Proposed Second Carriageway from Athi River to Ulu (A109) Road *

Public Disclosure Authorized

Public Disclosure Authorized The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study

Public Disclosure Authorized DRAFT REPORT February 24, 2011

*This report includes the Athi River to Machakos Turn-Off section of the A109 road, which is proposed for financing by the World Bank. At this time, the World Bank is not funding the Machakos Turn-Off to Ulu section of the A109 road, although the environmental issues are similar.

CAS Consultants Public Disclosure Authorized P. O. Box 67693 – 00200 Nairobi

The Consultants have prepared this report in accordance with the instructions of their client for their sole and specific use.

TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... 1 CHAPTER 1: PROJECT BACKGROUND ...... 8 1.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 8 1.2 PROJECT JUSTIFICATION ...... 8 1.3 STUDY OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE ...... 8 1.4 STUDY METHODOLOGY ...... 9 1.4.1 The environmental and social impact assessment Team Composition ...... 9 1.4.2 Scoping and Screening ...... 9 1.4.3 Data and Information Collection Methods ...... 9 1.4.4 Stakeholder analysis ...... 9 1.4.5 Rapid Assessment ...... 10 1.4.6 Consultation and Literature Review ...... 10 1.4.7 Public participation/ enlarged focus group discussions ...... 10 1.4.8 Key informants Interviews ...... 10 1.4.9 Aspects to be assessed ...... 10 1.4.10 Environmental Management Plan ...... 12 1.4.11 ESIA Activities ...... 12 1.5 ANTICIPATED STUDY CONSTRAINTS ...... 13 1.6 REPORTING ...... 13 1.7 STUDY EXPERTS ...... 16 CHAPTER 2: PROJECT AREA DESCRIPTION ...... 18 2.1 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION ...... 18 2.2 CURRENT ROAD ALIGNMENTS ...... 18 2.2.1 Existing Status ...... 18 2.2.2 Key Features on the Corridor ...... 18 2.2.3 Current Road Usage ...... 18 Projected Traffic ...... 19 2.2.4 Encroachments ...... 20 2.3 DESIGN CONCEPTS ...... 20 2.4 MATERIALS AND SOURCES ...... 20 2.5 PROJECT ACTIVITIES ...... 21 2.6 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE AND COST ESTIMATE ...... 21 CHAPTER 3: ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS ...... 22 3.1 OVERVIEW OF THE ALTERNATIVES ...... 22 3.2 ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS ...... 22 3.2.1 Alternative 1 ...... 22 3.2.2 Alternative 2 ...... 22 3.3 ALTERNATIVE SUITABILITY ...... 22 CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE CONDITIONS ...... 23 4.1 GENERAL ROUTE OVERVIEW ...... 23 4.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING ...... 23 4.2.1 Topography, Hydrology , Geology and Soils ...... 23 4.2.2 Water Sources ...... 23 4.2.3 Climatic Conditions ...... 23 4.2.4 Biodiversity ...... 24 CHAPTER 5: SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC BASELINE CONDITIONS ...... 27

5.1 POSITION OF THE PROJECT AREA ...... 27 5.1.1 Administrative division ...... 27 5.2 POLITICAL UNITS ...... 27 5.3 SOCIO-CULTURAL ...... 27 5.4 LAND TENURE AND LAND USE ...... 27 5.4.1 Settlement Patterns ...... 28 5.5 HOUSING ...... 29 5.4.2 Population profiles ...... 29 5.4.3 Urbanization ...... 30 5.6 STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS ...... 31 5.7 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ...... 33 5.7.1 Crop farming ...... 33 5.7.2 Livestock farming ...... 34 5.8 WELFARE INDICATORS ...... 34 5.8.1 Poverty and Income levels ...... 34 5.9 LIVELIHOODS ...... 35 5.8.2 Education ...... 35 5.8.3 Health ...... 35 5.10 TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION ...... 36 5.11 TRADE AND INDUSTRY ...... 36 5.12 CROSS CUTTING ISSUES ...... 37 5.12.1 Gender ...... 37 5.12.2 HIV/AIDS ...... 37 5.12.3 Security ...... 38 CHAPTER 6: HEALTH AND SAFETY OF WORKERS AND NEIGHBOURING COMMUNITIES. .... 39 6.1 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY (OHS) ...... 39 6.1.1 Possible Occupational Hazards ...... 39 6.1.2 Communication and Training ...... 43 6.1.3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) ...... 44 6.1.4 Monitoring ...... 45 6.2 COMMUNITY HEALTH AND SAFETY ...... 46 6.2.1 Water Quality and Availability ...... 46 6.2.2 Structural Safety of Project Infrastructure ...... 47 6.2.3 Road and Traffic Safety ...... 47 6.2.4 Measures to control Road accidents: ...... 48 6.2.5 Road Safety Measures during Construction ...... 49 6.2.6 Road Safety Measures during Operation ...... 50 6.2.7 Disease Prevention ...... 51 6.2.8 Emergency Preparedness and Response ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER 7: POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ...... 54 7.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 54 7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ...... 54 7.3 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS ...... 54 7.4 LEGAL FRAMEWORK ...... 55 7.4.1 The Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act, 1999 ...... 55 7.4.2 Physical Planning Act, 1999 ...... 56 7.4.3 The Land Planning Act (Cap. 303) ...... 56 7.4.4 The Public Health Act (Cap. 242) ...... 56 7.4.5 The Penal Code (Cap. 63) ...... 57 7.4.6 The Factories Act (Cap. 514) ...... 57 7.4.7 Occupational Health and Safety Act of 2007 ...... 58 3

7.4.8 The Water Act 2002 ...... 58 7.4.9 The Local Government Act (Cap. 265) ...... 58 7.4.10 The Traffic Act, Cap. 403 ...... 59 7.4.11 The Chief’s Authority Act, Cap.128 ...... 59 7.4.12 The Antiquities and Monuments Act, Cap.251 ...... 59 7.4.13 The Agricultural Act, Cap.318 ...... 59 7.4.14 The Land Acquisition Act, Cap.295...... 60 7.4.15 The Roads Act ...... 60 7.5 PROJECT CODES AND STANDARDS ...... 60 7.5.1 BS 5400:- British Standard for Steel, Concrete and Composite Bridges ...... 60 7.5.2 BS 8004:- British Standard Code of Practice for Foundations...... 61 7.5.3 Other Design Manuals ...... 61 The other design manuals useful to this project are; MoR-Road Design Manual Part 1-Geometric Design, MoR-Road Design Manual Part 3-Materials and Pavement Design, MoR-Road Design Manual Part 5- Pavement Rehabilitation and overlay Design and MoR-Standard specifications for roads and bridges ...... 61 7.6 ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ...... 62 7.6.1 Ministry of roads ...... 62 7.6.2 Kenya National Highway Authority...... 62 7.6.3 Kenya Urban Roads Authority ...... 62 7.6.4 Kenya Rural Roads Authority ...... 62 7.7 DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS REGULATIONS ON ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT ...... 62 7.7.1 World Bank Operational Policy 4.01-Environmental Assessment ...... 62 7.7.2 Bank Operational Policy 4.04-Natural Habitats ...... 63 7.7.3 Bank Operational Policy 4.09-Pest Management ...... 63 7.7.4 Bank Operational Policy 4.11-Physical Cultural Resources ...... 63 7.7.5 Bank Operational Policy 4.12-Involuntary Resettlement ...... 64 7.7.6 World Bank Policy on Access to Information ...... 64 CHAPTER 8: ANTICIPATED IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 65 8.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 65 8.2 ANALYSIS OF ANTICIPATED IMPACTS NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES ...... 66 8.2.1 Extraction and Use of Materials...... 66 8.2.2 Dust Emissions ...... 66 8.2.3 Exhaust Emissions ...... 66 8.2.4 Noise and Vibration ...... 66 8.2.5 Risks of Accidents and Injuries to Workers ...... 66 8.2.6 Clearance of Vegetation ...... 67 8.2.7 Increased Soil Erosion ...... 67 8.2.8 Waste Generation ...... 67 8.2.9 Energy Consumption ...... 67 8.2.10 Contamination of environment ...... 67 8.2.11 Increased demand of sanitary facilities ...... 68 8.2.12 Repairs and maintenance of vehicles and machinery ...... 68 8.2.13 Water Use ...... 68 8.2.14 Interference with business and daily activites during demolition ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. 8.2.15 Interference with with Wildlife ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. 8.3 POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES ...... 68 8.3.1 Increased Security in the area ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. 8.3.2 Creation of Employment Opportunities ...... 68 8.3.3 Provision of Market for Supply of Materials ...... 68 8.3.4 Reduce costs of Road Maintenance ...... 68 8.3.5 Improved Drainage and Road Safety ...... 68 4

8.3.6 Increased Business Opportunities ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. 8.4 NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF OPERATIONAL AND MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES ...... 69 8.4.1 Immigration of workers ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. 8.4.2 Solid Waste Generation ...... 69 8.4.3 Increased Storm Water Flow ...... 69 8.4.4 Increased Demand for Sanitation ...... 69 8.4.5 Energy Consumption ...... 69 8.4.6 Water Use ...... 69 8.4.7 Increased informal settlement...... Error! Bookmark not defined. 8.4.8 Increased pressure in the area ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. 8.4.9 Increased accidents and death of animals ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. 8.4.10 Interference with Traffic Flow ...... 69 8.5 POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF OPERATIONAL ACTIVITIES ...... 70 8.5.1 Provision of markets to local goods ...... 70 8.5.2 Revenue to National and Local Governments ...... 70 8.5.3 Reduction in poverty ...... 70 8.5.4 Improved Security ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. 8.6 NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF DECOMMISSIONING ACTIVITIES ...... 70 8.6.1 Solid Waste ...... 70 8.6.2 Dust ...... 70 8.6.3 Interference with road users ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. 8.6.4 Noise and Vibration ...... 70 8.6.5 Increased waste water ...... 70 8.7 POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF DECOMMISSIONING ACTIVITIES ...... 70 8.7.1 Rehabilitation ...... 71 8.7.2 Employment Opportunities ...... 71 8.8 IMPACT MITIGATION AND MONITORING ...... 75 8.9 MITIGATION OF CONSTRUCTION PHASE IMPACTS ...... 75 8.9.1 Efficient sourcing and Use of Raw Materials ...... 75 8.9.2 Minimization of Vegetation Disturbance ...... 75 8.9.3 Minimization of Run-off and Soil Erosion ...... 76 8.9.4 Minimization of Construction Waste ...... 76 8.9.5 Reduction of Dust Generation and Emission ...... 77 8.9.6 Minimization of Exhaust Emissions ...... 77 8.9.7 Minimization of Noise and Vibration ...... 78 8.9.8 Occupational Health and Safety ...... 78 8.9.9 Reduction of Energy Consumption ...... 78 8.9.10 Minimization of Water Use and pollution of water causes ...... 79 8.9.11 Provision of Sanitary Facilities ...... 79 8.9.12 Development of the Garages and Waste Oil Handling facilities ...... 79 8.9.13 Rehabilitating and Mending up activates ...... 79 8.9.14 Waste Water and Efflent Management ...... 79 8.9.15 Minimisation of forest biodiversity disturbance and vehicle-animal collision and .. Error! Bookmark not defined. 8.9.16 Minimisation of accidents along the road ...... 80 8.9.17 Continuous Monitoring and Consultation ...... 80 8.10 MITIGATION OF OPERATION PHASE IMPACTS ...... 80 8.10.1 Social Impact ...... 80 8.10.2 Ensuring Efficient Solid Waste Management ...... 80 8.10.3 Minimization of Sewage Release ...... 80 8.10.4 Ensure Efficient Energy Consumption...... 81 8.10.5 Ensure Efficient Water Use ...... 81 8.10.6 Environmental Pollution and Contamination ...... 81 5

8.10.7 Health and Safety...... 82 8.10.8 Social and Economic Impacts ...... 82 8.10.9 Road Drainage ...... 82 8.11 MITIGATION OF DECOMMISSIONING PHASE IMPACTS ...... 82 8.11.1 Efficient Solid Waste Management ...... 82 8.11.2 Reduction of Dust Concentration ...... 83 8.11.3 Minimization of Noise and Vibration ...... 83 CHAPTER 9: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT/MONITORING PLAN ...... 84 9.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 84 9.2 CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONAL PHASE EMP ...... 84 9.3 OPERATIONAL PHASE EMP ...... 105 9.4 DECOMMISSIONING PHASE ...... 111 CHAPTER 10: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 114 10.1 CONCLUSIONS ...... 114 10.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 114 REFERENCES ...... 115 ANNEXES ...... 116 ANNEX I: PROJECT ROUTE MAPS AND ALTERNATIVES AND LINKS ...... 117 ANNEX II: TERMS OF REFERENCE ...... 118 ANNEX III: DESIGN CONCEPTS ...... 119 ANNEX IV: SENSITIVE AREAS‟ MAPS ...... 120 ANNEX V: LIST OF PERSONS INTERVIEWED ...... 121 ANNEX VI: PHOTO GALLERY ...... 122

LIST OF FIGURES

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CHAPTER 1: PROJECT BACKGROUND

1.1 Introduction

The Second Carriageway of the Athi River to Ulu road forms part of the Northern Corridor and specifically of the section between Nairobi to Mombasa. The road is approximately 34kms long. This report includes the Athi River to Machakos Turn-Off section of the A109 road, which is proposed for financing by the World Bank. At this time, the World Bank is not funding the Machakos Turn-Off to Ulu section of the A109 road, although the environmental issues are similar.

Kenya National Highways Authority awarded the contract for consultancy services for this ESIA project to CAS Consultants vide letter of Notification of Award Ref. No. KeNHA/R/180/2010 dated 27th January 2010. The International Development Association (IDA) is being approached by the Client to fund the Project.

The Project Report has been prepared in accordance with the Environmental ( Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2002- Part II and deals with the following topics:-  The nature of the Project  The Location of the Project including the physical area that may be affected by the Project‟s activities.  The Design of the Project  The Materials to be used, products and by products, including waste to be generated by the Project and the methods of their disposal  The potential environmental impacts of the Project and the mitigation measures to be taken during and after implementation of the Project  An action plan for the prevention and management of possible accidents during the project cycle  A plan to ensure the health and safety of the workers and neighbouring communities  The economic and socio-cultural impacts to the local community and the nation in general.  The Project Budget

1.2 Project Justification

The road project for the Second Carriageway from Athi River to Ulu will serve to augment the road capacity to cater for the projected traffic from Athi River to Machakos Turn off within the next twenty years and also to cater for the anticipated traffic to be generated as a result of the development of the ICT city at Malili.

The Government is moving towards implementation of a Technopolis city at Malili to be the major communication centre in the country and perhaps the region. This city will provide a hub of communication to serve Nairobi and other cities in the region. It is common knowledge that such a facility will lead to attraction of secondary social and economic development with direct and indirect linkages to the Nairobi City Centre. It is also associated with increased mobility into and out of the centre for supplies and other purposes. The purpose of the project will be to provide adequate access between Nairobi to Malili.

The Road Section between Nairobi (i.e. Embakasi) to Athi River is already a dual carriageway.

1.3 Study Objectives and Scope

The Objectives of the study are:-

 To document the present condition of the environment and identify the positive and negative impacts that may result from the design and construction of the second carriageway of Athi River 8

to Ulu Road section. In so doing, to address the necessary environmental mitigation and monitoring measures.

The Consultant is required to perform all works necessary as outlined in the Terms of Reference including all desk work, field investigations, social interactions and related services. The Consultant will also provide necessary support services related to the completion of the assignment. The assignment will be carried out in two levels namely;

 Review of the existing information on the proposed road project and undertake field evaluations and environmental sampling where necessary

 Undertake social assessments, social interactions and consultative meetings to obtain the views and opinions from the public.

1.4 Study Methodology

1.4.1 The environmental and social impact assessment Team Composition

The consultant team for this assignment has involved a lead environmental Expert/team leader, highways engineer, sociologist, occupational health and safety expert and a biologist/ecologist.

1.4.2 Scoping and Screening

The examination of impacts will be scoped and screened to isolate and focus on potential impacts that are relevant to the project and a scoping report and terms of reference submitted to the client and to NEMA for approval.

1.4.3 Data and Information Collection Methods

The ESIA study will be set out to assess potential environmental and social impacts for the proposed second carriageway from Athi River to Ulu (A109).

The study will put into consideration the alignment designs, materials reports, traffic survey reports, feasibility studies reports, past ESIA reports, District development plans among others as part of the reference materials.

Methods to be used for data and information collection are discussed below;

1.4.4 Stakeholder analysis A stakeholder analysis will be carried out to identify the key stakeholders. The objective of stakeholder analysis is to narrow the scope to the affected groups. To arrive at this, a criterion will be designed to make it possible to identify the primary stakeholders and secondary stakeholders. The criteria used for selecting the stakeholders will involve the following:  Potential beneficiaries of the project  Those who could be adversely affected during both construction and operational phases  Proximity to the Project Area  Degree of knowledge

 Likely or predicted effect on individuals or groups around the project area.

1.4.5 Rapid Assessment During the preparation of this Project Report, a rapid assessment has been undertaken and operators of prominent business as well as operators of prominent institutions along the Project Road have been interviewed

1.4.6 Consultation and Literature Review Literature of relevant documents and past Environmental and social Impact Assessments Studies has been reviewed to collect baseline data and additional information. Documents reviewed include  Ministry of Roads- Road Design Manual, Part 1, Geometric Design of Rural Roads.

 Final Design Report for Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of the Machakos Turn Off – Ulu- Sultan Hamud by NorConsult International A. S. January 2004

 Environmental Impact Assessment for Embakasi – Machakos Turn Off (A109/A104) Dual Carriageway of February 2004. Additional Literature review is yet to be done especially as pertains to the development of the ICT city at Malili near Ulu.

1.4.7 Public participation/ enlarged focus group discussions The main purpose for stakeholder involvement will be to obtain their views on the project and allow the stakeholders to make contributions for improvement on the project design and establish a participatory process for implementation and monitoring. Consultations with the stakeholders will be intended to forge a partnership and corporation to take measures in minimizing any adverse effects of the project.

1.4.8 Key informants Interviews Key informants discussions will be used to supplement the information gathered.

1.4.9 Aspects to be assessed

Potential impacts of the construction and operation of the project road will be assessed based on the following aspects during both construction and operation:

 Physical environment  Physical-chemical environment  Biological environment  Social, micro and macroeconomic environment

Analysis will thereafter be done to categorize the impacts as short, medium and long-term, and also whether the impacts are cumulative. Further, the possibility of mitigation and reversibility will also be analyzed.

Physical Environment

The physical impacts will be assessed based on analysis of the project inputs, construction approaches, technology and processes, and products, by-products and wastes.

In addition, the Consultant will hold discussions with some organizations, government institutions and groups among others to seek more information that pertains to the project.

Social Environment A vigorous approach will be employed to enhance public participation. A stakeholder analysis will be done after the reconnaissance visit. Subsequent to this, a number of Stakeholders will be consulted to inform them about the project and an opportunity will be provided to hear their views on potential environmental and social impacts associated with the planned project. In addition to the above, literature will be reviewed and data collected. Several public consultation meetings will be held and where necessary more than once. Suggestions on proposed mitigation measures will be examined against the potential or perceived environmental impacts as judged from the project site visits, literature review, and any relevant information on the project as well as past experiences of similar developments. Tools used in data gathering will include the following; Stakeholder Analysis, Public Participation, Focus group discussions through Interactive forums, Key Informant interviews and face to face meetings with organizations, Structured Questionnaires will be used to capture additional data and some data will also be obtained through observations.

The key environmental areas of focus

The key environmental areas of focus shall include, but not limited to the following;

1. The role of the project in the development plans at its location and at national level

2. Disturbance of vegetation and plans for re-vegetation and conservation of biodiversity

3. Noise and Excessive Vibrations due to construction. 4. The prevention of soil erosion and sedimentation

5. The presentation of health hazards arising from ponding water and pollution of water courses and/or sources 6. Health and sanitation for construction labor units

7. Assessment of the impact on demographic factors. 8. Asses if there are any Visual and Auditory disturbances due to presence of machinery, construction workers and associated equipment

9. Asses the level of Sediment and Erosion from construction activities and the possibility of storm water run-off increasing turbidity of surface waters. Determine the contamination level of storm water with oil and grease, particulate matter and other pollutants. Management of Generated Solid Waste.

10. Occupational Health and Safety to address:- Traffic Management Plan to ensure safety to workers & public; elevated and overhead work; fall protection

11. Communicable disease associated with large influx of temporary construction workers

12. Safety of Pedestrians especially in township areas

13. Site Emergency Preparedness

14. Species Identification for terrestrial fauna and flora

15. Likelihood and Magnitude of Environmental Health and Safety risks 11

16. Monitoring to differentiate between baseline status and project related status- construction & operational phases. Monitoring methods to apply national and international methods for sample collection and analysis. Monitoring to include at least air quality and water quality.

17. Identification of contaminated land near Project Area

18. Survey of Kenya Maps sourcing

19. Effect of Hazardous Materials: Oil, Fuels, solvents & lubricants. Spill prevention & spill control planning. Leak Detection Systems, Receptivity of Environmental Receptors: Sewer, Electrical Utilities, Buildings; Bulk deliveries; spillage prevention and control plan.

