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The Start of the Manned Space Race by Andrew J
The Start of the Manned Space Race by Andrew J. LePage November 1998 Introduction of Sputnik 1 and 2 in October and November of 1957 changed everything. At the same time NACA and the USAF were studying manned spaceflight (see The Beginnings of The first Sputnik launches were to affect the manned America's Man in Space Program in the October space program in several ways. The impact the 1998 issue of SpaceViews), comparable efforts were launch of Sputnik 1 had on the West led Soviet quietly taking place independently in the Soviet Primer Nikita Khrushchev to exploit space missions Union . As with virtually every other aspect of the for their propaganda value. Development of more Soviet Union's early space program, Chief Designer advanced and spectacular missions like the manned Sergei P. Korolev and his OKB-1 (Experimental satellite program were immediately approved and Design Bureau No. 1) lead the way. All during the placed on the fast track. Also at the insistence of 1950s when Korolev and his colleague, Mikhail K. Khrushchev, Sputnik 2 was launched with a dog on Tikhonravov of NII-4 (Scientific Research Institute board. While thermal control problems marred the No. 4), were pushing their original Earth satellite mission, it did demonstrate that weightlessness would proposal, it also included plans to send probes to the not be a major hazard for a human (see Sputnik 2: Moon and men into orbit. When the satellite The First Animal in Space in the November 1997 proposal was finally adopted by the Soviet issue of SpaceViews). As a result, Korolev scrapped government on January 30, 1956, the lunar probe and his initial, more conservative approach and moved manned satellite projects were also given the green ahead with a much more aggressive plan. -
Soviet Steps Toward Permanent Human Presence in Space
SALYUT: Soviet Steps Toward Permanent Human Presence in Space December 1983 NTIS order #PB84-181437 Recommended Citation: SALYUT: Soviet Steps Toward Permanent Human Presence in Space–A Technical Mere- orandum (Washington, D. C.: U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, OTA- TM-STI-14, December 1983). Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 83-600624 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 Foreword As the other major spacefaring nation, the Soviet Union is a subject of interest to the American people and Congress in their deliberations concerning the future of U.S. space activities. In the course of an assessment of Civilian Space Stations, the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) has undertaken a study of the presence of Soviets in space and their Salyut space stations, in order to provide Congress with an informed view of Soviet capabilities and intentions. The major element in this technical memorandum was a workshop held at OTA in December 1982: it was the first occasion when a significant number of experts in this area of Soviet space activities had met for extended unclassified discussion. As a result of the workshop, OTA prepared this technical memorandum, “Salyut: Soviet Steps Toward Permanent Human Presence in Space. ” It has been reviewed extensively by workshop participants and others familiar with Soviet space activities. Also in December 1982, OTA wrote to the U. S. S. R.’s Ambassador to the United States Anatoliy Dobrynin, requesting any information concerning present and future Soviet space activities that the Soviet Union judged could be of value to the OTA assess- ment of civilian space stations. -
Gill Arbuthnott • Christopher Nielsen All Rights Reserved
To David, whose bookshelves introduced me to the rest of the universe through Asimov, Bradbury and Clarke, and who bought me that Bowie record. – GA For Rusty (the first dingo in space). – CN BIG PICTURE PRESS First published in the UK in 2019 by Big Picture Press, an imprint of Bonnier Books UK, The Plaza, 535 King’s Road, London, SW10 0SZ www.templarco.co.uk/big-picture-press www.bonnierbooks.co.uk Text copyright © 2019 by Gill Arbuthnott Illustration copyright © 2019 by Christopher Nielsen Design copyright © 2019 by Big Picture Press 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Gill Arbuthnott • Christopher Nielsen All rights reserved ISBN 978-1-78741-354-2 This book was typeset in Burford Base and Rustic, Futura and Duality The illustrations were created using a combination of traditional and digital techniques. Edited by Katie Haworth Designed by Nathalie Eyraud Production Controller: Nick Read Printed in China ;II 2019: Chinese robotic space probe r e Chang’e-4 makes first ever landing on the 2 a 0 c 1 h 8 e far side of the Moon : s T i h n e t e nturies: e V th c r 16 s – o th t vers e 15 i disco y ile l al l a G a eo g lil the paths r a dict e G pre s r to s p 2 w tile ) a ho ojec s p 6 ) f pr e ce ro o h b 6 6 e s i 6 l 8 : 1 b 6 ( y u 1 r ( y 2012: p TiMeLiNe u The Voyager I probe t i t n n v o n o reaches interstellar space i a t t e r c o w G e h f M t N 7 o f c o 1 a s a w s Is a w r L a i is L S h d n a 15th–16th centuries: Leonardo da Vinci draws designs for flying machines 1986: Russian 2000: International Last Space space station Mir Space Station -
