alignment of the then proposed Rhodesia-Tanganyika rail-

62 link afforded it some priority for investigation. Its possible importance in view of the existence now of the Tanzania-Zambia Railway should not be overlooked.

STANLEY, D., and DARROW, K., The Arusha Windmill: A Construction Manual. Volunteers in Technical Assistance(VITA) Publication No. Bl, Mount Rainier, Maryland, 1977.

The manual is intended to provide the details of how to make the Arusha Windmill which was originally designed at the Arusha Appropriate Technology Project. It also illustrates the feasibility of the development of the windmill which at the time cost roughly 1/5 to 1/10 as much as an equivalent imported machine. According to VITA News (August, 1978) the manual was in use in over 100 countries by 1978.

STIGTER,C.J., and KISAMO,E.A.C., Evaporation Determinations by Penmans' Method:A Rational and Up to Date Approach for Tanzanian Conditions. University Science Journal (University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania), Vol.4, Nos.1&2, pp53-72, July, 1978.

This review paper deals with the determination of open water evaporation and potential evaporation by Penman's methods for Tanzania conditions. The paper also contains recommendations. The review may also be used as an introduction to the use of Penman Tables for Tanzania.

STIGTER,C.J.,and JIWAJI,N.T., The Cause of an Apparent Anomalous Sunshine Duration Percentage at Morogoro (1946-1961). University Science Journal, Vol. 7, Nos.1&2, pp77-86, University of Dar es Salaam, 1981.

This article establishes that the uncertainty in sunshine duration data measured at Morogoro Meteological Station was not due to the influence of a nearby mountain but was due to the fact that the data for the period 1946-1961 was measured using a Jordan sunshine recorder rather than a Campbell­ Stokes instrument. Since the Jordan traces are open to much more uncertainty, the article proposes corrections to improve the data.

STIGTER,C.J.,The Measurement of Solar Radiation (mimeo).Department of Physics, University of Dar es Salaam.

This paper discusses, in the most elementary manner, essential information which is required before one can think of harnessing solar energy profitably. This information pertains to such questions as how much radiation what is the distribution., and what kind of calibration?

STIGTER, C. J., and WARYOBA, J.M., Campbell - Stokes Data for Radiation Calibration Purposes in East Africa. Archives for

63 Meteorology, Geophysics and Bioclimatology: Series B, Vol.29, pp 99-109' 1981.

Three methods are routinely used in East Africa for collection of representative total global solar radiation in East Africa. These methods include visual observation of cloudiness, sunshine duration measurements by Campbell-Stokes a:1d total global radiation Gunn-Bellani integrators. When account is taken of errors in data collection, the Campbell­ Stokes data is found to be more suitable for checking, calibrating or replacing other methods where calibrated pyranometers are unavailable as is the case in East Africa. 37 references are cited.

STIGTER, C.J., Sampling and Estimation of Better Defined Cloudiness for Dar es Salaam. Solar Energy, Vol. 28, No.l, pp 49-53, 1982.

In the absence of sunshine duration data or radiation energy measurements, empirical relationships based on average point cloudiness are used for calculating average solar radiation energy flux density. This paper presents a report on one year of special point cloudiness observations at the University of Dar es Salaam. An investigation is made on the errors and variabilities in the conversion from cloudiness to energy flew densities. 20 references are cited.

STIGTER, C. J., On Reference Crop Evaporation in Tanzania. E. Africa Agr. and For. Journal, Vol. 44, No.2, pp 112-118, 1978.

This paper reports on open water evaporation calculations using improved Penman formulae and on some results of reference crop evaporation. Radiation data for 57 Tanzanian and 7 neighbouring countries' stations from Campbell-Stokes sunshine duration measurements and also from cloudiness observations are presented and used. 19 references are cited.

STIGTER, C.J., and MUSABILA, V.M.M., The Conservative Ratio of Photosynthetically Active to Total Radiation in the Tropics. Journal of Applied Ecology, 1982.

In this paper, the long-term observations of the ratio of Photosynthtically Active Radiation (PAR) to the Total Solar Radiation (TSR) received at the earths' surface, are reported for Dar es Salaam which lies 7 degrees south of the equator, under a range of sky conditions. The measurements were made with an Epply Precision Spectral Pyranometer (EPS). Records show that the PAR/TSR ratio to be 0.51 for a clear day and 0.63 for very cloudy skies. 21 references are cited.

STIGTER, C.J., Estimation of Aerial Cloudiness at Some Near-

64 Equatorial Stations in Tanzania. Weather, Vol. 37, No.I, pp 11-16, January, 1982.

At large average solar elevations such as in the tropics knowledge of aerial cloudiness is required in applications related to solar energy use and rainfall measurements. Satellite data on aerial cloudiness are now becoming available but are not obtained routinely. Data on point cloudiness and Campbell-Stokes sunshine duration are much more abundant. In this paper, the relationship between aerial cloudiness and the more available data for Tanzania is presented. 5 references are cited.

STIGTER, C.J., An Explanation of Uncertainties in Point Cloudiness/Solar Energy Relationships. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, Vol.22, No.2, pp 336-338, American Meteorological Society, February, 1983.

Uncertainties in average and solar energy flux density are largely accounted for through scatter in the overestimation of cloud shades by point cloudiness. In this paper the extent of these uncertainties is demonstrated using monthly average data from stations in Tanzania. It is shown that the scatter is caused by differences in cloud type and cloud distribution in different seasons in different parts of the country under conditions of equal sunshine duration and global solar radiation flux density. 11 references are cited.

STOCKLEY , G, M., and OATES, F., Report on the Goelogy of the Ruhuhu Coalfields. Geological Survey Department, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

This report represents the work of one field season in one of the largest areas of Karroo rocks in Tanzania. The report shows that the extent of coal in seams of workable thickness is very considerable. Coal occurrences are mapped and results of a comprehensive chemical examination of the coal are provided. The report contains information on an earlier examination of the Songwe - Kiwira area coal bearing area.

STOCKLEY G.M., Geology of North, West and Central Njombe District, Southern Highlands Province. Geological Division Bulletin No. 18, Witherby and Co., London, 1948.

The area dealt with in this bulletin lies between 10 degrees S and 8 degrees 40'S and 33 degrees 45' E and 35 degrees 30 1 E. The bulletin gives information on the geology of the area. In that regard, information is provided on titaniferous magnetite and other iron deposits. Information on other minerals is also provided.

TANZANIA ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY, Annual Reports.

65 These reports contain a yearly summary of the operation and the financial performance of the company. The reports also contain reports on major capital works undertaken by and for the company as well as the company's audited accounts for the year.

TANZANIA INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION (TIRDO), Report on Industrial Energy Conservation Services (DP/URT/78/019/11.09). Prepared by UNIDO for UNDP and the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania, December, 1982.

Results of an energy audit carried out in 17 large energy consumers in Tanzania are contained in this report. The 17 consumers use more than 50 percent of all industrial energy in Tanzania. The report contains data on energy losses and their costs and recommends least cost solutions leading to a reduction of the losses. Major sources of potential savings were boiler and steam systems, piping (through using more effective insulation and prevention of steam condensate leakage), better electricity usage (by improving power factor) and process alteration (through reduction in temperature and steam pressure).

TANZANIA NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH COUNCIL, Proceedings of the Workshop on Solar Energy for the Villages of Tanzania. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1977.

This report surveys the energy needs of rural Tanzania and identifies those energy needs which can be met using solar energy in the form of biogas, wind energy, photovoltaic power and low temperature applications (e.g. using solar stills for heating and or refrigeration). Short-term and long-term applications of solar energy in rural Tanzania are presented.

TANZANIA NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH COUNCIL, Tanzania Energy Profile and the Development of Alternative Energy Systems. Commonwealth Science Council, African Energy Programme, Report of the Project Group Meeting held at Arusha, Tanzania, 20-26 September, 1979, Vol. 2 Resource Material, Commonwealth Science Council Publication CSC(79)AEP-2, ppSS-60, 1979.

This paper describes the energy needs, energy resources, energy consumption patterns for both commercial and non­ commercial energy sources in Tanzania. The potential use of alternative energy sources to meet some of Tanzania's energy needs are also described.

TANZANIA NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH COUNCIL (Dodoma Rural Energy Project), Report on the Field Test of the Dodoma Stove, October, 1983.

66 TANZANIA NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH COUNCIL (Dodoma Rural Energy Project), Projects on the Development and Production of Improved Charcoal Stoves in Tanzania - A Survey and Laboratory Test Results. August, 1984.

TANZANIA NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH COUNCIL (Dodoma Rural Energy Project), Charcoal Production in EaLth Kilns - A Threat to Remaining Forest Reserves in the Dodoma Region. October, 1984.

TANZANIA NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH COUNCIL (Dodoma Rural Energy Project), The UTAFITI Field Test of the Dodoma Stove, February, 19 84.

TANZANIA NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH COUNCIL (Dodoma Rural Energy Project), Community Charcoal Stove - Design and Efficiency Test Results. August, 1984.

TANZANIA NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH COUNCIL (Dodoma Rural Energy Project), Biagas in the Dodoma Region.

TANZANIA NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH COUNCIL (Dodoma Rural Energy Project), The Dodoma Stove After 18 Months; A long term ivestigation into the utilization and charcal saving of an improved charcoal stove, February, 1985.

TANZANIA NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH COUNCIL (Dodoma Rural Energy Project),The Performance of seven Community Charcoal Stove in One Institution; Redesign and Tests of large Charcoal Stoves at the College of Business Education in Dodoma, March, 1985.

TANZANIA NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH COUNCIL (Dodoma Rural Energy Project), Jiko la Udongo - Results of a six months village trial of thirty improved wood stoves (two pot holes and stoves with chimneys), April, 1985.

TANZANIA PETROLEUM DEVELOLPMENT CORPORATION, Annual Reports.

These annual reports contain a yearly summary of the operations and the financial performance of the corporation. The reports also contain reports on major capital works undertaken by and for the corporation as well as the corporation's audited accounts for the year.

TEALE, E.O., and OATES, F., The Mineral Resources of Tanganyika Territory. Geological Division, Bulletin 16, Government Printer Dar es Salaam, 1943.

This report, entirely economic in scope, constitutes a record of the salient features known in 1942 about the mineral resources of Tanganyika. From an energy prospective, only chemical fertilizer manufacturing was considered economic

67 enough to be worked in 1943. Although not being worked in 1943, the report gives information on potentially workable coalfields in the geological formations obtaining in Tanganyika and led one to conclude that the prospects were extremely poor of finding commercial quantities of oil in Tanganyika.

TEMU,A.B., Fuelwood Scarcity and Other Problems Associated with Tobacco Production in Tabora Region, Tanzania. Division of Forestry, University of Dares Salaam, Tanzania, Record No.12, 1979.

Tabora region produces about 60% of Tanzania's flue - cured tobacco for the export market. This paper shows that the present rate of forest clearing to support tobacco curing may have disastrous consequences on tobacco production in the region. The paper also shows that careful planning and management of fuelwood reserves, better fuelwood drying, more efficient burning methods and intensification of afforestation may make tobacco growing in the region sustainable.