20. Analyze and recommend the mitigating effects of periodic maintenance of Project Road.

The key socioeconomic areas of focus

The key socioeconomic areas of focus shall include, but not limited to the following;

1. Impacts on business and communication

2. Impacts on social amenities which will involve • Housing • Energy • Water supply and sanitation • Health facilities • Education • Religious services • Security

3. Impacts at macroeconomic level • Trade • Transport • Wealth creation and poverty reduction • Road maintenance costs • Communication-fiber optic development • Investment destinations

1.4.10 Environmental Management Plan Upon identification of the impacts from the project, impacts from the project, appropriate measures will be drawn to mitigate the impacts. This will then lead to an environmental management plan to guide the project implementation. Having established the impacts and the mitigation measures, integration of the impacts in the project implementation will be necessary. This will ensure proper integration of the recommended mitigation measures in the implementation process. The monitoring plan will serve as a supervisory schedule with respect of the environmental aspects

1.4.11 ESIA Activities The ESIA activities are running alongside the preliminary design work such as to involve a series of consultations with authorities, community groups and other organizations in the project area with a view to sharing information and data on environmental resources and social aspects. Effective evaluation of the baseline status will comprise of interviews (consultative meetings and discussions) and physical inspections and data gathering of proposed

route alternatives. Detailed baseline environmental conditions are going to provide the starting point for the impacts predictions and benchmarks for the mitigation measures. Among the activities in this regard have been briefly listed below;

(i) Proposed Project Description, deskwork to provide a detailed description of the project with respect to spatial coverage, preliminary design layout, magnitude, implementation schedules and costs as well as human resources. The project documents are among key documents being reviewed,

(ii) Establishment of Baseline Environmental Conditions to evaluate the current environmental status with respect to physical, biological and socio-cultural perspectives. It is a systematic field inspection backed with available documentation and direct interviews. Stakeholders on the ground are being fully involved,

(iii) Legislative and Regulatory Requirements to provide a comprehensive description of the existing legal provisions relevant to road constructions and transport sector in general. Road design guidelines and classification are also to be described,

(iv) Public Participation for an intensive consultations and public participation (CPPs) are being planned to obtain the opinions and views of stakeholders and communities within the project areas with the main focus mainly on social and conservation aspects as well as the perceived associated impacts. CPPs will be conducted in two phases including rapid interaction with selected and random members of the public being approached for comments, particularly those whose parcels of land or activities are within 2km of the road reserve. Formal meetings will then be organized with stakeholders.

1.5 Anticipated Study Constraints

This ESIA study is being undertaken alongside conceptual and preliminary design of the Project Road. As a result, the Client and the Consultant team have agreed that a Project Report should be prepared at this stage and presented to NEMA to enable the authority to evaluate the potential impacts and allow NEMA to give a conditional approval for the Project subject to any other additional requirements that they may require.

Other activities are running parallel the preliminary design work such as to involve a series of consultations with authorities, community groups and other organizations in the project area with a view to sharing information and data on environmental resources and social aspects. Effective evaluation of the baseline status will comprise of interviews (consultative meetings and discussions) and physical inspections and data gathering of proposed route alternatives. Detailed baseline environmental conditions are going to provide the starting point for the impacts predictions and benchmarks for the mitigation measures. Among the activities in this regard have been briefly listed below;

1.6 Reporting

The EIA report will address the set Terms of Reference and will be prepared in accordance with the requirements of the World Bank and NEMA environmental impact assessment guidelines and will form part of the proponent‟s application to NEMA for approval.

The Consultant is expected to undertake the following activities and report the findings in a format that must meet World Bank and NEMA requirements:

1. Introduction – The consultants would identify the development project to be assessed and explain the executing arrangements for the environmental assessment. This chapter of the report would detail the rationale for the development and its objectives. Also to be covered is the context of the proposed Project in relation to future plans for development at local and National level. 13

A detailed project outline would be given to familiarize stakeholders on the project objectives, need and scope.

2. Background Information – The experts would highlight the major components of the proposed project, the implementing agents, a brief history of the project and its current status including a justification as to whether the project is indeed necessary. Major project components will be documented and project justification made.

3. Study Area – Specification would be made of the boundaries of the study area as well as any adjacent or remote areas considered to be affected by the project such as borrow pit sites, area projected for relocation of displaced persons, reclaimed land etc.

Study areas will be clearly identified so that all social and environmental issues are catalogued and analyzed.

4. The following tasks will be performed:

Task 1. Description of the Proposed Project, components & justification – this will include a detailed project description and scope, and the options available for achieving the project objectives. Full description of the relevant parts of the project, using maps at appropriate scales where necessary will be made. Proposed stages of development including construction, operations and decommissioning will be described including a development schedule. The timing of the key construction and operational activities will be discussed. It will entail a description of the surface and sea bed areas that will be disturbed by the bridge construction process. A Discussion on the existing and proposed land use of the site will be included in the report.

This section will also give the Project justification.

Task 2. Description of the Environment - Assemble, evaluate and present baseline data on the relevant environmental characteristics of the study area (and disposal sites), including the following: a) Physical environment: geomorphology, meteorology (rainfall, wind), surface hydrology, and ambient noise. b) Biological environment: terrestrial vegetation and fauna, rare or endangered species, and other sensitive habitats, species of commercial importance, and species with the potential to become nuisances or vectors. c) Socio-cultural environment: transport, population, land use, planned development activities, employment, recreation and public health, community perception of the development, vulnerable occupants. d) Hazard vulnerability; vulnerability of area to flooding, storm surge and earthquakes.

The consultant would characterize the extent and quality of the available data, indicating significant information deficiencies and any uncertainties associated with the prediction of impacts.

Baseline environmental information, comprising physical, biological and socio-economic conditions associated with the site will be assembled and evaluated, including assumptions and limitations.

Task 3. Legislative and Regulatory Considerations – A description of the pertinent legislation, regulations and standards, and environmental policies that are relevant and applicable to the proposed project, and identification of the appropriate authority jurisdictions that will specifically apply to the project.

All relevant legislative, regulatory and institutional arrangements applicable to project will be summarized and presented.

Task 4. Determine the Potential Impacts of the Proposed Project –

All potential impacts (both positive and negative) likely to result from the development will be identified and ranked in an environmental and social impact matrix. The Consultant shall identify potential environmental and social issues of the multistory development in terms of their nature, magnitude, extent and location, and timing and duration. These impacts may relate to the project design stage, construction stage and/or the project operation and decommissioning stage. Based on impact prediction methods and as a result of public consultations, the Consultant shall screen adverse environmental impacts for inclusion in mitigation measures and environmental management plan. The same process will be followed for identification of social impacts.

Task 5. Analysis of Alternatives to the Proposed Project The Consultant shall analyze alternatives to the project in terms of their environmental and social impacts and benefits.

Task 6. Mitigation and Management of Negative Impacts – The consultants will identify possible measures to prevent or reduce significant negative impacts to acceptable levels. A detailed environmental management programme will be developed to reduce the effects of the negative environmental impacts and enhance the impacts considered beneficial to the proponent and the community. Costing will be made of the mitigation measures and equipment and resources required to implement those measures. Proposals will be made for investigating claims for compensation put forward by affected stakeholders.

Task 7. Development of an Environmental Management & Monitoring Plan (EMMP)

The Consultant shall describe a preliminary environmental management and monitoring plan to ensure the adequacy and effectiveness of the proposed EMMP. The Consultant shall prepare the cost for the proposed EMMP for its inclusion in the project cost. Similarly the Consultant shall prepare the costs of the Social component / social mitigation measures as part of the project costs / benefits. Mitigation measures may include an entitlement framework, (as a part of the Social Assessment) or a Resettlement Plan / Resettlement Policy Framework. The requirements for any particular mitigation measure will be informed by the Social Assessment. Social costs / benefits of the project will be reflected in the project budget as project costs / benefits. In determining the land valuation, the Consultant shall consult the Government Chief Valuer as may be necessary and facilitate him as may be necessary.

An environmental monitoring plan will be prescribed to ensure that the proposed mitigation measures are effected and the desired remediation effects achieved.

Task 8. Public/stakeholders Participation and Consultation

The Consultant will identify project stakeholders and hold preliminary consultations with them to delineate the appropriate boundaries of the environmental assessment and to screen potential adverse environmental and social issues. The consultations will also receive feedback on the expected social issues related to the project impact and suggested mitigation measures. The stakeholders will include the primary stakeholder (those likely to be directly affected by the intervention) and secondary stakeholders (those indirectly affected and those who have an interest in the project) the Consultant shall document the proceedings of the consultations. The level of this task should be preliminary, in order to assess indicative concerns and preferences.

The consultants would identify appropriate mechanisms for providing information on project activities and progress of project to stakeholders, assist in coordinating the environmental assessment with the relevant government agencies and in obtaining the views of local stakeholders and affected groups.

Public consultation will be conducted and stakeholder views documented. Where necessary the consultants would conduct stakeholder workshops to collect and collate stakeholder views.

The EIA Report

The environmental impact assessment report, to be presented in electronic and hard copies, will be concise and focus on significant environmental issues. It will contain the findings, conclusions and recommended actions supported by summaries of the data collected and citations for any references used in interpreting those data. The environmental assessment report will be prepared in the format prescribed by NEMA and World Bank guidelines and the outline of which will be as follows:

• Executive Summary • Introduction • Description of Proposed Project, Components , schedules and justification • Project Alternatives and Analysis • Construction Process and Operation • Material and Dumping Sites • Technology, Procedures and Processes • Products, By-products and Wastes • Methodology • Baseline Information of the receiving Environment • Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework • Measured Baseline data and Analysis • Occupational Health and Safety • Community Health and Safety • Public Participation & Consultation • Environmental Impacts Analysis • Socio-economic survey and impacts analysis • Environmental and Social Management Plan • Recommendations & Conclusions • Appendices/List of References

REPORTS

The Consultant shall submit to the Client the following reports after the acceptance of this Project Report by NEMA.

1.7 Study Experts

The Consultant has mobilized the following personnel for successful execution and completion of the consultancy services for this assignment.

Key Staff Schedule Name Academic & Professional Area of Expertise Position Assigned Task Assigned Qualifications Harrison . MSc. (Water & Water & Lead . Develop Terms of Reference, Ngirigacha Environmental Environmentalist . Environmental Resources Resource Expert/ Team . Coordinate all technical activities, . Management), IHE-Delft, the Management as well Leader as Environmental . Liaise with NEMA, . Netherlands, 2000; Assessment Expert . Undertake Environmental . BSc. (Chemistry) Hons, Aspect of Study, University of Nairobi, 1987; . Prepare Project Reports with . Registered Lead assistance of other members. Environmental Impact Assessment/Environmental Audit Expert, Eng. Christopher B. Eng (Hons) Registered Highway Design Highway Design . He will be responsible for Abuodha Consulting Engineer, MIEK, Engineer & Road Engineer/ Study review of all engineering MACEK Supervision Resident Director drawings and reports with a Engineer, Project view to explaining to team Manager members the nature of the . Project and participating in report writing and coming up with construction and design mitigation measures Mr Julius Ngundo Bachelor of Arts in Economics Sociologist and Sociologist . Deal with Socio-Economic and Sociology; University of Stakeholder issues of Study. Nairobi identification and management expert . He will collate and present baseline information with regard to social and cultural environment. Fredrick Ogano . Master of Environment & . Health and Safety . Occupational . Identification of potential Energy Management – Engineer and Health and health and safety hazards and Universities of Environmental Safety Expert their prevention/mitigation Twente,(Netherlands) Assessment/ Audit measures Expert . B.Tech (Hons) Production Engineering, Moi University (Kenya) . Graduate Member of the Institution of Engineers of Kenya . Licensed EIA/EA Lead Expert by National Environment Management Authority (Kenya) Joseph Mutwika . Bachelor of Science (Hons) . Botanist & . Biologist/Ecolog . Identification of Ecological Zoologist with ist Hot . (Botany/Zoology); Certificate experience in in Environmental Impact . Spots and provision of Assessment/ Audit; . Fisheries, wood fuel, agro-forestry . Mitigation measures . Registered Nema Lead Expert and EIA

CHAPTER 2: PROJECT AREA DESCRIPTION

2.1 Geographical Location

Athi River to Machakos Turn off to Ulu Road (A109) is of bitumen standard and is located in Kenya‟s Eastern Province. The road section forms part of the Northern Corridor. The Road Section traverses three districts within Eastern Province i.e. Kathiani, Machakos and Makueni.

2.2 Current Road Alignments

The road vertical and horizontal alignments have been designed for high speeds. The road has a major bridge structure at Stony Athi.

The Road has one major junction at Machakos Town Turn Off. The current junction at the location is at grade.

2.2.1 Existing Status

The current single carriageway road has either been recently rehabilitated or some sections are in the final stage of rehabilitation.

The existing road reserve is 60 metres wide and is capable of containing the second carriageway within the reserve with the exception of the location of Machakos turn off junction which is planned to be a multigrade junction.

2.2.2 Key Features on the Corridor

The key features along the road are as follows:-  Zahra Petrol Station ( off km 0+000)  Devki Steel Mill ( off km 0+200)  BAT Factories ( off km 2+300)  The Stony Athi Bridge ( approximately km 2+900)  Superior Homes ( off km 3+500)  East African Portland Cement Grinding Machine and Quarry ( off km 4+400)  Prima Rosa Flower Farm ( off km 6+800)  Day Star University ( off km 7+300)  Small World Country Club ( off km 8+200)  Private Ranches- all along the road from km 8+200 to Km 34+000  Lukenya Camp Site ( off Km 8+800)  National Cement Factory and Kanini Health Centre ( off km 9+400)  Shalom School ( off km 15+000)  Machakos Turn Off ( at approximately km 19+000)  Malili ICT City (off Km 34+000)

2.2.3 Current Road Usage

The road is an International Trunk Road through which travel vehicles (goods, passenger, tourist and private vehicles) between Nairobi and Mombasa with a significant portion turning off to Machakos from Nairobi and similarly travelling from Machakos to Nairobi.

Projected Traffic

The maximum Annual Average Daily Traffic for the Project Road at Kyumbi Town was predicted as follows:- Table 1: AADT Traffic Forecasts (High Growth Rates)

Station Year C LGV M MGV HGV OT B Total

1 2001 493 273 408 279 942 112 78 2585

2006 589 326 487 353 1192 142 88 3176

2010 716 397 593 451 1521 181 112 3970

2015 871 483 721 575 1942 231 143 4966

2020 1060 587 877 734 2478 295 183 6214

2. 2001 449 316 430 263 918 90 69 2535

2006 536 377 513 333 1162 114 78 3113

2010 652 459 625 425 1482 145 99 3888

2015 794 559 760 542 1892 185 127 4858

2020 966 680 925 692 2415 237 162 6057

3. 2001 441 289 309 293 901 95 68 2396

2006 527 345 369 371 1140 120 77 2948

2010 641 420 449 473 1455 153 98 3689

2015 779 511 546 604 1857 196 125 4618

2020 948 621 664 771 2370 250 159 5784

4. 2001 411 237 290 255 884 97 90 2264

2006 520 300 367 342 1185 130 121 2964

2010 633 365 446 436 1512 166 154 3712

2015 770 444 543 557 1930 212 196 4651

Station Year C LGV M MGV HGV OT B Total

2020 937 540 661 710 2463 270 251 5832

Heavy goods vehicles constitute over 40% of the vehicles travelling through the Road.

2.2.4 Encroachments

Encroachment along the road is expected to be minimal since the second carriageway will be built within the road reserve.

The only exceptions noted from the concept schematic drawings and site reconnaissance are a steel plant at approximately Km 1+700 from Athi River , the land for development of Machakos Turn Off interchange ( at approximately km 19+000 from Athi River) and the need for the road design to bypass the Kyumbi Market. These areas do not lie within the scope of the World Bank financed project.

2.3 Design Concepts

It is anticipated that the new carriageway will be developed within the existing road reserve and parallel to the existing carriageway. The width of the road including shoulders and median reserve will be of the order of 21 metres width- comprising of 7 metres wide carriageway, 2-metre wide shoulder and 12-metre wide median.

The Second Carriageway will be substantively a new construction consisting of earthworks, sub-base, base and asphalt concrete wearing course. The carriageway pavement will consist of the following pavement layers: - 50mm Asphalt Concrete Wearing Course, 150 Dense Bitumen Macadam Base, 125mm to 300mm thick Graded crushed stone sub-base.

Since the road is an international trunk road, accesses to and from it will be controlled with special design consideration being undertaken for the proposed multi grade junction at Machakos Turn Off, access to Kyumbi Market, access to Malili ICT city and access to Day Star University.

Additional Structures will be constructed at the following locations to accommodate the second carriageway.  Bridge at Stony Athi River bridge at location Easting Coordinate 0277711 and Northing Coordinate of 9839255 i.e. at Km 2+900 from Athi River  Box Culvert- 1 No. 4m x 2m at Km 8+400 from Athi River  Lukenya Bridge at Km 11+700 from Athi River  Kitanga Bridge at Km 16+900 from Athi River  Machakos Turn Off Interchange Structures at Km 19+000 from Athi River

2.4 Materials and Sources

The anticipated material sites are at the following locations:-

 Gravel Material Site at Mlolongo- some 8 km before the commencement of Project Road towards Nairobi  Gravel Site off the Road at Stony Athi ( km 2 +900)  Gravel Material Site next to Prima Rosa Flower Farm (off Km 6+800)  Existing Commercial Quarry for Mugoya Construction Company 15km off the beginning of road

It is also anticipated that suitable gravel sites may be found along the road reserve.

2.5 Project Activities

Project activities will include but not limited to the following:

 Establishment of Workers Camp and Site Offices  Minimal Site Clearance  Earthworks  Construction of Improved Gravel Sub- Base Pavement or Graded Crushed Stone Base Pavement  Construction of Dense Bitumen Macadam Base  Construction of Asphaltic Concrete Wearing Course

2.6 Project Implementation Schedule and Cost Estimate

The Project is estimated to cost Kenya Shillings 3 billion.

The tentative Project Implementation Schedule is:-

July 2011- January 2012- Design of Second Carriageway and Preparation of Tender Documents February 2012- May 2012- Procurement of Contractors June 2012 to December 2013- Construction of Second Carriageway

CHAPTER 3: ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS

3.1 Overview of the Alternatives

The Project has two possible alternatives i.e. the No Project alternative and the Proposed Construction of Second Carriageway

3.2 Alternative Analysis

3.2.1 Alternative 1

The No Project option in respect to the proposed project implies that the status quo is maintained. This option is only viable in the short term. The country will continue to face the constraints they are currently experiencing within the Northern Corridor due to inefficient transport network and system and the anticipated economic development aimed at fulfilling the Vision 2030 will remain unattainable.

The No Project option will not be conducive to the development of the Proposed ICT city at Malili and will leave the transportation bottle necks along the Athi River to Machakos Turn Off unaddressed.

Nairobi City is currently expanding towards Machakos Turn Off and around Athi River Town and the no alternative option will slow down this development due to investors and home owners traffic congestion concerns

3.2.2 Alternative 2

The proposed development of the second carriageway will allow for the resolution of current and future transportation constraints namely ensuring the enhancement of traffic capacity of road and improving its level of service. In particular, it will allow for the achievement of Kenya Vision 2030 goals, one of the pillars of which is infrastructure development.

The development of the Project Road will augur well for the development of the ICT city at Malili and encourage development of businesses and home along the Project Road and beyond.

3.3 Alternative Suitability

The Proposed development is therefore the better of the two alternatives and is highly recommended.

CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE CONDITIONS

4.1 General Route Overview

The study area covers Makueni, Machakos and Kathiani Districts within the Eastern Province of Kenya. The road is a part of the Northern Corridor and serves the rapidly expanding area around Athi River.

The study area for the Embakasi - Machakos Turnoff road (A104/A109) lies mostly in Machakos District in Eastern Province. The start of the project road lies at the boundary of Nairobi Province. The road traverses two areas, Embakasi Division in Nairobi Province and Mavoko and Athi River Divisions in Machakos District in Eastern Province. Administratively, the district is divided into twelve divisions, sixty-two locations, and two hundred and twenty-five sub-locations.

The Machakos Turnoff-Ulu section is approximately 30 km long, and traverses the Athi and Kaputei Plains falling gently from Machakos to Ulu in a south-easterly direction.

4.2 Environmental Setting

4.2.1 Topography, Hydrology, Geology and Soils

The Athi River - Machakos Turn-off – Ulu road is characterized by rolling terrain, with one notable hill at Km 11, Lukenya Hill. The project road traverses the Athi Plains, and all catchments drain in a south-easterly direction towards the Indian Ocean on the Kenyan coast. The terrain can be described as generally flat to rolling.

Surface water is scarce in the Project area, and is mainly derived from rivers, some of which are seasonal, springs and dams. The key surface water body along the Project Road is to be found at Stony Athi. Due to the varying rock formations in the district, groundwater is not uniformly distributed. Boreholes form an alternative source of water.

The road traverses a variety of soil types of which there are two soil types evident: From approximately Km 0 to Km 2 the soils are well-drained slightly to moderately calcareous gravelly clay soils. From approximately Km 6 to Km 11 the soils are well-drained loose, loamy coarse sand to friable sandy clay loam. At the Machakos Turn-off, the soils are imperfectly drained moderately deep, dark grayish brown to black, very firm, gravelly, cracking clay (Exploratory Soil Map and Agro- climatic Zone Map of Kenya, 1980). These soils are developed on quartz-feldspar gneisses. The area is occupied by rocks of basement system which are generally of Tertiary and Achaean age. Rainfall is inadequate and unreliable; water from the permanent rivers and dams is not fully harnessed. Ground water resources are low and saline because of the basement rock systems

4.2.2 Water Sources

Water Sources along the Project Road are found at Stony Athi, from manmade water pans and from seasonal streams such as the one at Lukenya Bridge.

4.2.3 Climatic Conditions

The Project Area is generally hot and dry, with two rainy seasons: the long and short rains. The long rains start at the end of March and continue to the end of May, and the short rains start at the end of October and continue to the end of December. The average rainfall in the project area varies from 500 to 1300 mm with high altitude areas receiving more rain. The project road

falls under agro-climatic zones IV and V classified as semi-humid to semi-arid.

Temperature slightly varies along the project road, getting progressively warmer towards the end of the road. The mean average maximum temperature is 25°C and the average minimum temperature is 12.3°C . The coldest months being July to August, while October and March are the hottest

4.2.4 Biodiversity

The Athi River to Ulu road project area lies in the Athi-Kapiti plains which are dry savannah, open grassland with scattered scrubs and bushes. The vegetation in this area has great influence from the climate, fire, wildlife and human activities. The Ecology of Savannahs can be described as “Multiple Stable States” (Citation). Savannahs tend to grow as either open grassland with almost no trees or as dense woodland with many trees and less grass. Transitions between these states are rapid and that it was difficult to maintain a mixture of the two states. According to Sharam (citation), Savannahs generally do not undergo succession after disturbance, but will switch back and forth between their multiple stable states without any intermediate stage.

VEGETATION (FLORA)

Trees and scrubs

The majority of trees in these savannah plains are Acacias, Commiphoras, or Terminalias. All of these trees are drought resistant and share the same characteristics that protect them from fires that often ravage these plains. Some of the dominant trees identified in the area are;-

Whistling thorn (Acacia drepanolobium) (Ant-galled Acacia)

This tree has hard, hollow spheres at the base of its thorns, filled with biting ants. The tree actually encourages these ants by both providing homes and food in special flower-like structures called "extra-floral nectaries". These trees grow in abundance wherever the soil is saturated.

