Nobel Workshop & Molecular Frontiers Symposium

Nobel Workshop & Molecular Frontiers Symposium organized by:

An Amazing Week at Chalmers May 4th-8th 2015 RunAn Conference Hall, Chalmers University of Technology Chalmersplatsen 1, Gothenburg, Sweden !"#$%&'(")

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The!Nobel!Workshop!and!Molecular!Frontiers!Symposium!in!Gothenburg!are!spanning!over! widely!distant!horizons!of!the!molecular!paradigm.!From!addressing!intriguing!questions!of! life! itself,! how! it! once! began! and! how! molecules! like! cogwheels! work! together! in! the! complex! machinery! of! the! cell! E! to! various! practical! applications! of! molecules! in! novel! materials!and!in!energy!research;!from!how!biology!is!exploiting!its!molecules!for!driving!the! various! processes! of! life,! to! how! insight! into! the! fundamentals! of! photophysics! and! photochemistry!of!molecules!may!give!us!clues!about!solar!energy!and!tools!by!which!we! may!tame!it!for!the!benefit!of!all!of!us,!and!our!environment.!! ! ! Science!is!sometimes!artificially!divided!into!“fundamental”!and!”applied”!but!these! terms!are!irrelevant!because!research!is!judged!to!be!groundbreaking!by!the!consequences! it!may!have.!Any!groundbreaking!fundamental!result!has!sooner!or!later!consequences!in! applications,!and!the!limits!are!often!only!drawn!by!our!imagination.!! ! ! Science!is!very!much!a!matter!of!communication:!we!not!only!learn!from!each!other! (facts,!ideas!and!concepts),!we!also!need!interactions!for!inspiration!and!as!testing!ground! for!our!ideas.!A!successful!scientific!communication!(publication!or!lecture)!always!requires! a!pedagogically!delivered!message.!That!an!author!understands!what!he/she!is!doing!is!not! a! guarantee! for! explaining! well! (although! it! often! helps!).! The! Molecular! Frontiers! Symposium,!for!highEschool!pupils,!presents!a!special!challenge!to!the!speakers!for!making! themselves! understood.! However,! I! would! say! the! difference! is! not! that! big! between! speaking! to! your! peers! or! to! less! scientifically! trained! mind.! Common! to! all! scientific! questions! is! that! they! need! to! be! broken! down! into! logical! elements:! a! hypothesis! is! generally!tested!by!a!chain!of!arguments!and!the!total!strength!of!the!chain!is!always!limited! by!its!weakest!link.!While!an!experienced!scientist!is!sometimes!blind!to!where!the!weak! links!are,!a!young!and!unbiased!mind!sometimes!asks!the!really!good!questions.!This!is!an! ability! that! we! will! recognize! by! The! Inquiry! Prize! –! a! unique! worldEwide! competition! created!by!the!Molecular!Frontiers!Foundation,!where!the!prize!is!given!for!asking!a!really! good!question,!not!for!knowing!the!answer.!The!Inquiry!Prize!Jury!is!composed!of!members! of!the!Scientific!Advisory!Board!of!the!Molecular!Frontiers!Foundation!and!they!will!award! the!prizes!to!5!girls!and!5!boys.!!! ! ! A!hallmark!of!this!Amazing!Week!is!diversity:!we!shall!enjoy!the!lectures,!ideas!and! company!of!front!figures!from!a!range!of!different!fields.!Diversity!is!a!challenge,!but!the! molecules-and-frontiers-in-molecular-sciences!are!the!common!denominator!of!this!week.! This!is!a!great!opportunity!to!get!exposed!to!new!facts!and!new!ideas!and!be!inspired!!! ! It!is!my!hope!that!all!of!you,!young!as!well!as!less!young,!will!enjoy!the!exciting!days!during! this!week,!and!get!inspired!E!maybe!so!much!so!that!you!will!also!decide!to!devote!yourself! to!science.! ! Bengt!Nordén! Professor,of,Physical,Chemistry,at,Chalmers,University,of,Technology, Founding,Chairman,of,the,Molecular,Frontiers,Foundation,

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! 4! ! Nobel!Workshop!! DAY!1! Organized!by!The!Royal)Swedish)Academy)of)Sciences!! and!the!Chalmers!Life)Science)Engineering!Area!of!Advance!! ! Date:!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!Monday!May!4th,!2015! Topic:!!! MOLECULES!IN!LIFE!SCIENCE!RESEARCH! !! Chairs:!!! Prof.!Jens!Nielsen!and!Prof.!Andrew!Ewing! Venue:!!! RunAn!Conference!Hall,!Chalmers!University!of!Technology,!! Chalmersplatsen!1,!SEL412!58!Göteborg,!Sweden! ! 08:35L08:40! Welcome)note:"Prof"Karin"Markides,"Chalmers"President! 08:40L08:45! Opening)note:"Prof"Jens"Nielsen,"Director"of"Life"Science"Engineering"! 08:45L09:25! Prof!DAVID!LILLEY,!University!of!Dundee,!United!Kingdom! How"does"RNA"act"like"an"enzyme! 09:25L10:05! Prof!PETER!von!HIPPEL,!University!of!Oregon,!United!States! Mapping"structural"and"dynamic"interactions"of"regulatory"proteins"with"DNA"at"single" nucleotide"resolution! 10.05L10:35! Coffee)break! 10:35L11:15! Nobel!Laureate!ADA!YONATH,!Weizmann!Institute!of!Science,!Israel! SpeciesFspecific"antibiotics"and"the"microbiome" 11:15L11:55!! Prof!YAHLI!LORCH,!Stanford!University,!United!States! Chromatin"remodeling! 11:55L12:55! Lunch)break! 12:55L13:35! Nobel!Laureate!ARIEH!WARSHEL,!University!of!Southern!California,!United!States!Evaluating" and"using"free"energy"landscapes"for"biological"functions!! 13:35L14:15! Nobel!Laureate!MICHAEL!LEVITT,!Stanford!University,!United!States! Solving"Large"&"Difficult"Structures"with"Less"Experimental"Data!! 14:15L14:55! Prof.!DINA!PETRANOVIC,!Chalmers!University!of!Technology,!Sweden!! Yeast"as"a"model"for"human"diseases! 14:55L15:25! Coffee)break) 15:25L16:05!!! Prof!RICHARD!LERNER,!The!Scripps!Research!Institute,!United!States!! Selecting"Antibodies"from"Combinatorial"Libraries"for"the"Treatment"of"Cancer!! 16:05L16:45! Prof!ANDREW!McCAMMON,!University!of!California,!San!Diego,!United!States!Molecular" Dynamics"and"Drug"discovery! 16:45L18:00! Panel)discussion:)Opportunities)and)Challenges)in)Life)Science)Research!! (Moderators:!Jens!Nielsen!and!Andrew!Ewing)!

! 5! !! ! Nobel!Workshop!! DAY!2! Organized!by!The)Royal)Swedish)Academy)of)Sciences!! and!the!Chalmers!Energy)and)Nanoscience)and)Nanotechnology!Areas!of!Advance!! ! Date:! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!Tuesday!May!5th,!2015! Topic:!! MOLECULES!IN!NANO!AND!ENERGY!RESEARCH! !! Chairs:!! Prof.!Bo!Albinsson!and!Dr.!Anders!Ådahl! Venue:!!! RunAn!Conference!Hall,!Chalmers!University!of!Technology,!! Chalmersplatsen!1,!SEL412!58!Göteborg,!Sweden! ! 08:25L08:30! Opening)note:"Prof"Bo"Albinsson,"Director"of"Nanoscience"and"Nanotechnology"and"Dr." Anders"Ådahl,"Director"of"Energy"! 08:30L09:10! Prof!HARRY!GRAY,!California!Institute!of!Technology,!United!States:!The"Currents"of"Life:" Electron"Flow"through"Proteins" 09:10L09:50! Nobel!Laureate!ROGER!KORNBERG,!Stanford!University,!United!States! Metal"nanoparticles:""atomic"structures"and"applications"in"cryoFelectron"microscopy! 09:50L10:20! Coffee)break! 10:20L11.00! Prof!REIKO!KURODA,!University!of!Tokyo,!Japan! A"twisting"story:"how"a"single"gene"twists"a"snail! 11:00L11:40! Prof!WAYNE!HENDRICKSON,!Columbia!University,!United!States! Distinctions"and"Shared"Principles"in"Transmembrane"Ion"Channels"" 11:40L12:20! Nobel!Laureate!KURT!WÜTHRICH,!The!!Scripps!!Research!!Institute,!!United!States!!!! Sunset"of"the"NIH"Protein"Structure"Initiative"–"What"Next?" 12:20L13:20! Lunch)break! 13:20L14:00! Nobel!Laureate!JEANSMARIE!LEHN,!University!of!Strasbourg,!France! Towards"adaptive"chemistry! 14:00L14:40! Nobel!Laureate!BARRY!SHARPLESS,!The!Scripps!Research!Institute,!United!States!Exploring" the"Sulfate"World" 14:40L15:10! Coffee)break)! 15:10L15:50! Prof!JOSEF!MICHL,!University!of!Colorado!at!Boulder,!United!States,!and!Institute!of!Organic! Chemistry!and!Biochemistry!ASCR,!Prague,!Czech!Republic! Unconventional"solar"energy"–"singlet"fission! 15:50L16:30! Prof!Sir!JOHN!MEURIG!THOMAS,!University!of!Cambridge,!United!Kingdom! Tomorrow's"Catalysts:"Actual"and"Desired! 16:30L18:00!! Panel)discussion:)Opportunities)and)Challenges)in)Nanotechnology)and)Energy!Research) (Moderators:!Bo!Albinsson!and!Anders!Ådahl)! !

! 6! ! Nobel!Workshop!! DAY!3! Organized!by!The)Royal)Swedish)Academy)of)Sciences!! and!the!Chalmers!Materials)Sciences!Area!of!Advance!! ! Date:! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!Wednesday!May!6th,!2015! Topic:!! MOLECULES!IN!MATERIALS!RESEARCH! Chairs:!!! Prof.!Aleksandar!Matic!and!Prof.!Fredrik!Höök! Venue:!!! RunAn!Conference!Hall,!Chalmers!University!of!Technology,!! Chalmersplatsen!1,!SEL412!58!Göteborg,!Sweden! ! 08:25L08:30! Opening)note:"Prof"Aleksandar"Matic,"Director"Materials"Science"! 08:30L09:10! Nobel!Laureate!STEFAN!HELL,!University!of!Göttingen,!Germany! Nanoscopy"with"focused"light! 09:10L09:50! Nobel!Laureate!WILLIAM!MOERNER,!Stanford!University,!United!States! Single"molecule"spectroscopy! 09:50L10:20! Coffee)break! 10:20L11:00! Prof!ROBERT!LANGER,!Massachusetts!Institute!of!Technology,!United!States!! Advances"in"biomaterials"and"drug"delivery! 11:00L11:40! Prof!TOM!BROWN,!University!of!Oxford,!United!Kingdom! Chemical"synthesis"of"DNA"–"RealFworld"applications! 11:40L12:20! Nobel!Laureate!ANDREW!FIRE,!Stanford!University,!United!States! Taming"opportunistic"RNAs! 12:20L13:20! Lunch)break)! 13:20L14:00! Prof!JAMES!BARBER,!Imperial!College!London,!United!Kingdom! From"natural"to"artificial"photosynthesis"for"renewable"fuels! 14:00L14:40! Prof!PAUL!ALIVISATOS,!University!of!California!Berkeley,!United!States! Nanoscience"and"the"Future"of"the"Carbon"Cycle! 14:40L15:20!!! Prof!TOSHIO!YANAGIDA,!Osaka!University,!Japan! Role"of"fluctuations"for"driving"bioFmolecular"machines"! 15:20L15:50! Coffee)break! 15:50L16:30! Dr!RICHARD!HENDERSON,!MRC!LMB,!Cambridge,!United!Kingdom! ! Structure"of"membrane"proteins"involved"in"signal"transduction" 16:30L18:00! Panel)discussion:)Opportunities)and)Challenges)in)Materials!Research)) (Moderators:!Aleksandar!Matic!and!Fredrik!Höök)!! ! ! ! !

! 7! ! ! Molecular!Frontiers!Symposium!! DAY!1! Organized!by!The!Royal)Swedish)Academy)of)Sciences!! and!Molecular)Frontiers)Foundation! ! Date:! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!Thursday!May!7th,!2015! Topic:!! FRONTIERS!IN!MOLECULAR!SCIENCES! Chairs:!!! Prof!Bengt!Norden!and!Prof!Richard!Zare! Venue:!!! RunAn!Conference!Hall,!Chalmers!University!of!Technology,!! Chalmersplatsen!1,!SEL412!58!Göteborg,!Sweden! ! 08:40L08:45! Welcome!note:!Prof!Bengt!Nordén,!Chair!of!the!MFF! 08:45L09:25! Nobel!Laureate!AHMED!ZEWAIL,!California!Institute!of!Technology,!United!States! Seeing"with"Electrons"in"Four"Dimensions" 09:25L10:05! Prof!GEORGE!WHITESIDES,!Harvard!University,!United!States! Origin"of"life,"and"cellFsurface"biochemistry! 10:05L10:35! Coffee)break! 10:35L11:15! Nobel!Laureate!ARVID!CARLSSON,!with!Prof!ELIAS!ERIKSSON,!Gothenburg!University,! Sweden:!! Small"molecules"for"signaling"in"the"brain! 11:15L11:55! Prof!JACQUELINE!BARTON,!California!Institute!of!Technology,!United!States! DNA"mediated"signaling!! 11:55L12:55! Lunch)break!! 12:55L13:35! Prof!DAVID!BUCKINGHAM,!University!of!Cambridge,!United!Kingdom" Chiral"discrimination"in"NMR"spectroscopy! 13:35L14:15! Prof!PETER!DERVAN,!California!Institute!of!Technology,!United!States! Transcription"Factor"Antagonists:"From"Discovery"to"Oncology! 14:15L14:55!! Prof!SUSAN!LINDQUIST,!Massachusetts!Institute!of!Technology,!United!States!Lamarck"was" right:"better"living"through"chemistry.! 14:55L15:25!! Coffee)break! 15:25L16:40! Youth!Forum!(Moderators!Prof.!Magdalena!Eriksson!and!Dr!Per!Thoren)! 16:40L17:00! Let’s!Talk!about!Science!(Dr!Per!Thoren!and!Dr!Elizabeth!Ball)!! !! !! ! !

! 8! ! Molecular!Frontiers!Symposium!! DAY!2! Organized!by!The!Royal)Swedish)Academy)of)Sciences!! and!Molecular)Frontiers)Foundation! ! Date:! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!Friday!May!8th,!2015! Topic:!! FRONTIERS!IN!MOLECULAR!SCIENCES! Chairs:!!! Prof!Bengt!Norden!and!Prof!Dina!Petranovic!! Venue:!!! RunAn!Conference!Hall,!Chalmers!University!of!Technology,!! Chalmersplatsen!1,!SEL412!58!Göteborg,!Sweden! ! 08:30L09:10! Prof!FRANCES!ARNOLD,!California!Institute!of!Technology,!United!States! Evolution"to"expand"the"enzyme"universe!! 09:10L09:50! Prof!CHRIS!DOBSON,!University!of!Cambridge,!United!Kingdom! Mechanisms"of"misfolding"proteins)! 09:50L10:20! Coffee)break! 10:20L11:00! Prof!RICHARD!ZARE,!Stanford!University,!United!States! Understanding"chemical"reactions"at"the"molecular"level)! 11:00L11:40! Prof.!DINSHAW!PATEL,!Memorial!Sloan!Kettering!Cancer!Center,!United!States! CuttingFedge"RNA"slicers! 11:40L12:40! Lunch!break!! 12:40L13:20! Prof.!WAH!CHIU,!Baylor!College!of!Medicine,!Houston,!USA!! Electron"CryoFMicroscopy"of"Molecular"Machines" 13:20L14:00! Nobel!Laureate!SHUJI!NAKAMURA,!University!of!California!Santa!Barbara,!United!States:! Invention"of"Blue"LED,"Laser"and"Solid"State"Light! 14:00L14:20! Coffee)break)! 14:20L15.30! Panel)discussion:)Science)and)engineering)in)and)outside)of)the)classroom) (Moderators:!Bengt!Norden!and!Dina!Petranovic)!! 15:30L16:00! Presentation!of!the!Molecular!Frontiers!Inquiry!Prize!! (Moderators!Dr!Per!Thoren!and!Deborah!Donnelly!McLay)! 16:00L16:15! Conclusion:!Prof.!BARBARA!CANNON,!President!of!the!Royal!Swedish!Academy!of!Sciences! 16:15L16:30! Closure:!Prof.!BENGT!NORDEN,!Founding!Chairman!of!the!Molecular!Frontiers!Foundation!! !