TEMU,A.B., Miombo Woodland Inventory Design;a Response to Fuelwood Scarcity in Tabora, Tanzania. Ph.D.Thesis, University of Dar es Salaam, Division of Forestry, Morogoro, Tanzania, 1980.

This thesis argues for the use of double sampling in making inventories of miombo woodlands. Single species volume tables and aerial stand volume tables are used separately for different trees species sub-populations. Inventory results are presented for four sub-populations. The precision of the volume estimates is given and methods of improving the accuracy of the method are proposed. Future work on improvement of aerial stand volume tables and double sampling design is proposed.

TEMU,A.B, and PHILLIP,M.S., (Eds), Summary of the Proceedings of an International Workshop on Planning Forests for Community Development. Held Arusha. Division of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture Forestry and Veterinary Science, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Record No. 20, November, 1981.

This report is a summary of the activities of a workshop on "Planning Forestry for Community Development" held in Arusha, Tanzania from 2nd to 19th December, 1980. This publication is a collation of the ideas generated in the workshop. The ideas are on : forests and people, problems, constraints and success in rural community forestry, planning systems and exercises, rural extension works and choice of species for afforestation and agro-forestry.

TEMU, A.B., Double Sampling with Aerial Photographs in Estimating Wood Volume in Miombo Woodlands. Record No. 22, Division of

68 Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, University of Dar es Salaam, 1981.

For more intensive woodlands management, an assessment of wood resource available is necessary. This report summarises results of an exploratory study that was aimed at providing information for the disign of an efficient method of estimating total fuelwood volume in the miombo woodlands of western Tanzania. Volume tables of the woodlands were constructed and combined volume model was used to construct aerial stand volume tables using aerial photographs. The double sampling design used via aerial photographs was found to be a cheap and fast method of estmating wood volume, especially where access is poor and may be expensive.

TUCKER, R., The Usage of Crotalaria. Tanzanian Veterinary Bulletin, Vol.I, No.3, pp 22-24, July, 1979.

This note outlines briefly some of the present usages of crotalaria by farmers in Tanzania. These include its use a stock-feed, weed killer, fertilizer and high altitute crop. It is suggested that the above together with its fibre producing, and therefore industrial, capacity offers a fair range of possibilities which should be tooked into more closely .2 references are cited.

UNDP/WORLD BANK, Tanzania ; Issues and Options in the Energy Sector. Report No. 4969-TA of the joint UNDP/WORLD Bank Energy Sector Assessment Program, November, 1984.

This report is part of a series of reports under the Energy Sector Assessment Programme, a joint UNDP/World Bank progrmme initiated in September 1980. These reports, this one included, are based on requests by governments of the developing countries to UNDP/World Bank for assistance in diagnosis of energy problems and evaluation of available options. Investment priorities are assessed and the work is meant to provide a framework for official and private assistance to the energy sector.

VANEK, K., and SHEMSANGA, K. H. H., Review of Work on Energy Sources Carried Out at the Faculty of Agriculture, Morogoro. Paper presented at the 12th Symposium of the East African Academy, Arusha, September, 1976.

This paper outlines research done on human, wind, biogas and solar energy at University of Dar es Salaam, Faculty of Agriculture, Morogoro.

VARGHESE ,M.A.,Prospects for Minihydro Development in Tanzania. 12th Congress of the World Energy Conference,New Delhi, September, 1983.

69 Minihydro schemes combine the advantages of large hydro on one hand and of decentralised power supply using diesel sets on the other. They are not costly and do not have adverse environmental consequences.This paper discusses Tanzania's rural electrification programme and the role of minihydro projects. Constraints and problems associated with their development including finance, manpower, and institutional arrangements, among others are highlited. A list of identified sites is appended.

VARGHESE, M.A., Prospects for Mini-hydro Development in Tanzania. SADCC Energy, No. 4, pp 37 - 39, February/April, 1984.

Tanzania is . well endowed with a number of potential hydro­ power sites that can satisfy the country's power requirements for many years. The total hydro-electric potential has been estimated at about 3,800 MW. Of this only 248 MW has been developed. The country has a large number of potential mini­ hydro sites. These can be developed to serve the needs of remote, isolated areas. This paper discusses planned development of minihydro sites and constraints affecting the development. It is argued that well planned mini-hydro development appears to be the most suitable option for implementation of Tanzania's rural electrification strategy.

VICTUS,P.,and NINDIE,R.M.,Industrial Energy Conservation in Tanzania. In Mwandosya,M.J., et al.,(Eds),Proceedings of The Regional Workshop on Energy for Development in Eastern and Southern Africa. Held Arusha,Tanzania,April 4 - 13 ,1983, Vol.2,pp 284 - 297, Faculty of Engineering,University of Dar es Salaam,1983.

This paper contains results of energy audits performed on 10 companies in Tanzania.The potential for annual energy savings obtainable through improved energy efficiency and reductions in energy costs are provided together with information on possibilities for energy conservation in Tanzania's industries.The paper also proposes the use of the ratio of energy to production as a basis for determining the efficiency and effectiveness of energy use in industry.

VITA NEWS., Ceramic Kiln Burns Waste Oil. VITA News (April 1983), pp 3-6, and Vita News (July 1983), p 2.

A description of a ceramic kiln that burns waste oil from car engines and transformers developed by Ali Sheriff of Tanzania is provided. The system mixes water and filtered oil, using a splash plate system in the firebox to create the fine oil mist needed for combustion. The design is distinctive in using several fireboxes on each kiln and in not using the usual pressure novel system. The July 1983 article cautions that transformer lubricants should not be used as fuel since they often contain PCB (Poly Chlorinated Biphenyl) and dioxin

70 compounds which are poisonous and can cause serious illness or death. The article also warns that crankcase oil may be contaminated with lead from leaded gasoline. Its use as a fuel may expose kiln workers to dangerous fumes, or produce contaminated pottery. It is suggested that samples of pottery fired in a kiln of this type be tested for lead content. The use of crankcase oil as a fuel for space heaters and food dryers is not recommended but conditions for the safe use of crankcase oil as a fuel are given.

WEIR, A., Pedal Power (mimeo), University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, 1974.

This report gives design details, costings and test results for a pedal-powered thresher and winnower. The pedal system described can be used to drive other machinery.

WEIR, A., The Application of Pedal Power and the Development of Pedal Power Equipment (mimeo), Paper presented at the International Seminar on Appropriate Technologies for Rural Development Held Arusha, 3-12 December, 1973.

In this paper rural power sources are discussed. The history of pedal operated equipment is outlined and its use for shelling is described.

WORLD OIL, Africa! When Will the Problems End? World Oil, Vol. 201, No.3, pp 107 - 130, 15 August, 1985.

This article gives an outlook for 1985 of oil and gas operation for countries in Africa. For Tanzania, the article reviews the increased interest from multinational companies for exploration in the following areas: Lake Rukwa, East Africa Rift Valley, Ras Wintle and the Ruvuma valley.

71 PART II

S U B J E C T C L A S S I F I C A T I 0 N

72 ALPHANUMERIC CODES FOR SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION:

A. Theory and Methods

AO General A4 Price Determination and Policy Al Growth and Development AS Choice and Optimization A2 Exhaustible resources A6 Modelling A3 Demand Analysis and Management

B. User Sectors

BO General B4 Household Bl Industry BS Urban Areas B2 Agriculture B6 Rural Areas

C. Economy Policy and Research

CO General C2 Planning and Policy Formulation Cl Energy Economy C3 Research and Research Policy

D. Established Resources

DO General DS Biomass Dl Coal D6 Wood and Charcoal D2 Petroleum D7 Crop Residues D3 Natural Gas DB Animate Energy D4 Electricity D9 Renewables

E. New Resources

EO General ES Solar Thermal El Biogas E6 Wind E2 Geothermal E7 Hydrogen E3 Nuclear Electricity EB Ethanol E4 Solar Electricity E9 Methanol

F. Technologies

FO General F4 Equipment Fl Exploration FS Conservation F2 Technology for Production F6 Scale Variation, Scaling & F3 Transport and Distribution Miniaturization

G. Social, Political and Environmental Factors

GO General G2 Social Factors Gl Health and Environment

73 A. THEORY AND METHODS

AO GENERAL

DARKOR,M.B.K., Man and Desertification in Tropical Africa. Professorial Inaugural Lecture Series, No. 26, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1980.

MWANDOSYA,M.J., et al., (Eds), Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Energy for Development in Eastern and Southern Africa. Held Arusha, Tanzania, April 4 -13, 1983, Vol. 2. Faculty of Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1983.

MWANDOSYA,M.J., and NKONOKI, S.R., Profile of Energy Utilization in Tanzania: An End-Use Centered Assessment of Energy and Development in Tanzania. In Mwandosya et al., (Eds), Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Energy for Development in Eastern and Southern Africa. Held Arusha, Tanzania, April 4-13, 1983, Vol. 2, pp 11-42, Faculty of Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1983.

MWANDOSYA, M.J., and LUHANGA,M.L., Energy Resources,Flows and End­ Uses in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam University Press, 1983.

NKONOKI,S.R., (Ed), Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Energy for Development. Held Arusha, Tanzania, 4 - 13 April,1983.

Al GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

AMANN, H., Energy Supply and Economic Development in East Africa. Afrika-Studien Series, African Studies Centre of IFO Institute for Economic Research, Weltforum Verlag, Munich, Germany, 1969.

CATANIA, P.J., Post ENERGEX'82 Analysis, Renewable Energies/Energy Conservation Propects in Tanzania (mimeo). University of Regina, Canada, May, 1984.

ECONOMIST INTELLIGENCE UNIT, Quarterly Energy Review; Africa. The Economist Publications Ltd., London.

ECONOMIST INTELLIGENCE UNIT, Quarterly Economic Review Tanzania, Mozambique. The Economist Publications, London.

74 HILL,J.F.R., and MOFFETT,J.P., Tanganyika, A Review of Its Resources and Their Development. The Government of Tanganyika, 1955.

INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION, Basic Needs in Danger, A Basic Needs Oriented Development Strategy for Tanzania. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 1982.

KASSUM, AL NOOR, Energy and Supply and Demand in Tanzania. Presented at the Seminar on Energy and Developing Countries, Stockholm, Sweden, November 14, 1985.

KASSUM, AL NOOR, Towards More Equitable Interdependence. Paper Presented at an OPEC Seminar. Held Vienna, Austria, 26 November, 1981.

MUNSLOW,B., et al., Energy and Development in the African East Coast: Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique. Ambio, Vol. 12, No. 6, pp 332-337, 1984.

NKOMA, J.S., and ASMAN,J., Reflections on Energy With Some Reference to Tanzania. Energy and Environment in East Africa, pp 267-280, Proceedings of an International Workshop on Energy and Environment in East Africa, Held Nairobi, Kenya, 7-10 May, 1979, United Nations Environment Programme, Report ERS-3-80 (March 1980), Nairobi, Kenya, 1980.