Balanites (Balanites aegyptia) (Desert Date)

The Balanites tree is often confused with Acacia trees, but can easily be identified by its green thorns. This tree produces date-like nuts which are fed on by some wild animals like the warthogs.

Yellow Fever tree (Acacia xanthophloea)

The Yellow Fever Tree is a common site in wet areas, such as along rivers.

Umbrella tree (Acacia tortilis)

The seedlings of this tree are cannot survive bush fires,

Euphorbia tirucalli

Euphorbia tirucalli is an unarmed shrub or small tree 4-12 (-15) m high with brittle succulent branchlets 7 mm thick often produced in whorls, green and longitudinally finely striated, with white to yellowish latex. It appears to grow on almost any soil type. This plant is important for it;-  Protects bare soil in dry areas from wind and water erosion.  Can be used in land reclamation programmes since it is very drought resistant. 24

 Is widely planted for ornamental purposes.  Is an extensively used as boundary, barrier, support or hedge plant in rural areas of East Africa.

Grasses

The Athi-Kapiti plains are covered with a huge variety of grasses all of them having the same traits that encourage and protect them from fire during the dry season. Grasses in this area include the Tetrapogon bidentatus and Chrysopogon anchieri species. These grasses form the basic food for the many herbivores inhabiting this area.

Forests

There are no gazetted forest reserves within the immediate area of influence of the Athi River to Ulu road project.

Cultivars

The project road lies in the upper midland (UM) zone VI, which is exclusively a ranching area (Machakos district development plan, 2002-2008).The semi-arid Athi-Kapiti Plains receive erratic and patchy rainfall and therefore are unsuitable for rain-fed agriculture. Commercial horticulture and crop cultivation, though practiced, depend entirely on irrigation from dwindling ground water resources. Subsistence farming of crops such as maize, bean, and millet is practiced on a small scale in some areas however, this area is best suited for livestock herding and wildlife.

ANIMALS (Fauna)

The Athi-Kapiti Plains is the dispersal area of a substantial number of wildlife migrating seasonally from and to Nairobi Park. Some animals migrate from the Park even up to Amboseli. Many wild animals live permanently on the Plains but depend on the Park during droughts.

Mammals

From the Nairobi national park, Herbivores, including wildebeest, hartebeest, giraffe, gazelle and zebra, use the Kitengela conservation area and migration corridor to the south to reach the Athi-Kapiti plains. They disperse over the plains in the wet season and return to the park in the dry season. Many Predators and scavengers also inhabit the area.

Birds

Many avian species inhabit the area. Ostrich, guinea fowls, ravens, and many other bird species inhabit the area. Migratory species of birds also visit the area.

Reptiles

Many species of reptiles including various snakes and lizard species inhabit the Athi-Kapiti plains.

Amphibians

Amphibian species are restricted mainly in the few rivers as well as seasonal wetlands.

Insects

The area is rich in Insect life. Ants, termites, Bees and flies and many other species are found in the area.

Ranching 25

This area has several large private ranches where cattle graze together with wild animals. There are often cases of conflict between human and wild animals reported in this area.

Rare and endangered species

Cheetahs and Wild dogs, highly endangered species, roam still the Athi-Kapiti Plains

Status of Vegetation in the road’s right of way (ROW)

Though the road passes through savannah grassland it should be noted that the vegetation cover in the existing ROW has been interfered with in the construction and subsequent repairs and maintenance of the existing road. Constant clearance of vegetation along the roadsides to enhance visibility has left the corridor with mainly grasses and scattered bushes and young trees. Therefore during the construction of the proposed road there shall be minimal cutting down of trees.

CHAPTER 5: SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC BASELINE CONDITIONS 5.1 Position of the project area

5.1.1 Administrative division Athi River – Ulu dual carriage project traverses the two Counties of Machakos and Makueni. The project lies in the three districts of Athi River, Machakos and Mukaa. Within these districts, the road traverses various smaller administrative units as explained in the following paragraphs:

Figure 1: Administrative units traversed by the project road by road length

Chainage Physical description Sub-locations Location Division District (Km)

00 to Athi River Bridge – Stony Athi (East) Mavoko Athi Bridge River Athi River West Athi River

Stony Athi Bridge – Lukenya Kinanie (East) Kinanie junction Mathatani (West)

Lukenya junction – Kapiti Mathatani (East Kinanie estate/Vota junction and West) Kinanie

Kapiti estate/Vota junction - Katheka Kai Vota Machakos Machakos Ulu (South)

Malili (North) Malili Mailili Mukaa Source: Physical assessment and District Commissioner’s Offices, 2011

5.2 Political units

The project road traverses across Kathiani constituency and separates Machakos and Kilome constituencies before entirely exiting in Kilome constituency. The road separates KMC, Station and Mavoko wards before entering Mathatani ward (Kathiani constituency). It then proceeds south westwards dividing Machakos constituency and Malili ward (Kilome constituency) in Mukaa district. The total eligible voting population in Machakos central is 96,921; Athi River 38,513 and Kilome 34,608. Kathiani

5.3 Socio-cultural

The project area is metropolitan in nature but predominantly occupied by the Akamba community. However there are other ethnic groups represented including Meru, Kikuyu and Luo among others who are mainly engaged in business, and employment in market centers such as Athi River, Kyumbi and Malili towns.

5.4 Land tenure and land use

Land is a key component of all economical activities including roads construction, housing, agriculture, water and forestry among others. In the project area, freehold is the dominant land tenure system except in urban areas. Land 27

adjudication has not been completed, and not all owners have their land registration numbers (LRN) while others have do not have title deeds. A total of 22,020 farmers in the area (30 in Nzaui districts and 21,990 in Machakos) have been issued with title deeds.

Land ownership is faced with a number of constraints notably boundaries‟ disputes and uncompleted cases of land transactions which lead later to court cases and land dispute tribunal cases. In addition, many land owners have not been willing to register and collect their title deeds from land registry.

Land use is based on agro-ecological zone influenced by soil fertility, rainfall and availability of social amenities. Three land use patterns are can clearly be identified in the project area. These include:

i. The urban areas of Athi River, Kyumbi and Malili where much of the land has been built-up with residential, commercial and industrial buildings; ii. Ranching and wildlife roaming is the main land use in from Stoney Athi to Maanzoni and from Kyumbi to Malili iii. Crop growing is undertaken along Athi River and in the rural areas around Kyumbi

5.4.1 Settlement Patterns Settlement patterns in the project areas is determined by two factors urbanization and agro-ecological (soil fertility and rainfall) potential. Specifically in the rural areas of the project road, settlement patterns have no defined sequence as one settles next to the fathers homestead, on inherited land or a distance on purchased/inherited land parcels. This has resulted to dense population in the growing town centers and towns along the Mombasa road namely Athi River, Kyumbi and Malili including their environs and; high land potentiality in Mua hills. There is low population where ranching and dairy farming is carried out. The highest population density of 1260 persons per Km2 is in Athi River Township Sub-Location and the lowest is Mathatani sub-location with 37 persons per Km2. Population density in the project area is presented in the table below;

Figure 2: Population density in the project area Area in Sq. Area Km. Density Nzaui District 1,418.6 144.0 Malili Division 272.1 85.0 Malili Location 57.0 105.0 Malili Sub-Location 57.0 105.0 Machakos District 1,975.5 224.0 Central Division 632.7 247.0 Katheka Kai Location 131.8 135.0 Katelembo Sub-Location 31.9 201.0 Athi River Division 843.2 165.0 Athi River Location 77.8 659.0 Athi River North Sub-Location 38.3 41.0 Athi River Township Sub- Location 39.0 1260.0 Lukenya Location 592.4 55.0 Mathatani Sub-Location 282.6 37.0 Kinanie Sub-Location 129.3 55.0 Muthwani Sub-Location 180.4 84.0 Source; GOK, 2009 Population census

The high population density in the towns and high potential areas results in land scarcity. This is responsible for people migrating out of their ancestral land in search of employment, social facilities in towns and settlement in the lower regions formally used for ranching

There is however rapid migration into Malili division as people move from densely populated areas after sub- division of the Malili ranch. Further, the earmarked sub-division of Konza ranch is going to witness rapid increase in population in the project area.

5.5 Housing

The housing tenure in the project area consists of owner occupier both in the rural and urban areas as well as rental and employer provided housing in the urban areas. 90.8% of the houses are owner occupied while 8% are rented. Most of the rented houses are built by individual entrepreneurs while an insignificant number are those built by either the government or its agencies (parastatal and local government) or by private companies. Most of the houses are occupier constructed through own savings and labor while others are inherited, purchased or given as gifts. The housing tenure in the project districts is presented in the table below.

Figure 3: Distribution of Households by Housing Tenure District Household housing tenure (%) Owner occupied Employer provide Rented Free Makueni 94.9 0 5.1 0 Machakos 86.4 0.5 10.7 1.0 Total average 90.8 0.4 8 0.7 KIHBS- Basic Report 2005/06

Houses in the urban areas consist of bungalow, flats, maissonnetts and shanties (Sofia, city Catton and jam city all in Athi River among others). In the rural areas, bungalow and traditional houses dominate with scattered maissonnetts. The houses are built of various materials depending on the sections including:

(i) Wall – majority of the houses are built of stones, corrugated iron sheets, bricks and mud (ii) Floor – cement is the commonest flooring material while other materials notably mud and tiles are also significant. (iii) Roof – Corrugated Iron sheets dominate as the main roofing material followed by grass/straw, tin and makuti/grass thatch.

In housing tenure and housing materials, the road project is anticipated to result to among others the following:

(i) The number of people renting houses will increase as more move to towns. This will be coupled with reduction in free housing tenure as houses gain market and higher occupants per room as members occasionally or permanently join relatives and friends (ii) The use of “imported” permanent materials such as stones, cement and iron sheets will increase and hence more permanent houses as people can easily access the materials while use of grass/straw will decrease. 5.4.2 Population profiles According to the 2009 population and housing census, the project districts have a total of 647,605. The district is generally sparely populated except in the town centers of Athi River, Kyumbi and Mailili as well as the high 29

potential zones of Mua hills. The population of the project area is expected to increase rapidly, especially in the market centers and newly opening areas of former Malili and Konza ranches.

The total population of the various sub-locations is 91,429.00 (50,876.00 males and 43,153.00 females) with 30,040.00 households. This is 85% of the total population of the traversed locations and 14% of the total districts population. The average household size is 7 persons in Nzaui and 4.9 in Machakos. Life Expectancy is higher for females (60.4 years) than for males (53.9). The table below summarises population of the project area:

Figure 4: summarises population of the project area: Area Male Female Total Households Nzaui District 100,410.0 104,265.0 204,675.0 44,193.0 Malili Division 11,674.0 11,317.0 22,991.0 5,343.0 Malili Location 2,978.0 2,990.0 5,968.0 1,493.0 Malili Sub-Location 2,978.0 2,990.0 5,968.0 1,493.0 Machakos District 223,521.0 219,409.0 442,930.0 117,873.0 Central Division 77,252.0 79,125.0 156,377.0 39,444.0 Katheka Kai Location 9,337.0 8,483.0 17,820.0 4,087.0 Katelembo Sub-Location 2,216 1,877 1,493 984 Athi River Division 76,127.0 63,375.0 139,502.0 45,482.0 Athi River Location 27,238.0 24,055.0 51,293.0 17,949.0 Athi River North Sub-Location 790.0 782.0 1,572.0 353.0 Athi River Township Sub-Location 26,448.0 23,273.0 49,721.0 17,596.0 Lukenya Location 18,444.0 14,231.0 32,675.0 9,614.0 Mathatani Sub-Location 5,983.0 4,486.0 10,469.0 3,247.0 Kinanie Sub-Location 4,024.0 3,045.0 7,069.0 2,140.0 Muthwani Sub-Location 8,437.0 6,700.0 15,137.0 4,227.0 Source; GOK, 2009 Population census

The districts‟ projected population by 2012 is 750,457 with Machakos having 465749 and Nzaui 284,708. The sex ratio of female/male is 102:97. The Primary school age group (6–13 years) is 106,118 while the Secondary School age group (14-18 yrs). The total Youthful population (15-30 years) is 251,567 while the districts have a total Labor force (15 – 55 years) of 350,213. The Aged population (of over 60 years) is 28,924. This population structure indicates that majority are a youthful population who would need employment and in effect move from the rural to urban areas where employment opportunities exist. Thus unemployment situations being experienced are likely to continue in the project districts. However, the abundance of youthful population will provide labor force for the proposed project road.

5.4.3 Urbanization The two districts have six main towns namely Matiiku, Emali and Sultan Hamud (Nzaui district) and Athi River, Machakos and Kathiani (Machakos district). Urban areas occupy a total of 101.6 km² (2.4km² in Nzaui and 99.2km² in Machakos). There are more people living in urban areas in Machakos than in Nzaui district. The rapid trend in urbanization is expected to continue with construction of the road. However, there is likelihood that population within Nairobi will relocate to the peri-urban areas of Athi River and Malili including the surrounding environment. This will increase the total population in these areas. The figure below illustrates the number of urban residents by gender.

Figure 5: Number of urban residents by gender 250,000

200,000

150,000

100,000

Number of people of Number 50,000

0 Female Male Total Nzaui 6,629 5,734 12,363 Machakos 110,992 110,417 220,409 Total 117,621 116,151 232,772 Source: Machakos and Nzaui District development Plans, 2008-2012

5.6 Stakeholder analysis The project districts have many diversified stakeholders involved in different activities. These include government line ministries. The key stakeholders and institutions in the project road area are Government Departments and their agencies, NGOs, the community and private sector as tabulated below:

Table 2: key stakeholders in the project road area

Stakeholder Activities undertaken Areas of operation/location Broad categories Specific category

Government line provincial administration maintenance of law and Across the project area ministries order

Ministry of culture and social promotion of self-help services group activities

NEMA coordinating environment management issues

Land Department Registration of land adjudication sections and settlement schemes -issuance of title deeds and certificate of lease.

Ministry of public works maintenance of classified roads

Government East African Portland Cement Cement manufacturing Local and international parastatals

Kenya Meat Commission Livestock purchase, slaughter and processing 31

Meat training institute Training National

Export processing Zones Facilitate manufacturing International Authority of textiles and other exports

Local Authorities Mavoko and Machakos Provision of funds Respective areas of Municipal Councils and through LATF, jurisdiction Makueni County Council undertaking physical planning to ease the establishment of facilities; Formation of bylaws for sustainable and safe use of the facilities.

CDF Kathiani, Machakos and Education and general Across the project area Kilome constituency development development funds

Community Residents Farming, workers Across the project area and beyond Land owners individuals and Land holding and ranches (Maanzoni and Konza) management

Businesses and industrialists Manufacturing, Across the project area (Bamburi cement, International purchase, sales, and beyond Cement, Mombasa Cement, marketing and Athi River mining, Primarosa distribution and various steel industries among others)

Community Community Based Service provision Across the project area organisations organisations and welfare associations

Financial Banks (Cooperative Bank, Financial safe keeping, Across the project area institutions KCB, Equity and SCB among disbursement and and beyond others) and other financial loaning institutions;

Non- AMREF Health, water and Athi River governmental sanitation organizations World vision and ACTNOW water, agriculture and Nzaui district environment

DASS and BISEP Capacity building, roads Nzaui district Spot improvement and opening of new feeder

roads

Fanaka and Ahadi children’s Dealing with orphans Athi River home and vulnerable children

5.7 Economic Activities

5.7.1 Crop farming The total Arable land in the project districts is 1715 (1087 km² in Nzaui district and 628 km² in Machakos district). This represents 57% (76% for Nzaui and 32% for Machakos) of the total land area of the districts. Farm sizes and crop farming in the project districts is presented in the table below:

Figure 6: Farm sizes in the project districts Farms sizes and use Machakos Nzaui Total Average farm size (Small scale) (HA) 10 2.1 12.1 Average farm size (Large scale) (HA 82 15 97 Total area under food crops (HA) 54,085 46,213 100,298 Total area under cash crops (HA) 81,105 2100 83205

The principal crop farming areas lie along Athi River and in Mua hills. 91% of all households in the district are engaged in crop farming. The mean agricultural parcel is 2.7 acres while the mean agricultural holding size is 3.9 acres.

The main crops grown in the project area are Maize, Sorghum, Cassava, Green/black grams, Cow peas, Pegion peas, Sukuma wiki and beans among others. The types of crops and proportion of households growing each type of crop is presented in the figure below:

Figure 7: proportion of households growing various types of crops

Other crops beans Sukuma wiki Pegion peas Cow peas Crop Green/black… Cassava Sorghum Maize

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Percentage Source: GOK, Kenya Integrated Household budget Survey, 2005/06

Farming is undertaken using tractors, oxen and human labor. The cost of cultivation by tractor is KShs. 2500 per acre while the cost of using oxen is KShs. 1,000 per. Once harvested, crops are stored in granaries, living houses and cereal boards.

5.7.2 Livestock farming This is a major economic activity where 74% of the households keep livestock. It is mainly concentrated within the low lands where there are a number of group and company ranches including Portland, Konza and Kapiti plains (KARI). In addition, there are 29 Individual ranches. The size of ranches varies from 7000 acres in Nzaui to 50,000 Hectares in Machakos. The main livestock breeds are dairy and beef cattle, goats and sheep. Other animals kept include poultry, Pigs, Rabbits, Bee- hives, Donkeys and Camels. The below summarizes percentage of households Keeping various types of livestock in the project districts.

Figure 8: percentage of households keeping various livestock types

Donkey 4%

Sheep 10%

Chicken 46% Goats 40%

Source: CBS-KIHBS 2005/06

The main livestock products are milk, beef, mutton, egg, poultry meat, honey and pork. Fish is caught from fish ponds and rivers with the main species of fish caught being tilapia and catfish. Fishing is undertaken by only 28 families.

5.8 Welfare Indicators

5.8.1 Poverty and Income levels The population living under absolute poverty in the project districts is 62%1. These are people who cannot meet their basic needs including food, clothing, housing, health and education. The district‟s contribution to national poverty is 4.3% with 55.6% of the population suffering from food poverty. Income in the area is generally derived from Agricultural activities. Other off-farm income sources included small scale business and limited off-farm employment.

1 District development plan, 2008-2012 34

70 64.3 66 60.7 59.6 Nzaui 57.2Machakos 60 54 50 43.1 40 34 30

20 percentage 10 3.8 4.7 0 Absolute poverty Contribution to Urban poor Rural poor Food poverty national poverty Poverty attributes

5.9 Livelihoods The land owners or community derive their livelihood from land resource by farming, rearing livestock, etc Sectoral contribution to household income: Agriculture (%) 78 74 Rural self-employment (%) 8 10 Wage employment (%) 10 11 Urban self-employment (%) 4 5

The majority of the people in the district depend on agriculture for their livelihood. Farm holdings range from small to large company and cooperative farms with a variety of both food and cash crops and livestock. Over - cultivation in productive areas has left land bare, exposing it to erosion. This has in turn greatly reduced the agricultural productivity in the district.

5.8.2 Education Literacy levels in the project area average 51%. Machakos district has the highest literacy rate of 75% and Nzaui with the lowest literacy levels of 26.3%. The Primary school age group (6–13 years) is 106,118 while the Secondary School age group (14-18 yrs).

There are several education institutions along the project corridor. These include Daystar University, Lukenya primary and secondary schools, Malili secondary and primary schools, Leaders academy and Shalom high school among others. The table below summarises the total number of education institutions in the project districts by type.

Table 3: Number of education institutions by type in the project districts District Number of education institutions by type Pre-school (ECD) Primary schools Secondary schools Tertiary institutions Adult literacy classes Nzaui 244 198 70 37 Machakos 1,071 221 61 98 Total 1315 419 131 135 Source: District Development Plans (Machakos and Nzaui districts), 2008-2012. 5.8.3 Health Health facilities are operated by the government, Missions, NGOs and private entrepreneurs. The project districts have 4 hospitals, 2 nursing homes, 43 Health centers, 26 Dispensaries and 112 clinics.

Specifically along the project corridor, the main health facilities include: Shalom hospital, Athi River Health centre and Athi River Medical services among others. The services offered in these facilities include general

treatments, family planning services (pills and injection), V.C.T, maternity, in-patient care, dental care, E.N.T, laboratory test, pharmacy, mortuary, theatre operations and paediatric clinic.

The morbidity Rates are 33.3% with that of males being lower 30.6% than for Female 36.2%. Life expectancy is higher at 57.2 years for females than the 52 years for males. The five most prevalent diseases are Malaria/fever, Diarrhea, Stomach-ache, Upper and Lower Respiratory Diseases and Flu.

5.10 Transport and communication

The districts covered by the proposed road project are observed to have poor roads. According to the current development plans, there are 713.3km of roads in Machakos district while Nzaui district have 538.8km.

A summary of infrastructure and communication distribution is presented in the table below;

Table 4: Infrastructure and communication distribution in the project districts Roads Machakos Nzaui Total Bitumen surface( Km) 86.0 172 258 Gravel surface (Km) 42.0 161.3 203.3 Earth surface ( Km) 585.3 205.5 790.8 Total (Km) 713.3 538.8 1252.1 Railway line length (KM) 50 61 111 Railway Stations 4 2 6 Airports/Airstrips 0 2 2 Mobile network coverage (%) 90 70 160 Source: District Development Plans (Machakos and Nzaui districts), 2008-2012.

5.11 Trade and Industry Trade and industry include wholesaling, retailing, hotel and lodging, bars and petrol stations. The major trade and industrial establishments are as follows:

i. Industries - Kenya Meat Commission, Saj Ceramics, Devki steel meals, ISL, Athi River steel plant, International cement and Vista; ii. Informal businesses – food kiosks, welding, maize mills, motor vehicle repairs carpentry, and vegetable and fruit kiosks iii. Hotels and lodges – Lukenya Getaway, Kusyombunguo and Maanzoni iv. Petrol stations – Sema, Engen, Zahra and metro,

The project district has various numbers of trading centers and financial institutions as presented in the table below:

Table 5: Trade centres and business establishments Wholesale and retail Trade & Industry Nzaui Machakos Total Number of Trading centers 72 164 236 Registered Retail traders 300 459 759 Registered wholesale traders 64 138 202 Manufacturing industries 0 111 111 Bakeries 0 2 2 Jua Kali Associations 2 4 6 Jua Kali Artisans 60 1000 1060 Hotels 208 539 747

Financial Services Commercial Banks 1 8 9 Micro-finance Institutions 1 8 9 Village banks 1 1 2 Source: District Development Plans (Machakos and Nzaui districts), 2008-2012.