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! 9! Organization*

Scientific*committee* * ! Bengt! Nordén! Dina! Petranovic! Marcus! Wilhelmsson! Bo! Albinsson! Elin!! Esbjörner!Winters! Per! Lincoln! Fredrik! Westerlund! ! Organizing*committee** ! Bengt! Nordén! Dina! Petranovic! Åsa! Rensfeldt! Francesco! Gatto! Gunilla! Saethe! Anna! Molander! Marcus! Wilhelmsson! Per! Thorén! Fredrik! Westerlund! Anna! Bergius! Lotta! Pettersson! * Other*volunteers* * Martina! Butorac! Eugene! Fletcher! Karolina! Partheen! Ingela! Roos! * Administration!och!service/Kommunikation!och!marknad/Varumärkesprofilering!&!kanaler!office!in! Chalmers!University!of!Technology! ! ! !

! 10! ! ! Abstracts* Speakers*...... *12! Professor!Paul!Alivisatos!...... !12! Professor!Frances!Arnold!...... !14! Professor!James!Barber!...... !16! Professor!Jacqueline!Barton!...... !18! Professor!Tom!Brown!...... !20! Professor!David!Buckingham!...... !22! Professor!Arvid!Carlsson!with!Elias!Eriksson!...... !24! Professor!Wah!Chiu!...... !26! Professor!Peter!Dervan!...... !28! Professor!Chris!Dobson!...... !30! Professor!Andrew!Fire!...... !32! Professor!Harry!Gray!...... !34! Professor!Stefan!Hell!...... !36! Professor!Richard!Henderson!...... !38! Professor!Wayne!Hendrickson!...... !40! Professor!Roger!Kornberg!...... !42! Professor!Reiko!Kuroda!...... !44! Professor!Robert!Langer!...... !46! Professor!Jean]Marie!Lehn!...... !48! Professor!Richard!Lerner!...... !50! Professor!Michael!Levitt!...... !52! Professor!David!Lilley!...... !54! Professor!Susan!Lindquist!...... !56! Professor!Yahli!Lorch!...... !58! Professor!Andrew!McCammon!...... !60! Professor!Josef!Michl!...... !62! Professor!William!Moerner!...... !64! Professor!Shuji!Nakamura!...... !66! Professor!Dinshaw!Patel!...... !68! Professor!Dina!Petranovic!...... !70! Professor!Barry!Sharpless!...... !72! Professor!Sir!John!Meurig!Thomas!...... !74! Professor!Peter!von!Hippel!...... !76! Professor!Ariel!Warshel!...... !78! Professor!George!Whitesides!...... !80! Professor!Kurt!Wüthrich!...... !82! Professor!Toshio!Yanagida!...... !84! Professor!Ada!Yonath!...... !86! Professor!Richard!Zare!...... !88! Professor!Ahmed!Zewail!...... !90! * Chairs*and*Moderators*...... *92! Professor!Bo!Albinsson!...... !92! Doctor!Elizabeth!Ball!...... !93! Professor!Barbara!Cannon!...... !94! Professor!Magdalena!Eriksson!...... !95! Professor!Andrew!Ewing!...... !96! Professor!Fredrik!Höök!...... !97! Professor!Karin!Markides!...... !98! Professor!Aleksandar!Matic!...... !99! Doctor!Deborah!Donnelly!McLay!...... !100! Professor!Jens!Nielsen!...... !101! Professor!Bengt!Nordén!...... !102! Doctor!Per!Thoren!...... !103! Professor!Anders!Ådahl!...... !104* * ! 11! ! !"#$%#&'(

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"#! Nanocrystals*Are*A*Fundamental*Building*Block*Of*Nanoscience*And*Of*Nanotechnologies* For*A*Balanced*Carbon*Cycle* ! Inorganic!nanocrystals!have!emerged!as!an!important!building!block!of!nanoscience.!!It!is! possible!today!to!control!the!size,!shape,!connectivity,!and!topology!of!nanocrystals.!!These! tiny! crystals! exhibit! strongly! site! dependent! properties,! according! to! basic! scaling! laws! of! nanoscience.! ! This! predictable! control! over! properties! gives! scientists! the! ability! to! purposefully! design! new! materials! with! beneficial! applications! in! biological! imaging! and! renewable!energy.!!This!talk!will!emphasize!recent!work!in!which!nanocrystals!are!deployed! for!energy!storage!and!solar!energy!conversion!systems.! ! !

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"#! The*Nature*of*Chemical*Innovation:*New*Enzymes*by*Evolution* ! How!does!an!inherently!conservative!process!like!evolution!create!a!new!enzyme?!We!want! to!understand!how!chemical!novelty!arises!so!that!we!can!guide!this!creative!process!in!the! laboratory.! Not! satisfied! with! nature’s! vast! catalytic! repertoire,! we! want! to! ‘breed’! new! enzymes!and!expand!the!range!of!genetically!encoded!chemistry.!! ! I!will!describe!how!we!use!the!most!powerful!algorithm!for!biological!design,!evolution,!to! optimize! existing! enzymes! and! create! whole! new! ones.! Mimicking! nature’s! evolutionary! tricks!and!using!a!little!chemical!intuition,!we!can!engineer!enzymes!to!catalyze!important! reactions! not! known! in! nature.! ! With! synthetic! reagents! to! generate! new! reactive! intermediates!and!just!a!few!amino!acid!substitutions!to!tune!the!active!site,!a!cytochrome! P450! can! catalyze! a! variety! of! carbene! and! nitrene! transfer! reactions.! ! The! cyclopropanation,! N]H! insertion,! C]H! amination,! sulfimidation,! and! aziridination! reactions! now! demonstrated! are! all! well]known! in! chemical! catalysis! but! have! no! counterparts! in! nature.! ! The! new! enzymes! are! fully! genetically! encoded,! assemble! and! function! inside! of! cells,! and! can! be! optimized! for! different! substrates,! activities,! and! selectivities.! Using! nature’s! innovation! mechanisms,! we! can! now! marry! some! of! the! synthetic! chemists’! favorite!transformations!with!the!exquisite!selectivity!and!tunability!of!enzymes.!!! !

! 15! ! Professor*James*Barber* Imperial!College!London,!United!Kingdom! ! James! Barber! graduated! in! Chemistry! from! the! University!of!Wales.!His!M.Sc.!and!Ph.D!in!Biophysics! were! awarded! by! the! University! of! East! Anglia.! He! joined!the!academic!staff!of!Imperial!College!London! (ICL)! in! 1968! where! he! is! now! a! Senior! Research! Fellow! and! Emeritus! Ernst! Chain! Professor! of! Biochemistry.!During!his!time!at!ICL!he!has!served!as! Dean!of!the!Royal!College!of!Science!and!for!10!years! was! Head! of! the! Biochemistry! Department.! Until! recently! he! was! a! Visiting! Professor! to! the! Politecnico!di!Torino!(Italy)!and!is!the!Cannon!Visiting! Professor! to! the! Nanyang! Technological! University! (Singapore).!!He!is!a!Fellow!of!the!Royal!Society!(FRS)! and!the!Royal!Society!of!Chemistry!(FRSC),!a!member! of!the!European!Academy!(Academia!Europaea)!and! a!Foreign!Member!of!the!Royal!Swedish!Academy!of! Sciences.!He!holds!honorary!doctorates!of!Stockholm! University!and!University!of!East!Anglia.!He!has!been! awarded! the! Flintoff! Medal! of! the! Royal! Society! of! Chemistry,! Italgas/Eni! Prize! for! Energy! and! the! Environment,! the! Biochemical! Society! Novartis!Medal!and!Prize!and!the!!Wheland!Medal!and!Prize!from!the!University!of!Chicago.! Recently!he!was!the!Lee!Kuan!Yew!Distinguished!Visitor!to!Singapore!and!gave!the!Sir!Ernst! Chain! Distinguished! Lecture! at! ICL.! Last! year! he! received! the! Interdisciplinary! Award! and! Medal!of!the!Royal!Society!of!Chemistry.** ! His! research! focuses! on! the! molecular! processes! of! photosynthesis,! particularly! the! reactions!which!bring!about!the!splitting!of!water!to!oxygen!and!high!energy!electrons.!His! work! underpins! the! recent! upsurge! in! artificial! photosynthesis! research! to! replicate! this! reaction!for!generation!of!fuel!and!he!active!in!this!field.! !

! 16! ! From*Natural*To*Artificial*Photosynthesis*For*Renewable*Fuels* ! The!oxygen!in!our!atmosphere!is!derived!and!maintained!by!the!water!splitting!process!of! photosynthesis.!The!enzyme!which!facilitates!this!reaction!and!therefore!underpins!virtually! all! life! on! our! planet! is! known! as! Photosystem! II! (PSII).! It! is! a! multisubunit! enzyme! embedded! in! the! lipid! environment! of! the! thylakoid! membranes! of! plants,! algae! and! cyanobacteria.! ! Powered!by!light,!this!enzyme!catalyses!the!chemically!and!thermodynamically!demanding! reaction! of! water! splitting.! In! so! doing,! it! releases! dioxygen! into! the! atmosphere! and! provides! the! reducing! equivalents! required! for! the! conversion! of! carbon! dioxide! into! the! organic! molecules! of! life! and! is! the! origin! of! the! fossil! fuels.! During! the! past! years! fully! refined!structures!of!a!700!kDa!!cyanobacterial!dimeric!PSII!complex!has!been!elucidated!by! X]ray! crystallography! which! has! given! the! ! organisational! details! of! ! the! 19/20! subunits! (16/17!intrinsic!and!3!extrinsic)!!which!make!up!each!monomer!and!!provided!information! about!the!position!and!protein!environments!of!!the!cofactors!involved!in!the!absorption!of! light,!charge!separation!and!water!splitting.!!In!the!case!of!the!latter,!a!cluster!of!three!Mn! ions!and!a!Ca!ion!which!form!a!cubane!structure!with!bridging!oxygens!plus!a!forth!Mn!ion! linked!by!oxo!bonds!to!the!cubane,!makes!up!the!heart!of!the!catalytic!site.!Surrounding!the! metal!cluster!are!highly!conserved!amino!acid!side!chains,!of!which!7!form!direct!ligands!to! the! metals.! The! structure! of! the! catalytic! site! has! provided! ! a! framework! to! develop! a! mechanistic! scheme! for! the! water! ! splitting! reaction! leading! to! dioxygen! formation.! Moreover!it!has!provided!a!platform!to!mimic!the!natural!enzyme!in!order!create!“artificial! photosynthesis”! technology! to! capture! solar! energy! and! store! it! in! chemical! bonds.! Such! solar! fuel! technology! could! play! a! significant! role! in! elevating! ! the! daunting! problem! of! increasing!levels!!of!carbon!dioxide!!in!the!atmosphere!due!to!fossil!fuel!combustion!!and! the!associated!worry!about!!global!climate!change.! !

! 17! ! Professor*Jacqueline*Barton* California!Institute!of!Technology,!United!States! ! Dr.! Jacqueline! K.! Barton! is! the! Arthur! and! Marian! Hanisch!Memorial!Professor!of!Chemistry!and!Chair!of! the!Division!of!Chemistry!and!Chemical!Engineering!at! the!California!Institute!of!Technology.!Barton!obtained! her!Ph.D.!at!Columbia!University.!!After!a!postdoctoral! fellowship!at!Bell!Laboratories!and!Yale!University,!she! joined!the!faculty!at!Hunter!College,!City!University!of! New! York.! ! In! 1983,! she! returned! to! Columbia! University,! becoming! an! associate! professor! of! chemistry! and! biological! sciences! in! 1985! and! professor!in!1986.!!In!the!fall!of!1989,!she!joined!the! faculty! at! Caltech.! ! In! 2009,! she! began! her! term! as! Chair!of!the!Division.!!Professor!Barton!has!pioneered! the!application!of!transition!metal!complexes!to!probe! recognition! and! reactions! of! double! helical! DNA.! ! In! particular,! she! has! carried! out! studies! to! elucidate! electron! transfer! chemistry! mediated! by! the! DNA! double! helix.! This! chemistry! has! been! applied! in! the! development! of! DNA]based! electrochemical! sensors! and! explored! in! the! context! of! long! range!signaling!within!the!cell.!! Through! this! research,! Barton! has! trained! more! than! 100! graduate! students! and! postdoctoral! students.! ! Barton! has! received! numerous! awards! for! this! research.! ! These! include! the! NSF! Waterman! Award,! the! American! Chemical! Society! (ACS)! Award! in! Pure! Chemistry,!a!MacArthur!Foundation!Fellowship!and,!most!recently!the!ACS!Priestley!Medal.! She! has! been! elected! to! the! American! Academy! of! Arts! and! Sciences,! the! American! Philosophical!Society,!the!National!Academy!of!Sciences,!and!the!Institute!of!Medicine.!In! 2011,!Barton!received!the!2010!National!Medal!of!Science.! !

! 18! ! DNANmediated*Signaling*! * Many! experiments! have! now! shown! that! double! helical! DNA! can! serve! as! a! conduit! for! efficient!charge!transport!over!long!molecular!distances.!!We!have!seen,!for!example,!using! tethered! metal! complexes! as! photooxidants,! that! oxidative! damage! to! DNA! can! be! promoted! from! a! distance! as! a! DNA]mediated! redox! process.! Photophysical,! electrochemical! and! biochemical! experiments! have! been! conducted! to! characterize! this! chemistry.! This! chemistry! is! exquisitely! sensitive! to! perturbations! in! the! DNA! base! stack,! such! as! arise! with! base! mismatches,! lesions,! and! protein! binding.! We! have! now! been! exploring! how! this! chemistry! may! be! used! within! the! cell! for! long! range! signaling.!! Increasingly,!4Fe]4S!clusters!are!being!found!in!DNA]binding!proteins!involved!in!genome! maintenance.! Studies! are! described! to! characterize! DNA–mediated! signaling! by! these! metalloproteins.!Experiments!indicate!that!long!range!DNA!charge!transport!can!provide!a! first! step! in! how! DNA! repair! proteins! may! localize! in! the! vicinity! of! lesions.! DNA! charge! transport,! in! carrying! out! redox! chemistry! at! a! distance,! offers! a! route! for! long! range! signaling!and!coordination!of!DNA!repair!and!DNA]processing!proteins!across!the!genome.!! !

! 19! ! Professor*Tom*Brown* University!of!Oxford,!United!Kingdom ! Tom! Brown! received! a! first! class! honours! degree! and! PhD! in! Chemistry! from! the! University! of! Bradford! then! carried! out! postdoctoral! research! at! Nottingham! University,! Oxford! University! and! Cambridge! University.!He!was!appointed!to!a!Lectureship! in!Biological!Chemistry!at!Edinburgh!University! where! he! was! promoted! to! Reader! then! Professor.! He! moved! to! Southampton! University! in! 1995! where! he! was! Professor! of! Chemical! Biology! until! 2013.! He! is! currently! Professor! of! Nucleic! Acid! Chemistry! at! Oxford! University!and!is!a!member!of!the!Departments! of! Chemistry! and! Oncology.! His! research! interests! centre! on! DNA! sequence! recognition! and! applications! of! oligonucleotide! chemistry! in!biology!and!medicine.!! ! He!is!the!co]founder!of!three!Biotech!companies!(Oswel,!ATDBio!and!Primer!Design)!and!has! published!over!300!research!papers!and!patents.!He!has!received!several!awards!including! the! Royal! Society! of! Chemistry! Josef! Loschmidt! prize,! the! RSC! award! for! Nucleic! Acid! Chemistry,!the!RSC!prize!for!Interdisciplinary!Research!and!is!Chemistry!World!entrepreneur! of!the!year!for!2014.!Tom!is!a!Fellow!of!the!Royal!Society!of!Edinburgh!and!a!Fellow!of!the! Royal! Society! of! Chemistry.! He! is! currently! President! of! the! Chemistry! Biology! Interface! Division!of!the!Royal!Society!of!Chemistry!and!Editor!in!Chief!of!the!new!Royal!Society!of! Chemistry!Book!series!on!Chemical!Biology.! !