NKONOKI,S.R., Development and Use of Solar Energy Resources and Planning Activities in the Energy Sector. Long Term Energy Resources (Proceedings of the UNITAR International Conference on Long-Term Energy Resource, held Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 26 Nov. 1979). R.F. Meyer (Ed.), Vol.II, pp 823 - 829, Pitmen, Boston MA, USA, 1981.

NKONOKI, S.R., Society, Energy and Development in East Africa. Presented at the Seminar of the Environmental Studies Programme, University of Lund, Sweden, September 28th, 1984, based on a paper presented at the International Conference on Recession and Crisis in Africa, University of Keele, 1984.

NKONOKI, S.R., Cooperation and Energy Development in Southern Africa, The Quest for Policy Harmonisation. Seminar Paper, University of Lund, Environmental Studies Programme, 30 September, 1985.

OPENSHAW, K., Energy Development in Tanzania. A report prepared for the SADCC Seminar on Energy, Beijer Institute of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

TANZANIA NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH COUNCIL, Tanzania Energy Profile and the Development of Alternative Energy Systems. Commonwealth Science Council, African Energy Programme, Report of the Project Group Meeting held at Arusha, Tanzania,

75 20-26 September, 1979, Vol. 2: Resource Material, Commonwealth Science Council Publication CSC(79) AEP-2, pp55- 60, 1979.

A2 EXHAUSTIBLE RESOURCES

A3 DEMAND ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT

HAMILTON, R., and NELLIST, R., (Ministry of Water, Energy and Minerals) Energy Development in Tanzania (mimeo). 1983.

MWANDOSYA ,M.J., et al., (Eds), Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Energy for Development in Eastern and Southern Africa. Held Arusha, Tanzania, April 4-13, 1983, Vol.2. Faculty of Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1983.

MWANDOSYA, M.J., and NKONOKI,S.R., Profile of Energy Utilization in Tanzania: An End-Use Centered Assessment of Energy and Development in Tanzania. In Mwandosya et al., (Eds), Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Energy for Development in Eastern and Southern Africa. Held Arusha, Tanzania, April 4-13, 1983, Vol. 2, pp 11-42, Faculty of Engineering, University of Dar es Salaa, Tanzania, 1983.

MWANDOSYA,M.J., and LUHANGA, M.L., Energy Demand Structures in Rural Tanzania. Paper presented at the Workshop on Global Energy End-Use Strategies. Held Sao-Paulo, Brazil, June 1984. Based on a presentation at the Symposium on World Energy: How much is Enough and Where Will we Get It? Organised by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), New York, 27, 1984.

SECHAMBO, F.C.M., An Econometric Analysis of Demand for Charcoal in Tanzania: The Case of Dar es Salaam and Mwanza, Master of Arts (Econ.) Thesis, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1984.

A4 PRICE DETERMINATION AND POLICY

AS CHOICE AND OPTIMIZATION

DOLEIB, M.E., and KOLJONEN, K., A Linear Programming Model for the Optimun Product Mix of the Sao Hill Sawmill. Record No. 26, Division of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Science, University of Dar es Salaam, 1983.

76 A6 MODELLING

B. USER SECTOR

BO GENERAL

MAKUNDI,S.J., Energy Situation in Tanzania. In Temu, A.B., et al., (Eds), Wood-Based Energy for Development. Proceedings of a National Seminar. Held Dar es Salaam, 26-28 March, 1984, pp 8-19, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, 1984.

MWANDOSYA, M.J., and LUHANGA, M.L., Energy Resources Flows and End-Uses in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam University Press, 1983.

Bl INDUSTRY

MWORIA C.R., and KAALE,B.K., Use of Wood Energy in Forest Industries. In Temu, A.B., et al., (Eds), Wood-Based Energy for Development, Proceedings of a National Seminar held in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, pp 47-51, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, 26-28 March, 1984.

TANZANIA INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION (TIRDO) Report on Industrial Energy Conservation Services (DD/URT/78/019/11.09). Prepared by UNIDO for UNDP and the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania, December, 1982.

VICTUS,P., and NINDIE, R.M., Industrial Energy Conservation in Tanzania. In Mwandosya, M.J., et al. (Eds), Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Energy for Development in Eastern and Southern Africa. Held Arusha, Tanzania, April 4-13, 1983, Vol. 2, pp 284 - 297, Faculty of Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, 1983.

B2 AGRICULTURE

CHESWORTH, W., et al., Agrogeology in Tanzania. Episodes, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp 257-258, December, 1985.

CHOUDHURY,M.S.,et al., Contribution of Biological Nitrogen Fixation to the Nitrogen Supply of Soils. In Semoka,J.M.R., et al., (Eds), Resource Efficient Farming Methods for Tanzania. Proceedings of a Workshop. Held University of Dar

77 es Salaam, Morogoro, Tanzania, 16-20 May, 1983. Rodale Press, U.S.A., 1983.

CONYERS,D., Agro-economic Zones of Tanzania. Research Paper No. 25, Bureau of Resource Assessment and Land Use Planning, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1973.

GABEL,M., and HEILAND,A., National Implications of Resource Efficient Farming Methods. In Semoka,J.M.R. et al., (Eds), Resource Efficient Farming Methods in Tanzania. Proceedings of a Workshop.Held University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, Tanzania, 16-20 May,1983.Rodale Press,U.S.A., 1983.

HARRIS, J.F., Summary of the Geology of Tanganyika, Part IV: Economic Geology. Government Printer, Dar es Salaam, 1981.

KASEMBE, J.N.R., SEMOKA, J.M.R., and SAMKI, J.K., Organic Farming in Tanzania. In Semoka, J.M.R. et al. (Eds), Proceedings of Workoshop on Resource-Efficient Farming Methods for Tanzania. Held Morogoro, Tanzania, May 16-20. Rodale Press, USA, 1983.

KESWANI, C.L., and NDUNGURU, R.J., (Eds.) Intercropping in Semi­ Arid Areas. Proceedings of a Symposium on Intercropping in Semi-Arid Areas, IDRC/University of Dar es Salaam. Held Morogoro, Tanzania, 4-7 August, 1980.

KYOMO, M.L., and CHAGULA, A., Role of Livestock in Organic Farming. In Semoka, J.M.R., et al., (Eds), Proceedings of a Workshop on Resource Efficient Farming Methods for Tanzania. Held Morogoro, Tanzania, May 16-20, 1983. Rodale Press, USA, 1983.

MONYO, J.H., et al., Intercropping in Semi-Arid Areas. Report of a Symposium on Intercropping in Semi-Aid Areas, IDRC/University of Dar es Salaam. Held Morogoro, Tanzania, 10-12 May, 1976.

MREMA, G.C., Energy in Agriculture. In Mwandosya, M.J., et al., (Eds), Proceedings of a Regional Workshop on Energy for Development in Eastern and Southern Africa. Held Arusha, Tanzania, April 4-13, 1983, Vol. 2, pp 207-231, Faculty of Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, 1983.

MREMA,G. C., Energy Consumption in Small Holder Rainfed Agriculture in the Semi-Arid Tropics. Paper presented at the International Symposium on Energy in Agriculture organised by the Intstitute of Agricultural Engineering and The World Ploughing Organisation. Held Harare, Zimbabwe, May, 1983.

MREMA, G.C., Utilization of Bioenergy Resources: A Case Study of Tanzania. Paper presented at the symposium on Biomass Energy Systems: Building Blocks for Sustainable Agriculture. Sponsored by World Resource Institute and Rockefeller

78 Brothers Fund. Held Airlie House, Airlie, Virginia, USA, 29 January to February 1, 1985.

MWANDOSYA, M.J., and LUHANGA,M.L., Food and Energy Choices for Tanzania (mimeo). Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1985. Paper submitted for presentation at the 2nd International Conference on Energy for Agriculture, Held Sirmion/Brescia, Italy, 13-16 October, 1986.

NGAIZA, E.M., Manure and Compost Handling in Tanzania. In Semoka, J.M.R. et al., (Eds), Resource Efficient Farming Methods for Tanzania. Proceedings of a Workshop, Held University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, Tanzania, 16-20 May, 1983. Rodale Press, U.S.A., 1985.

NGEZE, P.B., MNZAVA, N.A., and RUTTLE, J., Methods of Compost Preparation. In Semoka, J.M.R. et al., (Eds), Proceedings of the Workshop on Resource-Efficient Farming Methods for Tanzania. Held University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, Tanzania, 16-20 May, 1983. Rodale Press, U.S.A., 1983.

PORTER,P., Potential for Photosynthesis and Agriculture in Tanzania. Bureau of Resource Assessment and Land Use Planning, Research Paper No. 29, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, April, 1974.

SEMOKA, J.M.R., NDUNGURU B.J., and LIEBHARDT, W.C., Agronomic Aspects of Manure and Compost Use. In Semoka, J.M.R. et al., (Eds), Proceedings of the Workshop on Resource - Efficient Farming Methods for Tanzania. Held University, Morogoro, 16- 20 May, 1983. Rodale Press, USA, 1983.

TEALE, E.O., and OATES, F., The Mineral Resources of Tanganyika Territory. Geological Division, Bulletin 16, Government Printer, Dar es Salaam, 1943.

TEMU, A.B., Fuelwood Scarcity and Other Problems Associated with Tobacco Production in Tabora Region, Tanzania. Division of Forestry, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Record No. 12, 1979.

TUCKER, R., The Usage of Crotalaria. Tanzanian Veterinary Bulletin, Vol.I, No.3, pp 22-24, July, 1979.

79 B3 TRANSPORT

PARKER, N., Energy Considerations in the Development of the Transportation and Building Sectors. In Mwandosya,M.J., et al., (Eds), Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Energy for Development in Eastern and Southern Africa, Held Arusha, Tanzania, April 4-13, 1983, Vol.2,pp 266-283, Faculty of Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1983.

B4 HOUSEHOLD

KAMBA, K., and MSABILA,G., The Role of Women and Children in Ensuring Sustained Wood Energy Supply for Domestic Use in Tanzania. In Temu,A.B., et al., (Eds), Wood-Based Energy for Development, Proceedings of a national seminar held in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, pp 52-56, 26-28 March, 1984.

OPENSHAW,K., Energy Requirements for Household Cooking in Africa with Existing and Improved Stoves. Proceedings of the Bio­ Energy 80 World Congress and Exposition, pp256-258, (Held Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 21-24 April, 1980) Bio-Energy Council, 162E Street NW, Washington DC 20006, USA, 1980.

BS URBAN AREAS

O'KITIN'GATI, A., Fuelwood Consumption in an Economically Depressed Urban Centre (Tabora). Record No. 31, University of Dar es Salaam, Division of Forestry, Morogoro, Tanzania, 1983.

B6 RURAL AREAS

NKONOKI, S.R., Rural Energy End-Use and Resource Crisis in Tanzania. In Mwandosya, M.J. et al., (Eds), Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Energy for Development in Eastern and Sourthern Africa, Held Arusha, Tanzania, Faculty of Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Vol. 2, pp 155-171, April,4 - 13, 1983.

NKONOKI, S.R.,The Poor Man's Energy Crisis - Final Revised Version. Ch. Michelsen Institute, Norway, 1983.