5.12 Cross cutting issues

5.12.1 Gender Gender refers to the socially constructed or determined roles and responsibilities of women and men. In order to make any meaningful improvement in terms of development, there is need to critically analyze the issue of gender and put in place proper arrangements for mainstreaming both men and women into the development process in the district. The district residents rely heavily on small-scale farming and livestock rearing for their livelihood. About 80 per cent of these activities are managed and carried out by women

43.2 % of the households in Nzaui district are female headed while only 5.4% of the households in Machakos district are female headed. There are a total of 5184 children needing special protection including 1980 Orphans and 3204 Children laborers. In addition, there are a total of 755 Child- Headed households in the project district. These children may be engaged as laborers in the proposed project, if not well monitored.

5.12.2 HIV/AIDS HIV and AIDS is the leading killer among the productive segment (ages 15-45 years) majority of whom are women owing to the fact that they are more likely to contract it at an early age. The effect of this is that productivity in all sectors has fallen due to absenteeism, sick off, deaths and general weakness. Caring for the sick leaves less time for work and the high costs of treatment means resources are diverted to caring for the HIV/Aids patients and funeral expenses.

HIV prevalence in the project districts stands at 4.8%. Makueni district is among the districts which have registered a decline in HIV prevalence from a high of between 10-30% to a low of between 5-10% currently. The table below illustrates this trend:

Figure 9: Summary of HIV Trends in the District Year No. Screened No. HIV(+ve) Total (%) 2003 616 53 8.6 2004 449 33 7.3 2005 1851 160 8.6 2006 10023 1040 10.3 2007 9911 698 7.04 Source of Data: Makueni District Hospital, Makindu District Hospital,

There are a total of VCTs 15 (6 in Nzaui and 9 in Machakos). These include Machakos general hospital, Athi river general centre, Kalamba, Mbitini mission and Emali among others. The average number of HIV/AIDS people tested per month within the districts is 881 (15 in Nzaui and 866 in Machakos). There is one home based care in Machakos while Nzaui district has none. Similarly, there are 76 HIV/AIDS Youth Friendly Clubs in Machakos while Nzaui has none. Three institutions offer ARVs in Machakos while Nzaui has none.

To address some of the issues and constrains mentioned above the Government has started the following initiatives:

 The government has intensified campaign against HIV/AIDS through strengthening of District Technical Committee (DTC) on HIV/ Aid well as CACCS.  The implementation of Total War on HIV/Aids {TOWA} project has already started in the district and it is expected that the fight against the scourge will be taken a note higher.

5.12.3 Security In terms of security, the project area has Kathiani police station as its central security base. The main security concerns in the area include morality and highway thefts. There are also major conflicts mainly over land. The project road is served through highway mobile police patrols, Athi River police station, Kyumbi police post and three police barriers located at Athi River, Vota/Kapiti estate and Malili.

CHAPTER 6: HEALTH AND SAFETY OF WORKERS AND NEIGHBOURING COMMUNITIES.

6.1 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY (OHS)

The Contractor and supervisors will be required to implement all reasonable precautions to protect the health and safety of workers.

Preventive and protective measures will be introduced according to the following order of priority:  Eliminating the hazard by removing the activity from the work process. Examples include substitution with less hazardous chemicals, using different construction processes, etc;  Controlling the hazard at its source through use of engineering controls. Examples include local exhaust ventilation, isolation rooms, machine guarding, acoustic insulating, etc;  Minimizing the hazard through design of safe work systems and administrative or institutional control measures. Examples include job rotation, training safe work procedures, lock-out and tag-out, workplace monitoring, limiting exposure or work duration, etc.  Providing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) in conjunction with training, use, and maintenance of the PPE.

6.1.1 Possible Occupational Hazards

The possible Occupational Hazards during construction of the project can be categorized into physical, chemical, biological and radiological hazards. a) Physical hazards

Physical hazards represent potential for accident or injury or illness due to repetitive exposure to mechanical action or work activity. Single exposure to physical hazards may result in a wide range of injuries, from minor and medical aid only, to disabling, catastrophic, and/or fatal. Multiple exposures over prolonged periods can result in disabling injuries of comparable significance and consequence.

Rotating and Moving Equipment

Injury or death can occur from being trapped, entangled, or struck by machinery parts due to unexpected starting of equipment or unobvious movement during operations. Recommended protective measures will include:

 Use of machines that are designed to eliminate trap hazards and ensuring that extremities are kept out of harm‟s way under normal operating conditions. Examples of proper design considerations include two- hand operated machines to prevent amputations or the availability of emergency stops dedicated to the machine and placed in strategic locations. Where a machine or equipment has an exposed moving part or exposed pinch point that may endanger the safety of any worker, the machine or equipment should be equipped with, and protected by, a guard or other device that prevents access to the moving part or pinch point. Guards should be designed and installed in conformance with appropriate machine safety standards

 Turning off, disconnecting, isolating, and de-energizing (Locked Out and Tagged Out) machinery with exposed or guarded moving parts, or in which energy can be stored (e.g. compressed air, electrical components) during servicing or maintenance, in conformance with a standard such as CSA Z460 Lockout or equivalent ISO or ANSI standard

 Designing and installing equipment, where feasible, to enable routine service, such as lubrication, without removal of the guarding devices or mechanisms.

Noise Noise limits for different working environments are provided in Table 12.1  No employee should be exposed to a noise level greater than 85 dB for duration of more than 8 hours per day without hearing protection. In addition, no unprotected ear should be exposed to a peak sound pressure level (instantaneous) of more than 140 dB.  The use of hearing protection will be enforced actively when the equivalent sound level over 8 hours reaches 85 dB, the peak sound levels reach 140 dB, or the average maximum sound level reaches 110dB. Hearing protective devices provided should be capable of reducing sound levels at the ear to at least 85 dB.  Although hearing protection is preferred for any period of noise exposure in excess of 85 dB, an equivalent level of protection can be obtained, but less easily managed, by limiting the duration of noise exposure. For every 3 dB increase in sound levels, the „allowed‟ exposure period or duration should be reduced by 50 percent.  Prior to the issuance of hearing protective devices as the final control mechanism, use of acoustic insulating materials, isolation of the noise source, and other engineering controls will be investigated and implemented, where feasible.  Periodic medical hearing checks will be performed on workers exposed to high noise levels.

Table 6.1 Noise Limits for Various Working Environments Location/Activity Equivalent Level LAeq, 8h Maximum LAmax, fast Heavy industry (no demand for 85dB 110dB oral communication) Light Industry (decreasing 50-65dB 110dB demand for oral communication) Open offices, control rooms, 45-50dB - service counters Individual Offices (no 40-45dB - disturbing noise) Classrooms, Lecture halls 35-40dB -

Vibration

Exposure to hand-arm vibration from equipment such as hand and power tools, or whole-body vibrations from surfaces on which the worker stands or sits, will be controlled through choice of equipment, installation of vibration dampening pads or devices, and limiting the duration of exposure. Exposure levels should be checked on the basis of daily exposure time and data provided by equipment manufacturers.

 Conducting detailed identification and marking of all buried electrical wiring prior to any excavation work

Eye Hazards Solid particles from a wide variety of construction operations, and / or a liquid chemical spray may strike a worker in the eye causing an eye injury or permanent blindness. Recommended measures will include:  Use of machine guards or splash shields and/or face and eye protection devices, such as safety glasses with side shields, goggles, and/or a full face shield. Specific Safe Operating Procedures (SOPs) may be required for use of sanding and grinding tools and/or when working around liquid chemicals. Frequent checks of these types of equipment prior to use to ensure mechanical integrity is also good practice. Machine and equipment guarding should conform to standards published by organizations such as CSA, ANSI and ISO.  Moving areas where the discharge of solid fragments, liquid, or gaseous emissions can reasonably be predicted (e.g. discharge of sparks from a metal cutting station, pressure relief valve discharge) away from places expected to be occupied or transited by workers or visitors. Where machine or work fragments 41

could present a hazard to transient workers or passers-by, extra area guarding or proximity restricting systems should be implemented, or PPE required for transients and visitors.

Industrial Vehicle Driving and Site Traffic Poorly trained or inexperienced industrial vehicle drivers have increased risk of accident with other vehicles, pedestrians, and equipment. Industrial vehicles and delivery vehicles, as well as private vehicles on-site, also represent potential collision scenarios. Industrial vehicle driving and site traffic safety practices will include:  Training and licensing industrial vehicle operators in the safe operation of specialized vehicles such as forklifts, including safe loading/unloading, load limits  Ensuring drivers undergo medical surveillance  Ensuring moving equipment with restricted rear visibility is outfitted with audible back-up alarms  Establishing rights-of-way, site speed limits, vehicle inspection requirements, operating rules and procedures (e.g. prohibiting operation of forklifts with forks in down position), and control of traffic patterns or direction  Restricting the circulation of delivery and private vehicles to defined routes and areas, giving preference to „one-way‟ circulation, where appropriate.

Working Environment Temperature Exposure to hot or cold working conditions in indoor or outdoor environments can result temperature stress- related injury or death. Use of personal protective equipment (PPE) to protect against other occupational hazards can accentuate and aggravate heat-related illnesses. Extreme temperatures in permanent work environments should be avoided through implementation of engineering controls and ventilation. Where this is not possible, such as during short-term outdoor work, temperature-related stress management procedures should be implemented which Will include:  Monitoring weather forecasts for outdoor work to provide advance warning of extreme weather and scheduling work accordingly  Adjustment of work and rest periods according to temperature stress management procedures provided by ACGIH67, depending on the temperature and workloads  Providing temporary shelters to protect against the elements during working activities or for use as rest areas 42

 Use of protective clothing  Providing easy access to adequate hydration such as drinking water or electrolyte drinks, and avoiding consumption of alcoholic beverages

Air Quality Poor air quality due to the release of contaminants into the work place can result in possible respiratory irritation, discomfort, or illness to workers. The contractor should take appropriate measures to maintain air quality in the work area.

6.1.2 Communication and Training

OHS Training  Provisions will be made to provide OHS orientation training to all new employees to ensure they are apprised of the basic site rules of work at / on the site and of personal protection and preventing injury to fellow employees.  Training should consist of basic hazard awareness, site specific hazards, safe work practices, and emergency procedures for fire, evacuation, and natural disaster, as appropriate. Any site-specific hazard or color coding in use should be thoroughly reviewed as part of orientation training.

New Task Employee and Contractor Training  The proponent should ensure that workers and contractors, prior to commencement of new assignments, have received adequate training and information enabling them to understand work hazards and to protect their health from hazardous ambient factors that may be present.

The training shall adequately cover:  Knowledge of materials, equipment, and tools  Known hazards in the operations and how they are controlled  Potential risks to health  Precautions to prevent exposure 43

 Hygiene requirements  Wearing and use of protective equipment and clothing  Appropriate response to operation extremes, incidents and accidents

Basic OHS Training  A basic occupational training program and specialty courses shall be provided, as needed, to ensure that workers are oriented to the specific hazards of individual work assignments. Training should generally be provided to management, supervisors, workers, and occasional visitors to areas of risks and hazards.  Workers with rescue and first-aid duties should receive dedicated training so as not to inadvertently aggravate exposures and health hazards to themselves or their coworkers. Training would include the risks of becoming infected with blood–borne pathogens through contact with bodily fluids and tissue.  Through appropriate contract specifications and monitoring, the employer should ensure that service providers, as well as contracted and subcontracted labor, are trained adequately before assignments begin.

6.1.3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) provides additional protection to workers exposed to workplace hazards in conjunction with other facility controls and safety systems. PPE is considered to be a last resort that is above and beyond the other facility controls and provides the worker with an extra level of personal protection.

Table 6.3 presents general examples of occupational hazards and types of PPE available for different purposes. Recommended measures for use of PPE in the workplace shall include:  Active use of PPE if alternative technologies, work plans or procedures cannot eliminate, or sufficiently reduce, a hazard or exposure  Identification and provision of appropriate PPE that offers adequate protection to the worker, co-workers, and occasional visitors, without incurring unnecessary inconvenience to the individual  Proper maintenance of PPE, including cleaning when dirty and replacement when damaged or worn out. Proper use of PPE should be part of the recurrent training programs for Employees

Table 6.3 Summary of Recommended Personal Protective Equipment According to hazard

Objective Work Place Hazards Suggested PPE Eye and Face Protection Flying particles, molten metal, Safety glasses with side-shields, 44

liquid chemicals, gases or protective sheds etc vapors, light radiation Head protection Falling objects, inadequate Plastic helmets with top and height clearance, and overhead side impact protection power codes Hearing protection Noise, ultrasound Hearing protectors (ear plugs or ear muffs) Foot Protection Falling or rolling objects, Safety shoes and boots for pointed objects, corrosive or hot protection against moving and liquids falling objects, liquids and chemicals Hand Protection Hazardous materials, cuts or Gloves made of rubber or lacerations, vibrations, extreme synthetic (Neoprene), leather, temperatures steel insulating materials etc Respiratory Protection Dust, fogs, fumes, mists, gases, Facemasks with appropriate smokes, vapors filters for dust removal and air purification (chemicals, mists, vapors and gases). Single or multi-gas personal monitors, if available

6.1.4 Monitoring

Occupational health and safety monitoring programs should verify the effectiveness of prevention and control strategies. The selected indicators should be representative of the most significant occupational, health, and safety hazards, and the implementation of prevention and control strategies. The occupational health and safety monitoring program shall include:  Safety inspection, testing and calibration: This should include regular inspection and testing of all safety features and hazard control measures focusing on engineering and personal protective features, work procedures, places of work, installations, equipment, and tools used. The inspection should verify that issued PPE continues to provide adequate protection and is being worn as required. All instruments installed or used for monitoring and recording of working environment parameters should be regularly tested and calibrated, and the respective records maintained.

6.2 COMMUNITY HEALTH AND SAFETY

6.2.1 Water Quality and Availability

Groundwater and surface water represent reliable and essential sources of domestic water in The Project Road. Project activities involving wastewater discharges, water extraction, and diversion impoundment should prevent adverse impacts to the quality and availability of groundwater, surface water resources and piped water.

Water Quality Domestic water sources, whether public or private, shall at all times be protected so that they meet or exceed applicable national acceptability standards or in their absence the current edition of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality. Air emissions, wastewater effluents, oil and hazardous materials, and wastes shall be managed according to the guidance provided in the respective sections of the General EHS Guidelines with the objective of protecting soil and water resources.

Where water will be delivered to workers on site and may be used for drinking, cooking, washing, and bathing, water quality should comply with national acceptability standards or in their absence the current edition of with WHO Drinking Water Guidelines. Water quality for more sensitive well-being-related demands such as water used in health care facilities or food production may require more stringent, industry-specific guidelines or standards, as applicable.

Water Availability The potential effect of groundwater or surface water abstraction for project activities should be properly assessed through a combination of field testing and modeling techniques, accounting for seasonal variability and projected changes in demand in the project area.

Project activities should not compromise the availability of water for personal hygiene needs and should take account of potential future increases in demand. The overall target should be the availability of 100 liters per person per day although lower levels may be used to meet basic health requirements.

Project activities should not compromise the availability of water for surrounding communities and where there is shortage of water, a rationing schedule should be agreed upon between the contractors, water service providers and representatives of the community.

6.2.2 Structural Safety of Project Infrastructure

Hazards posed to the public while accessing project facilities may include:  Physical trauma associated with failure of structures  Burns and smoke inhalation from fires  Injuries suffered as a consequence of falls or contact with heavy equipment  Respiratory distress from dust, fumes, or noxious odors  Exposure to hazardous materials

Reduction of potential hazards is best accomplished during the design phase when the structural design, layout and site modifications can be adapted more easily. The following issues shall be considered and incorporated as appropriate into the planning, siting, and design phases of a project:  Inclusion of buffer strips or other methods of physical separation around project sites to protect the public from major hazards associated with hazardous materials incidents or process failure, as well as nuisance issues related to noise, odors, or other emissions  Incorporation of siting and safety engineering criteria to prevent failures due to natural risks posed by earthquakes, tsunamis, wind, flooding, landslides and fire. To this end, all project structures shall be designed in accordance with engineering and design criteria mandated by site-specific risks, including but not limited to seismic activity, slope stability, wind loading, and other dynamic loads  Application of locally regulated or internationally recognized design codes to ensure structures are designed and constructed in accordance with sound architectural and engineering practice, including aspects of fire prevention and response.  Engineers responsible for designing and constructing facilities, site structures, plants and other structures should certify the applicability and appropriateness of the structural criteria employed.

Although major design changes may not be feasible during the operation phase or design life of these project roads, hazard analysis can be undertaken to identify opportunities to reduce the consequences of a failure or accident.

6.2.3 Road and Traffic Safety

Accidents and the fatalities on road are the result of inter-play of a number of factors. Road users in The Project Road are heterogeneous in nature, ranging from pedestrians, animal-driven carts, bi-cycles, rickshaws, handcarts 47

and tractor trolleys, to various categories of two / three wheelers, motor cars, buses, trucks, and multi-axle commercial vehicles etc.

The vehicle population has been steadily increasing with the pace picking up significantly. Increase in vehicle population in the face of the limited road space used by a large variety of motorized and non-motorized traffic has heightened the need and urgency for a well-thought-out policy on the issue of road safety. Pedestrians and two-wheeler riders are some of the most vulnerable road users in The Project Road.

Causes of Road Accidents: The main causes of road accidents in The Project Road and The Project Road districts are; drivers‟ fault, pedestrian fault/fault of passengers, mechanical defect in vehicles, bad roads and other factors like bad weather, cattle obstruction, fallen trees, road blockage, absence of rear reflectors, road signage, non-functioning of road signals etc.

6.2.4 Measures to control Road accidents: a) Engineering Design Measures

Road Safety is an integral part of engineering design at the Project Planning stage. The Engineering design consultant shall incorporate in the design of the project roads relevant geometric and safety standards which include provisions for flyovers, grade separators, by-passes, Over/Under Bridges, bus/truck lay-byes, service roads, junction improvements, overhead signs, cautionary /regulatory/ informatory retro- reflective sign boards, crash barriers, median railings, thermoplastic road markings, traffic lights and delineators, etc.

The other design based measures to ensure road safety shall include the setting and application of an appropriate design speed during design, provision of appropriate overtaking sight distance, passing sight distance and stopping sight distance. In the design of the horizontal alignment the consultant shall provide adequate turning radii and in the vertical alignment adequate vertical grades shall be provided.

The asphaltic concrete to be used on the roads should be able to provide adequate skid resistance in relation to the quality of the aggregate and bitumen materials chosen during design.

Provision of proper side slopes for road embankments and provision of shoulders shall be mandatory during design.

To prevent pedestrian and motorized traffic conflicts, walkways and cycle tracks, including guard rails shall be provided on all the bridge crossings.

The Consultant will be required to elaborately design traffic signs along the entire road in accordance with Ministry of Roads Manual Traffic signs in Kenya – Parts I and II.

6.2.5 Road Safety Measures during Construction

Traffic safety should be promoted by all project personnel during movement to and from the workplace, and during operation of project equipment on construction site, private or on public roads. Prevention and control of traffic related injuries and fatalities shall include the adoption of safety measures that are protective of project workers and of road users, including those who are most vulnerable to road traffic accidents.

Road safety initiatives proportional to the scope and nature of project activities shall include:

 Adoption of best transport safety practices across all aspects of project operations with the goal of preventing traffic accidents and minimizing injuries suffered by project personnel and the public. Measures shall include:  Emphasizing safety aspects among drivers  Improving driving skills and requiring licensing of drivers  Adopting limits for trip duration and arranging driver rosters to avoid overtiredness or fatigue.  Avoiding dangerous routes and times of day to reduce the risk of accidents  Use of speed control devices (governors) on trucks, and remote monitoring of driver actions  Regular maintenance of vehicles and use of manufacturer approved parts to minimize potentially serious accidents caused by equipment malfunction or premature failure. Since the project may contribute to a significant increase in traffic along existing roads, recommended measures shall include:  Minimizing pedestrian interaction with construction vehicles  Collaboration with local communities and responsible authorities to improve signage, visibility and overall safety of roads, particularly along stretches located near schools or other locations where children may be present. Collaborating with local communities on education about traffic and pedestrian safety (e.g. school education campaigns).  Coordination with emergency responders to ensure that appropriate first aid is provided in the event of accidents

 Using locally sourced materials, whenever possible, to minimize transport distances. Locating associated facilities such as worker camps close to project sites and arranging worker bus transport to minimizing external traffic.  Employing safe traffic control measures, including road signs and flag persons to warn of dangerous conditions.  The contract shall also include the provision for tow away vehicles to remove the accident - affected/damaged vehicles from the road and ambulances to pick up victims of road accidents to nearest medical aid centers.

6.2.6 Road Safety Measures during Operation

Enforcement Measures

The responsibility for enforcement of various provisions of Motor Vehicles Act and Traffic Act, pertaining to or having a bearing on road safety is vested with the Ministry of Transport and the Police department in the office of the president.

Such measures include testing the competence of drivers at the time of licensing, and checking the physical fitness of vehicles and their compliance with regulations at the time of registration and periodical fitness check of commercial vehicles. There are also statutory provisions on use of helmets, wearing of seat belts, detection / prosecution of drunken driving and prevention of plying of over loaded vehicles.

Educational Measures

Educational and awareness campaigns are normally carried out throughout the country on a continuous basis through print and electronic media, via, newspapers advertisements, cinema slides, radio jingles and TV spots. Besides, calendars, posters, hand bills/stickers and fun games for school children conveying simple and direct road safety messages are produced and distributed by the Central Government annually and NGOs.

Refresher Training for heavy vehicle drivers to inculcate safe driving habits, acquaint the drivers with the rules on roads and help them keep their vehicles in road-worthy condition.

Maintenance Measures

One contributing factor to accidents is a poorly maintained road. KeNHA should be asked to prepare a schedule of routine maintenance and periodic maintenance for the Road after the defects liability period.

Summary of successful road safety measures

 Equipping and training police and other agencies to collect, compile and analyze accident data, and investigate accidents and preventive measures.

 Enhance usage of safety features for vehicle design (e.g. safety belt, air bags, collapsible steering, braking performance etc).

 Fitness certification and maintenance of vehicles.

 Proper training and effective licensing for drivers.

 Road design and geometric improvements to compensate for inadequacies of road users.