! 20! ! Chemical*Synthesis*Of*DNA*–*RealNWorld*Applications* ! In!this!lecture!I!will!discuss!practical!applications!of!oligonucleotide!synthesis!and!focus!on! click! ligation,! a! chemical! process! that! utilizes! the! copper]catalyzed! azide]alkyne! cycloaddition! (CuAAC! reaction).! This! efficient! method! of! joining! together! DNA! and! RNA! strands! has! been! used! for! the! synthesis! of! cyclic! oligonucleotides,1]3! oligonucleotide! catenanes,2! very! stable! cyclic! mini]duplexes,1! duplexes! that! are! linked! across! the! major! groove,4! covalently! fixed! DNA! nanoconstructs5! and! large! RNA! constructs.6! _ENREF_1! The! method!produces!an!unnatural!DNA!backbone!linkage!that!can!be!varied!by!changing!the! structures! of! the! participating! alkyne! and! azide.7! Careful! design! produced! DNA! backbone! that! can! be! read! through! by! DNA8! and! RNA! polymerases9,! 10! and! is! biocompatible! in! bacterial!and!human!cells.11,!12!A!high]resolution!NMR!study!revealed!that!the!click!linkage!is! accommodated! in! a! B]DNA! helix! with! minor! distortion.13! This! methodology! has! recently! been! used! to! characterise! a! new! form! of! stretched! DNA.14! Copper]free! click! DNA! strand! ligation! and! crosslinking! can! also! be! carried! out! if! strained! cyclooctyne! analogues! are! used.15]17!This!method!is!potentially!valuable!for!in#vivo!applications!as!it!does!not!require! metal!ion!catalysis.!Recent!biotechnology18!and!nanotechnology19!developments!in!this!field! will!be!discussed.#! ! 1.! A.!H.!El]Sagheer,!R.!Kumar,!S.!Findlow,!J.!M.!Werner,!A.!N.!Lane!and!T.!Brown,!Chembiochem,! 2008,!9,!50]52.! 2.! R.!Kumar,!A.!H.!El]Sagheer,!J.!Tumpane,!P.!Lincoln,!L.!M.!Wilhelmsson!and!T.!Brown,!J.#Am.# Chem.#Soc.,!2007,!129,!6859]6864.! 3.! A.!H.!El]Sagheer!and!T.!Brown,!Int.#J.#Peptide#Res.Therapeut.,!2008,!14,!367]372.! 4.! P.!Kocalka,!A.!H.!El]Sagheer!and!T.!Brown,!Chembiochem,!2008,!9,!1280]1285.! 5.! E.! P.! Lundberg,! A.! H.! El]Sagheer,! P.! Kocalka,! L.! M.! Wilhelmsson,! T.! Brown! and! B.! Norden,! Chem.#Commun.,!2010,!46,!3714]3716.! 6.! A.!H.!El]Sagheer!and!T.!Brown,!Proc.#Natl.#Acad.#Sci.#U.#S.#A.,!2010,!107,!15329]15334.! 7.! A.!H.!El]Sagheer!and!T.!Brown,!J.#Am.#Chem.#Soc.,!2009,!131,!3958]3964.! 8.! A.!H.!El]Sagheer,!A.!P.!Sanzone,!R.!Gao,!A.!Tavassoli!and!T.!Brown,!Proc.#Natl.#Acad.#Sci.#U.#S.# A.,!2011,!108,!11338–11343.! 9.! A.!H.!El]Sagheer!and!T.!Brown,!Chem.#Commun.,!2011,!47,!12057]12058.! 10.! A.!H.!El]Sagheer!and!T.!Brown,!Chemical#Science,!2014,!5,!253]259.! 11.! C.!N.!Birts,!A.!P.!Sanzone,!A.!H.!El]Sagheer,!J.!P.!Blaydes,!T.!Brown!and!A.!Tavassoli,!Angew.# Chem.#Int.#Edit.,!2014,!53,!2362]2365.! 12.! A.! P.! Sanzone,! A.! H.! El]Sagheer,! T.! Brown! and! A.! Tavassoli,! Nucleic# Acids# Res.,! 2012,! 40,! 10567]10575.! 13.! A.! Dallmann,! A.! H.! El]Sagheer,! L.! Dehmel,! C.! Mügge,! C.! Griesinger,! N.! P.! Ernsting! and! T.! Brown,!Chemistry#B#A#European#Journal,!2011,!17,!14714]14717.! 14.! N.! Bosaeus,! A.! H.! El]Sagheer,! T.! Brown,! S.! B.! Smith,! B.! Akerman,! C.! Bustamante! and! B.! Norden,!Proc.#Natl.#Acad.#Sci.#U.#S.#A.,!2012,!109,!15179]15184.! 15.! M.!Shelbourne,!X.!Chen,!T.!Brown!and!A.!H.!El]Sagheer,!Chem.#Commun.,!2011,!47,!6257] 6259.! 16.! M.!Shelbourne,!A.!H.!El]Sagheer!and!T.!Brown,!Chem.#Commun.,!2012,!48,!11184]11186.! 17.! J.!Q.!Qiu,!A.!H.!El]Sagheer!and!T.!Brown,!Chem.#Commun.,!2013,!49,!6959]6961.! 18.! N.! Bosaeus,! A.! H.! El]Sagheer,! T.! Brown,! S.! B.! Smith,! B.! Akerman,! C.! Bustamante! and! B.! Norden,!Proc.#Natl.#Acad.#Sci.#U.#S.#A.,!2012,!109,!15179]15184.! 19.! S.!R.!Gerrard,!C.!Hardiman,!M.!Shelbourne,!I.!Nandhakumar,!B.!Norden!and!T.!Brown,!Acs# Nano,!2012,!6,!9221]9228.! !

! 21! ! Professor*David*Buckingham* University!of!Cambridge,!United!Kingdom! ! Professor! David! Buckingham! was! born! in! Sydney,! Australia!on!28!January!1930.!He!first!attended!between! 1941]1947! the! Barker! College,! Hornsby,! N.S.W.,! Australia.! Then,! he! obtained! a! B.Sc.! with! First! Class! Honours!and!the!University!Medal!at!Sydney!University! in!1951.!In!1953,!he!was!researcher!in!physical!chemistry! under! Professor! R.! J.! W.! Le! Fèvre,! and! was! awarded! a! M.Sc.! Between! 1953]1955,! he! was! Shell! Postgraduate! Scholar! at! Corpus! Christi! College,! Cambridge.! He! obtained!his!PhD!in!theoretical!chemistry!under!Dr.!J.!A.! Pople! in! 1956.!!Between! 1955]1957,! Buckingham! was! 1851! Exhibition! Senior! Studentship! in! the! Physical! Chemistry!Laboratory,!Oxford!University.!Until!1965,!he! had!been!lecturer!and!subsequently!Student,!Tutor!and! Censor! of! Christ! Church,! Oxford! and! lecturer! in! the! Inorganic! Chemistry! Laboratory,! Oxford! University.! In! 1965,! he! was! appointed! professor! of! Theoretical! Chemistry! in! Bristol! University.! In! 1969,! he! became! professor! of! Chemistry! in! Cambridge! University,! a! position!he!had!held!until!1997.!In!1997,!Buckingham!was!appointed!Emeritus!Professor!of! Chemistry!in!Cambridge!University.!He!has!been!Fellow!of!Pembroke!College,!Cambridge,! between! 1970! and! 1997,! when! he! became! Emeritus! Fellow,! and! subsequently! Honorary! Fellow!in!2005.!He!obtained!a!Sc.D.!in!Cambridge!University!in!1985.! ! Among!his!accolades!and!fellowships!are:!Commander!of!the!British!Empire!(1997);!Fellow! of!the!Royal!Society!(elected!1975);!!Hughes!Medal!(1996);!Foreign!Associate!of!the!National! Academy!of!Sciences!(U.S.A.)!(1992);!Foreign!Honorary!Member!of!the!American!Academy! of! Arts! &! Sciences! (1992);! Foreign! Member! of! the! Royal! Swedish! Academy! of! Sciences! (1996);! Corresponding! Member! of! the! Australian! Academy! of! Science! (2008);! Doctor! of! Science! (Honoris! Causa),! Sydney! University! (1993);! Docteur! Honoris! Causa! de! l’Université! Nancy!I!(1979);!Doctor!of!Science!(Honoris!Causa),!University!of!Antwerp!(2004);!Member!of! the! International! Academy! of! Quantum! Molecular! Science! (1985);! Fellow! of! the! Royal! Australian!Chemical!Institute!(Rennie!Memmorial!Medal!1958);!Fellow!of!the!Royal!Society! of! Chemsitry! (Tilden! Lecturer! 1964,! Lennard]Jones! Lecturer! 1986,! Faraday! Medal! 1998);! Fellow!of!the!Institute!of!Physics!(Harrie!Massey!Medal!1995);!Fellow!of!the!Optical!Society! of!America!(C.!H!.!Townes!Award!2001);!Fellow!of!the!American!Physical!Society;!Inaugural! Ahmed!Zewail!Prize!for!Molecular!Sciences!(2007);!Cricket!Blue,!Sydney!University!(1952);! Senior! Treasurer! of! Oxford! University! Cricket! Club! (1958]1964);! President! of! Cambridge! University! Cricket! Club! (1990]1999);! Editor! of! Molecular# Physics! (1968]1972);! Editor! of! Chemical# Physics# Letters! (1978]1999);! Co]editor! of! International# Reviews# in# Physical# Chemistry!(1981]1989).! ! He!has!married!Jillian!Bowles!in!1965!and!has!two!daughters!and!one!son.! !

! 22! ! Chiral*Discrimination*In*NMR*Spectroscopy* ** Nuclear!magnetic!resonance!is!perhaps!the!most!important!form!of!molecular!spectroscopy! in! chemistry! and! biochemistry.! Yet! it! is! blind! to! chirality! because! the! two! molecular! parameters!that!determine!the!NMR!spectrum,!namely!the!nuclear!magnetic!shielding!and! the! nuclear! spin]spin! coupling,! are! even! under! the! parity! operator! and! are! therefore! identical!for!a!molecule!and!its!mirror!image.!!!It!was!predicted!in!2004!(Chemical#Physics# Letters,! 2004,! 398,! 1]5)! that! precessing! nuclear! spins! in! chiral! molecules! in! a! liquid! in! a! strong!magnetic!field!induce!a!rotating!electric!polarization!perpendicular!to!the!magnetic! field!and!to!the!precessing!magnetization.!!!This!polarization!is!of!the!same!magnitude!but!of! opposite!sign!for!chiral!enantiomers!and!therefore!vanishes!for!achiral!samples.!!!It!arises! from! a! pseudoscalar! molecular! property! arising! from! the! distortion! of! the! electronic! structure!by!the!nuclear!magnetic!moment!in!the!presence!of!the!strong!magnetic!field!and! is!equivalent!to!the!linear!effect!of!an!electric!field!on!the!nuclear!shielding!tensor.!!!! ! The!induced!electric!polarization!can!be!enhanced!by!two!or!three!orders!of!magnitude!in! dipolar!molecules!through!the!temperature]dependent!partial!orientation!of!the!permanent! dipole!via!the!antisymmetric!part!of!the!nuclear!magnetic!shielding!tensor.!!!An!alternative! method! for! the! detection! of! chirality! could! be! through! an! applied! electric! field! inducing! magnetization! perpendicular! to! the! field! and! to! the! precessing! magnetization.! ! ! This!! electric]field]induced! magnetization! is! of! equal! magnitude! and! of! opposite! sign! for! enantiomers;! ! it! is! determined! by! the! same! parameters! that! give! the! precessing! electric! polarization.! For! small! molecules! these! pseudoscalar! properties! are! amenable! to! computation.! ! ! In! a! chiral! sample! every! NMR! spectral! line! has! an! associated! positive! or! negative! signal! at! the! same! frequency,! just! as! in! circular! dichroism,! vibrational! circular! dichroism!and!Raman!optiocal!activity.!!!Progress!towards!the!experimental!realization!of! chiral! discrimination! in! NMR! spectroscopy,! being! carried! out! at! the! CNRS! High! Magnetic! Field!Laboratory!in!Grenoble,!will!be!reported.! !

! 23! ! !"#$%&&#"'(")*+',-".&&#/' $%&'()*+,-!.)/0(,1/&23!45(6()!

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"#! Small*Molecules*For*Signaling*In*The*Brain* ! Since!the!late!50s,!it!has!been!realized!that!nerve!cells!communicate!using!small!messenger! molecules,! such! as! amino! acids! and! monoamines,! and! that! one! may! achieve! remarkable! improvement! in! a! number! of! psychiatric! and! neurological! disorders! by! enhancing! or! dampening!the!activity!of!these.!After!a!brief!review!of!the!development!in!this!field!during! the! past! 60! years,! the! necessity! to! introduce! a! new! way! of! interfering! with! brain! neurotransmitters,!i.e.!that!of!stabilisation!(rather!than!mere!activation!or!blockade),!will!be! discussed.! As! an! example! of! this! new! concept,! recent! results! obtained! with! a! dopamine! stabilizer,!OSU61612,!will!be!presented.! ! Presented*together*with:* Professor*Elias*Eriksson* Gothenburg!University,!Sweden! Elias!Eriksson!is!pharmacologist!at!the!University!of!Gothenburg! with! a! long]standing! interest! in! preclinical! and! clinical! psychopharmacology,! psychoendocrinology! and! psychiatric! genetics.! * ! !

! 25! ! Professor*Wah*Chiu* Baylor!College!of!Medicine,!United!States! ! Dr.! Wah! Chiu! received! his! BA! in! Physics! (1969)! and! PhD! in! Biophysics! (1975)! from! the! University! of! California,! Berkeley.! He! is! the! Alvin! Romansky! Professor!of!Biochemistry!and!Director!of!the!National! Center! for! Macromolecular! Imaging! at! Baylor! College! of! Medicine.! ! Dr.! Chiu! is! a! pioneer! in! methodology! development! for! electron! cryo]microscopy.! His! work! has! made! a! transformational! contribution! towards! developing! the! use! of! single! particle! electron! cryo] microscopy! as! a! routine! tool! for! the! structural! determination!of!macromolecular!machines!at!atomic! resolution.! Dr.! Chiu’s! NIH! funded! 3DEM! Resource! Center! has! solved! structures! of! viruses,! chaperonins,! ion! channel! proteins,! molecular! pumps,! cytoskeleton! bundles! and! nuclear! receptor! complexes! in! collaboration!with!many!scientists!around!the!world.! ! Dr.! Chiu! is! the! founding! director! of! the! Graduate! Program!in!Structural!and!Computational!Biology!and! Molecular!Biophysics!at!Baylor!College!of!Medicine.!!He!is!also!the!founding!Co]Director!of! the! Gulf! Coast! Consortia,! which! includes! Baylor! College! of! Medicine,! Rice! University,! University!of!Houston,!University!of!Texas!Houston!Medical!School,!M.D.!Anderson!Cancer! Center! and! University! of! Texas! Galveston! Medical! Branch.! His! active! involvement! in! the! establishment!of!the!educational!and!research!training!infrastructure!in!the!Houston!Area! has!created!a!unique!and!valuable!environment!for!cross]disciplinary!collaboration!among! faculty!from!multiple!academic!departments!and!institutions.! ! Dr.! Chiu! has! earned! several! honors! over! the! years! including! the! Distinguished! Service! Professorship!at!Baylor!College!of!Medicine!in!2010;!the!Distinguished!Faculty!Award!from! the!Baylor!College!of!Medicine!Alumni!Association!in!2013;!the!Distinguished!Science!Award! from!the!Microscopy!Society!of!America!in!2014;!and!the!Honorary!Doctorate!of!Philosophy,! University! of! Helsinki,! Finland! in! 2014.! He! was! an! elected! member! of! Academia! Sinica,! Taiwan!in!2008;!the!United!States!National!Academy!of!Sciences!in!2012;!and!the!Academy! of!Medicine,!Engineering,!and!Science!of!Texas!in!2013.!! !