NKONOKI,S.R., Rural Energy End-Uses and the Environment in Tanzania. Presented at Ar Agricultural University of Norway, September 8, 1983 and at the Center for Development Research,

80 Copenhagen, Denmark, September 26,1983.

NKONOKI,S.R,, and SORENSEN,B., A Rural Energy Study in Tanzania: The Case of Bundilya Village, Natural Resources Forum, Vol.8 No.l, pp 51-62, 1984.

REICHEL,R., Rural Electrification and Windpower in Tanzania. Master of Science Dissertation, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, March,1978.

C. ECONOMY, POLICY AND RESEARCH

CO General

KOWERO,G.S., and OPENSHAW, K., An Economic Appraisal of The Wood Based Panel Industry in Tanzania. Record No. 17, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Science, Univeristy of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, 1980.

Cl ENERGY ECONOMY

HOFSTAD, O., Preliminary Evaluation of the Taungya System for Combined Wood and Food Production in North-Eastern Tanzania. Record No. 2, Division of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Science, University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, 1978.

OMAR, S.J., A Comparative Economic Study of Milling Energy Requirement for Traditional and Modern man-powered Techniques (mimeo). University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, 1977.

SEGAL, M.D.J., and MOSHA, S.L., Economic Choices for Electrical Energy Supply in Tanzania. Tanzania Electric Supply Company, Dar es Salaam, February, 1979.

SECHAMBO, F.C.M., An Econometric Analysis of Demand for Charcoal in Tanzania: The Case of Dar es Salaam and Mwanza, Master of Arts (Econ.) Thesis, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1984.

C2 PLANNING AND POLICY FORMULATION

BEIJER INSTITUTE (The International Institute for Energy and Human Ecology of The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences), Issues in SADCC Energy Planning: Usage Patterns, Resource

81 Potential, and Regional Possibilities. Stockholm, Sweden, November, 1982.

COMMONWEALTH SECRETARIAT, Energy Policy in Tanzania. Consultancy Report to The Government of The United Republic of Tanzania by The International Institute for Environment and Development, 1980.

CONYERS,D.,Forestry in Tanzania. Bureau of Resource Assessment and Land Use Planning, Research Notes No. 5d, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1969.

KAALE.B.K., Tanzania Five Year National Village Afforestation Plan, 1982/83 - 1986/87 (mimeo). Ministry of Natural Resources an Tourism, 1983.

KAALE.B.K., and TEMU,A.B., Guidelines for Compiling Regional and District Afforestation Plans in Tanzania. Compiled for the Forestry and Beekeeping Division, Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Tourism, 1985.

KASSUM, AL NOOR, Energy and Economic Development From the Perspective of an Oil Importing Developing Country. Speech delivered at the United Nations Symposium on Energy Planning, Stockholm, Sweden, 28 September, 1981.

LUSHIKU, E.M., and NKONOKI, S.R., Energy Planning and Emerging Trends in Renewable Energy Research and Development in Tanzania (mimeo). Department of Physics and Institute of Development Studies, University of Dar es Salaam, 1986.

MNZAVA, E.M., Tanzanian Tree Planting : A Voice from Villagers. Unasylva, Vol.37, No.4, pp 33-39, 1985.

MNZAVA, E.M., The Role of Wood Energy in Tanzanian Economy. In Temu, A.B., et al., (Eds), Wood-Based Energy for Development. Proceedings of a national seminar held in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, 26-28 March, 1984.

MWANDOSYA, M.J., Energy and Renewable Energy Resources for Morogoro and its Impact Area (mimeo). Paper presented at the UNESCO Sub-Regional Workshop on Energy for Rural and Dispersed Populations. Held Bujumbura, Burundi, December, 1982.

MWAPACHU, B., Energy Resources and Technologies in Tanzania (mimeo). Paper Presented at the Seminar on Energy Policy in Tanzania, Ministry of Water and Energy, Tanzania, 1981.

NKONOKI,S.R., and SKUTLE, J., Planning for Hydropower Development and Industrialization: The Case of Stiegler's Gorge Hydropower and Flood Control Project in Rufiji Basin,

82 Tanzania. DERAP Working Paper No. A296, Chr. Michelsen Institute, Bergen, Norway, July, 1983.

NKONOKI,S.R., Cooperation in Energy Development in Eastern Africa. A Case Study of Development Planning of the Kagera Basin with Special Reference of Development Planning for the Rusumo Falls Hydropower Project in Tanzania. DERAP Publications No. 166, Chr. Michelsen Institute, Bergen, Norway, November, 1983.

SIMOES, J.T.C. (Ed.), Energy Development in the United Republic of Tanzania. Energy Environment and Development in Africa, Vol.2: SADCC: Energy and Development to the Year 200, J.T.C. Simoes (Ed.), pp 157 - 173, 1984.

TEMU,A.B., and PHILIP, M.S., (Eds), Summary of the Proceedings of an International Workshop in Planning Forests for Community Development. Held Arusha. Division of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture Forestry and Veterinary Science, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Record No. 20, November, 1981.

UNDP/WORLD BANK, Tanzania; Issues and Options in the Energy Sector. Report No. 4969-TA of the Joint UNDP/World Bank programme initiated in September 1980.

VANEK, K., and SHEMSANGA, K.H.H., Review of Work on Energy Sources Carried out at the Faculty of Agriculture, Morogoro. Paper presented at the 12th Symposium of the East African Academy, Arusha, September, 1976.

C3 RESEARCH AND RESEARCH POLICY

KIUNSI, R.B., Woodlands in Rural Settlements of Developing Countries -Problems, Causes and Solutions With Special Reference to Tanzania. A Discussion Paper, Ardhi Institute, Dar es Salaam, 1985.

LUSHIKU, E.M., and NKONOKI, S.R., Energy Planning and Emerging Trends in Renewable Energy Research and Development in Tanzania (mimeo). Department of Physics and Institute of Development Studies, University of Dar es Salaam, 1986.

NKOMA,J.S. and ASMAN, Reflections on Energy With Some Reference to Tanzania. Energy and Environment in East Africa, pp 267-280, Proceedings of an International Workshop on Energy and Environmnet in East Africa, Held Nairobi, Kenya, 7-10 May, 1979, United Nations Environment Programme, Report ERS-3-80 (March 1980), Naoirobi, Kenya, 1980.

83 D. ESTABLISHED RESOURCES

DO GENERAL

MWANDOSYA, M.J., and LUHANGA, M.L., Energy Resources, Flows and End-Uses in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam University Press, 1983.

Dl COAL

FOLEY, G., and VAN BUREN, A., Coal Substitution and Other Approaches to Facing the Pressure on Woodfuel Resources. Natural Resources Forum, Vol. 6, No.2, pp 127-149, 1982.

HARKIN, D. A., The Geology of the Songwe - Kiwira Coalfields in Rungwe District. Geological Survey Department of Tanganyika, Dodoma, Bulletin No. 27, Government Printer, Dar es Salaam, 1955.

HARRIS, J.F., Summary of the Geology of Tanganyika, part IV: Economic Geology. Government Printer, Dar es Salaam, 1981.

MACKINLAY, A.C.M., Geology of Ketewaka - Mchuchuma Coalfield, Njombe District. Geological Survey Department, Government Printer, Dar es Salaam, 1954.

MACKINLAY, A.C.M., The Coalfields and the Coal Resources of Tanzania. Geological Survey of Tanzania, Dodoma, Bulletin No. 38, Government Printer, Dar es Salaam, 1965.

MAGANGA, L.S., and CHAMSHAMA, S.A.O., Impact of Wood Harvesting on Soil and the Residual Trees in Plantations on Mount Meru, Tanzania. Record No. 32, Division of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Science, University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, 1984.

MCCONNELL, R.B., The Geology of the Namwele - Mkomolo Coal Field, Ufipa District, with Notes on Undergound Exploration Carried out by the Tanganyika Government. Tanganyika Territory Department of Lands and Mines, Geological Division, Dodoma. Short paper No. 27, Government Printer, Dar es Salaam, 1947.

MINISTRY OF WATER ENERGY AND MINEALS, Coal Development in Tanzania: A Report by the Coal Development Committee. 1978.

84 SPENCE, J., The Geology of the Galula Coalfield, Mbeya District. Geological Survey Department of Tanganyika, Dodoma, Bulletin No. 25, Government Printer, Dar es Salaam, 1954.

STOCKLEY, G. M. and OATES, F., Report on the Geology of the Ruhuhu Coalfields. Geological Survey Department, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

STOCKLEY G.M., Geology of North, West and Central Njombe District, Southern Highlands Province. Geological Division Bulletin No. 18, Witherby and Co., London, 1948.

TEALE, E.O,, and OATES, F., The Mineral Resources of Tanganyika Territory. Geological Division, Bulletin No.16,Government Printer Dar es Salaam. 1943.

D2 PETROLEUM

HALDEMANN, E.G., A Note on Structural Pattern and Erosion in Eastern and Southern Tanganyika. Geological Survey of Tanganyika ,Dodoma. Paper presented at the first meeting, East-Central Regional Committee for Geology, Dar es Salaam, 1956.

JAMES, T.C., (Geological Survey of Tanganyika, Dodoma) The Nature of Rift Faulting in Tanganyika. Paper presented at the first meeting of the East and Central Africa Regional Committee for Geology, Dar es Salaam, 1956.

KAJATO,H.K., Gas Strike Spurs Search for Oil in Tanzania. Oil and Gas Journal, pp 123-131, 15 March, 1982.

KASSUM, AL NOOR, Statement by the Minister for Water, Energy, and Minerals when presenting the bill for the Petroleum (Exploration and Production) Act, 1980 in the National Assembly in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, July, 1980.

KASSUM, AL NOOR, Oil and Gas Exploration in Tanzania. Statement Delivered to the National Assembly in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 5 July, 2982.

KASSUM, AL NOOR, Third World Oil and Gas Policies - Prospects and Challenges. Paper Presented at the Ministerial Panel Discussion. Held Geneva, Switzerland, 17 December, 1982.

KENT ,P.E., HUNT,J.A., and JOHNSTONE,M.A., The Geology and Geophysics of Coastal Tanzania. Geophysical Paper No. 6, Institute of Geological Sciences, London, 1971.

85 KIMARO,T.S., Petroleum Refining, Supply and Utilization in Tanzania. In Mwandosya, M.J., et al., (Eds). Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Energy for Development in Eastern and Southern Africa. Held Arusha, Tanzania, April 4-13, 1983, Vol. 2, pp 232-263., Faculty of Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1983.

KING, A.J., Notes on the Seismicity of Lake Nyasa and Lake Rukwa Areas. Geological Survey of Tanganyika, Dodoma. Presented at the first meeting, East-Central African Regional Committee for Geology, Dar es Salaam, 1956.

KREUSER, T., Source Rock Analysis in Two Karroo Basins of Coastal Tanzania. Journal of Petroleum Geology, Vol. 7, pp 47-54, 1984.

MWALYEGO, Y.S., Petroleum History of Tanzania (mimeo). Paper presented to the Tanzania Geological Society, March, 1984.