 Accident black spot investigation and rectification through road design.

 Traffic guidance, road signs, speed limit posts, and other traffic control devices including warning signs for road users.

 Road pavement markings, construction of footpaths/cycle tracks, bus bays, truck parking complexes, and other way side amenities, etc.

 Traffic education and campaign on traffic discipline – inclusion of traffic education in school curriculum, promotion of defensive driving, etc.

 Enforcement of maximum speed limits, and campaign on helmet use and seat belt use, curbing alcohol consumption among drivers, etc.

 Emergency medical service training with emphasis on saving the lives of victims etc.

 Campaigns against drunken driving and for promotion of safe driving practices.

 Designing simple and effective technical aids to make driver licensing procedure safe and full proof.

 Timely routine and periodic maintenance of roads.

6.2.7 Disease Prevention

Communicable Diseases 51

Communicable diseases pose a significant public health threat worldwide. Health hazards typically associated with large development projects are those relating to poor sanitation and living conditions, sexual transmission and vector-borne infections. Communicable diseases of most concern during the construction phase due to labor mobility are sexually-transmitted diseases (STDs), such as HIV/AIDS. Recognizing that no single measure is likely to be effective in the long term, successful initiatives typically involve a combination of behavioral and environmental modifications. Recommended interventions at the project level shall include:  Providing surveillance and active screening and treatment of workers  Preventing illness among workers in local communities by:  Undertaking health awareness and education initiatives, for example, by implementing an information strategy to reinforce person-to-person counseling addressing systemic factors that can influence individual behavior as well as promoting individual protection, and protecting others from infection, by encouraging condom use  Training health workers in disease treatment  Conducting immunization programs for workers in local communities to improve health and guard against infection  Providing health services  Providing treatment through standard case management in on-site or community health care facilities. Ensuring ready access to medical treatment, confidentiality and appropriate care, particularly with respect to migrant workers  Making condoms available for Contractor‟s Employees.  Promoting collaboration with local authorities to enhance access of workers families and the community to public health services and promote immunization

Vector-Borne Diseases

Reducing the impact of vector-borne disease on the long-term health of workers is best accomplished through implementation of diverse interventions aimed at eliminating the factors that lead to disease. The Contractor, in close collaboration with community health authorities, can implement an integrated control strategy for mosquito and other arthropod-borne diseases that might involve:  Prevention of larval and adult propagation through sanitary improvements and elimination of breeding habitats close to human settlements

 Elimination of unusable impounded water  Increase in water velocity in natural and artificial channels  Considering the application of residual insecticide  Implementation of integrated vector control programs  Promoting use of repellents, clothing, netting, and other barriers to prevent insect bites  Use of chemoprophylaxis drugs by non-immune workers and collaborating with public health officials to help eradicate disease reservoirs  Monitoring and treatment of circulating and migrating populations to prevent disease reservoir spread  Collaboration and exchange of in-kind services with other control programs in the project area to maximize beneficial effects  Educating project personnel and area residents on risks, prevention, and available treatment  Monitoring communities during high-risk seasons to detect and treat cases  Distributing appropriate education materials  Following safety guidelines for the storage, transport, and distribution of pesticides to minimize the potential for misuse, spills, and accidental human exposure.

CHAPTER 7: POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

7.1 Introduction

It is now accepted that development projects must be economically viable, socially acceptable, and environmentally sound. It is now mandatory that developments of certain types and magnitudes must undergo an EIA prior to implementation. Development activities have the potential to damage the natural resources upon which the economies are based. A major national challenge today is how to maintain sustainable development without damaging the environment. Among environmental problems being experienced include land degradation, loss of biodiversity, environmental pollution and water management. This situation is aggravated by lack of awareness and inadequate information amongst the public on the consequences of their interaction with the environment. In addition, there is limited involvement of the local communities in participatory planning and management of environment and natural resources. Recognizing the importance of natural resources and environment in general, the Kenya Government has put in place a wide range of policy, institutional and legislative measures to address the underlying causes of environmental degradation in the country. In this section, pieces of legislation that are relevant to this project from an environmental perspective are described. In doing so, the socio-economic and biophysical circumstances prevailing in the project area guided the selection of the pieces of legislation.

7.2 Environmental Policy

The broad objectives of the national environmental policy include: ♦ Optimal use of natural land and water resources in improving the quality of human environment. ♦ Sustainable use of natural resources to meet the needs of the present generations while preserving their ability to meet the needs of the future generations. ♦ Encourage concern and respect for the environment, emphasize on every Kenyan‟s responsibility in environmental performance and ensure appropriate operating practices and training of generations. ♦ Integrate environmental conservation and economic activities into the process of sustainable development. ♦ Meet national goals and international obligations by conserving biodiversity, arresting desertification, mitigating effects of disasters, protecting ozone layer and maintaining ecological balance on the earth. ♦ Communicate with the public on environmental matters to facilitate improvements in environmental performance. ♦ Undertake appropriate reviews and evaluations of developmental plans and operations to measure their progress and to ensure compliance with this policy.

7.3 Institutional Arrangements

Some of the key institutions dealing with environmental issues in Kenya and relevant to the Project Road include the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), the Forestry Department, the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), the Permanent Presidential Commission on Soil Conservation and Afforestation, Regional Development Authorities and Public Universities. Other than these there are local and international NGOs involved in environmental issues in the country. The main international agencies involved in environmental issues in Kenya include Environmental Liaison Center International (ELCI), International Union 54

for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The local NGOs Relevant to this Road Project include East African Wildlife Society (EAWLS), Wildlife Clubs of Kenya (WCK), Environmental Trust of Kenya (ETK) among other Non Governmental Organizations and Community Based Organizations. Of these institutions, NEMA plays the regulatory role in the management of environment in the country.

7.4 Legal Framework

The following pieces of legislations and regulations are applicable to the proposed project:

7.4.1 The Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act, 1999

The main objective of the above Act is to provide for the establishment of an appropriate legal and institutional framework of the management of the environment in Kenya. The Act further aims to improve the legal and administrative co-ordination of the diverse sectoral initiatives in the field of environment so as to enhance the national capacity for its effective management. In addition, the Act harmonizes the sector specific legislation touching on the environment in a manner designed to ensure greater protection of the environment in line with national objectives and the sustainable development goals enunciated in Agenda 21 of the Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. The ultimate objective is to provide a framework for integrating environmental considerations into the country‟s overall economic and social development.

Two major institutions have been established for the purpose of the administration of the above act. They are the National Environmental Council and the National Environmental Management Authority.

The National Environmental Council (NEC): NEC is chaired by the Minister for Environment & Natural Resources with membership from all relevant ministries as well as a broad range of other interests. It functions to formulate national policies, goals, and objectives and the determination of policies and priorities for environmental protection. The Council also promotes co-operation among all the players engaged in environmental protection programmes.

The National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA): NEMA is the corporate body responsible for the administration of the above legislation. The Director General appointed by the President heads NEMA. NEMA functions include the co-ordination and regulation of various environmental management activities, initiation of legislative proposals and submission of such proposals to the Attorney General, research, investigations and surveys in the field of environment. They also undertake to enhance environmental education and awareness on the need of sound environmental management. In addition, NEMA will advise the Government on regional and international agreements to which Kenya should be a party. NEMA is charged with the responsibility of the execution of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).

The proposed project falls under the second schedule of the Act and due to significant social and environmental impacts from its implementation, it has to undergo a comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessment.

Part II of the Environment Management & Coordination Act, 1999 states that every person in Kenya is entitled to a clean and healthy environment and has the duty to safeguard and enhance the environment. In order to ensure this is achieved, part VI of the Act directs that any proponent of a new project should undertake EIA study and prepare an appropriate report for submission to the National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA), who in turn may issue a license as appropriate. The second schedule of the same Act lists water storage dams and river diversions among the key waste disposal projects that must undergo EIA prior to implementation.

Under part V, section it is stated that no person shall, without prior written approval of the Director- General given after an environmental impact assessment, in relation to a river, lake or wetland in Kenya, carry out the following among others,

(i) Erect, reconstruct, place, alter, extend, remove or demolish any structure in or under the river, lake or wetland, (ii) Excavate, drill, tunnel or disturb the river, lake or wetland, (iii) Direct or block any river, lake or wetland from it natural or normal course Sub-section 4 of Section 42 states that National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) in consultation with relevant lead agencies, shall issue guidelines for the management of the environment of lakes and rivers and any contravention of the regulations would constitute be an offence. Part VIII section 72 prohibits discharging or applying poisonous, toxic, noxious or obstructing matter, radioactive or any other pollutants into aquatic environment. Section 73 require that operators of projects (including sewerage systems) which discharges effluent or other pollutants to submit to NEMA accurate information about the quantity and quality of the effluent.

7.4.2 Physical Planning Act, 1999

The Local Authorities are empowered under section 29 the Act to reserve and maintain all land planned for open spaces , parks, urban forests and green belts. The same section, therefore, allows for prohibition or control the use and development of land and buildings in the interest of proper and orderly development of an area. Section 30 states that any person who carry out development without development permission will be required to restore the land to its original condition. It also states that NO other licensing authority shall grant licence for commercial or industrial use or occupation of any building without a development permission granted by the respective local authority. Finally, section 36 states that if in connection with a development application, local authority is of the opinion that the proposed development activity will have injurious impact on the environment, the applicant shall be required to submit together with the application an environmental impact assessment (EIA) report. EMCA, 1999 echoes the same by requiring that such an EIA is approved by the National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA). 7.4.3 The Land Planning Act (Cap. 303)

Section 9 of the subsidiary legislation (The development and use of land regulations 1961) under this Act requires that before the local authorities submit any plans to the Minister for approval, steps should be taken as may be necessary to acquaint the owners of any land affected by such plans. Particulars of comments and objections made by the landowners should also be submitted. This is intended to reduce conflict with other interests such as settlement and other social and economic activities. 7.4.4 The Public Health Act (Cap. 242)

Part IX section 115 states that no person shall cause nuisance or condition liable to be injurious or dangerous to human health. Section 116 requires Local Authorities to take all lawful, necessary and reasonably practicable 56

measures to maintain their jurisdiction clean and sanitary to prevent occurrence of nuisance or condition liable for injurious or dangerous to human health. Such nuisance or conditions are defined under section 118 waste pipes, sewers, drains or refuse pits in such a state, situated or constructed as in the opinion of the medical officer of health to be offensive or injurious to health. Any noxious matter or waste water flowing or discharged from any premises into Public Street or into the gutter or side channel or watercourse, irrigation channel or bed not approved for discharge is also deemed as a nuisance. Other nuisances are accumulation of materials or refuse which in the opinion of the medical officer of health is likely to harbour rats or other vermin. On the responsibility of local authorities, Part XI section 129 of the Act states in part “It shall be the duty of every local authority to take all lawful, necessary and reasonably practicable measures for preventing any pollution dangerous to health of any supply of water which the public within its district has a right to use and does use for drinking or domestic purposes, and purifying such supply so polluted”. Section 130 provides for making and imposing on local authorities and others the duty of enforcing rules in respect of prohibiting use of water supply or erection of structures draining filth or noxious matter into water supply as mentioned in section 129. 7.4.5 The Penal Code (Cap. 63) Section 191 of the Penal Code states that any person who voluntarily corrupts or foils water for public springs or reservoirs, rendering it less fit for its ordinary use is guilty of an offence. Section 192 of the same act says a person who makes or vitiates the atmosphere in any place to make it noxious to health of persons in dwellings or business premises in the neighbourhood or those passing along public way, commit an offence.

7.4.6 The Factories Act (Cap. 514)

This Act deals with factories and other places of work. Sections 21 and 22 of the Act provides that every flywheel or part on a prime mover or transmission machinery or any dangerous part of any machinery should be securely fenced so as to be safe to every person employed or working at the premises. Following on these sections, section 25 requires that all fencing or other safeguards provided for safety should be of substantial construction and constantly maintained and kept in position while the parts required to be fenced or safeguarded are in motion. Part VI provides for the general welfare of the workers with respect to supply of drinking water, washing facilities and first aid among other aspects. Related to the workers welfare, Part VII section 51 states in part “In every factory or work place in which, in connection with any process carried on, there is given off any dust or fumes or other impurity of such a character and to such an extent as to be likely to be injurious or offensive to the persons employed, or any substantial quantity of dust of any kind, all practicable measures shall be taken to protect the persons employed against inhalation of the dust or fume or other impurity and to prevent it accumulation in any workroom, and in particular, where the nature of the process makes it practicable exhaust appliances shall be provided and maintained as near as possible to the point of origin of the dust or fumes …….” Section 53 of this Act requires that workers employed in a process involving exposure to wet or to any injurious or offensive substances, suitable protective clothing and appliances (gloves, footwear, goggles, and head coverage) shall be provided. Section 4 of Kenya subsidiary legislation of 2004, Legal Notice No. 31 of Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 25 of 24th May, 2004 of the Factories Act Cap 514, requires that, all factories or other workplace owners to establish a safety and health committee, which shall consist of safety representatives from the management and the workers. The number of the committee members will range from 3 to 7 depending on the size (number) of employees. The Act also requires the management to appoint a competent person who is a member of the management staff to be responsible for safety, health and welfare in the factory or workplace. Section 13 goes ahead to state that a health and safety audit of the workplace be carried out every twelve months by a registered health and safety adviser. If the owner(s) or management contravenes any of the rules, he/she shall be guilty of an offence.

7.4.7 Occupational Health and Safety Act of 2007

The Act applies to all workplaces where any person is at work, whether temporarily or permanently. The Act seeks to secure the safety, health and welfare of persons at work and to protect persons other than persons at work against risks to safety and health arising out of, or in connection with, the activities of persons. Part 9 states that the occupier or employer shall establish a health and safety committee where twenty or more people are employed and such an employee shall prepare a written statement of his genera policy with respect to the safety and health at the work place. Further, the occupier shall prepare annual safety and health audits by a qualified person.

7.4.8 The Water Act 2002

Part II section 18 provides for national monitoring and information systems on water resources. Following on this, sub-section 3 allows the Water Resources Management Authority to demand from any person, specified information, documents, samples or materials on water resources. Under these rules, specific records may be required to be kept and the information thereof furnished to the authority on demand. Section 25 of the Act requires a permit to be obtained for among others any use of water from a water resources, discharge of a pollutant into any water resource. According to section 29 of the same Act, application for such a permit shall be subject to public consultation as well as an environmental impact assessment as per the Environmental Management and Coordination Act, 1999. The conditions of the permit may also be varied if the authority feels that the water so used is causing deterioration of water quality or causing shortage of water for other purposes that the authority may consider has priority. This is provided for under section 35 of the Act.

Section 73 of the Act allows a person with a license to supply water (licensee) to make regulations for purposes of protecting against degradation of sources of water which he is authorised to take. Under the Act, the licensee could be a local authority, a private Trust or an individual and the law will apply accordingly under the supervision of the Regulatory Board. Section 75 and sub-section 1 allows a licensee for water supply to construct and maintain drains, sewers and other works for intercepting, treating or disposing of any foul water arising or flowing upon land for preventing water belonging to the licensee or which he is authorised to take for supply from being polluted. However, if the proposed works will affect or is likely to affect any body of water in the catchment, the licensee shall obtain consent from the Water Resources Management Authority. Section 76 states that no person shall discharge any trade effluent from any trade premises into sewers of a licensee without the consent of the licensee upon application indicating the nature and composition of the effluent, maximum quantity anticipated, flow rate of the effluent and any other information deemed necessary. The consent shall be issued on conditions including the payment rates for the discharge as may be provided under section 77 of the same Act.

7.4.9 The Local Government Act (Cap. 265)

Section 160 helps local authorities ensure effective utilisation of the sewerage systems. It states in part that municipal authorities have powers to establish and maintain sanitary services for the removal and destruction of, or otherwise deal with all kinds of refuse and effluent and where such service is established, compel its use by persons to whom the service is available. However, to protect against illegal connections, section 173 states that any person who, without prior consent in writing from the council, erects a building on; excavate or opens-up; or injures or destroys sewers, drains or pipes shall be guilty of an offence. Any demolitions and repairs thereof shall be carried out at the expense of the offender. Section 170, allows the right of access to private property at all times by local authorities, its officers and servants for purposes of inspection, maintenance and alteration or repairs of sewers. To ensure sustainability in this regard, 58

the local authority is empowered to make by-laws in respect of all such matters as are necessary or desirable for the maintenance of health, safety and wellbeing of the inhabitants of its area as provided for under section 201 of the Act. The Act under section 176 gives power to the local authority to regulate sewerage and drainage, fix charges for use of sewers and drains and require connecting premises to meet the related costs. According to section 174, any charges so collected shall be deemed to be charges for sanitary services and will be recoverable from the premise owner connected to the facility. Section 264 also requires that all charges due for sewerage, sanitary and refuse removal shall be recovered jointly and severally from the owner and occupier of the premises in respect of which the services were rendered. This in part allows for application of the “polluter-pays-principle”.

7.4.10 The Traffic Act, Cap. 403

The Act empowers police officers to stop and remove from the road vehicles producing noxious emissions or to charge their owners in a court of law. Under the Traffic Rule, every motor vehicle shall be constructed, maintained and used that no avoidable smoke or visible vapor is emitted there from. Pollution of the atmosphere occurs on the highway either by use of adulterated petroleum products or unroadworthy vehicles, aircraft, rail-locomotives and ships. The Traffic Act requires that the vehicles shall only use the fuel specified in the vehicle license. The control of vehicular pollution is an example of grossly inadequate standards and enforcement. The Traffic Act prohibits the operation of motor vehicles that emit black fumes that pollute the air and cause visibility problems. The problem with this requirement is that there is no standard measure or definition of what constitutes black fumes or visibility problems. The Act does not address specific pollutants that are particularly harmful, such as Lead and Carbon monoxide.

7.4.11 The Chief’s Authority Act, Cap.128

This Act empowers chiefs to:  Prevent the pollution of water in any stream, watercourse or water-hole and prevent the obstruction of any stream or watercourse; prohibits vegetation destruction and the wasteful destruction of any stream or watercourse;  Prohibits any act that might cause damage to any work constructed or maintained for the benefit of the community;  Control grass fires;  Regulate the use of artificial water supplies constructed from public funds; and  Provides for the Minister to authorize any chief to issue orders for work or services for the conservation of natural resources.  7.4.12 The Antiquities and Monuments Act, Cap.251

The Act provides for historical sites and structures, whereby such items and structures are known, or are unearthed by exploration, are protected.

7.4.13 The Agricultural Act, Cap.318

Being an area with subsistence agricultural activities, any major project must be cognizant of the agricultural act. Legislative control over soil conservation and land development are mainly controlled within this Act and many of the provisions can be generally applied beyond those lands suitable for agriculture. After concurrence with the Central Agricultural Board and consultation with the District Agriculture Committee, the Minister administering the Act can impose land conservation orders to control cultivation, grazing and clearing. These controls may be necessary to protect the land against soil erosion, to protect fertility and to maintain catchments. Local authorities are generally empowered to administer these sections of the Act. The 59

District Agriculture Committee is entitled to make regulations relating to these controls. Acquiring rules are prescribed under the Act whereby vegetation clearing in steep slope areas or adjacent to watercourses without authorization is controlled.

7.4.14 The Land Acquisition Act, Cap.295

It is possible under the provision of this Act for land to be acquired or granted access to for purpose of a project. Acquisitions or access must be shown to be for the public benefit and compensation must be provided to the landowners whose land is acquired or damaged.

7.4.15 The Roads Act

7.5 Project Codes and Standards

7.5.1 BS 5400:- British Standard for Steel, Concrete and Composite Bridges

BS 5400 is a document combining codes of practice to cover the design and construction of steel, concrete and composite bridges and specifications for loads, materials and workmanship. It comprises the following parts and sections.

Part 1: General Statement

Part 2: Specification for Loads

Part 3: Code of Practice for Design of Steel Bridges

Part 4: Code of Practice for Design of Concrete Bridges

Part 5: Code of Practice for Design of Composite Bridges

Part 6: Specification for materials and workmanship

Part 7: Specification for Materials and workmanship, concrete, reinforcement and pre-stressing tendons.

Part 8: Recommendations for materials and workmanship, concrete, reinforcement and pre-stressing tendons

Part 9: Code of Practice for Design of Bridge Bearings and Specifications for materials, manufacture and installation of bridge bearings.

Part 10: Code of Practice for Fatigue.

The aim of BS 5400 is the achievement of acceptable levels of probability in order that the structures being designed will not become unfit for use for which it is required i.e. it will not reach the limit state during its design life. It specifies certain design requirements and a coherent set of partial safety factors for bridges which combine to provide what is considered to be an acceptably low probability of attaining the limit state. It has been assumed in the drafting of this British Standard that the executions of its provisions will be entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people.

Part 1, 2, 4, 6, 7 & 8 of the British Standard were used for the design of the super structural elements of the bridges.

Part 1 of BS5400 is a statement of the general concepts embodied in other parts of the standard. It describes the application of the limit state principle adopted and includes sections on analysis and foundation design, both of which are common to all forms of bridge construction.

Part 2 of the Standard deals with specifies nominal loads and their application together with partial factors to be used in deriving design loads. The loads and load combination specified are for highway, railway and foot/cycle track bridges. The standard allows for modification for different load types.

Part 4 of the Standard gives recommendations for the design of concrete bridges. It gives particular recommendations for the design of reinforced concrete, pre-stressed concrete and composite concrete construction. Structural Elements included are Beams, Slabs, Columns, Walls, Bases, Tension Members and connections between precast concrete members.

Part 6 of the Standard gives statements of principle with regard to quality and specifications of materials and workmanship for Bridge Design and Construction.

Part 7 of BS 5400 is a specification for the materials and workmanship for concrete, reinforcement and pre- stressing tendons used in the construction of bridges. Clauses in this part of BS 5400 are suitable for incorporation into construction contracts.

Part 8 of BS 5400 gives recommendations relating to specifications and principles for materials and workmanship, concrete, reinforcement and pre-stressing tendons.

7.5.2 BS 8004:- British Standard Code of Practice for Foundations.

This British Standard gives recommendations for the design and construction of foundations for the normal range of Engineering and Building Structures. It covers the following topics:-

 General Issues & Definitions  Design of Foundations  Shallow Foundations such as Pad Footings, Strip Foundations, Raft Foundation and Short Piling.  Deep and Subaqueous Foundations such as Deep Pad, Deep Strip Footing, Basements, Caissons, Hollow Boxes, Cylinders & Piers, Piles, Peripheral Walls and mixed foundations on a non uniform site.  Cofferdams and Caissons  Geotechnical Processes such as groundwater lowering, grouting and other methods of changing the ground characteristics in situ.  Pile Foundations  Tide work, underwater concreting and diving  Site Preparations for Foundation Work.  Durability of Timber, Metal and Concrete Structures  Safety Precautions.