! 26! ! Electron*CryoNMicroscopy*of*Molecular*Machines** ! Electron!cryo]microscopy!(cryoEM)!is!in!the!midst!of!a!revolutionary!advance!in!resolving! the!biological!structures!of!molecular!machines!at!resolutions!previously!either!difficult!or! impossible!to!attain.!We!owe!this!achievement!partly!to!direct!electron!detectors!capable!of! recording!electron!images!of!frozen,!hydrated!molecular!machines!with!enhanced!signal!to! noise! ratio! at! a! full! range! of! spatial! frequencies.! In! addition,! the! availability! of! many! different!image!processing!software!packages!for!3D!reconstruction!contributed!freely!from! many! academic! labs! has! facilitated! structure! solution.! In! our! laboratory,! we! have! solved! cryoEM! structures! of! molecular! machines,! including! viruses,! chaperonins,! protein! complexes! and! ion! channels,! where! either! partial! or! full]atom! models! of! the! protein! components! can! be! derived! from! the! cryoEM! maps.! We! have! implemented! multiple! protocols!to!evaluate!the!reliability!of!these!structures,!which!are!comparable!to!structures! solved!by!X]ray!crystallography!at!equivalent!resolutions.!Because!cryoEM!does!not!require! crystallization,! we! can! readily! determine! multiple! structures! of! the! same! molecular! machines! in! different! biological! or! biochemical! states.! In! some! cases,! the! specimen! of! molecular!machines!may!have!either!compositional!or!conformational!heterogeneity.!! ! Computational! classifications! of! the! images! can! be! applied! to! sort! out! the! images! into! different!subpopulations!so!that!distinct!structures!can!be!derived!from!a!single!specimen!at! subnanometer! resolutions.! Such! an! approach! is! unique! in! cryoEM! relative! to! other! structural!tools!to!reveal!the!mechanisms!of!biological!functions!and!the!assembly!principles! of! molecular! machines! in! a! structurally! impure! sample.! In! addition! to! examining! high! resolution! structures! of! biochemically! purified! molecular! machines,! the! tomographic! approach! has! been! developed! to! determine! their! structures! in! cells! or! cell]like! environments!at!medium!resolution.!The!structures!of!molecular!machines!determined!both! in! vitro! and! in! vivo! by! cryoEM! provide! a! unique! view! of! structural! plasticity! for! understanding!physiological!processes.! !

! 27! ! Professor*Peter*Dervan* California!Institute!of!Technology,!United!States! ! Peter!B.!Dervan!is!the!Bren!Professor!of!Chemistry!at! the! California! Institute! of! Technology.! ! Dervan! pioneered! a! field! of! chemistry! with! studies! directed! toward!understanding!the!chemical!principles!for!the! sequence!specific!recognition!of!DNA.!!Cell!permeable! small!molecules!that!modulate!protein]DNA!interfaces! may! be! useful! for! the! external! control! of! aberrant! gene! expression! relevant! in! human! disease.! ! Dervan! received! his! B.S.! degree! from! Boston! College,! and! Ph.D.!at!Yale.!!He!was!a!postdoctoral!fellow!at!Stanford! University!and!began!his!association!with!Caltech!as!an! assistant!professor!in!1973.!!Professor!Dervan!served! as!chair!of!Caltech’s!division!of!chemistry!and!chemical! engineering!from!1994!to!1999.!He!is!a!member!of!the! National! Academy! of! Sciences,! the! Institute! of! Medicine,!the!American!Academy!of!Arts!and!Sciences,! and! the! American! Philosophical! Society,! a! Foreign! Member! of! the! French! Academy! of! Sciences! and! the! German!National!Academy!of!Sciences.!!Professor!Dervan!received!the!2006!National!Medal! of!Science!from!President!Bush.!!! Other! awards! include! the! Harrison! Howe! Award! (1988),! Arthur! C.! Cope! Award! (1993),! Willard!Gibbs!Medal!(1993),!Nichols!Medal!(1994),!Maison!de!la!Chimie!Foundation!Prize! (1996),! Remsen! Award! (1998),! Kirkwood! Medal! (1998),! Alfred! Bader! Award! (1999),! Max! Tishler! Prize! (1999),! Linus! Pauling! Medal! (1999),! Richard! C.! Tolman! Medal! (1999),! Tetrahedron!Prize!(2000),!Harvey!Prize!(Israel)!(2002),!Ronald!Breslow!Award!(2005),!Wilbur! Cross!Medal!(2005)!and!the!Frank!H.!Westheimer!Medal!(2009).!!Dervan!is!considered!an! outstanding!teacher!having!won!several!“excellence!in!teaching!awards”!from!the!Caltech! undergraduates.!He!served!on!several!Scientific!Advisory!Boards!for!the!pharmaceutical!and! biotechnology!industries.!!He!is!Chair!of!the!Scientific!Advisory!Board!of!the!Robert!A.!Welch! Foundation.! !

! 28! ! Transcription*Factor*Antagonists:*From*Discovery*to*Oncology* ! Pyrrole]imidazole!(Py]Im)!polyamides!are!synthetic!molecules!programmed!to!read!the!DNA! double!helix!by!a!set!of!simple!chemical!principles.!!These!cell!permeable!oligomers!achieve! affinities! comparable! to! DNA]binding! proteins.! ! Research! efforts! are! focused! on! the! modulation! of! gene! expression! pathways! by! disruption! of! transcription! factor]DNA! interfaces.! The! oversupply! or! overactivity! of! one! or! more! transcription! factors! may! be! required!for!the!survival,!growth,!and!metastatic!behavior!of!all!human!cancers.!!An!x]ray! crystal!structure!of!an!eight]ring!cyclic!Py]Im!polyamide•DNA!complex!reveals!the!role!of! allosteric!alteration!of!DNA!structure!as!a!mechanism!for!disruption!of!transcription!factor] DNA!interfaces.! Prostate!cancer!is!the!second!leading!cause!of!cancer!death!in!men.!!The!disease!is!primarily! driven! by! the! dysregulated! activity! of! the! androgen! receptor.! ! The! current! treatment! for! metastatic!prostate!cancer!utilizes!a!combination!of!drugs!that!antagonizes!the!activity!of! the! androgen! receptor! (AR)! collectively! called! androgen! deprivation! therapy! (ADT).! ADT! functions! by! blocking! AR! signaling! through! the! interference! of! DHT]AR! interactions! (bicalutamide,! enzalutamide)! or! by! depleting! levels! of! DHT! (abiraterone)! or! its! precursor! testosterone! (leuprolide).! While! effective,! relapse! is! often! the! inevitable! outcome! of! ADT! due!to!mutations!to!AR!and!presence!of!redundant!pathways,!such!as!the!replacement!of! lost!AR!signaling!by!glucocorticoid!receptor!(GR).! Due!to!the!necessity!for!DNA!binding!for!the!activation!of!AR!signaling,!one!potential!way!to! attenuate!transcription!programs!that!drive!disease!progression!is!to!target!the!DNA!and! block!protein]DNA!interactions!of!nuclear!hormone!receptors!and!their!respective!response! elements!through!the!use!of!Py]Im!polyamides.!!These!molecules!have!been!shown!to!affect! gene!expression!in!transcription!networks,!including!those!induced!by!AR!and!GR!without! genotoxicity.!Additionally,!polyamides!are!able!to!interfere!with!DNA!dependent!processes! like!the!RNA!polymerase!II!elongation!and!DNA!polymerase!replication.!They!have!also!been! shown! to! exhibit! antitumor! activity! in! prostate! cancer! cell! lines! and! xenograft! models! of! castration!resistant!prostate!cancer!with!minimal!toxicity!to!the!host!animals.!! !

! 29! ! Professor*Chris*Dobson* University!of!Cambridge,!United!Kingdom! ! Chris! Dobson! was! an! undergraduate,! graduate! student! and! research! fellow! in! chemistry! at! the! University! of! Oxford.! In! 1977! he! moved! to! Harvard! as! an! assistant! professor! of! chemistry! and!was!also!a!visiting!scientist!at!MIT.!He!then! returned! to! Oxford! as! a! lecturer,! and! later! became! professor! of! chemistry! and! Director! of! the! Oxford! Centre! for! Molecular! Sciences.! In! 2001!he!moved!to!the!University!of!Cambridge!as! the! John! Humphrey! Plummer! Professor! of! Chemical! and! Structural! Biology.! He! is! also! Master! of! St! John’s! College! and! Director! of! the! recently! established! Cambridge! Centre! for! Misfolding!Diseases.!! ! His! research! interests! are! focused! on! protein! molecules! and! particularly! on! defining! the! fundamental! principles! by! which! they! fold! to! generate! function! and! activity,! and! yet! can! misfold! to! generate! toxicity! and! disease.! His! research! group! makes! use! of! a! very! wide! rang! of! techniques,! involving! theory! as! well! as! experiment,! and! is! also! highly! collaborative.! He! has! been! particularly! interested! in! the! discovery!of!the!nature,!properties,!mechanism!of!formation!and!biological!significance!of! the! amyloid! state! of! proteins! and! in! defining! its! links! with! neurodegenerative! disorders! including!Alzheimer’s!and!Parkinson’s!disease.!He!is!a!Fellow!of!the!Royal!Society!of!London! and! of! the! UK! Academy! of! Medical! Sciences,! and! a! Foreign! Associate! of! the! US! National! Academy!of!Sciences.!He!is!the!recipient!of!a!range!of!awards!including!the!Davy!and!Royal! Medals! of! the! Royal! Society! and! most! recently! the! 2014! Heineken! Prize! for! Biochemistry! and! Biophysics! from! the! Royal! Netherlands! Academy! of! Arts! and! Sciences,! and! the! 2014! Feltrinelli!International!Prize!for!Medicine!from!the!Accademia!Nazionale!dei!Lincei!in!Rome.! !

! 30! ! The*Amyloid*Phenomenon*and*its*Significance* ! Protein! folding! is! an! essential! step! in! the! generation! of! biological! functionality! within! all! living! systems,! and! much! is! now! understood! about! the! underlying! mechanism! of! this! complex!and!ubiquitous!process.!Proteins!can,!however,!misfold!or!fail!to!remain!in!their! correctly!folded!states,!and!in!some!such!cases!this!results!in!the!formation!of!intractable! aggregates! known! as! amyloid! fibrils.! Interest! in! this! phenomenon! has! developed! with! extraordinary! rapidity! in! recent! years,! primarily! because! of! the! links! between! amyloid! formation!and!a!range!of!rapidly!proliferating!medical!disorders.!More!than!fifty!diseases! are!now!linked!to!this!phenomenon!and!include!neurological!disorders!such!as!Alzheimer’s! disease,!non]neuropathic!organ!specific!disorders!such!as!type!II!diabetes,!and!a!range!of! systemic! amyloidoses.! Although! some! of! these! types! of! disease! are! rare,! others! are! increasingly! common! as! a! result! of! rapidly! changing! lifespans! and! lifestyles;! worldwide,! some!40!million!people!are!estimated!to!be!suffering!from!Alzheimer’s!disease!and!nearly! 400!million!from!type!II!diabetes.!In!addition!to!its!significance!for!disease,!however,!it!is! increasingly!clear!that!understanding!the!balance!between!folding!and!misfolding!gives!new! and!important!insights!into!the!nature!of!functional!protein!molecules!and!the!process!of! biological!evolution.!This!talk!will!provide!an!overview!of!this!field!of!science!and!discuss! recent!progress!in!our!knowledge!of!the!structural!and!physical!properties!of!the!amyloid! state,!the!kinetics!and!mechanism!of!its!formation,!the!nature!and!origins!of!its!links!with! disease!and!the!manner!in!which!such!links!can!be!inhibited!or!suppressed.! !

! 31! ! Professor*Andrew*Fire* Stanford!University,!United!States! ! A! native! of! Santa! Clara! County,! California,! Dr.! Fire! recieved! training! at! UC! Berkeley! (Mathematics! BA:! 1975]1978),!MIT!(Biology!Ph.D.:!1978]1983),!and!the! Medical! Research! Council! Laboratory! in! Cambridge! UK! (Postdoctoral:! 1983]1986).! !From! 1986! to! 2003,! Dr.!Fire!was!on!the!staff!of!the!Carnegie!Institution! of! Washington's! Department! of! Embryology! in! Baltimore! Maryland.! !During! his! time! in! Baltimore,! Dr.!Fire!assumed!the!position!of!Adjunct!Professor!of! Biology!at!Johns!Hopkins!University.!!In!2003,!Dr.!Fire! joined! the! faculty! of! the! Departments! of! Pathology! and! Genetics! at! Stanford! University! School! of! Medicine.! !

! 32! ! Taming*Opportunistic*Rnas* ! The! genetic! landscape! faced! by! a! living! cell! is! constantly! changing.!! Developmental! transitions,! environmental! shifts,! and! pathogenic! invasions! lend! a! dynamic! character! to! both!the!genome!and!its!activity!pattern.!!A!variety!of!natural!mechanisms!are!utilized!by! cells! adapting! to! genetic! change,! with! the! needs! of! cells! to! distinguish! "self"! versus! "nonself"!and!"wanted"!versus!"unwanted"!gene!expression!at!the!presumed!root!of!both! successful!development!and!pathogen!defense.!!Experiments!in!which!foreign!RNA!or!DNA! is! introduced! into! cells! provide! a! window! with! which! to! study! these! mechanisms.!! In! particular,!such!approaches!have!unexpectedly!allowed!the!characterization!of!a!number!of! structural!features!that!provide!an!indication!of!unwanted!nucleic!acid.!!! ! One! of! these! features! has! been! double! stranded! RNA! (dsRNA).!! Absent! during! "normal"! gene! expression,! dsRNA! is! an! essential! component! in! the! life! cycle! of! most! viruses.!! By! flagging!dsRNA!as!an!indicator!of!unwanted!RNA!replication,!and!by!scrupulously!avoiding! the!production!of!dsRNA!during!most!normal!gene!expression,!the!cell!acquires!a!modicum! of!protection!from!viral!infection.!!The!mechanism!by!which!dsRNA!segments!are!utilized!to! trigger!silencing!of!homologous!genes!is!of!interest!as!a!fundamental!biological!process,!as!a! basis! for! effective! genetic! tools,! and! as! an! exemplar! of! a! structure]based! defense! mechanism!in!eukaryotic!cells.! !

! 33! ! Professor*Harry*Gray* California!Institute!of!Technology,!United!States! ! Harry! Gray! is! the! Arnold! O.! Beckman! Professor! of! Chemistry!and!the!Founding!Director!of!the!Beckman! Institute! at! the! California! Institute! of! Technology.! After! graduate! work! in! inorganic! chemistry! at! Northwestern! University! and! postdoctoral! research! at! the! University! of! Copenhagen,! he! joined! the! chemistry! faculty! at! Columbia! University,! where! in! the!early!1960s!he!developed!ligand!field!theory!to! interpret! the! electronic! structures! and! reactions! of! transition!metal!complexes.!After!moving!to!Caltech! in! 1966,! he! began! work! in! biological! inorganic! chemistry!and!inorganic!photochemistry!that!led!to! the! development! of! molecular! systems! for! the! storage! of! solar! energy.! During! investigations! of! metalloprotein! redox! reactions! in! the! 1980s,! he! demonstrated!that!electrons!can!tunnel!rapidly!over! long!molecular!distances!through!folded!polypeptide! structures.! This! discovery! opened! the! way! for! experimental!and!theoretical!work!that!shed!new!light!on!the!mechanisms!of!electron!flow! through!proteins!that!function!in!respiration!and!photosynthesis.! ! Gray!has!published!over!850!research!papers!and!18!books.!He!has!received!the!National! Medal! of! Science! from! President! Ronald! Reagan! (1986);! the! Pauling! Medal! (1986);! the!Linderstrøm]Lang!Prize! (1992);! the! Gibbs! Medal! (1992);! the! Harvey! Prize! (2000);! the! Nichols!Medal!(2003);!the!National!Academy!of!Sciences!Award!in!Chemical!Sciences!(2003);! the!Benjamin!Franklin!Medal!in!Chemistry!(2004);!the!Wolf!Prize!in!Chemistry!(2004);!the! City!of!Florence!Prize!in!Molecular!Sciences!(2006);!the!Welch!Award!in!Chemistry!(2009);! the! Japan! International! Coordination! Chemistry! Award! (2010);! the! Othmer! Gold! Medal! (2013);!the!T.!W.!Richards!Medal!(2014);!six!national!awards!from!the!American!Chemical! Society,!including!the!Priestley!Medal!(1991);!and!18!honorary!doctorates,!including!ones! from! Chicago,! Columbia,! Pennsylvania,! Toulouse,! Florence,! Copenhagen,! Göteborg,! Edinburgh,!and!the!Weizmann!Institute!of!Science.!He!is!a!member!of!the!National!Academy! of! Sciences;! the! American! Academy! of! Arts! and! Sciences;! the! American! Philosophical! Society;!a!foreign!member!of!the!Royal!Danish!Academy!of!Sciences!and!Letters;!the!Royal! Swedish! Academy! of! Sciences;! the! Royal! Society! of! Great! Britain;! and! the! Accademia! Nazionale!dei!Lincei.!He!is!a!Director!of!University!Science!Books!and!Chair!of!the!Board!of! Directors!of!the!Arnold!and!Mabel!Beckman!Foundation.! ! ! !