NTOMOLA, S.J., and ABRAHAMSEN,K.A., Source Rocks and Hydrocarbon Distribution in the Coastal Basin in Tanzania. Paper presented at the Conference on Petroleum Geochemistry and Exploration in the Afro - Asian Region. Held Dehra Dun, India, November, 1985.

QATES, F., Report on the Geology of the Ruhuhu Coalfields. Geological Survey Department, Bulletin No. 2, Government Printer, Dar es Salaam, 1931.

ROSENDAHL, B.R., and LIVINGSTONE, D.A., Rift Lakes of East Africa. New Seismic Data and Implications for Future Research. Episodes, Vol.6, No.l, pp 14-19, 1983.

SHERRIF, A.H., and LARJI, B.M., Waste Oil as Fuel: How it Works. The Tanzania Engineer, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp 19-23., 1983.

TANZANIA PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION, Annual Reports.

VITA NEWS., Ceramic Kiln Burns Waste Oil. VITA News (April 1983), pp 3-6, and Vita News (July 1983), p 2.

WORLD OIL, Africa! When Will the problems End? World Oil, Vol. 201, No. 3, pp 107 - 130, 15 August, 1985.

D3 NATURAL GAS

KAJATO,H.K., Gas Strike Spurs Search for Oil in Tanzania. Oil and Gas Journal, pp 123-131, 15 March, 1982.

86 KASSUM, AL NOOR, Oil and Gas Exploration in Tanzania. Statement Delivered to the National Assembly in Dar es Salaam,Tanzania, 5 July, 1982.

KASSUM, AL NOOR, Third World Oil and Gas Policies - Prospects and Challenges • Paper presented at the Ministerial Panel Discussion. Held Geneva, Switzerland, 17 December, 1982.

ROSENDAHL, B.R., and LIVINGSTONE, D.A., Rift Lakes of East Africa. New Seismic Data and Implications for Future Research. Episodes, Vol. 6., No.l, pp 14-19, 1983.

D4 ELECTRICITY

BHARGAVA,R.N., and FORSMAN,A., Report of a Mission to Evaluate Small Hydropower Sites in Tanzania. United Nations Information Centre, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1981.

GILLMAN,C., A Reconnaissance Survey of The Hydrology of Tanganyika Territory in its Geographical Settings. Water Consultants Report No. 6-1940, Government Printer, Dar es Salaam, 1943.

HOLDEMANN, E.G., The Geology of the Rufiji Basin (with Reference to Proposed Dam Sites). Government Printer, Dar es Salaam, 1962.

JOSEPH,G., An Econometric Approach to Forecasting Demand for Electricity in Tanzania to Year 2000 A.D. Bureau of Resource Assesment and Land Use Planning,University of Dar es Salaam,Research Report No.38,1979.

KAGERA BASIN ORGANIZATION (KBO) and UNDP, Development Programme of the Kagera Basin. Final Report, Vol. 3 : Energy. February, 1982.

HILL,J.F.R., and MOFFETT,J.P., Tanganyika, A Review of Its Resources and Their Development. The Government of Tanganyika, 1955.

KASSAM. S.I., Urban and Rural Electrification in Tanzania. In Mwandosya, M.J., et al., (Eds). Proceedings of the Regional Africa. Held Arusha, Tanzania, April 4- 13, 1983, Vol. 2, pp 298-309, Faculty of Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1983.

KIMARYO, S.J., Impact of the Energy Crisis on Electricity on Supply in Developing Countries: The Tanzanian Experience (mimeo). The 12th Conference of East and Central African Electricity Undertakings, Arusha, Tanzania, 1983.

87 LUHANGA, B.E.A.T., Electric Power Development and Use. The Tanzania Engineer, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp 8-12, December, 1983.

MINISTRY OF WATER ENERGY AND MINERALS, Statements of the Minister of Water Energy and Minerals During Presentations in the National Assembly of Estimates of Expenditure. Government Printer, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

MOSHA, S.L., The Kidatu 11 Hydroelectric Power Project. The Tanzania Engineer, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp 16-18, December, 1983.

NGANA, J.O., Hydraulic Studies Downstream of the Proposed Stieglers Gorge Dam. Bureau of Resource Assessment and Land Use Planning, Research Report No. 35, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

REICHEL,R., Rural Electrification and Windpower in Tanzania. Master of Science Dissertation, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, March,1978.

REICHEL,R., Energy and Self-Reliance (mimeo). Paper presented at an Institution of Engineers Tanzania Seminar on Technology in Rural Development. Held Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 18-19 September, 1978.

RUFIJI BASIN DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (RUBADA) and NORAD, Rufiji Basin Multipurpose Development-Coastline Investigations. VHL Consultants Report; Project No. 602273, April, 1979.

SEGAL, M.D.J., and MOSHA, S.L., Economic Choices for Electrical Energy Supply in Tanzania. Tanzania Electric Supply Company, Dar es Salaam, February, 1979.

TANZANIA ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY, Annual Reports.

VARGHESE, M.A., Prospects for Minihydro Development in Tanzania. 12th Congress of the World Energy Conference, New Delhi, September, 1983.

VARGHESE, M.A., Prospects for Mini-hydro Development in Tanzania. SADCC Energy, No. 4, pp 37 - 39, February/April, 1984.

D5 BIOMASS

ARNOLD, J.E.M., (Forestry Department, FAO Rome) and MNZAVA, E.M., (Forest Division, Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Tourism, Tanzania). Forests for People - The Developing Country Case. Paper presented at The Twelfth Commonwealth Forestry Conference, September, 1985.

88 ASMAN, S.J., and KAYUMBO,H.Y., Prospects for Utilization of Renewable Energy Resources in Developing Countries Conference Report, German Foundation for International Development, 1980.

CONYERS,D., Forestry in Tanzania. Bureau of Resource Assessment and Land Use Planning, Research Notes No.5d, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1969.

COOK,A., The Use of Photo-Interpretation in the Assessment of Physical and Biological Resources in Tanzania. Bureau of Resource Assessment and Land Use Planning, Research Paper No. 31, University of Dar es Salaam, March, 1974.

HOFSTAD, O., Preliminary Evaluation of the Taungya System for Combined Wood and Food Production in North-Eastern Tanzania. Record No. 2, Division of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Science, University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, 1978.

INSTITUTE OF ADULT EDUCATION AND MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND TOURISM, Final Report of 'Forests are Wealth' Campaign. Dar es Saam, 1982.

KAALE,B.K., (Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Tourism, Dar es Salaam) Planning for Village Afforestation in Tanzania. Master of Science in Forest Management Thesis, Australian National University, Canberra, March, 1981.

KAALE,B.K., Afforestation for Energy and Charcoal in Tanzania. International Development Research Centre Manuscript Report No. IDRC-MR 73e, pp 118-135, April, 1983.

KAALE,B.K., Tanzania Five Year National Village Afforestation Plan, 1982/83 - 1986/87 (mimeo).Ministry of Natural Reources and Tourism, 1983.

KAALE,B.K., and MWORIA,C.P., Alternative Uses of the Rubya Plantation for Timber and Energy Production. Report to Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism and SIDA, January, 1984.

KAALE,B.K., an TEMU A.B., Guidelines for Compiling Regional and District Afforestation Plans in Tanzania. Compiled for the Forestry an Beekeeping Division, Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Tourism, 1985.

DOLEIB, M.E., and KOLJONEN, K., A Linear Programming Model for the Optimun Product Mix of the Sao Hill Sawmill. Record No. 26, Division of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Science, University of Dar es Salaam, 1983.

89 KIKULA,I.S., and NILSSON,P., Trees for Fuel and Building: A Preliminary Assessment in Two Villages Adjacent to The Southern Pulp and Paper Mill. Bureau of Resource Assessment and Land Use Planning, Research Report No. 51, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, May, 1982.

KIKULA, I.S., and MASCARENHAS,A., and NILSSON,P., Report to Support Village Afforestation in Tanzania. Institute of Resource Assessment, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, November, 1983.

KILAHAMA,F.B., Progress Made in Village Afforestation Programme: Tanzania (mimeo). Paper presented at the Community Forestry Seminar. Held Arusha, Tanzania, 5-17 November, 1984.

KIUNSI, R.B., Woodlands in Rural Settlements of Developing Countries - Problems, Causes and Solutions With Special Reference to Tanzania. A Discussion Paper, Ardhi Institute, Dar es Salaam, 1985.

KLEN,G., Planning of Sawmilling Industry in Africa: Possible Sources of Energy. Record No. 1, Division of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Science, University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro.

KOWERO,G.S., and OPENSHAW, K., An Economic Appraisal of the Wood Based Panel Industry in Tanzania. Record No. 17, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Science, University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, 1980.

KOWERO, G.S., and TEMU, A.B., Some Observations on Implementing Village Forestry Programmes in Tanzania. The International Tree Crops Journal, Vol. 3, No. 2/3, pp 135-146, 1985.

MAGANGA.L.S., and CHAMSHAMA, S.A.O., Impact of Wood Harvesting on Social and the Residual Trees in Plantations on Mount Meru, Tanzania. Record No. 32, Division of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Science, University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, 1984.

MAGHEMBE, J.A., Effect of Weeding and Some Soil Characteristics on the Survival and Growth of Pinus Caribaea in Plantations at Ruvu. Record No.8, Division of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Science, University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, 1979.

MASCARENHAS., A., The Relevance of the MITI Project to Wood-Based Energy in Tanzania. In Temu, A.B., et al., (Eds), Wood-Based Energy for Development. Proceedings of a National Seminar. Held Dar es Salaam, 26-28 March, 1984, pp 26-46, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, 26-28 March, 1984.

MAUER,G., The Present Use and Potential for Energy from

90 Biomass in Tanzania. Energy From Biomass, pp 758-762, 1981.

MGENI,A., The Complexities of Community Forestry. CERES, Vol. 18. No, 2, pp 19-24, March - April, 1985.

MINISTRY OF LANDS, NATURAL RESOURCES AND TOURISM, Kumbukumbu ya Warsha wa Kitaifa ya Upandaji Miti. Shinyanga,Tanzania. September 14-16,1984. (In Kiswahili).

MINISTRY OF LANDS, NATURAL RESOURCES, AND TOURSM, Trees for Village Forestry. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1984.

MINISTRY OF WATER DEVELOPMENT AND POWER (WESTERN TANZANIA PROJECT), The Hydropower and Irrigation Study for Western Tanzania. Report No.l (The Air Survey 1974), 1975.

MINISTRY OF WATER, DEVELOPMENT AND POWER (WESTERN TANZANIA PROJECT), The Hydropower and Irrigation Study of Western Tanzania. Report No, 2, 1976.

MNZAVA, E.M., Village Afforestation: Lessons of Experience in Tanzania. FAO, Rome, 1980.

MNZAVA, E.M., Village Industries Versus Savanna Forest. Unasylva, FAO, Vol. 33. No. 131, pp 24-29, 1981.

MNZAVA, E.M., Tanzanian Tree Planting: A Voice from Villagers. Unasylva, Vol.37, No. 4, pp 33-39, 1985,

MNZAVA, E.M., Rural Forestry Programmes: The Participatory Approach (mimeo). Paper presented at the World Forestry Congress, Mexico City, July, 1985.