7.5.3 Other Design Manuals

The other design manuals useful to this project are; MoR-Road Design Manual Part 1-Geometric Design, MoR- Road Design Manual Part 3-Materials and Pavement Design, MoR-Road Design Manual Part 5-Pavement Rehabilitation and overlay Design and MoR-Standard specifications for roads and bridges.

7.6 Administrative Framework

7.6.1 Ministry of Roads

The Kenya Roads Authorities are charged with the responsibility of providing basic infrastructure facilities to the public. These infrastructure facilities include; development, rehabilitation and maintenance of the road network in the country.

7.6.2 Kenya National Highway Authority

The Kenya National Highways Authority (KeNHA) is a State Corporation established under the Kenya Roads Act, 2007 with the responsibility for management, development, rehabilitation and maintenance of national roads of class A, B and C. The bypass will be managed by KeNHA since it‟s classified as Class A.

7.6.3 Kenya Urban Roads Authority

The Kenya Urban Roads Authority (KURA) is a State Corporation established under the Kenya Roads Act, 2007 with the responsibility to manage and maintain all road works on urban roads in cities and major municipalities. The western Relief Road, road to KPA proposed new container terminal, access road to Port Reitz hospital and access road to Moi International Airport will be managed by KURA.

7.6.4 Kenya Rural Roads Authority

The Kenya Rural Roads Authority (KeRRA) is a State Corporation established under the Kenya Roads Act, 2007 with the responsibility to develop and maintain roads of class D, E and others such as rural and small town roads, special-purpose roads and unclassified roads.

7.7 Development Partners Regulations on Environmental and Social Management

Reference has been made to the World Bank Safeguard Policies, and the World Bank Environmental Assessment Source Book Volume II, which provides the relevant sectoral guidelines including the Banks Operation Policies/Bank Procedures.

The objective of the World Bank's environmental and social safeguard policies is to prevent and mitigate undue harm to people and their environment in the development process. These policies provide guidelines for bank and borrower staff in the identification, preparation, and implementation of programs and projects. Operational policies have often provided a platform for the participation of stakeholders in project design and have been an important instrument for building ownership among local populations. (World Bank, 1999-2006)

7.7.1 World Bank Operational Policy 4.01-Environmental Assessment

The environmental assessment process provides insights to ascertain the applicability of other WB safeguard policies to specific projects. This is especially the case for the policies on natural habitats, pest management, and physical cultural resources that are typically considered within the EA process. The policy describes an environmental assessment (EA) process for the proposed project. The breadth, depth, and type of analysis of the EA process depend on the nature, scale, and potential environmental impact of the proposed project. The policy favors preventive measures over mitigatory or compensatory measures, whenever feasible.

The operational principles of the policy require the environmental assessment process to undertake the following:

. Evaluate adequacy of existing legal and institution frameworks, including applicable international environmental agreements. This policy aims to ensure that projects contravening the agreements are not financed. . Stakeholder consultation before and during project implementation. . Engage service of independent experts to undertake the environmental assessment. . Provide measures to link the environmental process and findings with studies of economics, financial, institutional, social and technical analysis of the proposed project. . Develop programmes for strengthening of institutional capacity in environmental management. . The requirements of the policy are similar to those of EMCA, which aim to ensure sustainable project implementation. Most of the requirements of this safeguard policy have been responded to in this report, by evaluating the impact of the project, its alternatives, existing legislative framework and, conducting public consultations and by proposing mitigation measures for the potential impacts identified.

7.7.2 Bank Operational Policy 4.04-Natural Habitats

This operational policy requires that the study use a precautionary approach to natural resource management, to ensure environmental sustainability. The policy requires conservation of critical habitat during project development. To ensure conservation and project sustainability the policy requires that:

. Project alternative be sought when working in fragile environment areas; . Key stakeholders are engaged in project design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation including mitigation planning.

The requirements of this policy were observed as much as possible during the EIA study. The consulting team engaged several stakeholders during project impact so as to incorporate their concerns and views in the EMMP. This policy is not triggered by the proposed project as the project area does not directly fall within conserved and/or protected natural habitats.

7.7.3 Bank Operational Policy 4.09-Pest Management

This policy promotes the use of ecological based pest management practices. The policy requires that procured pesticides should meet the WHO recommendations and not be among those on the restricted list of formulated products found in the WHO Classes IA and IB or Class II.

This policy is not triggered by the proposed project as it shall not involve use of pesticides use of pesticides despite the fact that the project will involve bush clearing to pave way for development of various project components and landscaping of project area on completion using trees, grasses and other vegetation to improve aesthetic value of the area, control soil erosion and, act as windbreakers among other functions. All activities involving handling of vegetation will be manual labor based thus not necessitate use of pesticides. It is recommended that plant enrichment will be done using organic manure if necessary which can be locally found.

7.7.4 Bank Operational Policy 4.11-Physical Cultural Resources

This policy guides in preserving physical cultural resources and helps reduce chances of their destruction or damage. The policy considers Physical Cultural Resources (PCR) to be resources of archeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, and religious (including graveyards and burial sites), aesthetic or other cultural significance.

The policy is not triggered by this project as during the study there were no observed physical or cultural resources to be affected by the project. Nevertheless , the Contractor is responsible for familiarizing themselves with the following “Chance Finds Procedures”, in case culturally valuable materials are uncovered during excavation, including: 63

1. Stop work immediately following the discovery of any materials with possible archeological, historical, paleontological, or other cultural value, announce findings to project manager and notify relevant authorities; 2. Protect artifacts as well as possible using plastic covers, and implement measures to stabilize the area, if necessary, to properly protect artifacts 3. Prevent and penalize any unauthorized access to the artifacts 4. Restart construction works only upon the authorization of the relevant authorities.

7.7.5 Bank Operational Policy 4.12-Involuntary Resettlement

Resettlement due to infrastructure development is not a new phenomenon in Kenya but the government has no Policy Document or Act that aims at ensuring that persons, who suffer displacement and resettlement arising from such development activities, are compensated adequately for their losses at replacement costs. The World Bank‟s Operational Policy 4.12, has been designed to mitigate against impoverishment risks associated with Involuntary Resettlement and the restoration or improvement of income-earning capacity of the Project Affected Persons (PAP). The policy requires full public participation in resettlement planning and implementation and describes the conditions that borrowers are obliged to meet in operations involving involuntary resettlement.

A Resettlement Action Plan was prepared and finalized in June 2004, for the Athi to Machakos road section, under the ongoing World Bank-financed Northern Corridor Transport Improvement project. A compensation completion report was prepared and filed in November 2009.

7.7.6 World Bank Policy on Access to Information

The World Bank Policy on Access to Information sets out the policy of the World Bank on public access to information in its possession. This Policy supersedes the World Bank Policy on Disclosure of Information, and took effect on July 1, 2010. This Policy is based on five principles:  Maximizing access to information.  Setting out a clear list of expectations  Safeguarding the deliberative process  Providing clear procedures for making information available  Recognizing requester‟s right to an appeals process. In disclosing information related to member countries / borrowers in the case of documents prepared or commissioned by a member country / borrower (in this instance, safeguards assessments and plans related to environment and resettlement: OP / BP 4.01, Environmental Assessments, and OP / BP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement) the Bank takes the approach that the Country / Borrower provides such documents to the Bank with the understanding that the Bank will make them available to the public.

CHAPTER 8: ANTICIPATED IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

8.1 Introduction

This chapter outlines the potential negative and positive impacts that will be associated with the development of the proposed project. The impacts will be related to activities carried out during construction, operational, maintenance, commissioning and decommissioning phases of the project including activities carried out at the labor camps, contractors‟ yard and other project development components.

The impacts of the project during each of its life cycle‟s stages can be categorized into: impacts on the biophysical environment; health and safety impacts; and socio-economic impacts. For ease of reference, the impacts due to or affecting certain elements during maintenance works and operation are presented in a narrative form and summarized in a tabular form at the end of the chapter. Mitigation measures for the various impacts are described in Chapter 7, while management and monitoring of impacts are dealt with in Chapter 8. In general, environmental issues likely to be of concern during the construction phase of the project road include:

 Air pollution due to noise, vibration and dust evolution ;  Ecological damage from the clearance of areas for maintenance camps, and storage of materials (fuel, lubricants and machinery);  Material sourcing and supply for the construction and maintenance works; and  Social disturbance caused by the construction team and maintenance team in futures.

These impacts shall have a positive or negative bearing and can be direct or indirect. The magnitude of each impact is described in terms of being significant, minor or negligible temporary or permanent, long term or short term specific localized) or widespread, reversible or irreversible. These qualities are indicated in the assessment table below as follows:

Symbol Type of impact Symbol Type of impact ++ Major positive impact + Major positive impact -- Major negative impact - Major negative impact 0 Negligible /zero impact nc No change sp Specific/localized W Wide spread R Reversible Ir Irreversible sh Short term L Long term T Temporary P Permanent Y Mitigation of negative impact/ N Mitigation of negative impact/ enhancement of positive ones is enhancement of positive ones is possible not possible

Table 8.1: Environmental Impact Levels and Mitigations.

Generally, temporary impacts having no obvious long-term consequences and are regarded as being minor. But those with long-term repercussions are classified as significant. Significant positive impacts are usually associated with improved access, which forms the prime objective of the road project.

8.2 Analysis of Anticipated Impacts Negative Environmental Impacts of Construction Activities

8.2.1 Extraction and Use of Materials

Road construction materials such as hard core, ballast, rough stone, gravel and water will be required for the construction activities and will be obtained from quarries, rivers and land. Since substantial quantities of these materials will be required for construction of the road, the availability and sustainability of such resources at the extraction sites will be negatively affected, as they are not renewable in the short term. In addition, the sites from which the materials will be extracted may be significantly affected in several ways including landscape changes, displacement of people, intrusion into settlement, animals and vegetation, poor visual quality and opening of depressions on the surface leading to destruction of agricultural crops, several human and animal health impacts.

8.2.2 Dust Emissions

During construction, the project will generate substantial quantities of dust at the construction site, diversions, material site and its surrounding. The sources of dust emissions will include excavation, construction, leveling works, and to a small extent, transport vehicles delivering materials. Emission of large quantities of dust may lead to significant impacts on construction workers and the local residents, which will be accentuated during dry weather conditions.

8.2.3 Exhaust Emissions

The trucks used to transport various building materials from their sources to the project site will contribute to increases in emissions of CO2, NO2 and fine particulates along the way as a result of diesel combustion. Such emissions can lead to several environmental impacts including global warming and health impacts. Because large quantities of materials are required, some of which shall be sourced outside the districts, emissions released can be enormous and may affect a wider geographical area. The impacts of such emissions can be greater in areas where the materials are sourced and at the construction site as a result of frequent gunning of vehicle engines, frequent vehicle turning and slow vehicle movement in the loading and offloading areas.

8.2.4 Noise and Vibration

The construction works, delivery of materials by heavy trucks and the use of machinery/equipment including bulldozers, generators, grinders, mixers, compactors and crushers, drills will contribute high levels of noise and vibration within the construction site and the surrounding area. Elevated noise levels within the site can affect project workers and the residents, passers-by, domestic animals, wildlife and other persons within the vicinity of the project site.

8.2.5 Risks of Accidents and Injuries to Workers

Because of the intensive engineering and construction activities including grinding and cutting, masonry work, among others, construction workers will be exposed to risks of accidents and injuries. Such injuries can result from accidental falls from high elevations, injuries from hand tools and construction equipment cuts from sharp edges of metal sheets, failure and collapse of machines, Open

ditches, unfinished works and improper storage of materials can lead to accidents to both the public and workers.

8.2.6 Clearance of Vegetation

8.2.7 Increased Soil Erosion

Measures need to be developed to reduce soil erosion during road construction. Soil erosion leads to sediments loading and silting water sources, reduction in river/stream flows upon abstraction or siltation, expose aquatic life to risks and depleted oxygen levels, affects wildlife watering location, destruction of river banks and basin

8.2.8 Waste Generation

Large quantities of solid waste will be generated at the site during construction of the road and related infrastructure. Such waste will consist of excavated materials, vegetation, metal drums, rejected materials, surplus materials, surplus spoils, paper bags, empty cartons, waste oil, and waste bitumen, among others. Such solid waste materials can be injurious to the environment through blockage of drainage systems, choking of water bodies and negative impacts on human and animal health. This may be accentuated by the fact that some of the waste materials contain hazardous substances such as waste oil, solvents, while some of the waste materials including metal cuttings and plastic containers are not biodegradable and can have long-term and cumulative effects on the environment.

Stored materials shall also generate waste in form of oil spills form storage tanks, filling platforms and transfer tanks

8.2.9 Energy Consumption

The project will consume fossil fuels (mainly diesel) to run transport vehicles, generators and construction machinery. Fuel such as firewood would be required in large quantities. Fossil energy is non-renewable and its excessive use may have serious environmental implications on its availability, price and sustainability.

8.2.10 Contamination of environment

Contamination of soil, water and air might take place during the road construction process. Soil contamination can occur through aerial deposition and spills of road related pollutants; asphalt residual, erosion by wind and storm water this will lead to silting and development of gulley and depressions. Air quality will be reduced due to generation of dust, hydrocarbon emissions nitrogen oxide, sulphur oxide and particulate matter from machineries. Noise generation from machinery, equipment and increased traffic will also lead to disturbance of community members, scare domestic and wild animals.

Water will be contaminated due to siltation of water pans, rivers; deposit of construction residual materials (asphalt, cement, oil, hydrocarbons, spoils etc). The hydrological patterns will also be affected with increased flows from collection drains and surface run off from the roads. The water

quality is also likely to change in terms of turbidity, hydrocarbon levels, silt, suspended solids, organic matter etc.

Hydrocarbons levels at water sources shall increase due to spillage and deposit of oil residue from pumping machines and water transportation tankers this will lead to damage of river banks and basin near points of abstraction, transfer of hazardous material into aquatic and human systems leading to health risk

8.2.11 Increased demand of sanitary facilities

Construction workers will require sanitary facilities while working in the field and other withdrawn areas leading to pollution of the environment.

8.2.12 Repairs and maintenance of vehicles and machinery

A project of such magnitude will have a number of heavy machinery, vehicles and equipments which will require repairs and maintenance including washing. This will lead to spillage of oil during changing and repairs, generation of waste like engine filters, grease, scrap materials, pollution of rivers among others.

8.2.13 Water Use

The construction activities will require large quantities of water that is not easily available in the area. Excessive water use may negatively impact on the water source and its sustainability. Permits must be obtained from the Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) for abstraction from water sources, particularly the Stony Athi River.

8.3 Positive Environmental Impacts of Construction Activities

8.3.1 Creation of Employment Opportunities

Several employment opportunities will be created for road construction workers during the construction phase of the project. This will be a significant impact since unemployment is currently quite high in the country at large.

8.3.2 Provision of Market for Supply of Materials

The project will require supply of large quantities of materials most, of which will be sourced locally in and the surrounding areas. This provides ready market for material suppliers such as quarrying companies, hardware shops, car spares and local individuals with such materials.

8.3.3 Reduce costs of Road Maintenance

Use of gravel to rehabilitate the project road is considered very expensive due to rate of wear of the materials used due to wind, usage, rain among other factors

8.3.4 Improved Drainage and Road Safety

If the road is designed and constructed to required standards, the drainage and road safety issues being faced by community shall considerably reduce.

Rehabilitation of material sites will increase available land for other uses and also reduce negative impacts being experienced due to abandoned sites.

8.4 Negative Environmental Impacts of Operational and Maintenance Activities

8.4.1 Solid Waste Generation

The camp sites will be a source of enormous amounts of solid waste during its operation phase. The bulk of the solid waste generated during the operation of the camp will consist of paper, plastic, glass, metal, textile and organic wastes. Such wastes can be injurious to the environment through blockage of drainage systems, choking of water bodies and negative impacts on animal health. Some of these waste materials especially the plastic/polythene are not biodegradable may cause long-term injurious effects to the environment. Even the biodegradable ones such as organic wastes may be injurious to the environment because as they decompose, they produce methane gas, a powerful greenhouse gas known to contribute to global warming.

8.4.2 Increased Storm Water Flow

The camp roofs and pavements shall increases volume and velocity of storm water or run-off flowing across the area covered by the buildings or tents at the contractor‟s yard or labor camps

8.4.3 Increased Demand for Sanitation

The camp site will require sanitary facilities for the laborer living there. Most of the project area has no water borne sanitation and accompanying sewerage system and need of developing an integrated sewer network with septic tank or effluent collection and management system will be required.

8.4.4 Energy Consumption

During operation, the occupants of buildings/camps and their daily activities will use considerable amounts of energy mainly for running electrical gadgets, machines, lighting, cooking, running of air conditioning equipment, running of refrigeration systems, and pumping water into reservoirs among other activities. Since electricity generation involves utilization of natural resources, excessive electricity consumption will strain the resources and negatively impact on their sustainability.

8.4.5 Water Use

The activities carried out during the operation phase of the project shall involve the use of large quantities of water.

8.4.6 Interference with Traffic Flow

If road maintenance activities are not well planned and organized it will interfere with traffic flow leading to accidents and other negative impacts related to road development.

8.5 Positive Environmental Impacts of Operational Activities

8.5.1 Provision of markets to local goods

The workers living at the camps will provide business to the local traders; provide employment domestic related activities, management agents, caretakers, cleaners, security personnel and technicians.

8.5.2 Revenue to National and Local Governments

Through payment of relevant taxes, rates and fees to the government and the local authority, the project, traders and businessmen will contribute towards the national and local revenue earnings.

8.5.3 Reduction in poverty

Poverty shall be reduced through improved economic performance

8.6 Negative Environmental Impacts of Decommissioning Activities

8.6.1 Solid Waste

Demolition of the project including the road, camps, equipments and fixtures at contractor‟s yard and related infrastructure will result in large quantities of solid waste. The waste will contain the materials used in construction including concrete, metal, cement, bitumen, oil, sealants and fasteners. Although demolition waste is generally considered as less harmful to the environment since they are composed of inert materials, there is growing evidence that large quantities of such waste may lead to release of certain hazardous chemicals into the environment. In addition, even the generally non-toxic chemicals such as chloride, sodium, sulphate and ammonia, which may be released as a result of leaching of demolition waste, are known to lead to degradation of groundwater quality.

8.6.2 Dust

Large quantities of dust will be generated during demolition works. This will affect demolition staff as well as the neighboring residents.

8.6.3 Noise and Vibration

The demolition works will lead to significant deterioration of the acoustic environment within the project site and the surrounding areas

8.6.4 Increased waste water

Demolition of supply lines will lead to increased waste water and interference with other community members.

8.7 Positive Environmental Impacts of Decommissioning Activities

8.7.1 Rehabilitation

Upon decommissioning the project, rehabilitation of the project site will be carried out to restore the site to its original status. This will include replacement of topsoil and re-vegetation that will lead to improved environmental status including visual quality of the area.

8.7.2 Employment Opportunities

Several employment opportunities will be created for demolition staff.

Table 8.7.2: Level of anticipated Environmental Impacts during proposed the development Causes of Impacts Construction Maintenance Work Work Operation Remarks Mitigation Mitigation Mitigation

Soil erosion Construction and maintenance works (Gravelling and creation of -R Y -L sp Y - Y gravel pits); and deviations will have an impact on soil erosion. Incorporating appropriate soil conservation measures and proper drainage facilities during maintenance works would mitigate impacts during operation. During operation, maintenance of structures would also prevent soil erosion.

During construction and Pollution --Ir T maintenance works, there will be air -sh Y --Ir T Y --Ir T Y air dust and noise pollution, but this dust --Ir T Y --Ir T Y will be temporary in nature. The noise --Ir T Y --Ir T Y dust raised during construction and oil wastes sediment Y --Ir L Y maintenance works hinders loads pollination in plants and causes respiratory problems. During

operation, air, noise, dust and oil waste pollution will affect market centers, settlements/households along the road. Pollution due to sediment loads (apart from soil) will not be a problem during operation.

Mitigation is possible through consideration on the part of the contractors and motorists, or legal enforcement.

Materials sites -R Y -R P Y --R P Y Negative impacts such as soil erosion loss of crop productivity, hazards to children and livestock, water accumulating in the pits providing breeding ground for mosquitoes and other water based pests may result from pits and quarries. Quarries will be backfilled/ Fenced and redeveloped into safe grounds.

Vegetation/flora -R Y -P R Y O It is considered that vegetation overgrowths into the road will be cleared. The natural vegetation to be cleared is not regarded as having

any special conservation significance. However, clearing activities could encourage soil erosion. It is proposed that planting of beautification trees be undertaken along the roads especially near settlements and centers so as to enhance environmental quality

Fauna -P sp Y -P ir Y 0 It is considered that bush clearing activities may disturb small animals and birds and their homes/nesting sites. It is proposed that any clearing should be done with the utmost consideration for rare animal species. Therefore there should be no uncontrolled clearing activities. Settlements/induced settlements -sp P Ir Y -P Ir Y -P Ir Y During construction and maintenance works there will be temporary disturbance due to noise and dust. These impacts will continue to occur during operation. There could be upsurge in induced settlements along the road on approach to the trade centers and at the major junctions. Chiefs and local councilors should monitor the development of settlements along the road through awareness campaigns and enforcement of proper land use planning regulations. Employment

opportunities ++T ++T The local people will benefit from temporary employment during the construction and maintenance phases. This will boost their micro economies.

Workmen‟s camp +T Y +sh Centers along proposed road will experience boom in business because of the workforce However the presence of the camp is likely to lead to increased demand for water a. Solid waste disposal and sanitation problems will be an issue.

Public health -W L P Y -P Ir W Y -P W Ir Y During construction, maintenance and operation increased noise and air pollution from exhaust fumes shall impact negatively on public health. Workers on road projects and truck drivers are associated with the spread of sexually transmitted diseases. For mitigation purposes, awareness campaigns in centers and at the workmen‟s camp coupled with better access to health facilities in health centers would be sufficient remedy.