Human-Machine Issues in the Soviet Space Program1
CHAPTER 4 HUMAN-MACHINE ISSUES IN THE SOVIET SPACE PROGRAM1 Slava Gerovitch n December 1968, Lieutenant General Nikolai Kamanin, the Deputy Chief Iof the Air Force’s General Staff in charge of cosmonaut selection and training, wrote an article for the Red Star, the Soviet Armed Forces newspaper, about the forthcoming launch of Apollo 8. He entitled his article “Unjustified Risk” and said all the right things that Soviet propaganda norms prescribed in this case. But he also kept a private diary. In that diary, he confessed what he could not say in an open publication.“Why do the Americans attempt a circumlunar flight before we do?” he asked. Part of his private answer was that Soviet spacecraft designers “over-automated” their spacecraft and relegated the cosmonaut to the role of a monitor, if not a mere passenger. The attempts to create a fully automatic control system for the Soyuz spacecraft, he believed, critically delayed its development. “We have fallen behind the United States for two or three years,” he wrote in the diary.“We could have been first on the Moon.”2 Kamanin’scriticism wassharedbymanyinthe cosmonautcorps who describedthe Soviet approach to thedivisionoffunctionbetween humanand machineas“thedominationofautomata.”3 Yet among the spacecraft designers, 1. I wish to thank David Mindell, whose work on human-machine issues in the U.S. space program provided an important reference point for my own study of a parallel Soviet story. Many ideas for this paper emerged out of discussions with David in the course of our collaboration on a project on the history of the Apollo Guidance Computer between 2001 and 2003, and later during our work on a joint paper for the 2004 annual meeting of the Society for the History of Technology in Amsterdam. -
International Day of Human Space
AIAA AEROSPACE M ICRO-LESSON Easily digestible Aerospace Principles revealed for K-12 Students and Educators. These lessons will be sent on a bi-weekly basis and allow grade-level focused learning. - AIAA STEM K-12 Committee. INTERNATIONAL DAY OF HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT In commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin’s pioneering trip into space, the United Nations in 2011 named April 12 to be the “International Day of Human Space Flight.” The observance started in the Soviet Union as “Cosmonautics Day” in 1962. This expanded around the world to “Yuri’s Night,” which was established in 2001 as a time for promoting public interest in space exploration. The International Day of Human Space Flight is now six years old. Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS): * Discipline: Engineering, Technology, and Applications of Science. * Crosscutting Concept: Systems and System Models. * Science & Engineering Practice: Defining Problems. GRADES K-2 NGSS: Earth’s Systems: Construct an argument supported by evidence for how plants and animals (including humans) can change the environment to meet their needs. Space is a very difficult place for people to live. To begin with, not only do astronauts need to bring their own food and drink to live off, they need to bring their own air to breathe. After one takes care of those basic things, other activities like brushing one’s teeth or taking a shower are very difficult. Taking a bath is out of the question; without gravity to hold the water down in the tub, the water would splash all over the place if the astronaut tried to get into it. -
The Soviet Space Programme Through Museums and Memoirs
Asif A Siddiqi Privatising memory: the Soviet space programme through museums and memoirs Introduction In the years after Sputnik, Soviet museums dedicated to space exploration played an important role as 'custodians' of space history. Artefacts in museums presented and helped to create a unifying 'consensus narrative' that fostered a shared sense of identity among both participants and observers of the space programme, an identity that underpinned the myth of a Soviet space effort whose engine was heroism, ingenuity and, most of all, priority.l Their claims were buttressed by a huge body of literature issued by 'official' journalists who extolled the virtues of the Soviet space programme. The state sanctioned histories served as supporting texts for the museums, where carefully-selected artefacts, usually spacecraft that had achieved certain 'firsts' in the early history of space exploration, were displayed and celebrated as monuments to Soviet technocracy. (For a discussion of Soviet space museums and Soviet