MNZAVA, E.M., Peoples' Participation in Forestry: The African Context (mimeo), Report submitted to FAO, October, 1985.

MNZAVA,E.M,, Forestry by the People, for the People: Some Major Problems in Tanzania's Village Afforestation Programme, The International Tree Crops Journal, Vol, 3,No.2/3, pp 247-170, 1985.

MWORIA C,P,, and KAALE,B.K., Use of Wood Energy in Forest Industries. In Temu, A.B., et al., (Eds), Wood-Based Energy for Development, Proceedings of a National Seminar held in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, pp 47-51, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, 26-28 March, 1984.

OPENSHAW, K., Animals and Trees: Food for Thought, Tanzania Veterinary Bulletin, Vol. l,, No. 3, pp 2-8, July, 1979.

SKUTSCH,M,, et. al., (The Centre for Energy Policy Research, Resources for the Future, Washington D,C,) Why People Don't Plant Trees, Case Study of Social Forestry in Tanzania

91 (mimeo). Paper presented at the American Association for the Advancement of Science meeting, Washington D.C., 8 January, 1982.

TEMU, A.B., Miombo Wood .. and Inventory Design;a Response to Fuelwood Scarcity in Tabora, Tanzania. Ph.D. Thesis, Univeristy of Dar es Salaam, Division of Forestry, Morogoro, Tanzania, 1980.

TEMU,A.B., and PHILIP, M.S., (Eds), Summary of the Proceedings of an International Workshop on Planning Forests for Community Development. Held Arusha. Division of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture Forestry and Veterinary Science, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Record No. 20 November, 1981.

TEMU,A.B., Double Sampling with Aerial Photographs in Estimating Wood Volume in Miombo Woodlands. Record No. 22, Division of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestrt and Veterinary Science, University of Dar es Salaam, 1981.

D6 WOOD AND CHARCOAL

ISHENGOMA, R. C., and KLEM, G. S., Yield, Quality, Cost and Market Acceptability of Charcoal from Softwood Slabs. University of Dar es Salaam, Division of Forestry, Morogoro, Tanzania, Record No. 4 ,1979.

KAALE,B.K., Charcoal Production and Utilization in Tanzania. Report of Regional Workshop on Development of Test Methods for Renewable Energy Technologies. Held Dar es Salaam, 30 June - 2 July 1982, African Programme on Standardization and Quality Control, Commonwealth Science Council Report CSC (82) SQC-15, pp 53-56, September, 1982.

KAALE,B.K.,and MUNISI,I.A.N., Woodfuel in Tanzania (mimeo). Forestry Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism Tanzania, 1983.

KAALE,B.K., and MWANDOSYA,M.J., Fuelwood Supply and End-Uses in Tanzania. In Mwandosya, M.J., et al., (Eds). Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Energy for Development in Eastern and Southern Africa. Held Arusha, Tanzania, April 4-13, 1983. Vol.2, pp 172-191, Faculty of Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1983.

KAALE, B.K., Woodfuel as a Potential Renewable Energy in SADCC Countries (mimeo). Paper presented to the SADCC Energy Conference on Making use of Renewable Energy. Held Harare, Zimbabwe, 21-23 March, 1984.

92 KAALE, B.K., Utilization of Fuelwood and Charcoal in East Africa. Energy Research Group Paper No. 038, International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada, May, 1985.

KAMBA,K., an MSABILA,G. The Role of Women and Children in Ensuring Sustained Wood Energy Supply for Doruestic Use in Tanzania. In Temu,A.B., et al., (Eds), Wood-Based Energy for Development, Proceedings of a national seminar held in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, pp 52-56, 26-28 March, 1984.

FOLEY, G., and VAN BUREN, A., Coal Substitutuion and Other Approaches to Facing the Pressure on Woodf uel Resources. Natural Resources Forum, Vol. 6, No.2, pp 127-149, 1982.

KIKULA,I.S., MASCARENHAS,A., and NILSSON,P., Report to Support Village Afforestation in Tanzania. Institute of Resource Assessment, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, November, 1983.

KILAHAMA,F.B., Wood as a Source of Energy for Domestic Uses in Tanzania. Master of Science (Forest Management) Dissertation, The Australian National University, Camberra, Australia, March, 1983.

KIMARYO,B.T., Yield and Quality of Charcoal From Lesser - Known Tree Species of Tanzania. International Development Research Centre Manuscript Report No. IDRC-MR 73e, ppl36-146, Ottawa, Canada, April, 1983.

LAYA, S.T., Let's Make a Pangawe Ceramic Woodstove (mimeo). Centre for Continuing Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Science, University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, 1984.

LAYA, S.T., Let Us Build a Lounga Woodstove (mimeo). Centre for Continuing Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Science, University kof Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, 1984.

LAYA, S.T., Let's Solve Our Firewood Problem: Stoves and Trees a Training Package (mimeo). Centre for Continuing Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Science, University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, 1984.

MASCARENHAS,A., The Relevance of the MITI Project to Wood-Based Energy in Tanzania. In Temu, A.B., et al., (Eds), Wood-Based Energy for Development. Proceedings of a National Seminar. Held Dar es Salaam, 26-28 March, 1984, pp 26-46, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, 26-28 March, 1984.

93 MNZAVA, E.M., Fuelwood, The Private Energy Crisis for the Poor. CERES, Vol. 14(4), pp 35-39, July-August, 1981.

MNZAVA, E.M., Village Industries Versus Savannah Forest. Unasylva, FAO, Vol. No. 131, pp 24-29, 1981.

MNZAVA,E.M., The Role of Wood Energy in the Tanzanian Economy. In Temu A.B. et al., (Eds), Wood-Based Energy for Development. Proceedings of a national seminar held in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, 26-28 March, 1984.

MWAIPOPO, P.B., A Woodfuel Consumption Survey in Morogoro Urban Areas (mimeo). University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, 1977.

O'KITIN'GATI, A., Fuelwood Consumption in an Economically Depressed Urban Centre (Tabora). Record No. 31, University of Dar es Salaam, Division of Forestry, Morogoro, Tanzania, 1983.

OPENSHAW,K., Energy Problems and Requirements of Dodoma Region. A Report for the Capital Development Authority of Tanzania Dodoma, 1977.

OPENSHAW,K., Developments in the Utilization of Wood in Tanzania. Paper presented at the Conference on Wood as a Natural Resource. Held Makerere University, Uganda, 22 March, 1976.

OPENSHAW, K., Woodfuel - a Time for Reassessment. Paper presented at the 12th Symposium of the East African Academy, Energy Resources in East Africa Session. Held Arusha, Tanzania, August - September, 1976.

OPENSHAW, K., Energy Development in Tanzania. A report prepared for the SADCC Seminar on Energy, Beijer Institute of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

SEFU, A., Morogoro Fuelwood Stove Project. Annual Report for the First Twelve Month Period, January to December 1985 (mimeo). Christian Council of Tanzania Women Training Centre, Morogoro, Tanzania, 1985.

SECHAMBO, F.C.M., An Econometric Analyisis of Demand for Charcoal in Tanzania: The Case of Dar es Salaam and Mwanza, Master of Arts (Econ.) Thesis, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1984.

TANZANIA INDISTRIAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION (TIRDO), Report on Industrial Energy Conservation Services (DP/URT/78/019/11.09). Prepared by UNIDO for UNDP and the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania, December, 1982.

94 TANZANIA NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH COUNCIL, Proceedings of the Workshop on Solar Energy for the Villages of Tanzania. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1977.

TANZANIA NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH COUNCIL (Dodoma Rural Energy Project), Report on the Field Test of the Dodoma Stove, October, 1983.

TANZANIA NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH COUNCIL (Dodoma Rurual Energy Project), Projects on the Development and Production of Improved Charcoal Stoves in Tanzania - A Survey and Laboratory Test Results. August, 1984.

TANZANIA NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH COUNCIL (Dodoma Rural Energy Project),Charcoal Production in Earth Kilns -A Threat to Remaining Forest Reserves in the Dodoma Region. October, 1984.

TANZANIA NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH COUNCIL (Dodoma Rural Energy Project), The UTAFITI Field Test of the Dodoma Stove, February, 1984.

TANZANIA NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH COUNCIL (Dodoma Rural Energy Project), Community Charcoal Stove - Design and Efficiency Test Results. August, 1984.

TNZANIA NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH COUNCIL (Dodoma Rural Energy Project), The Dodoma Stove After 18 Months; A Long Term Investigation Into the Utilization and Charcoal Saving of an Improved Charcoal Stove. February, 1985.

TANZANIA NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH COUNCIL (Dodoma Rural Energy Project), The Performance of Seven Community Charcoal Stoves in One Institutution; Redesign and Tests of large Charcoal Stoves at the College of Business Education in Dodoma. March, 1985.

TANZANIA NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH COUNCIL (Dodoma Rural Energy Project), Jiko la Udongo - Results of a six months village trial of thirty improved wood stoves (two pot holes and stoves with chimneys), April, 1985.

TEMU,A.B., Fuelwood Scarcity and Other Problems Associated with Tobacco Production in Tabora Region, Tanzania. Division of Forestry, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Record No. 12, 1979.

95 D7 CROP RESIDUES

D8 ANIMATE ENERGY

MSHANA, Z.M., Possibilities of Using Donkeys as a Source of Farm Power (mimeo). University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, 1974.

MWENGAMBA, A.M.O., The Use of Animal Power for Driving Processing Machines, With Particular Reference to a Sugarcane Crushers (mimeo). University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, 1976.

WEIR, A., Pedal Power (mimeo), University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, 1974.

WEIR, A., The Application of Pedal Power and the Development of Pedal Power Equipment (mimeo), Paper presented at the International Seminar on Appropriate Technologies for Rural Development. Held Arusha, 3-12 December, 1973.

D9 RENEWABLES

ASMAN,S.J.,and KAYUMBO,H.Y.,Prospects for Utilisation of Renewable Energy Resources in Developing Countries -Conference Report, German Foundation for International Development,1980.

CATANIA,P.J.,Post ENERGEX'82 Analysis, Renewable Energies/Energy Conservation Propects in Tanzania (mimeo). University of Regina, Canada, May, 1984.

KASSUM, AL NOOR, Speech Delivered to the United Nations Conference on New and Renewable Sources of Energy. Held Naoirobi, Kenya, 10-21 August, 1981.

MWANDOSYA, M.J., New and Renewable Energy Sources in Tanzania, With Emphasis on Financing Aspects. Proceedings of the Seminar on Financing of New and Renewable Rnergy Sources in Developing Countries, Organised by the OPEC Fund and Governments of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden, pp 73-78, Helsinki, Finland, 22-24, October, 1981, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland State Printing Centre, 1982.

MWANDOSYA,M.J., Energy and Renewable Energy Resources for Morogoro and its Impact Area (mimeo). Paper presented at the UNESCO Sub-Regional Workshop on Energy for Rural and Dispersed Populations. Held Bujumbura, Burundi, December, 1982.