8.8 IMPACT MITIGATION AND MONITORING

This section highlights the necessary mitigation measures that will be adopted to prevent or minimize significant negative environmental, health and safety impacts associated with the activities of the project during its construction, operation and decommissioning phases. Allocation of responsibilities, time frame and estimated costs for implementation of these measures are presented in the environmental management program (EMP) in Chapter 8.

8.9 Mitigation of Construction Phase Impacts

8.9.1 Efficient sourcing and Use of Raw Materials

The proponent will source building materials such as gravel, sand, ballast and hard core at the project locality. Consultation should be held with the community members and their representatives on the best sites to source materials and rehabilitation measures should be agreed. Sites to be selected should have minimum negative impacts on access to water points, breeding, feeding and wild animals‟ paths. It is recommended Environmental Impact Monitoring should be conducted for such activities or consultation with District Environment Officers/Site Environmental Officer be conducted to ensure environmental conservation and rehabilitation after use. The contractor should ensure application of acceptable environmental performance standards and that the negative impacts of their activities at the extraction sites are considerably well mitigated.

To reduce the negative impacts on availability and to ensure sustainability of the materials, the proponent should only extract what will be required through accurate budgeting and estimation of actual construction requirements. This shall ensure that materials are not extracted or purchased in excessive quantities. Moreover, the proponent will ensure that wastage, damage or loss (through runoff, wind, etc) of materials at the construction site is kept minimal, as these would lead to additional demand for and extraction or purchase of the materials.

In addition to the above measures, the proponent should consider reuse of excavated materials and use of recycled materials. This will lead to reduction in the amount of raw materials extracted from natural resources as well as reducing impacts at the extraction sites. All exhausted quarries and borrow pits should be isolated, protected and rehabilitated to usable state.

8.9.2 Minimization of Vegetation Disturbance

Clearance of part of the vegetation at the project site to pave way for road construction will take place in some sections requiring realignment or deviation. However, the proponent should ensure proper demarcation of the project area to be affected by the construction works so as to reduce spill over effects to neighbouring areas. In the same vein, there should be strict control of construction vehicles to ensure that they operate only within the area allocated with access routes and other works; deviation works should be confined close to the road or within reserves to avoid spread of vegetation destruction; avoid encroachment into rivers/streams, flood plains and banks; replace vegetation on the reserve upon completion of construction.

8.9.3 Minimization of Run-off and Soil Erosion

The proponent should put in place measures aimed at minimizing run-off and spillover effects to neighbouring land during rainy season or when wet activities are being conducted on the site. These measures will include clearing the project site of excavated materials or protect excavated sections from storm water, avoid excavation through flood plains or into stream banks, creating proper channels for waste water and solid waste disposal, develop emergency measures and procedures for protection of soils and streams downstream, design adequate culverts to accommodate peak flows; stabilize cut-surfaces with gabions, concrete walls, vegetation etc; identify locations with sub-surface water streams before cutting, direct all surface runoff into existing natural drains and stabilize the drains downstream, culverts and drains to accommodate peak runoff from the catchments, excavations should not encroach onto streams, flood plains, stream banks or springs

8.9.4 Minimization of Construction Waste

It is recommended that construction waste be recycled or reused to ensure that materials that would otherwise be disposed of as waste are diverted for productive uses. In this regard, the proponent should be committed to ensuring that construction materials left over at the end of construction is used in the same or other project rather than being disposed of. In addition, damaged or wasted construction materials including gravels, bitumen and waste oil among others will be recovered for use in other projects. Such measures will involve the sale or donation of such recyclable/reusable materials to construction companies, local community groups, institutions and individual residents or homeowners.

The proponent should put in place measures to ensure that construction materials requirements are carefully budgeted and to ensure that the amount of construction materials left on site after construction is kept minimal. It is further recommended that the proponent should consider the use of

recycled or refurbished construction materials including of those excavated from existing road. Purchasing and using once-used or recovered construction materials will lead to financial savings and reduction of the amount of construction debris disposed of as waste.

Additional recommendations for minimization of solid waste during construction of the project include:- i. Use of durable, long- lasting materials and equipments that will not need to be replaced as often, thereby reducing the amount of construction waste generated over time ii. Provision of facilities for proper handling and storage of construction materials to reduce the amount of waste caused by damage or exposure to the elements of weather iii. Purchase of perishable construction materials such as cement incrementally to ensure reduced spoilage of unused materials iv. Use of construction materials that have minimal packaging to avoid the generation of excessive packaging waste v. Use of construction materials containing recycled content when possible and in accordance with accepted standards.

8.9.5 Reduction of Dust Generation and Emission

Dust emission during construction should be minimized through strict enforcement of onsite speed controls as well as limiting unnecessary traffic within the project site. In addition, it is recommended that some dust generating activities be carried out in wet weather; and non- tarmaced paved traffic routes within and without the project site be dowse with water regularly to reduce amount of dust generated by the construction trucks.

8.9.6 Minimization of Exhaust Emissions

This shall be achieved through proper planning of transportation of materials to ensure that vehicle fills are increased within axle weight limits in order to reduce the number of trips or the number of vehicles on the road. In addition truck drivers will be sensitized to avoid unnecessary racing of vehicle engines at loading/offloading areas, and to switch off or keep vehicle engines off at these points.

It is recommended apart from the management procedures on the impact, cleaner production mechanism and pollution abatement technological devices need to be installed in the road construction equipments and machinery. The devices need to be checked on their efficiency in combustion, capability to use cleaner fuels and installed with emission control devices. Quality control of ambient air should be conducted to ensure conformance with existing standards.

8.9.7 Minimization of Noise and Vibration

Noise and vibration should be minimized in the project site and surrounding areas through sensitization of construction truck drivers to switch off vehicle engines while offloading materials. In addition, they should be instructed to avoid gunning of vehicle engines or hooting especially when passing through sensitive areas such as churches, residential areas and hospitals. Construction machinery shall be kept in good condition to reduce noise generation. It is recommended that all generators and heavy duty equipment be insulated or placed in enclosures to minimize ambient noise levels, construction activities to be conducted during the day when working near residential areas and animal habitats, excavation to be undertaken with ordinary earth movers any explosive blasting be applied under supervision, ensure good maintenance of vehicles and equipment

8.9.8 Occupational Health and Safety

The proponent should ensure adherence to the occupational health and safety rules and regulations stipulated in Occupational Health and Safety Act (Cap 513). In this regard, the proponent should be committed to provision of security, insurance of both personnel and equipment, train and develop capacity especially for inexperienced laborers/workers or newly purchased equipments, compensate for losses and injuries, provide appropriate personal protective equipment, as well as ensuring a safe and healthy environment for construction workers as outlined in the EMP.

Other critical practices to ensure and enhance safety are: evaluation of risks, inform community members along project route on project schedule and activities, workers should be trained on health and safety procedures, reflective signage should be installed for safety of road users, keep public away from material sites, provide appropriate slip roads in towns and bus stops for enhanced road safety (especially within the settled parts),. Initiative should be taken to conduct public awareness and sensitization campaign on safety aspects related to the road project.

8.9.9 Reduction of Energy Consumption

Ensure proper planning of transportation of materials this will ensure that, fossil fuels (diesel, petrol) are not consumed in excessive amounts. Complementary to these measures, the proponent should monitor energy use during construction and set targets for reduction of energy use. Alternative sources of energy such as solar, bio-diesel, LPG, LNG which emit less pollution should be considered.

8.9.10 Minimization of Water Use and pollution of water causes

The proponent shall ensure that water is used efficiently at the site by sensitizing construction staff to avoid irresponsible water usage. No solid waste, fuels/oil should be discharged into drains and streams. Avoid washing construction equipments and trucks in water resources.

8.9.11 Provision of Sanitary Facilities

The proponent should ensure that sufficient water and portable toilets are provided to construction workers throughout the project period. The disposal site for the effluent should be identified and approved by the Environmental Officer and local authority.

8.9.12 Development of the Garages and Waste Oil Handling facilities

The proponent should develop vehicle and equipment repair section equipped with proper waste oil handling and recovery facilities including water/oil separator, dust bin etc

8.9.13 Rehabilitation Activities

All material excavated sites should be rehabilitated or put in positive use to benefit the community. The disused quarries can be used as water pans or converted to parks among other function.

8.9.14 Waste Water and Effluent Management

The contractor should develop appropriate measures to ensure all waste water is treated, handled and disposed appropriately to avoid contamination of water bodies (both open and underground), soils and farm lands. Measures like development of garages for repairs, management of waste oil, development of car washing facilities, oil spills management among others should be incorporated in the project.

8.9.15 Minimization of accidents along the road It was noted that accidents along the project road are high especially in the busy town areas and the market/trading centers. It is therefore recommended that all safety components indicated in the design drawings be implemented and where they are found not to be adequate they should be reviewed by the Resident Engineer and the contractor to ensure they reduce road use related risks. The key design related safety measures to be considered include speed breakers, paths for pedestrians, motorized two wheel transports and non-motorized two wheel transport.

8.9.16 Continuous Monitoring and Consultation

The proponent should develop a methodology of continuous monitoring, consultation and record keeping. The methodology should have indicators of change and progress which shall be recorded for future references. The monitoring reports should be circulated to relevant organizations such as NEMA as required by the law.

8.10 Mitigation of Operation Phase Impacts

8.10.1 Social Impact

. Sensitize workers on HIV/AIDS and develop Information Education and Communication (IEC) programmes on the projects social impacts including HIV/AIDS and train community members to conduct awareness and training programmes in the project area with the help of the project team. Programmes should include:  Provision of counseling and testing for HIV/AIDS to incoming construction personnel;  Strengthening of advocacy through awareness training in HIV/AIDS and other STDs; including encouraging the use of preventive measures like condoms and  Avail condom dispensers to construction staff

8.10.2 Ensuring Efficient Solid Waste Management

The proponent will be responsible for efficient management of solid waste generated by the project during its operation. In this regard, the proponent should provide waste handling facilities such as waste bins and skips for temporarily holding of domestic waste generated at the site. In addition, the proponent will ensure that the waste is disposed off regularly and appropriately. It is recommended that the proponent puts in place measures to ensure that the occupants of the labor camps manage their waste efficiently through recycling, reuse and proper disposal procedures.

8.10.3 Minimization of Sewage Release

The proponent should ensure that there are adequate means for handling the large quantities of sewage generated at the labor camp. It will also be important to ensure that sewage pipes are not blocked or damaged since it can lead to release of the effluent to the environment, resulting in land and water contamination. Such blockages or damages should be fixed expeditiously.

8.10.4 Ensure Efficient Energy Consumption

The proponent shall ensure that energy-efficient lighting systems are installed at the camp. This will contribute immensely to energy saving during the operational phase of the project. In addition, occupants of the camps should be sensitized to ensure energy efficiency in their domestic operations. To complement these measures, it will be important to monitor energy use during the occupation of the camps and set targets for efficient energy use. It is recommended that energy conservation facilities like use of photovoltaic solar panels be installed.

8.10.5 Ensure Efficient Water Use

The proponent should install water-conserving automatic taps and toilet flushing systems. Moreover, any water leaks through damaged pipes and faulty taps should be fixed promptly by qualified staff. In addition, the occupants of the camps should be sensitized to use water efficiently.

8.10.6 Environmental Pollution and Contamination

All measures should be put in place to avoid environmental pollution and contamination. Oil spillage management measures should be put in place including use of bio-diesel or manual water pumps at water courses; materials should be covered to avoid pollution caused by elements of weather such as wind, rain etc; enclose asphalt preparation plants and materials transfer facilities, smoking equipments and trucks should be installed with pollution control devices including filters, catalysts etc; control leakages during maintenance, fuelling and cleaning of vehicles and construction equipment; noisy equipments should be installed with silencers or demarcated to facilitate control noise propagation; proper drainage and erosion structures should be developed to reduce effects of erosions; contaminated soils should be stabilized before disposal, control dumping of oil residuals, asphalt, and engine parts; hold top soils from material sites for rehabilitation; stabilize cut sections, fills and quarries.

Professional handling of pollution point sources along the route is necessary and decommission of the potential point sources of pollution along the route is also necessary.

Quality control of rivers should be conducted at river crossing and downstream; ensure culverts are kept clear at all times and channeled into natural drains, control soil loss from road corridor through storm water flows, introduce appropriate vegetation in the project area and compel road users to take responsibility of their own pollutants through collaboration with relevant authorities.

8.10.7 Health and Safety

Ensure safety in the area by installing adequate road signage, marked speed breakers at points with high population density, provide clear “zebra crossing” marks at high population areas, and collaborate with other departments on enforcement of road safety regulations and on HIV/AIDS awareness programmes.

8.10.8 Social and Economic Impacts

Establish in-house self audit for the road and install and maintain appropriate road safety furniture for enhanced safety, sensitize residents on road reserve boundaries, initiate a continuous economic evaluation of the road and strengthen social linkages and family kinship.

8.10.9 Road Drainage

Road drainage structures such as culverts, drainage system, bridges, road surface damages, reserve encroachment and flood control structures should be developed simultaneously with the project road and continuous management carried out during maintenance and operation to ensure safety on the road is maintained.

During maintenance motorists should be alert on any repair works within adequate distance, give clear information to motorists of any partial or full road blockage during repair works, replace damaged road signage and other safety installations on time, ensure drains and crossing are kept clear to avoid flooding, establish alternative traffic plans at blocked sections of the roads, monitor encroachment to the road reserves, involve riparian landowners in maintenance of adjacent road sections, adopt principle of Road 2000 Initiative.

8.11 Mitigation of Decommissioning Phase Impacts

8.11.1 Efficient Solid Waste Management

Solid waste resulting from demolition or dismantling works will be managed through separation of waste types and disposing them through Municipal Council Systems or through dedicated landfills or through burning by incinerator.

8.11.2 Reduction of Dust Concentration

The effects of high levels of dust concentration resulting from demolition or dismantling works will be minimized by use of dust masks by workers among other means.

8.11.3 Minimization of Noise and Vibration

Significant impacts on the acoustic environment will be mitigated through use of well maintained equipment per the manufacturer‟s schedules.

CHAPTER 9: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT/MONITORING PLAN

9.1 Introduction

The proposed project activities shall have impacts on the biophysical environment, health and safety of its employees and, members of the public, and socio economic well being of the local residents; thus, focus should be on reducing the negative impacts and maximizing the positive impacts associated with the project this activities through a program of continuous management, monitoring and improvement.

An Environmental Management/monitoring Plan has been developed to assist the proponent and the project management team in mitigating and managing environmental impacts associated with the life cycle of the project. The EMP has been developed to provide a basis for an Environmental Management System (EMS; ISO 14001 principles) for the project. It is noteworthy that key factors and processes may change through the life of the project and considerable provisions have been made for dynamism and flexibility of the EMP. As such, the EMP will be subject to a regular regime of periodic review.

Tables 9.2, 9.3 and 9.4 form the core of this EMP for the construction, operational and decommissioning phases of the road development project. In general, the Tables outline the potential safety, health and environmental risks associated with the project and detail all the necessary mitigation measures, their financial costs, as well as the persons responsible for their implementation and monitoring. The EMP will be used as checklist in future environmental audits.

9.2 Construction and operational Phase EMP

The necessary objectives, activities, mitigation measures, and allocation of costs and responsibilities pertaining to prevention, minimization and monitoring of significant negative impacts and maximization of positive impacts associated with the construction and operational phases of the road development project are outlined in table 8.2 below.

84 Project Report for the Second Carriageway for Athi River- Ulu Road

Table 9.2 Environmental monitoring/Management plan for the construction phase

Expected Negative Impacts Recommended Mitigation Measures Responsible Party Time Frame Cost (Kshs) 1. Source construction materials from sites closer to Contractor, RE, Throughout project implementation sections to reduce impacts due KENHA, EO construction period to long distance travel 2. Ensure accurate budgeting and estimation of actual Throughout construction material requirements to ensure that the Contractor, RE, KENHA construction period least amount of material necessary is ordered. 3. Ensure that damage or loss of materials at the 20,000 per month High Demand of Raw construction site is kept at minimal through proper Throughout Contractor, RE, KENHA material storage construction period

3. Use at least 7% recycled refurbished or salvaged Throughout materials to reduce the use of raw materials and divert Contractor, RE, KENHA construction period material from landfills/disposal sites 4. Ensure exhaustion of work at one site and its Contractor, RE, Throughout rehabilitated or conversion to positive use before KENHA, construction period moving to another

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Expected Negative Impacts Recommended Mitigation Measures Responsible Party Time Frame Cost (Kshs) 5. Hold top soils and vegetation matter near quarries Contractor, RE, Throughout for backfilling KENHA, construction period Contractor, RE, Throughout 6. Continuous consultative meetings with stakeholders KENHA, EO construction period 1. Avoid disturbance of areas not be used for project Contractor, RE, development; design and implement an appropriate KENHA, EO, Landscape 2 months landscaping programme to help in vegetating part of Vegetation and Animal specialist the project area after construction. Ksh.1 m disturbance

1. Surface runoff and water should be harvested and Contractor, RE, 2 months stored in open /underground reservoir for reuse. KENHA, 2. A storm water management plan that minimizes 10,000 per unit impervious area infiltration by use of recharge areas Contractor, RE, Increased storm water, 1 month and use of detention and/or retention with graduated KENHA, EO runoff and soil erosion outlet control structure is recommended. 3. Site excavation works to be planned such that a Throughout Contractor, RE, section is completed and rehabilitated before another construction period 10,000 per unit KENHA, EO section begins.

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Expected Negative Impacts Recommended Mitigation Measures Responsible Party Time Frame Cost (Kshs) 1. Use of an integrated solid waste management system i.e. through a hierarchy of options: 1. Source Contractor, RE, Throughout 200,000 per month reduction 2. Recycling 3.Composting and reuse 4. KENHA, EO construction period Combustion 5. Sanitary land filling. 2. Through accurate estimation of the sizes and quantities of materials required, order materials in the sizes and quantities they will be needed, rather than Contractor, RE, One-off 0 cutting them to size, or having large quantities of KENHA, EO residual materials. Maintain inventory of types and quantity of waste generated Increased solid waste 3. Ensure that construction materials left over at the generation Contractor, RE, end of construction will be used in other projects One-off 0 KENHA, EO rather than being disposed of. 3. Ensure that damaged or wasted construction Contractor, RE, One-off 10,000 materials will be recovered use in other projects KENHA, EO 5. Donate recyclable/reusable or residual materials to Contractor, RE, local community groups, institutions and individual One-off 0 KENHA, EO local residents or home owners. 6. Use of durable, long-lasting materials that will not Contractor, RE, Throughout need to be replaced as often, thereby reducing the _ KENHA, EO construction period amount of construction waste generated over time

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Expected Negative Impacts Recommended Mitigation Measures Responsible Party Time Frame Cost (Kshs) 7.Provide facilities for proper handling and storage of construction materials to reduce the amount of waste Contractor, RE, One-off 100,000 caused by damage or exposure to the elements of KENHA, EO weather like wind, rain 8. Purchase of perishable construction materials such Contractor, RE, Throughout as cement should be done incrementally to ensure 0 KENHA, EO construction period reduced spoilage of unused materials 9. Use building materials that have minimal or no Contractor, RE, Throughout packaging to avoid the generation of excessive 0 KENHA, EO construction period packaging waste 10. Use construction materials containing recycled Contractor, RE, Throughout content when possible and in accordance with 0 KENHA, EO construction period accepted standards. 11. Reuse packaging materials such as oil drums, Contractor, RE, Throughout cement bags, empty plastic containers to reduce waste 0 KENHA, EO construction period at the site 12. Dispose waste more responsibly by dumping at Contractor, RE, Throughout 10,000/month designated dumping sites or landfills only. KENHA, EO construction period 13. Waste collection bins to be provided at designated Contractor, RE, Throughout 100,000 per month points on site KENHA, EO construction period

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Expected Negative Impacts Recommended Mitigation Measures Responsible Party Time Frame Cost (Kshs) 14. NEMA registered waste disposal company to be Throughout Contractor, RE, contracted to transport and dispose the solid waste construction period KENHA, EO from site 15. Running an educational campaigns amongst Throughout Contractor, RE, workers, e.g. through use of posters, to encourage construction period KENHA, reuse or recycling of the solid waste 1. Ensure strict enforcement of on-site speed limit Contractor, RE, Throughout regulations KENHA, construction period 2. Use stone crushers and bitumen mixing machines Contractor, RE, Throughout with wet scrubbers to arrest evolved dust and enclose KENHA, construction period gravel screening section to reduce dust propagation Contractor, RE, Throughout 3. Avoid excavation works in extremely dry weathers Dust emission KENHA, construction period 4. Sprinkle water on sites and access routes when Contractor, RE, Throughout necessary to reduce dust generation by construction KENHA, construction period vehicles and activities 5. Provide Personal Protective equipment and clothing Contractor, RE, Throughout e.g. dust masks for those working at the quarries and KENHA, EHS construction period other areas involving dust evolution Contractor, RE, Throughout 6. Provide milk for workers at the quarries. KENHA, EHS construction period

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Expected Negative Impacts Recommended Mitigation Measures Responsible Party Time Frame Cost (Kshs) Contractor, RE, Throughout 1. Vehicle idling time shall be minimized 0 KENHA, construction period 2. Alternatively fuelled construction equipment shall Contractor, RE, Throughout 0 be used only when applicable KENHA, construction period 3. Install emission control devices in machines or Contractor, RE, Throughout Exhaust emission 0 purchase machines with such devices KENHA, construction period 4. Sensitize truck drivers to avoid unnecessary racing of vehicle engines at loading/offloading points and Contractor, RE, Throughout 0 parking areas, and to switch off or keep vehicle KENHA, construction period engines at these points 1. Sensitize construction vehicle drivers and Contractor, RE, Throughout machinery operators to switch off engines of vehicles KENHA, construction period or machinery not being used. 2. Sensitize construction drivers to avoid gunning of Noise and vibration vehicle engines or hooting especially when passing Contractor, RE, Throughout through sensitive areas such as mosques, schools, KENHA, construction period residential areas and hospitals 3. Ensure that construction machinery are kept in good Contractor, RE, Throughout 10,000 per month condition to reduce noise generation KENHA, construction period

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Expected Negative Impacts Recommended Mitigation Measures Responsible Party Time Frame Cost (Kshs) 4. Ensure that all generators and heavy duty equipment Contractor, RE, Throughout are insulated or placed in enclosures to minimize KENHA, construction period ambient noise levels.