! 34! ! The*Currents*of*Life:*Electron*Flow*through*Proteins* * Biological! electron! transfers! often! occur! between!metal]containingcofactors! that! are! separated! by! very! large! molecular! distances.! Understanding! the! underlying! physics! and! chemistry! of! these! electron! transfer! processes! is! the! goal! of! much! of! the! work! in! my! laboratory.! Employing! laser!flash]quench!triggering! methods,! my! coworkers! and! I! have! shown! that!2]nm,!coupling]limited!Fe(II)! to! Ru(III)! and! Cu(I)! to! Ru(III)! electron! tunneling! reactions! in!Ru]modified!cytochromes! and! blue! copper! proteins! occur! on! microsecond! to! nanosecond!timescales.!! ! We!also!have!demonstrated!that!redox!equivalents!can!be!transferred!even!longer!distances! by!multistep!tunneling!(hopping)!through!intervening!tyrosines!and!tryptophans:!notably,!in! work!on!cytochrome!P450!and!azurin,!we!have!found!that!long]range!hole!hopping!through! intervening!tryptophans!can!be!orders!of!magnitude!faster!than!single]step!tunneling.!Based! on!these!findings,!we!think!it!likely!that!hole!hopping!through!Tyr/Trp!chains!could!protect! oxygenase! and! peroxidase! enzymes! from! oxidative! damage.! In! support! of! this! view,! by! examining! the! structures! of! P450! (CYP102A1)! and!2OG]Fe!(TauD)! enzymes,! we! have! identified! candidate! Tyr/Trp! chains! that! could! transfer! holes! from! uncoupled!high] potential!intermediates!to!reductants!in!contact!with!protein!surface!sites.! ! !

! 35! ! Professor*Stefan*Hell* University!of!Göttingen,!Germany! ! Stefan! W.! Hell! is! a! director! at! the!Max! Planck! Institute! for! Biophysical! Chemistry!in! Göttingen,! where! he! leads! the! Department! of! NanoBiophotonics.! He! is! an! honorary! professor! of! experimental! physics! at! the!University! of! Göttingen!and! adjunct! professor! of! physics! at! theUniversity! of! Heidelberg.!Since! 2003! he! also! led! the!Optical! Nanoscopy! division!at! the!German! Cancer!Research!Center!(DKFZ)!in!Heidelberg.! ! Stefan! W.! Hell! received! his! diploma! (1987)! and! doctorate! (1990)! in! physics! from! the! University! of! Heidelberg.! From! 1991! to! 1993! he! worked! at! the! European! Molecular! Biology! Laboratory,! also! in! Heidelberg,! and! followed! with! stays! as! a! senior! researcher! at! the! University! of! Turku,! Finland,! between!1993!and!1996,!and!as!a!visiting!scientist!at! the! University! of! Oxford,! England,! in! 1994.! In! 1997! he! was! appointed! to! the! MPI! for! Biophysical! Chemistry!in!Göttingen!as!a!group!leader!and!was!promoted!in!2002!to!director.! ! Stefan! W.! Hell! is! credited! with! having! conceived,! validated! and! applied! the! first! viable! concept! for! overcoming! Abbe’s!diffraction]limited!resolution! barrier! in! a!light] focusing!fluorescence!microscope.!For!this!accomplishment!he!has!received!several!awards:! most! recently! he! shared! the! 2014! Kavli! Prize! in! Nanoscience! and! the! Nobel! Prize! in! Chemistry.! ! !

! 36! ! Nanoscopy*With*Focused*Light* ! Throughout!the!20th!century!it!has!been!widely!accepted!that,!at!the!end!of!the!day,!a!light! microscope!relying!on!conventional!lenses!(far]field!optics)!cannot!discern!details!that!are! finer! than! about! half! the! wavelength! of! light! (>! 200! nm).! However,! in! the! 1990s,! it! was! discovered!that!overcoming!the!diffraction!barrier!is!realistic!and!that!fluorescent!samples! can! be! resolved! virtually! down! to! molecular! dimensions.! Here! we! discuss! the! simple! yet! powerful! principles! that! allow! neutralizing! the! resolution]limiting! role! of! far]field! optical! diffraction1,2.!In!a!nutshell,!features!residing!closer!than!the!diffraction!barrier!are!prepared! in!different!molecular!(quantum)!states!so!that!they!are!distinguishable!for!a!brief!detection! period.!As!a!result,!the!resolution]limiting!role!of!diffraction!is!overcome,!and!the!interior!of! transparent!samples,!such!as!living!cells!and!tissues!can!now!be!imaged!non]invasively!at! the!nanoscale!using!focused!light!in!3D.!! ! Besides! discussing! basic! principles,! we! will! show! recent! advancements.! In! particular,! we! demonstrate!massive!parallelization!of!RESOLFT!and!STED!recording!using!simple!patterns! of!light,!by!more!than!100,000!fold3.!Likewise,!we!demonstrate!the!relevance!of!emerging! ‘far]field!optical!nanoscopy’!to!various!areas,!especially!to!the!life!and!the!material!sciences! ! 1.! Hell,!S.W.!Far]Field!Optical!Nanoscopy.!Science!316,!1153]1158!(2007).! 2.! Hell,!S.W.!Microscopy!and!its!focal!switch.!Nature#Methods!6,!24]32!(2009).! 3.! Chmyrov,!A.!et!al.!Nanoscopy!with!more!than!100,000!'doughnuts'.!Nature#Methods! (2013).! ! !

! 37! ! Professor*Richard*Henderson* MRC!LMB,!Cambridge,!United!Kingdom! ! Richard! Henderson! (b.! 1945)! is! a! structural! biologist.! ! After! an! undergraduate! degree! in! physics! and! initial! X]ray! work! on! the! enzyme! chymotrypsin,! he! studied! membrane! protein! structure.! ! With! Nigel! Unwin,! he! developed! electron! crystallographic! methods! for! structural! analysis!of!two]dimensional!crystals!and!used!them! to! determine! the! atomic! structure! of! bacteriorhodopsin! and! to! study! the! structural! changes!that!underlie!light]driven!proton!pumping! by!bacteriorhodopsin.!!For!this!work,!he!and!Unwin! received! the! Gregori! Aminoff! prize! for! Crystallography! from! the! Royal! Swedish! Academy! in! 1999.! ! His! recent! focus! is! on! single! particle! electron! cryomicroscopy! to! determine! atomic! structures!of!macromolecular!complexes,!which!is! now!delivering!on!its!early!promise!of!determining! atomic! structures! of! large! protein! assemblies! without!crystallisation.! ! Alongside! his! academic! work,! with! Chris! Tate,! he! helped! to! develop! the! idea! of! conformational!thermostabilisation!of!membrane!proteins!by!systematic!mutagenesis.!!This! made!the!proteins!much!more!stable!so!that!they!could!be!crystallised.!!The!most!notable! successes! of! this! approach! have! been! the! atomic! structure! determinations! of! three! G] protein! coupled! receptors! (GPCRs)! at! MRC]LMB,! alongside! the! setting! up! of! a! structure] based!drug!design!company!Heptares!Therapeutics,!which!works!on!many!other!GPCRs.!!He! was!Joint]Head!of!the!Division!of!Structural!Studies!at!MRC]LMB!from!1986!until!2000,!and! Director!from!1996!until!2006.!!Since!2006,!he!has!returned!to!full]time!scientific!research.!!! !

! 38! ! Structure*Of*Membrane*Proteins*Involved*In*Signal*Transduction* ! I!will!show!three!different!approaches!to!the!determination!of!the!structure!of!membrane! proteins! and! present! examples! of! some! interesting! structures! of! membrane! proteins! involved!in!signal!or!energy!transduction!that!have!been!determined!by!each!method.!!The! three! methods! are! electron! crystallography! of! two]dimensional! (2D)! crystals,! X]ray! crystallography! of! three]dimensional! (3D)! crystals,! and! single! particle! electron! cryomicroscopy.! ! Each! one! of! these! approaches! has! corresponding! strengths! and! weaknesses.!!! The!structure!2D!crystals!of!bacteriorhopsin!was!first!solved!by!electron!crystallography!in! 1990! and! since! then! many! related! structures! have! been! determined.! ! The! ability! to! trap! photocycle!intermediates!is!a!key!tool!in!understanding!the!structural!changes!that!underlie! the!mechanism!of!proton!pumping,!and!these!same!structural!changes!are!involved!in!signal! transduction!by!other!members!of!the!same!family.!! An!approach!to!the!determination!of!the!structure!of!G!protein]coupled!receptors!(GPCRs)! has! involved! a! method! called! conformational! thermostabilisation! in! which! systematic! mutagenesis!is!used!to!improve!the!stability!of!a!particular!GPCR!in!detergent,!so!that!it!can! be!induced!to!form!3D!crystals.!!This!method,!developed!in!collaboration!with!Chris!Tate,! has!been!used!to!produce!crystals!and!determine!the!structures!of!3!GPCRs!at!MRC]LMB! and!a!much!larger!number!at!Heptares,!a!company!set!up!to!use!this!approach!to!carry!out! structure]based!design!of!new!drugs!for!therapeutic!use.! Most!recently,!single!particle!electron!cryomicroscopy!has!reached!the!stage!where!atomic! resolution! maps! can! be! obtained! from! macromolecular! complexes! without! the! need! to! produce! either! 2D! or! 3D! crystals.! ! Two! structures! determined! recently! at! MRC]LMB! are! those!of!bovine!mitochondrial!Complex!I!by!Vinothkumar!in!collaboration!with!Judy!Hirst’s! group! in! the! MRC! Mitochondrial! Biology! Unit! in! Cambridge,! and! the! enzyme! gamma] secretase!by!the!group!of!Sjors!Scheres!in!collaboration!with!the!group!of!Yigong!Shi!from! Tsinghua!University!in!Beijing.! !

! 39! ! Professor*Wayne*Hendrickson* Columbia!University,!United!States! ! Wayne!A.!Hendrickson!is!a!University!Professor! at!Columbia!University.!!He!has!a!B.A.!from!the! University! of! Wisconsin! at! River! Falls! and! a! Ph.D.! in! biophysics! from! Johns! Hopkins! University! based! on! work! with! Warner! Love.!! His! postdoctoral! research! was! with! Jerome! Karle! at! the! Naval! Research! Laboratory! (NRL).!! He!remained!at!NRL!as!a!Research!Biophysicist! until! 1984! when! he! joined! the! Department! of! Biochemistry! and! Molecular! Biophysics! at! Columbia.! ! Hendrickson! was! also! an! HHMI! Investigator! from! 1986! to! 2012;! in! 2008,! he! was! named! the! Violin! Family! Professor! of! Physiology!and!Cellular!Biophysics;!and!in!2010,! he! became! the! Scientific! Director! of! the! New! York!Structural!Biology!Center.! ! Research! in! Dr.! Hendrickson's! laboratory! focuses! on! the! structure! and! function! of! biological! molecules.! ! He! and! his! colleagues! use! x]ray! crystallography! to! study! molecular! properties!in!atomic!detail.!!By!analyzing!x]ray!beams!diffracted!from!crystals,!they!are!able! to! reconstruct! images! of! crystallized! molecules.! ! Their! advances! in! diffraction! methods! (notably,! stereochemically! restrained! refinement,! phase! evaluation! from! anomalous! diffraction,! selenomethionyl! proteins,! and! synchrotron! instrumentation)! have! been! instrumental!in!the!emergence!of!structural!biology!as!a!major!force!in!modern!biology!and! molecular!medicine.!!They!use!this!technology!themselves!in!investigations!on!membrane! receptors! and! cellular! signaling,! on! viral! proteins! and! HIV! infection,! on! molecular! chaperones!and!protein!folding,!and!in!structural!genomics!of!membrane!proteins.! !! Dr.!Hendrickson!has!published!numerous!research!articles!and!related!reviews.!!He!serves! on!advisory!bodies!for!various!scientific!organizations.!!He!is!a!founding!editor!of! Current# Opinion# in# Structural# Biology! and! of! Structure,! and! he! was! a! founder! of! SGX! Pharmaceuticals.! ! His! honors! include! the! Aminoff! Prize! of! the! Royal! Swedish! Academy! of! Sciences,!the!Gairdner!International!Award,!and!the!Harvey!Prize!of!the!Technion!–!Israel! Institute!of!Technology.!!He!is!a!fellow!of!the!American!Academy!of!Arts!and!Sciences!and!a! member!of!the!National!Academy!of!Sciences.! !

! 40! ! Distinctions*and*Shared*Principles*in*Transmembrane*Ion*Channels* We!have!determined!atomic]level!structures!for!several!proteins!that!conduct!ions!across! lipid!bilayers.!!Structure]inspired!hypotheses!have!then!been!tested!in!functional!analyses,! often! both! for! a! prokaryotic! homolog! giving! initial! structures! and! also! for! a! well! characterized! eukaryotic! counterpart.! ! The! distinctive! architectural! features! of! these! channels!will!be!described,!and!mechanistic!principles!in!common!will!be!discussed.!!! Results! will! be! shown! from! five! systems:! (1)! SLAC1! anion! channels! control! the! closing! of! stomatal!pores!in!plant!leaves,!and!homologous!proteins!are!found!in!bacteria!and!archaea.!! We! solved! the! crystal! structure! of! a! Haemophilus! homolog! at! 1.2! Å! resolution,! and! we! performed!mutational!analyses!of!channel!function!in!electophysiological!assays!with!this! protein! and! with! Arabadopsis# SLAC1! (Chen! et# al.,! Nature! 467,! 1074,! 2010).! ! (2)! CysZ! is! a! prokaryotic! sulfate! permease,! which! functions! as! an! ion! channel.! ! We! solved! crystal! structures!of!CysZ!proteins!from!three!bacterial!species,!and!we!gained!mechanistic!insights! from!mutational!analyses!of!sulfate!uptake!and!ion!currents!(Liu!et#al.,#Science!336,!1033,! 2012;! Assur! et# al.,! submitted).! ! (3)! Bax! inhibitor]1! (BI]1)! is! an! antiapoptotic! protein! that! mediates! a! calcium! leak! and! is! representative! of! a! widely! distributed! family! of! transmembrane]Bax]inhibitor]motif! (TMBIM)! proteins.! ! Our! crystal! structures! are! of! a! Bacillus!BI]1!homolog,!and!we!characterized!the!pH!dependence!of!calcium!uptake!into!cells! and! proteoliposomes! (Chang! et# al.,# Science# 344,! 1131,! 2014).! ! (4)! Human! bestrophin]1! (Best1)!is!a!calcium]activated!chloride!channel!from!the!retinal!pigment!epithelium,!where! mutations!are!associated!with!macular!degeneration!disease.!!Our!crystal!structure!is!of!a! Klebsiella! homolog,! and! we! performed! mutational! analyses! of! channel! activity! in! this! bacterial! bestrophin! and! in! human! Best1! (Yang! et# al.,# Science# 346,! 355,# 2014).! ! (5)! Ryanodine!receptors!(RyRs)!mediate!the!rapid!release!of!calcium!stores!from!intracellular! compartments! into! the! cytosol,! which! is! essential! for! excitation]contraction! coupling! in! muscle.! ! Our! structures! were! determined! by! cryo]electron! microscopy! for! rabbit! skeletal! muscle!RyR1,!first!in!its!channel]closed!state!(Zalk! et#al.,#Nature# 517,!44!2015)!and!more! recently!also!in!open!states!down!to!3.8!Å!resolution.! .! !

! 41! ! Professor*Roger*Kornberg* Stanford!University,!United!States! ! Roger! Kornberg! is! Winzer! Professor! in! Medicine! and! Professor!of!Structural!Biology!at!Stanford!University.!! He! received! a! bachelor’s! degree! in! chemistry! from! Harvard!College!in!1967!and!a!Ph.D.!in!chemistry!from! Stanford! in! 1972.! ! His! first! research! was! on! the! dynamics! of! lipid! bilayers.! ! He! used! nuclear! and! electron! paramagnetic! resonance! to! determine! the! rates! of! diffusional! motions! of! lipids,! termed! flip]flop! and! lateral! diffusion.! ! He! then! turned! to! X]ray! diffraction! of! chromatin! and,! in! 1974,! proposed! the! existence! and! structure! of! the! nucleosome.! ! This! proposal! was! borne! out! in! detail! by! subsequent! structural!studies.!!! ! Kornberg! moved! to! his! present! position! in! 1978,! where!his!research!has!focused!on!the!mechanism!and! regulation!of!eukaryotic!gene!transcription.!!Results!of! this!research!include!the!near!atomic!structure!of!RNA! polymerase!II,!the!elucidation!of!the!RNA!polymerase! II!transcription!machinery,!and!the!discovery!of!the!Mediator!of!transcriptional!regulation.!! Parallel!studies!of!metal!clusters!have!included!atomic!structures!large!gold!nanoparticles!by! X]ray!crystallography!and!aberration]corrected!electron!microscopy.! !