96 E. NEW RESOURCES

EO GENERAL

BROWN,N.E.,and HOWE,J.W.,Solar Energy for Tanzania,Science,Vol.199 pp 651-7, 10 February, 1978. Also in Abelson,P.H.,and Hammond,A.L.,(Eds) Energy II: Needs, Conservation, and Supply, The American Association for The Advancement of Science, 1978 ,and in Smil,V.,and Knowland, W.E., Energy Crisis in the Developing World ,The Real Energy Crisis, Oxford University Press, pp297-309, 1980.

EAST AFRICAN METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT, Sunshine and Radiation Data at Stations in East Africa, (Revised Edition). Nairobi, Kenya,1971.

EAST AFRICAN METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT, Climatological Statistics for East Africa, Part III : Tanzania. Nairobi, Kenya, 1975.

MWANDOSYA, M.J., and LUHANGA,M.L., Energy Resources, Flows and End-Uses in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam University Press, 1983.

El BIOGAS

EAST AFRICAN METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT, Climatological Statistics for East Africa and Seychelles, Part III : Tanganyika and Zanzibar. Nairobi, Kenya, 1964.

LIMBE, L., Energy from Biogasification. In Temu, A.B., et al., (Eds), Wood-based Energy for Development. Proceedings of a National Seminar held in Dar es Salaam. Organised by Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Tanzania, 26-28 March, 1984.

LWAKABAMBA,S., et al., The Diffusion of Family Size Unit Biogas Plants in Suitable Areas in Tanzania - The Development of an Extension Strategy. Commonwealth Science Council,Seminar on Development of Renewable Energy Technologies in Africa. Held Redruit, Mauritius, 25 March -1 April, 1985.

MABUGO, D.R.R., Use of Farm Wastes to Produce Biogas (mimeo). University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, 1975.

97 MHINA, P.S., A Brief Description of Manufacture and Utilization of Gobar Gas in Tanzania. UHANDISI, Journal of the Faculty of Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp 11-19, June, 1978.

MITZILAFF,K. and MKUMBWA,M.H., Performance of a Small Diesel Engine Operating in a Dual Fuel Mode with Biogas. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Paper Presented at the International Conference on State of The Art on Biogas Technology, Transfer and Diffusion. Held Cairo, November 17-24, 1984.

MMAKASA,S., Tanzania Country Paper, Biogas Systems for Rural Development. A Report of a Training Workshop on Monitoring and Evaluation of Biogas Systems. Held Lusaka, Zambia, 29 August-1 September, 1983. The African Energy Programme, Commonwealth Science Council, Technical Publication Series No. 137, pp 22-28, 1983.

MUSHI, S.J., KAYUMBO, H.Y., and ASMAN, S.T. , Biogas Technology for Rural Communities in Tanzania. Report of Regional Workshop on Development of Test Metheods for Renewable Energy Technologies. Held Dar es Salaam, 30 June to 2 July, 1982. African Programme on Standardization and Quality Control, Commonwealth Science Council Report CSC (82) 5 QC-15, pp 57- 59, September, 1982.

MZEE.A., BHATIA,B.S., and NANYARO,E.M., Biogas Plants and Their Application for Rural Water Pumping. Commonwealth Science Council Africa Energy Programme, Report of the Project Group Meeting. Held Arusha, Tanzania, 20-26 September 1979, Vol. 2, Resource Material, Publication CSC (79) AEP-2, ppl3-20, 1979.

RAJESWARAN,K., Simple Energy Technology: Biogas Utilization in Tanzania. Institute of Resource Assessment, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Research Paper No. 4, May, 1983.

TANZANIA NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH COUNCIL (Dodoma Rural Energy Project), Biogas in the Dodoma Region.

E2 GEOTHERMAL

MAKUNDI, S.J., and KIFUA.G., Geothermal Features of the Mbeya Region in Tanzania. Paper presented at International Symposium on Geothermal Energy, Hawaii, published in Transac tions of Geothermal Resources Council, Davis, California, U.S.A., August, 1985.

98 MINISTRY OF WATER, ENERGY AND MINERALS, Report on Reconnaisance of Geothermal Resources (a SWECO-VIRKIR Report). December, 1976.

E3 NUCLEAR ELECTRICITY

E4 SOLAR ELECTRICITY

BRUBAKER, G., Shirati Installs Microcomputer. VITA News, pp 13- 14, April, 1984.

HASSANALI, H.G., KADETE,H., and REICHEL,R., Installation of Photovoltaic Cells in Mt. Kilimanjaro. Department of Electrical Engineering, Report EP 78.09, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania,1978.

KASHINJE, S.P., and KWIZERA, P., MOS Solar Cells (mimeo). University for Dar es Salaam, Department of Physics, 1986.

MARIKI, G.E. Village Photovoltaic Power Systems, Commonwealth Science Council, African Energy Programme. Report of the Project Group Meeting. Held Arusha, Tanzania, 20-26 September 1979, Vol.2, Resource Material, Publication CSC(79) AEP-2, pp 24-26, 1979.

MWINGIRA, P.A., Tanzania Country Paper Presented at the Training Workshop on Meteorological Data for Solar and Wind Energy Applications. Held Mahe, Seychelles, 20-25 June, 1983. Summary in Commonwealth Science Council Technical Report No. 131, Meteorology for Solar and Wind Energy Applications, 1983.

NKONOKI, S.R., and MWANDOSYA, M.J., Solar Energy Programs in Tanzania. Proceedings of the African Solar Energy Workshop organised by Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia, Vol. 1, pp 9-50, 1979.

STIGTER,C.J., and JIWAJI, N.T., The Cause of an Apparent Anomalous Sunshine Duration Percentage at Morogoro (1946-1961). University Science Journal, Vol.7, Nos. 1&2, pp 77-86, University of Dar es Salaam, 1981.

STIGTER, C.J., The Measurement of Solar Radiation (mimeo). Department of Physics, University of Dar es Salaam.

STIGTER, C.J. and WARYOBA, J.M., Camphebll - Stokes Data for Radiation Calibration Purposes in East Africa. Archives for Meteorology, Geophysics and Bioclimatology: Series B, Vol. 29, pp 99-109, 1981.

99 STIGTER, C.J., Sampling and Estimation of Better Defined Cloudiness for Dar es Salaam. Solar Energy, Vol. 28, No.I, pp 49-53, I982.

STIGTER, C.J., On Reference Crop Evaporation in Tanzania. E. Africa Agri. and For. Journal, Vol.44, No. 2, pp II2-II8, I978.

STIGTER, C.J., and MUSABILA, V.M.M., The Conservation Ratio of Photosynthetically Active to Total Radiation in the Tropics. Jounrnal of Applied Ecology, I982.

STIGTER, C.J., Estimation of Aerial Cloudiness at Some Near Equatorial Stations in Tanzania. Weather, Vol. 37, No.I, pp II-I6, January, I982.

STIGTER, C.J., An Explanation of Uncertainties in Point Cloudiness/Solar Energy Relationships. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, Vol.22, No.2, pp 336-338, American Meteorological Society, February, I983.

TANZANIA NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH COUNCIL,Proceedings of the Workshop on Solar Energy for the Villages of Tanzania. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, I977.

ES SOLAR THERMAL

ANTAPA, P. L., Design, Consruction and Testing of a Low - Cost Agricultural Produce Solar Drier (mimeo). University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, I977.

ERIKSSON,T.S.,LUSHIKU,E.M.,and GRANQUIST,C.G., Radiative Cooling to Low Temperatures : Assessment of The Potential, and Development of Selectively Emitting Materials. In Szokolay,S.V., (Ed.), Proceedings of the Eighth Biennial Congress of The International Solar Energy Society. Held Perth, 14-I9 August, I983, Vol.3, pp I953-I957. Pergammon Press, I983.

FLORDAL, L.E., and KIVAISI, R., Vacuum Evaporated Thin Films for Solar Collectors. Vacuum, Vol. 27, No. 44, pp 399-402, Pergamon Press, I977.

GEMBE, R.L., Design, Construction, and Testing of a Low-Cost Solar Water Heater (mimeo). University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, I977.

IOO LWAKABAMBA,S., and JOHN,G., Prospects of Energy Conservation in the Industrial Sector in Tanzania. Proceedings of the Training Workshop on Energy Conservation for Industrial Applications, Commonwealth Science Council, CSC Tech. Publication Series No. 138, pp 38-44, 1984.

MREMA G.C., WEREKO-BROBBY, C., et al., Solar Dryers - Their Role in Post-Harvest Processing. Commonwealth Science Council. Commonwealth Secretariat,London,1985.

MREMA,G.C., Development of Test Methods for Solar Crop Driers. In Proceeedings of Commonwealth Science Council/International Development Research Council (I.D.R.C), Solar Crop Drying Workshop. (Held Nairobi, 11-13 October, 1982) Vol. 2, pp 69- 74. 1984.

MREMA, G.C., and MAKUNGU,P.S.J.J., Drying of Pyrethrum, Fish, and Tobacco. Report of the African Energy Programme Workshop on Solar Crop Drying. Held Nairobi, Kenya, 11-13 October, 1982. Vol. 2, Resource Materials, Commonwealth Science Council Publications CSC (82) AEP-10, pp 97-108, 1982.

MWINGIRA, P.A., Tanzania Country Paper. Presented at the Training Workshop on Meteorological Data for Solar and Wind Energy Applications. Held Mahe, Seychelles, 20-25 June, 1983. Summary in Commonwealth Science Council Technical Report No. 131, Meterology for Solar and Wind Energy Applications, 1983.

NKONOKI, S. R., and MWANDOSYA, M.J., Solar Energy Programs in Tanzania. Proceedings of the African Solar Energy Workshop organised by Atlanta University, Atlanta ,Georgia, Vol. 1, pp 9- 50, 1979.

NKONOKI,S.R., Development and Use of Solar Energy Resources and Planning Activities in the Energy Sector. (Proceedings of the UNI TAR International Conference on Long-Term Energy Resource, held Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 26 Nov. 1979). R.F. Meyer (Ed.), Vol.II, pp 823 - 829, Pitmen, Boston MA, USA, 1981.

O'SHEA, K.R., Theoretical Evaluation of Selective Radiation Absorbing Surface. University Science Journal, (University of Dar es Salaam) Vol. 1, No. 2, pp 62-72, 1975.

RIHA, J., Collector Heats Water at Bugando. VITA News, pp 12-13, April, 1984.

STIGTER, C.J., and KISAMO, E.A.C., Evaporation Determination by Penmans' Method:A Rational and Up to Date Approach for Tanzanian Conditions. University Science Journal (University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania), Vol.4, Nos.1&2, pp 53-57, July, 1978.

102 KIVAISI,R.T., Performance Tests of a Linear Collector Solar Water Heater. University Science Journal, Vol. 6, Nos. 1 & 2, pp 151-166, July 1980.

KAVAISI, R.T., Social Uses of Solar Energy in Tanzania. Tanzania Notes and Records, Vol. 84-85, pp 153-175, 1980.

KAVAISI, R.T., Optical Properties of Obliquely Evaporated Aluminium Films. Thin Solid Films (Electronics and Optics), Vol.97, pp 153 - 163, Elsevier Sequoia, 1983.