exhibitions at World's Fairs, see Cathleen Lewis's essay in this volume.) Three elements defined the memorialisation of Soviet space history during the late Soviet era, i.e. from the 1960s to the late 1980s. First, writers and curators eliminated contingency from the story: all successes were assumed to be inevitable and the idea of failure was made invisible. Second, under pressure from censors, writers and curators constructed a space of 'limited Visibility' for both actors and artefacts, i.e. only a few selected persons - usually cosmonauts - and objects were displayed to the public. Military domination of the Soviet space programme engendered a culture of enveloping secrecy over most of its participants, institutions and artefacts. -
Space Propaganda “For All Mankind”: Soviet and American Responses to the Cold War, 1957-1977
University of Alberta Space Propaganda “For All Mankind”: Soviet and American Responses to the Cold War, 1957-1977 by Trevor Sean Rockwell A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Department of History and Classics © Trevor Sean Rockwell Fall 2012 Edmonton, Alberta Permission is herby granted to the University of Alberta Libraries to reproduce single copies of this thesis and to lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purposes only. Where the thesis is converted to, or otherwise made available in digital form, the University of Alberta will advise potential users of the thesis of these terms. The author reserves all other publication and other rights in association with the copyright in the thesis and, except as herein before provided, neither the thesis nor any substantial portion thereof may be printed or otherwise reproduced in any material form whatsoever without the author’s prior written permission. Library and Archives Bibliothèque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-89209-1 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-89209-1 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. -
Lunar Bases and Space Actmties of the 21St Century (1986)
10 / SOCIETAL ISSUES STABLISHING A PERMANENTLY MANNED BASE on the Moon is, of necessity, a large and visible exercise of engineering and technology. Some Ewill see no more than that, but such a reductionist viewpoint misses the whole that is greater than the parts. A lunar settlement continues humanity's movement to accessible frontiers. It may start as a statement of national resolve or as a monument to international cooperation.It could be an heroic enterprise of epic dimensions or the stimulus for democratization of space through economic growth. One thing is clear-the Moon sits on the lip of the confining terrestrial gravity well and thus is the stepping stone to the solar system. The space program blends a curious mixture of romance and pragmatism. Goals are set by dreamers and implemented by realists. Many of yesterday's visions have been realized,but the awe-inspiring accomplishments rest on carefully executed, often mundane contributions from tens of thousands of people. The inspirational and the commonplace are both aspects of the human condition to be reflected in the space activities of the 2 1st Century, and both are discussed in the contributionshere. Any grand achievement by society must begin as an expression of the ordinary processes of decision making. Logsdon, an experienced observer of the space program, looks at the initiation of past endeavors for clues to the key elements of consensus. The debate over allocation of public resources revolves around the worth and expense of any program. Sellers and Keaton analyze historical space expenditures in terms of the gross national product of the U.S.and predict the availabilityof fbnding for major ventures over the next two decades. -
Soviet/ Russian Human Space Program
Space Studies 590 Colloquium Soviet/Russian Human Space Flight Program Vadim Rygalov Pablo de León The Department of Space Studies University of North Dakota February 26, 2007 Manned Space Flight Program in Soviet Union & Russia Theoretical Developments for Space Research by Rocket Vehicles Rocketry: Science & Engineering Solar Planetary System Probes Manned Space Flight Health Care Programs Long-Term Life Support in Space Origins of Manned Space Flights in Russia Origins of Manned Space Vehicles in Soviet Russia K.E. Tsiolkovski S. P. Korolev The Rocket Equation Origins of Manned Space Vehicles in Soviet Russia: GIRD Soviet Sounding Rockets First Manned System First Soviet plans to send a man to space started in 1948. Plans were to launch a cosmonaut on board a modified R-5 (SS-3). M.K. Tikhonravov was in charge of the design. 1955 Concepts Five concepts for suborbital flight designed in 1955. Sowjetischer Raketen by P. Stache Sputnik I and II Animals in Space Laika in Sputnik II Belka and Strelka 7 – ‘Semyorka’ Rockets Vostok and Konstantin Feoktistov Courtesy: Smithsonian Air and Space Museum Vostok First Design (1958) OD-2 Spacecraft From: Materialy po istorii kosmischeskogo korablyam “Vostok”. B. Raushenbaj, Moscow,1991. Vostok (East) Drawing courtesy of Dave Woods Vostok Flight Profile Drawing courtesy of Ralph Gibbons Vostok Spacecraft Drawing courtesy of Dave Woods Courtesy of Tsiolkovski Museum in Kaluga Vostok Ejection Seat Museum of Economic Achievements of the USSR www.astronautix.com Ivan Ivanovich as a prelude to -