! 42! ! Gold*Nanoparticles*For*CryoNElectron*Microscopy* ! We!became!interested!almost!twenty!years!ago!in!the!attachment!of!gold!nanoparticles!to! proteins!for!alignment!of!images!from!cryo]electron!microscopy!(cryo]EM).!!We!proposed!to! form!nanoparticle]scFv!conjugates!for!attachment!to!specific!sites!on!proteins!of!interest.!! There! were! no! metal! nanoparticles! of! defined! size! and! surface! reactivity! available! at! the! time.!!We!developed!the!synthesis!of!large!gold!nanoparticles!and!solved!structures!by!X]ray! crystallography!and!aberration]corrected!EM.!!! ! The!nanoparticles!could!be!reacted!with!single!scFvs!bearing!a!surface!cysteine!residue!and! then!quenched!to!prevent!further!reaction.!!Finally,!we!have!undertaken!two!applications!of! the! nanoparticle]scFvs:! ! extension! of! cryo]EM! to! near! atomic! resolution,! and! structure! determination!of!proteins!in!living!cells.! !

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""! A*Twisting*Story:*How*A*Single*Gene*Twists*A*Snail* ! Chirality!(left]right!(l]r)!asymmetry)!is!expressed!throughout!nature,!whether!microscopic!or! macroscopic,! and! whether! animate! or! inanimate.! In! the! biological! world,! chirality! is! observed!at!all!levels!of!hierarchy,!from!the!genetically]determined!macroscopic!individual! organisms!down!to!molecules!(only!D](deoxy)!ribose!in!nucleic!acids!and!only!L]amino!acids! in! proteins,! i.e.,! totally! homochiral).! The! maternal! inheritance! of! shell! coiling! and! its! correlation!with!the!spiral!blastomere!cleavage!in!gastropods!were!reported!in!the!late!19th! ~!early!20th!century,!however,!the!underlining!causes!and!effects!had!remained!obscure.! We!have!revealed!that!the!initial!step!of!chiromorphogenesis!occurs!at!the!third!cleavage,! only!3!hours!after!the!first!cleavage!of!a!fertilized!egg!and!long!before!the!start!of!zygotic! gene!expression,!where!newly!formed!micromeres!rotate!levotropically!and!dextrotropically! with! respected! to! the! macromeres,! for! the! sinistral! and! dextral! snails,! respectively.! By! physically! twisting! the! micromeres! in! opposite! directions! at! this! stage,! we! could! create! healthy!mirror]image!snails,!and!the!chirality!of!their!offspring!reverted!back!to!the!original! as! expected.! Together! with! our! other! results,! we! could! prove! that! a! single! gene! locus! determines!body!handedness,!and!the!gene!dictates!the!cytoskeletal!dynamics!at!the!third! cleavage.! We! could! show! that! chirality! thus! established! is! transferred! to! the! cell]fate! determination! step! by! a! series! of! spiral! cleavages,! and! then,! an! organizer! macromere! activates!MAP!Kinase!signals!leading!to!the!asymmetric!zygotic!nodal!gene!expression!only! 12! hours! after! the! first! cleavage.! Nodal! pathway! is! known! to! be! involved! in! asymmetric! morphogenesis!of!vertebrate,!though!at!much!later!stage!of!development.!Thus,!snails!are! ideal!model!animals!to!study!chiromorphogenesis!at!the!molecular!level.!! ! There!are!still!many!questions!to!be!answered!regarding!the!first!and!the!subsequent!steps! of! chiromorphogenesis! as! well! as! the! link! between! asymmetry! of! animal! body! plan! and! homochiral! biomolecules.! We! have! been! trying! to! identify! the! single! handedness] determining!gene!in!snails!and!if!identified,!understanding!of!chirality!determination!at!the! molecular!level!shall!be!greatly!advanced!in!both!invertebrate!and!vertebrate.! !

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"#! Advances*In*Biomaterials*And*Drug*Delivery* Advanced! drug! delivery! systems! save! and! improve! the! lives! of! hundreds! of! millions! of! people! every! year.!! We! start! by! discussing! our! early! research! on! developing! the! first! controlled! release! systems! for! macromolecules! and! their! critical! role! in! the! isolation! of! angiogenesis!inhibitors!and!how!these!led!to!numerous!new!therapies.!!Nanoparticles!that! can!be!directly!targeted!to!cells!in!the!body!are!one!outgrowth!of!these!studies.!!In!addition,! for!many!years!scientists!used!off!the!shelf!household!materials!to!create!medical!devices;! e.g.,!artificial!hearts!were!made!from!ladies’!girdles;!materials!utilized!in!mattress!stuffing! were!used!for!breast!implants.!! We! wished! to! change! that! paradigm! by! rationally! synthesizing! new! materials! for! specific! applications!from!first!principles.!!An!example!is!the!synthesis!of!new!degradable!materials! that! display! surface! erosion! such! as! polyanhydrides! that! have! led! to! new! treatments! for! brain!cancer.!!A!final!area!of!research!involves!the!combination!of!polymers!and!mammalian! cells!to!potentially!create!new!tissues!such!as!skin,!cartilage!or!even!spinal!cords.!!! !

! 47! ! Professor*JeanNMarie*Lehn* University!of!Strasbourg,!France! ! Jean]Marie! Lehn! was! born! in! Rosheim,! France! in! 1939.!In!1970!he!became!Professor!of!Chemistry!at! the! Université! Louis! Pasteur! in! Strasbourg! and! from!1979!to!2010!he!was!Professor!at!the!Collège! de!France!in!Paris.!He!is!presently!Professor!at!the! University! of! Strasbourg! Institute! for! Advanced! Study! (USIAS).! He! shared! the! Nobel! Prize! in! Chemistry!in!1987!for!his!studies!on!the!chemical! basis! of! “molecular! recognition”! (i.e.! the! way! in! which! a! receptor! molecule! recognizes! and! selectively! binds! a! substrate),! which! also! plays! a! fundamental!role!in!biological!processes.!! Over!the!years!his!work!led!him!to!the!definition!of! a! new! field! of! chemistry,! which! he! has! proposed! calling!“supramolecular!chemistry”!as!it!deals!with! the!complex!entities!formed!by!the!association!of! two! or! more! chemical! species! held! together! by! non]covalent! intermolecular! forces,! whereas! molecular! chemistry! concerns! the! entities! constructed! from! atoms! linked! by! covalent! bonds.! Subsequently,! the! area! developed! into! the! chemistry! of! "self]organization"! processes!and!more!recently!towards!"adaptive!chemistry",!dynamic!networks!and!complex! systems.! Author! of! more! than! 950! scientific! publications,! Lehn! is! a! member! of! many! academies!and!institutions.!He!has!received!numerous!international!honours!and!awards.! !

! 48! ! Perspectives*in*Chemistry*N*Steps*Towards*Complex*Matter** * Chemistry!is!progressively!unravelling!the!processes!that!underlie!the!evolution!of!matter! towards!states!of!higher!complexity!and!the!emergence!of!novel!features!along!the!way.!It! has!evolved!from!molecular!to!supramolecular!to!become!adaptive!by!way!of!constitutional! dynamics.! Supramolecular! chemistry! is! intrinsically! a! dynamic! chemistry! in! view! of! the! lability!of!the!interactions!connecting!the!molecular!components!of!a!supramolecular!entity! and!the!resulting!ability!of!supramolecular!species!to!exchange!their!components.!The!same! holds!for!molecular!chemistry!when!the!molecular!entity!contains!covalent!bonds!that!may! form! and! break! reversibility,! so! as! to! allow! a! continuous! change! in! constitution! by! reorganization! and! exchange! of! building! blocks.! These! features! define! a! constitutional! dynamic! chemistry! (CDC)! covering! both! the! molecular! and! supramolecular! levels.! CDC! introduces! a! paradigm! shift! with! respect! to! constitutionally! static! chemistry.! It! takes! advantage!of!dynamic!diversity!to!allow!variation!and!selection!and!operates!on!dynamic! constitutional! diversity! in! response! to! either! internal! or! external! factors! to! achieve! adaptation.!! Such! dynamic! systems! can! be! represented! by! dynamic! networks! that! define! the! relationships!between!the!different!constituents!linked!through!component!exchange.!CDC! opens!new!perspectives!in!materials!science!towards!adaptive!materials!and!technologies.! The! implementation! of! these! concepts! points! to! the! emergence! of! adaptive! chemistry.! Together!with!the!corresponding!fields!of!physics!and!biology,!chemistry!thus!plays!a!major! role!in!the!progressive!elaboration!of!a!science!of!informed,!organized,!evolutive!matter,!a! science#of!complex#matter.! ! ! • Lehn,! J.]M.,! Supramolecular# Chemistry:# Concepts# and# Perspectives,! VCH! Weinheim,! 1995.! • Lehn,! J.]M.,! Toward# complex# matter:# Supramolecular# chemistry# and# selfBorganization,! Proc.!Natl.!Acad.!Sci.!USA,!2002,!99,!4763.! • Lehn,!J.]M.,!From#supramolecular#chemistry#towards#constitutional#dynamic#chemistry# and#adaptive#chemistry,!Chem.!Soc.!Rev.,!2007,!36,!151.!!!!!!! • Lehn,!J.]M.,!Chapter!1,!in!Constitutional#Dynamic#Chemistry,!ed.!M.!Barboiu,!Topics#Curr.# Chem,!2012,!322,!1]32.! • Lehn,!J.]M.,!Perspectives#in#Chemistry#–#Steps#towards#Complex#Matter,!!Angew.!Chem.! Int.!Ed.,!2013,!52,!2836]2850.!! !

! 49! ! Professor*Richard*Lerner* The!Scripps!Research!Institute,!United!States! ! Dr.! Richard! A.! Lerner’s! 40]year! scientific! career! is! significant! not! only! for! the! broad! scope! of! his! scientific! achievements,! but! for! his! leadership! as! President! of! The! Scripps! Research! Institute! (1986] 2012),! the! country’s! largest! private,! non]profit! biomedical! research! organization.! ! The! scientific! accomplishments!for!which!he!is!perhaps!most!well! know! are! the! groundbreaking! work! of! converting! antibodies!into!enzymes,!permitting!the!catalysis!of! chemical!reactions!considered!impossible!to!achieve! by! classical! chemical! procedures! and! his! development! of! combinatorial! antibody! libraries! (simultaneously!with!Greg!Winter).! ! A!member!of!the!National!Academy!of!Sciences!and! a!foreign!member!of!the!Royal!Swedish!Academy!of! Sciences,! Dr.! Lerner! graduated! from! Northwestern! University!and!Stanford!Medical!School.!!He!interned! at! Palo! Alto! Stanford! Hospital! and! received! postdoctoral! training! at! Scripps! Clinic! and! Research! Foundation.! ! Since! 1970! he! has! held! staff! appointments! at! Wistar! Institute! in! Philadelphia!and!at!The!Scripps!Research!Institute.!!!! ! Dr.! Lerner! has! received! numerous! honorary! degrees,! prizes! and! awards,! including,! Parke! Davis!Award,!San!Marino!Prize,!Arthur!C.!Cope!Scholar!Award,!CIBA]GEIGY!Drew!Award!in! Biomedical! Research,! Humboldt! Research! Award,! Wolf! Prize! in! Chemistry,! California! Scientist! of! the! Year! Award,! Coley! Award! for! Distinguished! Research! in! Basic! and! Tumor! Immunology,!the!Windaus]Medial/Award,!President’s!Medal,!University!of!California,!Paul! Ehrlich]and! Ludwig! Darmstaedter! Prize,! Frankfurt,! Germany,! AAAS! Fellow,! DART/NYU! Biotechnology! Achievement! Award! in! Basic! Biotechnology,! New! York,! NY,! ! Distinguished! Visiting!Scientist!at!IBM!T.J.!Watson!Research!Center,!New!York,!Ulysses!Medal,!University! College! Dublin,! Belfield,! Dublin! Ireland,! Elected! Associate! Member! of! the! Exeter! Senior! Common! Room,! Exeter! College,! Oxford! University,! Oxford,! UK,! Courage! in! Innovation! Award,! Oxbridge! Biotech! and! Nature! Biotech,! London,! UK,! Prince! of! Asturias! Award! for! Scientific! and! Technical! Research,! Spain;! Honorary! Doctorate! of! Medicine,! Karolinska! Institute,! Honorary! Doctorate! ofScience! Award,! Technion]Israel! Institute! of! Technology,! Doctor!of!Science,!Northwestern!University,!Evanston,!IL,!Honorary!Doctorate!Degree,!Ben] Gurion!University!of!the!Negev,!Beer]Sheva,!Israel,!Honorary!Doctorate!in!Humane!Letters! from!Florida!Atlantic!University,!Boca!Raton,!Florida,!Honorary!Degree!of!Doctor!of!Science,! honoris! causa,! Oxford! University,! Oxford,! United! Kingdom.! Honorary! Degree! of! Doctor! of! Science,! honoris# causa,! University! College! Dublin,! Belfield,! Dublin! Ireland! and! Honorary! Degree!of!Doctor!of!Science,!University!of!Warwick,!Coventry,!United!Kingdom,!Honorary! Degree!of!Doctor!of!Science!Honoris!Causa,!The!Scripps!Research!Institute,!La!Jolla,!CA.! !

! 50! ! Combinatorial*Antibody*Libraries! ! The!advent!of!combinatorial!libraries!allows!synthesis!of!an!immune!system!in!a!test!tube! without! the! use! of! live! animals.! The! system,! by! linking! recognition! and! replication,! uses! many!of!the!strategies!of!the!natural!immune!system!but!also!has!distinct!advantages.!First,! the!size!of!the!synthetic!repertoire!is!nowadays!at!least!three!orders!of!magnitude!larger! than! that! of! any! animal! including! man.! Most! importantly! the! central! issue! of! immune! tolerance!that!forbids!against!generation!of!antibodies!to!self!is!overcome,!thus,!allowing! one! to! generate! antibodies! to! any! self]protein.! This! is! important! because! all! but! one! therapeutic!antibody!in!clinical!use!today!is!an!antibody!to!self.!! ! Recently,! new! formats! for! using! combinatorial! antibody! libraries! has! allowed! for! direct! autocrine!selection!of!agonist!antibodies!that!regulate!the!fate!of!normal!and!cancer!cells.! These! cellular! selections! can! proceed! at! a! rate! of! 20! million! events! an! hour!! Essentially,! antibody!libraries!have!converted!immunochemistry!from!a!stochastic!process!into!one!that! can!be!precisely!controlled!by!the!experimenter.! !

! 51! ! Professor*Michael*Levitt* Stanford!University,!United!States! ! Born!in!South!Africa!1947,!Michael!Levitt!visited! London!aged!16!to!be!profoundly!influenced!by! John!Kendrew's!1944!BBC!TV!series!"The!Thread! of!Life".!!After!a!BSc!in!at!King’s!College!London! and!a!year!with!Prof.!Shneior!Lifson!and!his!PhD! student!Arieh!Warshel!at!the!Weizmann!Institute! in! Israel,! Levitt! joined! the! Laboratory! of! Molecular! (LMB),! Cambridge,! in! 1968.! His! PhD! thesis! on! Protein! Conformation! Analysis! described! use! of! classical! force]fields! and! introduced!energy!refinement.! ! Levitt! went! back! to! Israel! as! an! EMBO! postdoc! with! Lifson.! Collaboration! then! with! Warshel! resulted! in! new! multi]scale! approaches! to! molecular!modeling:!!Coarse]grained!models!that! merge! atoms! to! allow! folding! simulation! and! hybrid! models! that! combine! classical! and! quantum!mechanics!to!explain!how!enzymes!works!by!electrostatic!strain.!!In!1974,!Levitt! returned!to!LMB!for!three!years,!spent!two!years!with!Francis!Crick!at!Salk!and!seven!years! at!Weizmann,!before!moving!to!Structural!Biology!at!Stanford!from!1987.! ! His! diverse! interests! have! included! RNA! &! DNA! modeling,! protein! folding! simulation,! classification! of! protein! folds! &! protein! geometry,! antibody! modeling,! x]ray! refinement,! antibody!humanization,!side]chain!geometry,!torsional!normal!mode,!molecular!dynamics!in! solution,! secondary! structure! prediction,! aromatic! hydrogen! bonds,! structure! databases,! and!mass!spectrometry.!!Current!postdocs!work!on!protein!evolution,!the!crystallographic! phase!problem!and!Cryo]EM!refinement.! ! While!enjoying!membership!of!the!Royal!Society!and!the!National!Academy,!Levitt!remains! an! active! programmer,! a! craft! skill! of! which! he! is! particularly! proud.! ! His! post]prize! ambitions!are!two!fold!and!likely!inconsistent:!!(1)!!Work!single]mindedly!as!he!did!in!the! mid]1970’s!on!hard!problems!and!(2)!Help!today’s!young!scientists!gain!the!recognition!and! independence!that!Levitt’s!generation!enjoyed.! ! Married!in!1968!to!Rina,!an!active!artist,!they!have!three!children!and!a!rapidly!increasing! number!of!grandchildren,!all!of!whom!help!him!stay!more]or]less!normal.! !