KIVAISI, R.T., Spectral and Angular Selectivity of Obliquely Deposited Films (mimeo). University of Dar es Salaam, Department of Physics.

KIVAISI, R.T., A Study of Solar Water Heating in Dar es Salaam. Solar Energy Research Report, Department of Physics, University of Dar es Salaam, 1977.

KIVAISI, R.T., A Study of Solar Water Heating in Dar es Salaam, Solar Energy Research Report, Department of Physics, University of Dar es Salaam.

KIVAISI, R.T., and STENSLAND, L., Spectral Selectivity of Nickel and Chromium Rough Surfaces. Applied Physics A (Solids and Surfaces), Bol. 27, pp 233-238, Springer Verlag, 1982.

LUSHIKU,E.M., Construction of a Simple Manual Ellipsometer. University Science Journal, ( University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania), Vol. 2, No.2, pp 81-94, 1976.

LUSHIKU, E.M., and O'SHEA, K.R., Ellipsometry in the Study of Selective Radiation - Absorbing Surfaces. Solar Energy, Vol. 19, pp 271-276, Pergamon Press, 1977.

LUSHIKU, E.M., HJORTSBERG,A., and GRANQUIST, C.G., Radiative Cooling with Selectively Infrared Emitting Ammonia Gas. J. App. Phys., (American Institute of Physics), Vol. 53, No.8, pp 5526-5530, August, 1982.

LUSHIKU,E.M., Radioactive Cooling in Dodoma (Tanzania) With Selectively Emitting Ammonia Gas (mimeo). Dept. of Physics, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1983.

LUSHIKU,E.M., and GRANQVIST,C.G., Radiative Cooling with Selectrively Infrared Emitting Gases. Applied Optics, Vol. 23, No. 11, pp 1835-1843, June, 1984.

LUSHIKU, E.M., ERIKSSON, T.S., GRANQVIST, C.G., and STIGTER C.J., Radiative Cooling in Dar es Salaam - A Preliminary Assessment Based on Radiosonde Data. University Science Journal (University of Dar es Salaam), Vol. 9, pp 73-83, 1983.

101 STIGTER,C.J., and JIWAJI, N.T., The Cause of an Apparent Anomalous Sunshine Duration Percentage at Morogoro (I946-I96I). University Science Journal, Vol. 7, Nos. I&2, pp77-86, University of Dar es Salaam, I98I.

STIGTER, C.J., The Measurement of Solar Radiation (mimeo). Department of Physics, University of Dar es Salaam.

STIGTER, C.J., and WARYOBA, J.M., CamphebII - Stokes Data for Radiation Calibration Purposes in East Africa. Archives for Meteorology, Geophysics and Bioclimatology: Series B, Vol. 29, pp 99-I09, I98I.

STIGTER, C.J., Sampling and Estimation of Better Defined Cloudiness for Dar es Salaam. Solar Energy, Vol. 28, No.I, pp 49-53, I982.

STIGTER, C.J., On Reference Crop Evaporation in Tanzania. E. Africa Agri. and For. Journal, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp II2-II8, I978.

STIGTER, C.J., and MUSABILA, V.M.M., The Conservative Ratio of Photosynthetically Active to Total Radiation in the Tropics. Journal of Applied Ecology, I982.

STIGTER, C.J., Estimation of Aerial Cloudiness at Some Near Equatorial Stations in Tanzania. Weather, Vol. 37, No.I, pp II-I6, January, I982.

STIGTER, C.J., An Explanation of Uncertainties in point Cloudiness/Solar Energy Relationships. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, Vol.22, No.2, pp 336-338, American Meteorological Society, February, I983.

TANZANIA NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH COUNCIL Proceedings of the Workshop on Solar Energy for the Villages of Tanzania. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, I977.

E6 WIND

SHETTO, R.N., Design, Construction and Evaluation of a Wind-Driven Grain Mill (mimeo). University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, I977.

BEURSKENS,H.J.M., Feasibility Study of Windmills for Water Supply in Mara Region,Tanzania. Publication No. SWD78-I, Steering Committee on Wind Energy for Developing Countries, Box 85, Amersfoot, The Netherlands, I978.

I03 HANLON,J., Not Just Another Windmill. New Scientist, Vol. 79, No. 1120, pp 756-758, 1978.

BLEIJS,J.A.M., Report on the Feasibility of Electricity Generation by Windpower or Other Alternative Energy Sources for Sengerema Hospotal. Research Report, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, July, 1981.

LWANDA, E.G., Feasibility of Using Windmills for Dodoma, Morogoro and Dar es Salaam (mimeo). University of Dar es Salaam. Morogoro, 1974.

MWANDOSYA,M.J., LUHANGA,M.L., and HASSANALI M.G., Harnessing Wind Energy. In Proceedings of the Africa Energy Project Group Meeting, Held Arusha, Tanzania, 20-26 September, 1979, Commonwealth Science Council Publication CSC (79) AEP-2, Vol. II: Resource Material, pp 3-8, 1979.

MWINGIRA, P.A., Tanzania Country Paper. Presented at the Training Workshop on Meteorological Data for Solar and Wind Energy Applications. Held Mahe, Seychelles, 20-25 June, 1983. Summary in Commonwealth Science Council Technical Report No. 131, Meteorology for Solar and Wind Energy Applications, 1983.

PARKER, N.M., The Use of Windmills in Tanzania. Bureau of Resource Assessment and Land Use Planning, Research Paper No. 33, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, September, 1974.

PARKERS, M.E., and van de LAAK, F.J.M., Windpower Installations for Water Pumping in Developing Countries. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Wind Energy Systems, Held Cambridge, UK, 7 Sept. 1976, pp F. 3.31-40, H.S. Stephens, Held Patel and N.G. Coles (Eds.) British Hydromechanics Research Association, Cranfield, UK, 1977.

REICHEL, R.S., Windpower in Tanzania. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Wind Energy Systems, Vol.2, No.l, pp A5.45 - A5.52, 1978.

REICHEL,R., Rural Electrification and Windpower in Tanzania. Master of Science Dissertation, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, March,1978.

STANLEY, D., and DARROW, K., The Arusha Windmill: A Construction Manual. Volunteers in Technical Assistance (VITA) Publication No. Bl, Mount Rainier, Maryland, 1977.

E7 HYDROGEN

104 El HYDROGEN

EB ETHANOL

E9 METHANOL

F. TECHNOLOGIES

FO GENERAL

MWANDOSYA,M.J., LUHANGA, M.L., and HASSANALI M.G., Harnessing Wind Energy. In Proceedings of the Africa Energy Programme Project Group Meeting, Held Arusha, Tanzania, 20-26 September, 1979, Commonwealth Science Council Publication CSC (79) AEP-2, Vol.II: Resource Material, pp 3-8, 1979.

MWAPACHU. B., Energy Resources and Technologies in Tanzania (mimeo). Paper Presented at the Seminar on Energy Policy in Tanzania, Ministry of Water and Energy, Tanzania, 1981.

Fl EXPLORATION

F2 TECHNOLOGY FOR PRODUCTION

F3 TRANSPORT AND DISTRIBUTION

PARKER, N., Energy Considerations in the Development of the Transportation and Building Sectors. In Mwandosya, M.J., et al., (Eds), Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Energy for Development in Eastern and Southern Africa, Held Arusha, Tanzania, April 4-13, 1983, Vol.2,pp 266-283, Faculty of Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1983.

F4 EQUIPMENT

ANTAPA, P.L., Design, Construction and Testing of a Low - Cost Agricultural Produce Solar Drier (mimeo). University of Dar es Salaam,

105 OMAR, S.J., A Comparative Economic Study of milling Energy Requirement for Traditional and Modern Man-powered Techniques (mimeo). University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, 1977.

SHERRIF, A.H., and LARJI, B.M., Waste Oil as Fuel: How it Works. The Tanzania Engineer, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp 19-23, Dec., 1983.

SHETTO, R. N., Design, Construction and Evaluation of a Wind­ Driven Grain Mill (mimeo). University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, 1977.

WEIR, A., Pedal Power (mimeo), University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, 1974.

WEIR, A., The Application of Pedal Power and the Development of Pedal Power Equipment (mimeo), Paper presented at the International Seminar on Appropriate Technologies for Rural Development Held Arusha, 3-12 December, 1973.

F5 CONSERVATION

CATANIA, P.J., Post ENERGEX'82 Analysis, Renewable Energies/Energy Conservation Propects in Tanzania (mimeo). University of Regina, Canada, May, 1984.

TANZANIA INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION (TIRDO) Report on Industrial Energy Conservation Services (DP/URT/78/019/11.09). Prepared by UNIDO and the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania, December, 1982.

VICTUS,P., and NINDIE, R.M., Industrial Energy Conservation in Tanzania. in Mwandosya, M.J., et al. (Eds), Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Energy for Development in Eastern and Southern Africa. Held Arusha, Tanzania, April 4-13, 1983, Vol. 2,pp 284 - 297, Faculty of Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, 1983.

F6 SCALE VARIATION, SCALING AND MINIATURIZATION

G. SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND ENVIRONMENT FACTORS

GO GENERAL

106 Gl HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT

INSITUTE OF ADULT EDUCATION AND MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND TOURISM, Final Report of 'Forests are Wealth' Campaign, Dar es Salaam, 1982.

MAGANGA, L.S., and CHAMSHAMA, S.A.O., Impact of Wood Harvesting on Soil and the Residual Trees in Plantations on Mount Meru, Tanzania. Record No. 32, Division of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Science, University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, 1984.

SHERRIF, A.H., and LARJI, B.M., Waste Oil as Fuel: How it Works. The Tanzania Engineer, Vol. 1, No.2, pp 19-23, Dec., 1983

VITA NEWS., Ceramic Kiln Burns Waste Oil. VITA News (April 1983), pp 3-6, and Vita News (July 1983), p 2.

G2 SOCIAL FACTORS

BLEIJS,J.A.M., Report on the Feasibility of Electricity Generation by Windpower or Other Alternative Energy Sources for Sengerema Hospital. Research Report, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, July, 1981.

GROENEVELD,M.J., and WESTERTERP, K.R., Social and Economic Aspects of Introduction of Gasification Technology in Rural Areas of Developing Countries (Tanzania). Gasification Technology, Vol. 49, pp 705-719, American Chemical Society, 1980.

GUJARATI,M.A.M., Generation of Electrical Power Using Solar Energy as Applied to a Village. UHANDISI (Journal of Faculty of Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam) Vol. 4, No. l,pp 20-23, June, 1978.

KAALE,B.K., Social Economic Aspects with Respect to Wood Energy Research and Production (mimeo). Paper presented at the International Symposium on Wood Energy Research, June 8-9, 1984, Uppsala, Sweden. Minitry of Natural Resource, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1984.

KASEMBE,J.N.R., SEMOKA, J.M.R., and SAMKI, Organic Farming in Tanzania. In Semoka, J.M.R.,et al. (Eds),Proceedings of Workshop on Resource-Efficient Farming Methods for Tanzania. Held Morogoro, Tanzania, May 16-20. Rodale Press, USA, 1983°

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