L5 News, January 1979
L-5 NEWS A PUBLICATION OF THE L-5 SOCIETY VOL. 4 NU MBER I JANUARY 1979 In this issue: Alcestis R. Oberg, Editor Jennifer L. Atkins, Assistant Editor 1 Soviets in Space After the Russian's record-breaking year of 1978, the L-5 News looks into the Soviet space effort. Carolyn H enson, William Weigle, 2 Soviets Overcome 0-g Problems W ith 140 days in space, Administrative Seroices Cosmonauts Kovalenok and lvanchenkov make medical history. /Juard uf l>irrctors: 4 Unexpected Psychological Benefit on Salyut-6 I.mar A s1111m• Life for the Moon /Ja rry (;o/d111(1frr. Sr. Robert 11. llri11lri11 Plants in a Moon Life-Support System /Jarbarn /llarx l/11bbard "Oazis" Experiment Cort/on ll. IVoodrork 5 Eggs in Space J>hilip /\. Chapma11 1l rth11r K1111trow1t: Life Support Systems Aboard Salyut-6 l\011rnd K. J>a1111r11bl'Tg Circadian Rhythms on Salyut-6 fa/w11rd U . Fi11rh. Jr. 6 Soviet Space Station Activities, 1979 J. l'f'tf'T l' ajk J111·k I>. Sa/111011 7 Russian Plans for Space Stations l/11rla11 Smith Feoktistov on Future of Orbital Stations Nori1· l/11ddl1• Space Power Stations 1\ltirk llopki11s II. A"r1th llt'mo11 8 Development Prospects of Space Facilities C11ml)'" ,\/ ri11r/ / lnmm ll'illiam ll'1'iglr 9 Heading £or Unknown Worlds In an interview, Konstantin Feoktistov l'hil/i/1 P11rkrr describes what he sees in the near future for space exploration. 10 Cosmonaut Feoktistov Comments on G. O'Neill's "Space Colonization'' 11 The Cosmo 954 Incident and International Space Law W ill the Publication office: the L -5 Society, crash of Cosmos 954 repeat itself with Skylab? Alcestis Oberg looks at the 1060 E. -
Other Soviet and Russian Cosmonaut Selections
Russia's Cosmonauts Inside the Yuri Gagarin Training Center Rex D. Hall, David J. Shayler and Bert Vis Russia's Cosmonauts Inside the Yuri Gagarin Training Center Published in association with Praxis Publishing Chichester, UK Rex D. Hall, MBE David J. Shayler Bert Vis Education Consultant Astronautical Historian Firefighter, Dutch Fire Service Chairman of the BIS Astro Info Service Den Haag London Halesowen The Netherlands UK West Midlands UK SPRINGER±PRAXIS BOOKS IN SPACE EXPLORATION SUBJECT ADVISORY EDITOR: John Mason B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. ISBN 0-387-21894-7 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Springer is a part of Springer Science + Business Media (springeronline.com) Library of Congress Control Number: 2005922814 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. # Copyright, 2005 Praxis Publishing Ltd. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Jim Wilkie Project Copy Editor: Mike Shayler Typesetting: BookEns Ltd, Royston, Herts., UK Printed in Germany on acid-free paper This book is dedicated to the staff of the Cosmonaut Training Centre named for Yuri Gagarin who, over the last 40 years, have created a facility that has enabled science fiction to be turned into science fact. -
Creating a Rocket Industry Rockets and People Volume II: Creating a Rocket Industry
Rockets and People Volume II: Creating a Rocket Industry Rockets and People Volume II: Creating a Rocket Industry Boris Chertok Asif Siddiqi, Series Editor For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202) 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-0001 The NASA History Series National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA History Division Office of External Relations Washington, DC June 2006 NASA SP-2006-4110 I dedicate this book to the cherished memory of my wife and friend, Yekaterina Semyonova Golubkina. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Chertok, B. E. (Boris Evseevich), 1912– [Rakety i lyudi. English] Rockets and People: Creating a Rocket Industry (Volume II) / by Boris E. Chertok ; [edited by] Asif A. Siddiqi. p. cm. — (NASA History Series) (NASA SP-2006-4110) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Chertok, B. E. (Boris Evseevich), 1912– 2. Astronautics— Soviet Union—Biography. 3. Aerospace engineers—Soviet union— Biography. 4. Astronautics—Soviet Union—History. I. Siddiqi, Asif A., 1966- II. Title. III. Series. IV. SP-2006-4110. TL789.85.C48C4813 2006 629.1’092—dc22 2006020825 Contents Series Introduction by Asif A. Siddiqi ix Introduction to Volume II xxi A Few Notes about Transliteration and Translation xxiii List of Abbreviations xxv 1 Three New Technologies, Three State Committees 1 2 The Return 25 3 From Usedom Island to Gorodomlya Island 43 4 Institute No. 88 and Director