! 52! ! Birth*&*Future*Of*Multiscale*Modeling*Of*Macromolecules* ! The! development! multiscale! models! for! complex! chemical! systems! began! in! 1967! with! publications!by!Warshel!and!Levitt!recently!recognized!by!the!2013!Nobel!Committee!for! Chemistry.!!The!simplifications!used!then!at!the!dawn!of!the!age!of!computational!structural! biology! were! mandated! by! computers! that! were! almost! a! billion! times! less! cost]effective! than!those!we!use!today.!!! ! These!same!multiscale!models!have!become!increasingly!popular!in!application!that!range! from! simulation! of! atomic! protein! motion,! to! protein! folding! and! explanation! of! enzyme! catalysis.!!In!this!talk!I!describe!the!origins!computational!structural!biology!and!then!go!on! to!show!some!of!the!most!exciting!current!and!future!applications.! !

! 53! ! Professor*David*Lilley* University!of!Dundee,!United!Kingdom! ! David!Lilley!has!enjoyed!a!long!career!in!the! structure,!dynamics!and!activities!of!nucleic! acids,! both! DNA! and! RNA.! His! laboratory! uses! structural! (predominantly! X]ray! diffraction),! biophysical! (fluorescence,! especially! on! single! molecules)! and! biochemical! approaches,! combined! with! a! strongly!mechanistic!viewpoint.! ! In! DNA,! Lilley! solved! the! structure! of! the! four]way! DNA! (Holliday)! junction,! and! has! made! extensive! studies! of! the! manner! of! their! interactions! and! recognition! by! junction]resolving! enzymes.! The! basic! recognition!processes!have!been!defined!in! bacterial!and!phage!enzymes,!but!now!the! work! has! been! extended! to! include! the! eukaryotic!enzymes!GEN1!and!SLX1/SLX4.! ! In!RNA!Lilley!has!long!advocated!the!view!that!complex!structure!can!be!reduced!to!rigid! helical!elements!jointed!by!junctions!that!determine!the!trajectory.!In!the!last!decade!he! has!made!detailed!studies!of!the!kink]turn!element!to!the!point!where!this!is!now!arguable! the!best]understood!such!motif.!He!has!generated!a!set!of!rules!for!!kink]turn!folding!that! have!strong!predictive!power,!and!can!be!applied!to!new!RNA!sequences!as!they!emerge.! ! In! additional! to! structural! elements,! Lilley! has! made! detailed! mechanistic! and! structural! studies! of! RNA! catalysis,! particularly! seeking! chemical! explanation! of! the! origins! of! these! catalysts.!He!has!particularly!characterized!the!mechanisms!of!general!acid]base!catalysis!in! the!hairpin,!VS,!hammerhead!and!most!recently!the!twister!ribozyme.! ! Along! the! way,! Lilley! has! been! involved! in! the! development! of! fluorescence! resonance! energy!transfer!(FRET)!as!a!structural!tool!in!nucleic!acids.!His!1989!paper!in!Nature!studying! the!structure!of!the!four]way!DNA!junction!was!the!first!of!the!modern!era!of!FRET.!Since! then!this!has!been!applied!extensively!in!single]molecule!studies!and!most!recently!Lilley! has!developed!the!analysis!of!the!k2!parameter!to!provide!orientational!information,!and!as! an!additional!benefit,!improved!distance!information.! ! David! Lilley! (as! )! has! strong! links! with! China.! He! is! a! visiting! professor! at! the! University! of! Xiamen! in! Fujian,! holds! joint! grants! in! collaboration! with! Shanghai! Fudan! University!and!regularly!consults!for!AB!Life!in!Wuhan,!Hubei!province.! !

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""! Professor*Susan*Lindquist* Massachusetts!Institute!of!Technology,!United!States! ! Susan! Lindquist! is! a! world! leader! in! the! study! of! protein! folding.! Her! pioneering! work! has! demonstrated! that! alternative! protein! conformations! have! profound! and! unexpected! effects! in! fields! as! wide! ranging! as! human! disease,! evolution,! and! biomaterials.!!Her!work!on!yeast!prions!has!provided! evidence!for!a!mechanism!of!protein]only!inheritance! and! contributed! to! a! structural! understanding! of! amyloid!fiber!formation.!!She!has!shown!in!a!variety!of! model! systems! that! molecular! chaperones! can! influence!the!expression!and!evolution!of!new!traits!by! chaperoning! the! folding! of! key! players! in! signal! transduction! pathways.! Most! recently,! her! group! has! developed! new! platforms! for! dissecting! the! protein] folding! problems! that! drive! neurodegenerative! diseases,!with!the!aim!of!discovering!new!therapeutic! strategies! based! on! stopping! the! precipitating! causes! of!such!protein]folding!disorders.! Susan! Lindquist! is! a! Member! and! former! Director! (2001]2004)! of! the! Whitehead! Institute! for! Biomedical! Research,! an! Investigator! of! the! Howard!Hughes!Medical!Institute!and!a!Professor!of!Biology!at!MIT.!Previously!she!was!the! Albert! D.! Lasker! Professor! of! Medical! Sciences! (from! 1999]2001),! and! a! member! of! the! faculty!in!the!Department!of!Molecular!Biology,!University!of!Chicago.!!Lindquist!received! her! undergraduate! degree! in! Microbiology! from! the! University! of! Illinois,! and! a! PhD! in! Biology! from! Harvard! University.! She! co]founded! FoldRx,! a! biotech! company! developing! drug!therapies!for!diseases!of!protein!misfolding!and!amyloidosis,!and!recently!co]founded! Yumanity,! a! biotech! company! identifying! and! and! developing! new! therapies! for! neurodegenerative!diseases!caused!by!protein!misfolding.!She!is!a!member!of!the!Board!of! Directors!of!Johnson!&!Johnson.!Her!honors!include!membership!in!the!National!Academy! of!Sciences,!the!American!Academy!of!Arts!and!Science,!the!American!Philosophical!Society! and! the! Institute! of! Medicine.! She! has! been! awarded! the! Dickson! Prize! in! Medicine,! the! Otto]Warburg!Prize,!the!Genetics!Society!of!America!Medal,!the!FASEB!Excellence!in!Science! Award,! the! Max! Delbrück! Medal,! the! Mendel! Medal,! the! E.B.! Wilson! Medal,! a! Vallee! Professorship!and!the!Vanderbilt!Prize.!In!2009,!she!was!the!recipient!of!the!National!Medal! of!Science.! !

! 56! ! Lamarck*Was*Right:*Better*Living*Through*Chemistry* ! Prions!live!in!infamy!as!the!infectious!agent!in!!“mad!cow!disease”.!!Far!more!exciting!is!their! ability!to!act!as!protein]based!elements!for!inheritance.!Prion!proteins!change!their!shapes! and!template!those!changes!to!other!proteins!of!the!same!type.!The!associated!change!in! protein! function! is! passed! to! progeny! cells! for! hundreds! of! generations.! Reed! Wickner! suggested! such! a! mechanism! based! upon! puzzling! inheritance! patterns! in! yeast.! My! lab! discovered! the! two! key! biochemical! mechanisms:! ! first,! prions! arise! when! a! natively! unfolded! protein! adopts! an! amyloid! conformation.! This! “information! template”! changes! protein!function!in!a!self]templating!way.!Second,!the!template!is!severed!by!the!protein! remodeling!factor!Hsp104,!allowing!inheritance!by!daughter!cells.!In!yeast!alone,!over!30! proteins!switch!states!and!create!new!biological!traits!in!this!way.!! Prions! are! considered! by! some! to! be! simply! diseases! of! yeast! or! “laboratory! artifacts”.! Others,!starting!with!my!lab,!view!them!as!remarkably!valuable!mechanisms!for!generating! heritable! diversity! and! fueling! the! pace! of! evolution.! ! As! prion! proteins! often! sit! at! key! points!in!regulatory!networks,!their!changes!in!shape!and!function!create!a!wide!array!of! complex!traits.!!Of!course,!these!are!sometimes!detrimental,!but!often!promote!survival,!at! least!in!the!laboratory.!!But!are!prions!serving!such!roles!in!nature?!!We!examined!700!wild! yeast! strains,! from! diverse! environments! all! over! the! world;! >250! contained! prions! that! conferred!fundamentally!important!biological!traits.!The!interface!between!protein!folding! and!environmental!stress!increases!prion!switching!rates.!Thus,!prions!act!as!sophisticated! ‘bet]hedging’!devices,!providing!a!reservoir!of!biological!diversity!when!it!is!most!needed.! Most! recently! we! have! extended! the! boundaries! of! the! prion! world.! We! find! that! prions! have! the! capacity! to! transform! the! dynamics! of! microbial! communities! and! provide! a! biological! example! of! “better! living! through! chemistry”.! Bacteria! in! the! bacteria]yeast! community! secrete! a! chemical! compound! that! induces! a! prion]based! heritable! change! in! metabolism! in! yeast! growing! in! their! environment! resulting! in! enhanced! growth! of! both! organisms.!Thus,!this!prion!provides!the!most!compelling!and!simple!example!of!Lamarkian! inheritance!yet.! !

! 57! ! Professor*Yahli*Lorch* Stanford!University,!United!States! ! Dr.! Yahli! Lorch! is! Associate! Professor! (Research)!in!the!Department!of!Structural! Biology!at!the!Stanford!University!School!of! Medicine.!!!She!served!in!the!Israel!Defense! Forces!from!1973]75.!!She!received!a!B.Sc.! in! Biology! from! the! Hebrew! University! in! 1978! and! a! Ph.D.! in! Genetics! from! the! Hebrew!University!in!1983.!!! ! She! began! her! research! career! with! genomic!and!proteomic!analyses!of!the!two! types!of!Theiler’s!murine!virus,!one!causing! rapidly! fatal! encephalitis! and! the! other! a! chronic! demyelinating! disease! similar! to! Multiple!Sclerosis!in!humans.!!She!turned!to! the!molecular!basis!of!gene!expression!with! the! demonstration! that! a! synthetic! oligonucleotide! containing! an! activator! protein]binding! site! serves! as! a! transcriptional! enhancer.! ! In! 1987,! she! showed! that! the! nucleosome,!previously!viewed!as!a!basis!for!chromosome!structure,!plays!a!key!functional! role,!serving!as!a!general!gene!repressor.!!!In!1996,!she!and!co]workers!discovered!the!RSC! chromatin]remodeling! complex,! which! relieves! repression! by! the! nucleosome.! ! In! subsequent! studies,! she! identified! two! modes! of! remodeling! by! RSC! and! elucidated! the! underlying!mechanisms.!! !

! 58! ! Chromatin*Remodeling* ! The!nucleosome!is!the!basic!unit!of!chromosome!organization.!!It!comprises!146!base!pairs! of! DNA! wrapped! around! a! histone! octamer.! ! It! was! once! thought! to! serve! primarily! a! structural!role,!in!the!compaction!of!DNA.!!We!found,!however,!that!the!nucleosome!is!also! crucial!for!gene!regulation;!!it!serves!as!a!general!gene!repressor.!!The!question!arises!of! how! repression! is! relieved! for! the! transcription! of! genes! required! for! cell! growth! and! development.!!The!answer!lies!in!the!activities!of!chromatin]remodeling!complexes.!! ! We! discovered! an! 18]protein! chromatin! remodeling! complex,! termed! RSC,! with! two! activities!essential!for!transcription.!!RSC!catalyzes!the!sliding!of!nucleosomes!along!DNA,! and!the!disruption!of!nucleosomes!with!the!eviction!of!histone!octamers!from!DNA.!!These! two! activities! account! for! the! distinctive! features! of! transcriptionally! active! genes.! ! RSC! evicts!an!octamer!in!an!ATP]dependent!manner!to!create!a!nucleosome]free!region!in!front! of! a! gene,! exposing! sites! in! the! DNA! for! binding! both! transcription! factors! and! transcriptional! regulatory! proteins.! ! RSC! also! forms! a! complex! with! a! nucleosome! in! the! absence!of!ATP!in!which!DNA!is!released!from!the!surface!of!the!nucleosome.!This!activity!of! RSC!has!been!implicated!in!the!exposure!of!start!sites!for!transcription.!!RSC!therefore!plays! multiple!roles!in!the!relief!of!repression!by!the!nucleosome.! !

! 59! ! Professor*Andrew*McCammon* University!of!California,!San!Diego,!United!States! ! J.! Andrew! McCammon! is! a! Distinguished! Professor! of! Chemistry! &! Biochemistry! and! of! Pharmacology! at! UCSD,! and! an! Investigator! in! HHMI.! After! 16! years! in! Houston,! he! moved! to! UCSD! in! 1995.! ! In! the! 1980’s,! he! guided! the! establishment!of!computer]aided!drug!discovery! in!Agouron!Pharmaceuticals!(now!Pfizer’s!La!Jolla! Laboratories),! contributing! to! the! development! of! the! HIV]1! protease! inhibitor,! nelfinavir! (Viracept).!!! ! His! group’s! studies! of! HIV]1! integrase! flexibility! subsequently! aided! the! discovery! of! raltegravir! (Isentress)!by!Merck!&!Co.!He!is!a!Fellow!of!the! American! Academy! of! Arts! and! Sciences! and! a! Member!of!the!US!National!Academy!of!Sciences.! !

! 60! ! ComputerNaided*Drug*Discovery* * The!selective!character!of!the!binding!and!reactivity!of!key!biological!molecules!is!essential! for!life.!!Properly!understood,!such!selectivity!can!be!exploited!in!the!design!of!drugs,!novel! antibodies! or! enzymes,! sensors,! or! a! host! of! other! materials! or! devices.! ! This! talk! will! provide! a! brief! overview! of! how! computer! simulations! can! be! used! quantitatively! to! interpret!the!selectivity!of!molecular!behavior.!!Particular!emphasis!will!be!placed!on!proper! accounting!of!the!flexibility!of!the!receptor!in!the!design!of!ligands.!!The!Relaxed!Complex! Scheme!for!sampling!receptor!conformations!played!a!key!role!in!the!discovery!of!the!first! FDA]approved!inhibitor!of!HIV!integrase,!and!it!has!led!to!new!antibiotic!leads!and!other! promising!compounds.!!! ! The! Accelerated! Molecular! Dynamics! method! increases! the! power! of! such! studies,! and! opens!the!way!to!the!discovery!of!ligands!by!direct!simulation!of!their!binding!processes.! Very! recently,! novel! constant]pH! molecular! dynamics! simulation! methods! have! proven! useful! in! the! calculation! of! the! pH]dependent! free! energy! of! binding! of! drug! leads.! The! potential! of! new! generations! of! computing! hardware! and! methodology! to! dramatically! transform!this!area!of!work!will!be!emphasized.!Images!and!animations!related!to!this!work! can!be!found!at!the!website!http://mccammon.ucsd.edu/.! !