1. Ensure electrical equipment, appliances and lights Contractor, RE, Throughout 0 are switched off when not being used KENHA, construction period 2. Install energy saving fluorescent tubes at all lighting Contractor, RE, Throughout points instead of bulbs which consume higher electric 100,000 KENHA, construction period energy Increased energy consumption 4. Ensure planning of transportation of materials to Contractor, RE, Throughout ensure that fossil fuels (diesel, petrol) are not KENHA, construction period consumed in excessive amounts 5,000 per month 5. Monitor energy use during construction and set Contractor, RE, Throughout targets for reduction of energy use. KENHA, construction period 1. Drill boreholes to get adequate water for Contractor, RE, Throughout 1M per unit development KENHA, construction period 15.High Water Demand 2. Harness rainwater for construction and domestic use Contractor, RE, Throughout 10,000 per unit to avoid conflicts with communities KENHA, construction period

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Expected Negative Impacts Recommended Mitigation Measures Responsible Party Time Frame Cost (Kshs)

3. Install water conserving taps that turn-off Contractor, RE, 10-30 % higher than One-off automatically when water is not being used KENHA, price of ordinary taps

4. Promote recycling and reuse of water as much as Contractor, RE, Throughout 2,000 possible KENHA, construction period 5. Install a discharge meter at water outlets to Contractor, RE, determine and monitor total water usage One-off 2,000 KENHA,

6. Promptly detect and repair water pipe and tank Contractor, RE, Throughout 1,000 per month leaks KENHA, construction period 7. Sensitize staff to conserve water by avoiding Contractor, RE, Throughout 1,000 unnecessary toilet flushing etc. KENHA, construction period Contractor, RE, Throughout 8. Ensure taps are not running when not in use 1,000 KENHA, construction period 1. Provide means for handling sewage generated by Contractor, RE, One-off 50,000 per month construction workers KENHA, 16.Generation of wastewater 2. Conduct regular checks for sewage pipe blockages Contractor, RE, Throughout or damages since such vices can lead to release of the 5,000/month KENHA, construction period effluent into the land and water bodies

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Expected Negative Impacts Recommended Mitigation Measures Responsible Party Time Frame Cost (Kshs) 3. Monitor effluent quality regularly to ensure that the Contractor, RE, Throughout stipulated discharge rules and standards are not 2,000/month KENHA, construction period violated 4. Ensure no effluent is deposited into the river and Contractor, RE, Throughout other open water bodies within/without the project 2,000/month KENHA, construction period area 1. Ensure that all plans and equipments to be used are Contractor, RE, approved by the relevant authority and the local One-off 5,000 KENHA, Occupational Health and Safety Office 2. Registration of the premises under the Factories and Contractor, RE, Other Places of Work Act Cap 513, Laws of Kenya is One-off 5,000 17.occupational health and KENHA, mandatory safety risks 3. A general register should be kept within the facility Contractor, RE, as stipulated in Sec 62 (1) of the Factories and Other One-off 1,000 KENHA, Places of Work Act. 4. The abstract of the Factories and Other Places of Contractor, RE, Work Act must be displayed at prominent places One-off 2,000 KENHA, within the site

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Expected Negative Impacts Recommended Mitigation Measures Responsible Party Time Frame Cost (Kshs) 1. Ensure that provisions for reporting incidents, accidents and dangerous occurrences during Contractor, RE, construction using prescribed forms obtainable from Continuous 500/month KENHA, the local Occupational Health and Safety Office (OHSO) are in place. 2. Enforcing adherence to safety procedures and preparing contingency plan for accident response in Contractor, RE, Continuous 50,000 addition safety education and training shall be KENHA, emphasized. 18. Incidents, accidents and 3. Ensure that the vehicles, equipments and premises dangerous occurrences. Contractor, RE, are insured as per statutory requirements (third party Annually _7.5%of Vehicle value KENHA, and workman‟s compensation) 4.Develop, document and display prominently an Contractor, RE, One-off 1,000 appropriate SHE policy for construction works KENHA, 5. Provisions must be put in place for the formation of Contractor, RE, a Health and Safety Committee, in which the employer One-off 5,000 KENHA, and the workers are represented 6. Suitable, efficient, clean, well-lit and adequate Contractor, RE, sanitary conveniences should be provided for One-off 20,000 KENHA, construction workers

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Expected Negative Impacts Recommended Mitigation Measures Responsible Party Time Frame Cost (Kshs) 1. Arrangements must be in place for the medical Contractor, RE, examination of all construction employees before, Continuous 500 per examination KENHA, EHSO during and after termination of employment 2. Ensure that machinery, equipment, personal protective equipment, appliances and hand tools used Contractor, RE, in construction do comply with the prescribed safety One-off _ KENHA, EHSO and health standards and be appropriately installed maintained and safeguarded 19.Machinery/equipment 3. Ensure that equipment and work tasks are adapted Contractor, RE, safety to fit workers and their ability including protection Continuous _ KENHA, EHSO against mental strain 4. All machines and other moving parts of equipment Contractor, RE, must be enclosed or guarded to protect all workers KENHA, EHSO One-off _ from injury 5. Arrangements must be in place to train and Contractor, RE, supervise inexperienced workers regarding KENHA, EHSO Continuous 5,000 per training construction machinery use and other procedures/operations

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Expected Negative Impacts Recommended Mitigation Measures Responsible Party Time Frame Cost (Kshs) 6. Equipment such as fire extinguishers must be Contractor, RE, examined by a government authorized person. The KENHA, EHSO Continuous 2,000 per examination equipment may only be used if a certificate of examination has been issued 7. Reports of such examinations must be presented in Contractor, RE, prescribed forms, signed by the examiner and attached KENHA, EHSO Continuous 2,000 per examination to the general register 1.Ensure that materials are stored or stacked in such Contractor, RE, manner as to ensure their stability and prevent any fall KENHA, EHSO Continuous 10,000 or collapse 8.Ensure that items are not stored/stacked against Contractor, RE, Continuous _ weak walls and partitions KENHA, EHSO 20. Incidents, accidents and 2. Work and site plan should be placed in areas all Contractor, RE, dangerous occurrences workers can see. Site plan should show exits to use KENHA, EHSO Continuous _ during disaster Contractor, RE, 3. Securely fence or cover all openings in compound One-off _ KENHA, EHSO 4. Post warning signs in area frequented by dangerous Contractor, RE, One-off wild animals KENHA, EHSO

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Expected Negative Impacts Recommended Mitigation Measures Responsible Party Time Frame Cost (Kshs) 5. Ensure that construction workers are not locked up Contractor, RE, such that they would not escape in case of an KENHA, EHSO Continuous _ emergency 6. All ladders used in construction works must be of Contractor, RE, good construction and sound material of adequate KENHA, EHSO One-off _ strength and be properly maintained 7. Design suitable documented emergency Contractor, RE, preparedness and evacuation procedures to be used KENHA, EHSO One-off 2,000 during any emergency Contractor, RE, 8. Such procedures must be tested at regular intervals Every 3 months 2,000 KENHA, EHSO 9. Ensure that adequate provisions are in place to Contractor, RE, immediately stop any operations where there in an KENHA, EHSO One-off 10,000 imminent and serious danger to health and safety and to evacuate workers 10. Ensure that the most current emergency telephone Contractor, RE, numbers posters are prominently and strategically KENHA, EHSO One-off 1,000 displayed within the construction site 11. Provide measures to deal with emergencies and Contractor, RE, Continuous 5,000 accidents including adequate first aid arrangements KENHA, EHSO

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Expected Negative Impacts Recommended Mitigation Measures Responsible Party Time Frame Cost (Kshs) 1. Well stocked first aid box which is easily available Contractor, RE, One-off 5,000 and accessible should be provided within the premises KENHA, EHSO 2. Provision must be made for persons to be trained in Contractor, RE, first aid, with a certificate issued by a recognized KENHA, EHSO One-off 10,000 body. 3. Firefighting equipment such as fire extinguishers Contractor, RE, and hydrant systems should be provided at strategic KENHA, EHSO One-off 50,000 locations such as stores and construction areas. 4. Regular inspection and servicing of the equipment Contractor, RE, 21.Occupational health and must be undertaken by a reputable service provider KENHA, EHSO Every 3 months 5,000 safety risks and records of such inspections maintained 5. Signs such as “NO SMOKING” must be Contractor, RE, prominently displayed within the construction area KENHA, EHSO One-off 2,000 especially in parts where inflammable materials are stored 6.Always provide signage indicating works in progress Contractor, RE, and communicate to public on sections to be worked KENHA, EHSO One-off _ on and on alternative routes 7.There must be adequate provision for artificial or Contractor, RE, natural lighting in all parts the premises in which KENHA, EHSO One-off _ persons are working or passing

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Expected Negative Impacts Recommended Mitigation Measures Responsible Party Time Frame Cost (Kshs) Contractor, RE, 8. Circuits must not be overloaded Continuous _ KENHA, EHSO 9. Distribution board switches must be clearly marked Contractor, RE, One-off _ to indicate respective circuits and pumps KENHA, EHSO Contractor, RE, 10. There should be no live exposed connections Continuous _ KENHA, EHSO 11. Electrical fittings near all potential sources of Contractor, RE, One-off _ ignition should be flame proof KENHA, EHSO Contractor, RE, 12. All electrical equipment must be earthed One-off _ KENHA, EHSO 13. Develop a suitable system for the safe collection, Contractor, RE, recycling and disposal of chemical wastes, obsolete KENHA, EHSO chemicals and empty chemical containers to avoid One-off 10,000 their reuse for other purposes and to eliminate or minimize the risks to safety, health and environment

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Expected Negative Impacts Recommended Mitigation Measures Responsible Party Time Frame Cost (Kshs) 14. Ensure that all chemicals used in construction are Contractor, RE, appropriately labeled or marked and that material KENHA, EHSO safety data sheets containing essential information regarding their identity, suppliers classification of One-off _ hazards, safety precautions and emergency procedures are provided and are made available to employees and their representatives 15. Keep a record of all hazardous chemicals used at Contractor, RE, the construction site, cross-referenced to the KENHA, EHSO Continuous _ appropriate chemical safety data sheets 16. There should be no eating or drinking in areas Contractor, RE, Continuous _ where chemicals are stored or used KENHA, EHSO 17. Provide workers in areas with elevated noise and Contractor, RE, vibration levels, with suitable ear protection One-off 5,000 KENHA, EHSO equipment such as ear muffs 18. Ensure that construction workers are provided Contractor, RE, with an adequate supply of wholesome drinking water KENHA, EHSO One-off 5,000/month which should be maintained at suitable and accessible points.

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Expected Negative Impacts Recommended Mitigation Measures Responsible Party Time Frame Cost (Kshs) 19.Ensure that conveniently accessible, clean, orderly, Contractor, RE, adequate and suitable washing facilities are provided KENHA, EHSO One-off 5,000 and maintained in within the camp site 1. Provision for repairing and maintaining of hand Contractor, RE, One-off 5,000 tools must be in place KENHA, EHSO 22. Occupational health and 2. Hand tools must be of appropriate size and shape Contractor, RE, One-off _ safety risks for easy and safe use KENHA, EHSO 3. Height of equipment, controls or work surfaces Contractor, RE, should be positioned to reduce bending posture for KENHA, EHSO One-off _ standing workers Ensure the general safety and security at all times by Contractor, RE, 23. Safety and security providing day and night security guards and adequate Continuous 30,000/month KENHA, SO lighting within and around the construction site. 1.A designated garage section of the site fitted with oil trapping equipments to be planned for oil changes. Contractor, RE, KENHA, Continuous 300,000 Such a area will be well protected from contaminating EO 24. Oil Spills the soil 2Spilling of oil or activities leading to spillage/discharge of oil to water bodies should be avoided

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Construction workers should be given breaks to go for Contractor, RE, KENHA, Continuous 25. Increased Food lunch EHSO Catering Manager 300,000 Supply/demand Contractor, RE, KENHA, Onsite canteen to supply food Continuous EHSO Catering Manager 26. Mushrooming of Local Administration; Control of informal activities along the project site Continuous 0 Informal Settlement Local Authority 1. Hazardous substance control and emergency Contractor, RE, KENHA, response plan that will include preparations for quick Continuous EO and safe clean up of accidental spills. 2. Hazardous-materials handling procedures to reduce Contractor, RE, KENHA, Continuous the potential for a spill during construction to be EO 27. Hydrology and Water prescribed 100,000 Quality Degradation 3. Identify areas where refueling and vehicle Contractor, RE, KENHA, Continuous maintenance activities and storage of hazardous EO materials, if any, will be permitted 4. Waste water/run off collected during construction Contractor, RE, KENHA, Continuous should be contained and disposed of in accordance EO with all applicable regulations 28. Vector Borne and 1.Complete refuse collection and handling service to Contractor, RE, KENHA, Continuous 100,000 Water Borne Disease be provided EO

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Incidence 2.Manage and seal off disused quarries, avoid leaving Contractor, RE, KENHA, Continuous open trenches, stalled construction activities/areas EO should be left as clear as possible 1.Shall be mitigated by occupational health and safety Contractor, RE, KENHA, Continuous standards enforcement EO 2. Collaborate with other players in community Contractor, RE, KENHA, Continuous training and sensitization on disease control during EO construction 29. Possible Exposure of 3. Provide counseling and testing for HIV/AIDS to Contractor, RE, KENHA, Continuous Workers to Diseases incoming construction personnel EO, NGO, MOH,CBO 200,000 biannually including infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDs 4. Strengthen advocacy through awareness training in Contractor, RE, KENHA, HIV/AIDS and other STDs; encourage the use of EO, NGO, MOH,CBO preventive measures like condoms

5. Avail condom dispensers to construction staff Contractor, RE, KENHA, EO, NGO, MOH,CBO 1. Coordinate with other planning goals and objectives Contractor, RE, KENHA, Continuous for region EO 30. Increased Pressure on Architect, Project Continuous 20,000 per month Infrastructure 2. Upgrade/rehabilitate existing infrastructure and Manager, Contactor and services used for project activities. the Developer

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Security Officer, Continuous 1. Coordinate with administration to appoint security Resident Project personnel operating 24 hours where needed Manager & Police 2. Body-search the workers to avoid getting weapons Security Officer Continuous 30,000/day on site, and leaving site to ensure nothing is stolen. 3. Ensure only authorized personnel get to the site Security Officer Continuous 31 .Insecurity 4. Security alarms should be installed Security Officer Continuous 5. Provide emergency numbers to workers and post Security Officer Continuous

then strategically in work area 6. Ensure only authorized personnel get to the site Security Officer Continuous 7. Security alarms will be installed in vehicles and Security Officer Continuous 20,000 other appropriate devices or areas Contractor, RE, KENHA, 1. Install pollution control devices EO 2. All unnecessary traffic must be strictly limited on The Contractor & Site Continuous 33. Air Pollution site speed controls are to be enforced Safety Officer 3. Ensure that the site is located away from such The Contractor & Site Continuous pollution sources Safety Officer As per project design

BOQ As per safety budget

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As per project design

BOQ As per project design

BOQ

40,000

Ensure all safety related design components are 35.Design and construction incorporated in the construction works and where Contractor, RE, KENHA, As per project design Continuous short comings shortcomings exists they should be updated before EO, KWS BOQ construction

Due to the magnitude of the project, the Firm of experts shall carry out monitoring and evaluation. 34. Emergence of new more so an initial environmental audit will also be environmental concern during EO Continuous 20,000/day/person carried within a period of 12 months after the construction phase commencement of the construction project

9.3 Operational Phase EMP

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The necessary objectives, activities, mitigation measures, and allocation of costs and responsibilities pertaining to prevention, minimization and monitoring of significant negative impacts and maximization of positive impacts associated with the operational phase of the proposed road development Project are outlined in table 8.3 below

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Table 9.3 Environmental management/monitoring Plan for the operational phase of the road development project

Expected Negative Impacts Recommended Mitigation Measures Responsible Party Time Frame Cost (Kshs) 1. Use of an integrated solid waste management system i.e. through a hierarchy Resident Project Manager Throughout of options: 1. Source reduction 2. Recycling & Contractor construction period 3.Composting and reuse 4. Combustion 5. Sanitary land filling. 2. Provide solid waste handling facilities such Resident Project Manager One-off as rubbish bags and skips 3. Ensure that solid wastes generated at the 20,000/month camp site and from road are regularly & Resident Project Manager Continuous 1. Solid waste generation appropriately disposed of at authorized dumping sites 3. Ensure that occupants of the labor camp manage their waste efficiently through Resident Project Manager Continuous recycling, reuse and proper disposal procedures. 4. Donate redundant but serviceable Resident Project Manager Continuous 0 equipment to charities and institutions 5. Private company to be contracted to collect 50,000 per Resident Project Manager Continuous and dispose solid waste on regular intervals month

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Expected Negative Impacts Recommended Mitigation Measures Responsible Party Time Frame Cost (Kshs) 1. Provide adequate and safe means of Resident Project Manager One-off 10,000 per trip handling sewage generated at the labor camp & Mechanical Engineer 2. Conduct regular inspections for sewage Resident Project Manager 500 per pipe blockages or damages and fix Continuous 2. Release of sewage into the & Mechanical Engineer inspection appropriately environment 3. Ensure regular monitoring of the sewage discharged from the project to ensure that the Resident Project Manager Continuous 500/parameter stipulated sewage/effluent discharge rules and & Mechanical Engineer standards are not violated Resident Project Manager 1. Switch off electrical equipment, appliances & Occupants of the Continuous 0 and lights when not being used camps 2. Install occupation sensing lighting at 25 % higher Resident Project Manager various locations such as rooms, storage areas One-off than ordinary & Contractor which are not in use all the time lighting 3.High demand for energy 3. Install energy saving fluorescent tubes at all 25 % higher lighting points within the compound instead Resident Project Manager One-off than ordinary of bulbs which consume higher electric & Occupants lighting energy 4. Install Photovoltaic Solar Panels to Contractor, KENHA, One-off 10,000/unit supplement energy source

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Expected Negative Impacts Recommended Mitigation Measures Responsible Party Time Frame Cost (Kshs) 4. Monitor energy use during the operation of the project and set targets for efficient energy Resident Project Manager Continuous 2,000/month use 5. Sensitize occupants on efficient use energy Resident Project Manager Continuous 500/month Resident Project Manager 1. Promptly detect and repair of water pipe & Mechanical Engineer Continuous 1,500/month and tank leaks

2. Occupants to conserve water e.g. by Resident Project Manager Continuous 500/month avoiding unnecessary toilet flushing. & Mechanical Engineer Resident Project Manager 3. Ensure taps are not running when not in use Continuous 500/month & Mechanical Engineer 4. High water demand Contractor Resident 20 % higher 4. Install water conserving taps that turn-off Project Manager & One-off than ordinary automatically when water is not being used Mechanical Engineer taps

Contractor, Resident 5. Install a discharge meter at water outlets to Project Manager & One-off 1,000 determine and monitor total water usage Mechanical Engineer

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Expected Negative Impacts Recommended Mitigation Measures Responsible Party Time Frame Cost (Kshs) Resident Project Manager 6. Create water conservation awareness & Mechanical Engineer Continuous 2,000

Implement all necessary measures to ensure health and safety of workers and the general Resident Project 5.Increased health and safety public during operation of the office project as Manager, Mechanical Continuous 0 impacts stipulated in Factories and Other Places of Engineer, & EHSO Work Act Cap 513 1. Ensure the general safety and security at all Security Officer, 6.Increased general safety and times by providing day and night security Resident Project Manager Continuous 20,000/month security impacts guards and adequate lighting within and & Police around the premises. Architect, Project Continuous 1. Coordinate with other planning goals and Manager, and the objectives for region 7.Increased Pressure on Developer 20,000 Infrastructure Architect, Project Continuous 2. Upgrade existing infrastructure and Manager and the services, if and where feasible. Developer 1. Appoint security personnel operating 24 Security Officer, Resident Continuous 8.Insecurity 20,000/month hours Project Manager & Police

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1. Conduct Quality control and use cleaner Contractor, RE Continuous fuels 3,000 per 9. Air Pollution Residents project Continuous month 2. Use of bicycles to be encouraged manager 10 Mushrooming of Informal Control of informal activities around the Local Administration; Continuous 0 Settlement project site Local Authority Undertake an environmental audit within 12 11. Emergence of new 20,000/day/con months after operation commences as required EIA Experts Continuous environmental concerns sultant by law

9.4 Decommissioning Phase

In addition to the mitigation measures provided in Table 9.2 and 9.3 above, it is necessary to outline some basic mitigation measures that will be required to be undertaken once all operational activities of the project have ceased. The necessary objectives, mitigation measures, allocation of responsibilities, time frames and costs pertaining to prevention, minimization and monitoring of all potential impacts associated with the decommissioning and closure phase of the project are outlined in table 8.4 below .

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Time Cost Recommended Mitigation Measures Responsible Party Frame (Kshs) 1. Demolition waste management 1. All machinery, equipment, structures and partitions that shall not be used for other Contractor, Proponent One-off _ purposes must be removed and recycled/reused as much as possible 2. All foundations must be removed and recycled, reused or disposed of at a licensed disposal site/convert abandoned structure to be of beneficial use to community and Contractor, Proponent local administration 3. Where recycling/reuse of the machinery, equipment, implements, structures, partitions and other demolition waste is not possible, the materials should taken to Contractor, Proponent One-off _ a licensed waste disposal site 4. Donate reusable demolition waste to charitable organizations, individuals and Contractor, Proponent One-off _ institutions 2. Rehabilitation of project site 1. Implement an appropriate re-vegetation program to restore the site to its original Contractor, Proponent One-off _ status

2. Consider use of indigenous plant species in re-vegetation Contractor, Proponent One-off _

3. Trees should be planted at suitable locations so as to interrupt slight lines (screen Contractor, Proponent Once-off _ planting), between the adjacent areas and the development. 4. Indigenous tree species should be replanted along the road side after the Contractor, Proponent One-off _ completion of the project.

TABLE 9.4 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT/MONITORING PLAN FOR THE DECOMMISSIONING PHASE FOR THE ROAD DEVELOPMENT PROJECT. Kenya National Highways Authority. Page 112

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CHAPTER 10: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

10.1 Conclusions

10.2 Recommendations

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REFERENCES

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ANNEXES

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ANNEX I: Project Route maps and alternatives and links

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ANNEX II: Terms of Reference

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ANNEX III: Design Concepts

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ANNEX IV: Sensitive Areas’ maps

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ANNEX V: List of persons interviewed

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ANNEX VI: Photo Gallery

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