! 61! ! Professor*Josef*Michl* University! of! Colorado! at! Boulder,! United! States,! and! Institute! of! Organic! Chemistry! and! Biochemistry!ASCR,!Czech!Republic! ! Born! in! 1939! in! Prague,! Czechoslovakia.!! M.S.!in!Chemistry!in!1961!with!V.!Horák!and! P.! Zuman! at! Charles! University,! Ph.D.! in! 1965!with!R.!Zahradník!at!the!Czechoslovak! Academy! of! Sciences,! all! in! Prague.! ! Left! Czechoslovakia! in! 1968,! did! postdoctoral! work!with!R.!S.!Becker!at!the!University!of! Houston,!M.!J.!S.!Dewar!at!the!University!of! Texas! at! Austin,! J.! Linderberg! at! Aarhus! University,!Denmark,!and!F.!E.!Harris!at!the! University! of! Utah,! where! he! stayed! and! became!a!full!professor!in!1975!and!served! as!chairman!in!1979]1984.!!In!1986]1990!he! held!the!M.!K.!Collie]Welch!Regents!Chair!in! Chemistry! at! the! University! of! Texas! at! Austin! and! subsequently! moved! to! the! University!of!Colorado,!Boulder,!CO,!where! he! is! Professor! of! Chemistry! presently.!! Since! 2006,! he! has! had! an! appointment! in! the! Institute! of! Organic! Chemistry! and! Biochemistry!of!Czech!Academy!of!Sciences!in!Prague,!Czech!Republic.! He!has!held!numerous!visiting!professorships!and!named!lectureships,!delivered!hundreds! of! invited! lectures! at! institutions! and! conferences,! has! served! on! many! professional! and! editorial!boards,!advisory!councils,!and!committees,!and!has!organized!several!international! conferences.! ! He! has! been! a! Sloan,! a! Guggenheim,! a! Fulbright,! a! University! of! Colorado! Faculty,! and! ACS! Fellow,! has! won! the! Cope! Scholar,! Utah! Section,! Kosolapoff! and! James! Flack! Norris! ACS! Awards,! the! A.! v.! Humboldt! Senior! U.S.! Scientist,! Japan! Society! for! Promotion! of! Science,! Inter]American! Photochemical! Society,! Hammond,! Boron! in! the! Americas,!and!Wichterle!Awards,!the!Schrödinger!and!Porter!Medals,!the!J.!Heyrovský!and! Charles! University! Gold! Medals,! the! Patria! award! from! the! Czech! government,! and! the! Marinus! Smith! Award! of! the! University! of! Colorado.! ! He! has! honorary! degrees! from! Georgetown! University,! the! University! of! Pardubice! and! the! Masaryk! University.! ! He! is! a! member!of!the!US!National!Academy!of!Sciences,!and!the!American!Academy!of!Arts!and! Sciences,!and!an!honorary!member!of!the!Czech!Learned!Society.!!He!is!the!President!of!the! International! Academy! of! Quantum! Molecular! Science.! ! He! was! the! editor]in]chief! of! Chemical# Reviews! in! 1984]2014,! has! co]authored! five! books! on! photochemistry! and! polarization!spectroscopy,!and!over!six!hundred!scientific!papers.! !

! 62! ! Unconventional*Solar*Energy*–*Singlet*Fission! ! Singlet!fission!is!a!process!that!generates!two!triplet!excitations!from!one!singlet!excitation.!! It!offers!the!potential!to!overcome!the!one]third!Shockley]Queisser!limit!in!single]junction! solar!cells!and!to!increase!to!nearly!one]half!the!theoretical!efficiency!of!inexpensive!cells! with!two!sensitizer!layers!but!no!current!matching!requirement.!!The!difficulty!is!that!the! number!of!materials!known!to!perform!singlet!fission!efficiently!is!extremely!small!and!their! structures! are! mostly! quite! similar.! ! We! shall! provide! an! overview! of! our! efforts! to! use! simple!quantum!chemical!models!to!formulate!structural!design!rules!for!different!types!of! materials!that!would!perform!singlet!fission!efficiently.!!We!are!interested!in!chromophores! that!are!either!much!smaller!than!the!few!already!known,!for!easier!high]level!treatment,!or! much!sturdier,!for!practical!utility.!!We!address!two!issues,!(i)!choice!of!chromophores,!and! (ii)!choice!of!the!spatial!relation!between!them.!!! ! Of! the! two! classes! of! chromophores! that! we! have! identified! as! promising,! alternant! hydrocarbons!and!biradicaloids,!we!have!focused!on!the!latter!as!structurally!more!diverse,! and!shall!describe!several!new!candidates.!As!for!the!spatial!relation,!using!a!combination!of! two! ethylenes! and! performing! a! fairly! complete! numerical! search! in! the! six]dimensional! space!of!their!mutual!disposition,!the!best!choice!found!so!far!is!a!slip]stacked!geometry,! with! the! slip! in! the! direction! of! the! HOMO]LUMO! transition! moment.! ! A! further! simplification!of!the!model!leads!to!a!formulation!of!a!structurally!predictive!formula!that! requires!only!the!knowledge!of!the!coefficients!of!the!Hueckel!frontier!molecular!orbitals! and!of!the!overlaps!of!the!atomic!orbitals!on!the!two!chromophores.! ! !

! 63! ! Professor*William*Moerner* Stanford!University,!United!States! ! W.! E.! (William! Esco)! Moerner,! the! Harry! S.! Mosher! Professor!of!Chemistry!and!Professor,!by!courtesy,!of! Applied! Physics! at! Stanford! University,! conducts! research!in!physical!chemistry!and!chemical!physics! of! single! molecules,!single] molecule!biophysics,!super]resolution!imaging! and! tracking!in!cells,!and!trapping!of!single!molecules!in! solution.! His! interests! span! methods! of! precise! quantitation! of! single]! molecule! properties,! to! strategies! for!three]dimensional!imaging! and! tracking!of!single!molecules,!to!applications!of!single] molecule!measurements! to! understand! biological! processes! in! cells,! to! observations! of! the! photodynamics!of!single!photosynthetic!proteins!and! enzymes.!! ! He! has! been! elected! Fellow/Member! of! the! NAS,! American!Academy!of!Arts!and!Sciences,!AAAS,!ACS,! APS,! and! OSA.! Major! awards! include! the! Earle! K.! Plyler!Prize!for!Molecular!Spectroscopy,!the!Irving!Langmuir!Prize!in!Chemical!Physics,!the! Pittsburgh! Spectroscopy! Award,! the! Peter! Debye! Award! in! Physical! Chemistry,! the! Wolf! Prize!in!Chemistry,!and!the!2014!Nobel!Prize!in!Chemistry.! ! !

! 64! ! ! SingleNMolecule* Spectroscopy,* Blinking,* and* Photocontrol:* Foundations* for* SuperN Resolution*Microscopy* # More!than!25!years!ago,!low!temperature!experiments!aimed!at!establishing!the!ultimate! limits! to! optical! storage! in! solids! led! to! the! first! optical! detection! and! spectroscopy! of! a! single!molecule!in!the!condensed!phase.!!At!this!unexplored!ultimate!limit,!many!surprises! occurred! where! single! molecules! showed! both! spontaneous! changes! (blinking)! and! light] driven!control!of!emission,!properties!that!were!also!observed!in!1997!at!room!temperature! with!single!green!fluorescent!protein!variants.!In!2006,!PALM!and!subsequent!approaches! showed!that!the!optical!diffraction!limit!of!~200!nm!can!be!circumvented!to!achieve!super] resolution! fluorescence! microscopy,! or! nanoscopy,! with! relatively! nonperturbative! visible! light.! ! Essential! to! this! is! the! combination! of! single]molecule! fluorescence! imaging! with! active! control! of! the! emitting! concentration! and! sequential! localization! of! single! fluorophores!decorating!a!structure.!!! ! Super]resolution! microscopy! has! opened! up! a! new! frontier! in! which! biological! structures! and!behavior!can!be!observed!in!live!cells!with!resolutions!down!to!20]40!nm!and!below.!! Examples! range! from! protein! superstructures! in! bacteria! to! bands! in! actin! filaments! to! details! of! the! shapes! of! amyloid! fibrils! and! much! more.! ! Current! methods! development! research!addresses!ways!to!extract!more!information!from!each!single!molecule!such!as!3D! position!and!orientation,!in!thick!cells.!Still,!it!is!worth!noting!that!in!spite!of!all!the!focus!on! super]resolution,! even! in! the! “conventional”! single]molecule! tracking! regime! where! the! motions! of! individual! biomolecules! are! recorded! in! solution! or! in! cells! rather! than! the! shapes!of!extended!structures,!much!can!still!be!learned!about!biological!processes.!!! !

! 65! ! Professor*Shuji*Nakamura* University!of!California!Santa!Barbara,!United!States! ! Dr.! Shuji! Nakamura! obtained! B.E.,! M.S.,! and! Ph.D.! degrees!in!Electrical!Engineering!from!the!University!of! Tokushima.!!He! joined! Nichia! Chemical! Industries! Ltd.! in! 1979.! In! 1989,! he! started! researching! blue! LEDs! using!group]III!nitride!materials.!Nakamura!developed! the! first! III]nitride]based! blue/green! LEDs! and! III] nitride]based!violet!laser!diodes.!! ! Dr.!Nakamura!joined!the!University!of!California,!Santa! Barbara!in!1999.!He!is!currently!the!Research!Director! of!the!Solid!State!Lighting!&!Energy!Electronics!Center! and! The! Cree! Professor! in! Solid! State! Lighting! and! Display.! His! research! includes! MOCVD,! UVPE,! and! growth!and!device!fabrication!of!gallium!nitride!(GaN)! light]emitters.! He! received! the! 2006! Millennium! Technology! Prize! for! his! invention! of! revolutionary! new! energy]saving! light! sources!and! the! 2014! Nobel! Laureate!in!Physics!for!the!invention!of!efficient!blue! LEDs,! which! have! enabled! bright! and! energy]saving! white!light!sources.!Dr.!Nakamura!is!also!the!co]founder!of!Soraa!Inc.!! !

! 66! ! ! Background*Story*and*Development*of*High*Efficiency*Blue*GaN*LEDs*and*Laser*Diodes* ! The! development! of! high! brightness! blue! LEDs! and! blue! laser! diodes! required! many! breakthroughs!of!III]Nitride!growth,!p]type!conductivity!control!and!device!structures!using! InGaN/GaN! double! heterostructures.! First,! the! speaker! will! discuss! the! history! and! background!story!of!the!key!scientific!issues!solved!in!order!to!realize!high!efficiency!solid! state! lighting.! ! The! fundamental! discovery! of! high! quality! p]type! doping! by! removing! hydrogen!passivation,!and!the!role!of!the!InGaN/GaN!double!heterostructure!in!achieving! high! brightness! blue! LEDs! and! Laser! Diodes! will! be! described.! ! Next! the! speaker! will! talk! about! the! latest! results! of! nonpolar! and! semipolar! emitting! devices! at! the! University! of! California!at!Santa!Barbara.!In!particular,!solving!both!current!“droop”!and!thermal!“droop”! has!been!identified!as!key!roadblocks!to!cost!reduction!and!further!improvements!in!LED! Lighting.!New!LED!structures!grown!by!MOCVD!on!semipolar!orientations!of!bulk!GaN!have! shown! remarkable! efficiencies! with! EQE! greater! than! 50%! at! high! current! densities! (400A/cm2)! and! improved! thermal! droop! characteristics.! The! future! uses! of! GaN! laser! in! display!and!lighting!will!be!introduced.! !

! 67! ! Professor*Dinshaw*Patel* Memorial!Sloan!Kettering!Cancer!Center,!United!States! ! Dr.!Dinshaw!J.!Patel!received!his!PhD!in!Chemistry! from! New! York! University! in! 1968.! He! was! a! Distinguished! Member! of! Technical! Staff! at! AT&T! Bell! Laboratories! for! 17! years,! a! Professor! of! Biochemistry! and! Molecular! Biophysics! at! Columbia! University! for! 8! years,! before! taking! up! his! current! appointment! at! the! Memorial! Sloan] Kettering! Cancer! Center! in! 1992! as! Abby! Rockefeller! Mauze! Chair! in! Experimental! Therapeutics.! He! is! a! Member! of! the! US! National! Academy! of! Sciences! and! American! Academy! of! Arts!and!Sciences.! ! The! structural! biology! research! of! Dr.! Patel! has! focused!on!combined!structure]function!studies!of! RNA! folding! and! catalysis,! RNA! silencing,! histone! and! DNA! modification]mediated! epigenetic! regulation,! lipid! transfer! proteins! and! pattern! recognition! receptors! of! infection! that! trigger! an! immune!response.! ! His! laboratory! has! contributed! to! our! structural! understanding! of! riboswitches! and! ribozymes! involved! in! gene! regulation,! thereby! defining! the! architecture! of! higher]order! RNA! scaffolds,! the! evolution! of! ligand]binding! pockets! and! mechanisms! underlying! RNA] mediated!catalysis.!His!laboratory!has!made!groundbreaking!contributions!to!protein]RNA! recognition!events!in!the!RNA!silencing!pathway.!The!focus!has!been!on!the!enzymes!Dicer! and!Argonaute!and!their!complexes!with!RNA,!leading!to!a!mechanistic!understanding!of! nucleation,!propagation!and!cleavage!steps!associated!with!the!Argonaute]mediated!RNA! silencing! pathway.! His! laboratory! has! also! been! interested! in! the! structural! biology! of! readers,!writers!and!erasers!of!histone!and!cytosine!methylation!marks.!Structural!studies! have! identified! the! principles! underlying! readout! specificity! of! histone! marks,! as! well! as! elucidated! how! a! combination! of! active! and! autoinhibitory! mechanisms! ensure! the! high! fidelity! of! maintenance! DNA! methylation.! ! His! laboratory! has! contributed! to! our! current! understanding! of! how! lipid! transfer! proteins! acquire! and! release! glycosphingolipids! and! phospholipids!during!lipid!intermembrane!transfer!and!presentation!processes.!! ! Recently,! his! laboratory! has! studied! metazoan! sensors! of! dsDNA! in! the! cytoplasm! that! trigger! the! innate! immune! response.! Structural! studies! have! highlighted! the! principles! underlying!generation!of!the!metazoan!second!messenger!cyclic!GAMP!produced!by!DNA] activated! cyclic! GMP]AMP! synthase,! the! activation! of! the! adaptor! STING! by! cGAMP! and! targeting!of!STING!by!anti]viral!small!molecules.!! !

! 68! ! StructureNFunction*Studies*of*Cytosolic*DNA*Sensors*Governing*the*Interferon*Response! ! The!lecture!will!outline!recent!results!that!have!emerged!from!a!collaborative!program!(1)! on!the!metazoan!cytoplasmic!dsDNA!sensor!cyclic!GMP]AMP!synthase!(cGAS).!These!studies! address!the!role!of!cyclic!GMP]AMP!(cGAMP)!as!a!metazoan!second!messenger!triggering!an! interferon! response,! with! the! cGAMP! linkage! isomer! c[G(2’,5’)pA(3’,5’)p]! generated! from! GTP!and!ATP!by!DNA]activated!cGAS.!Our!structural]functional!studies!will!highlight!how!a! single! catalytic! pocket! can! generate! c[G(2’,5’)pA(3’,5’)p]! through! a! step]wise! cyclization! process,!thereby!identifying!and!structurally/chemically!characterizing!a!founding!member! of!a!new!family!of!metazoan!cyclic!hetero!dinucleotide!second!messengers!(2).!The!lecture! will! also! outline! structure]function! studies! of! the! activation! of! signaling! protein! STING! (stimulator!of!interferon!genes)!by!c[G(2’,5’)pA(3’,5’)p],!its!linkage!isomers!and!drug!DMXAA! (3,!4).! ! 1. Laboratories! of! Thomas! Tuschl! (Rockefeller! University,! in# vitro! biochemical! studies),! Winfried! Barchet! and! Gunther! Hartmann! (University! Hospital,! Bonn,! in# vivo! cellular! studies),! Liang! Deng! (Memorial! Sloan]Kettering! Cancer! Center,! innate! signaling! mechanisms),! Roger! Jones! (Rutgers! University,! synthetic! chemistry)! and! our! group! (Memorial!Sloan]Kettering!Cancer!Center,!structural!biology).! 2. Gao,!P.!et!al.!and!Patel,!D.!J.!(2013).!Cyclic![G(2’,5’)pA(3’,5’)p]!is!the!metazoan!second! messenger!produced!by!DNA]activated!cyclic!GMP]AMP!synthase.!Cell!153,!1094]1107.! 3. Gao,!P.!et!al.!and!Patel,!D.J.!(2013)!Structure]function!analysis!of!STING!activation!by! c[G(2’,5’)pA(3’,5’)p]!and!targeting!by!DMXAA.!Cell#154,!748]762.! 4. Gao,!P.!et!al.!and!Patel,!D.!J.!(2014).!Binding!pocket!and!lid!region!substituents!render! human!STING!sensitive!to!mouse]selective!drug!DMXAA.!Cell!Reports!8,!1668]1676.! !

! 69! ! Professor*Dina*Petranovic* Chalmers!University!of!Technology,!Sweden! ! Associate!Professor!Dina!Petranovic!was!born!in! Zagreb,! Croatia,! where! she! studied! Molecular! Biology.! During! her! Bsc! and! Msc! projects! she! worked!with!maze!and!yeast!mitochondrial!seryl] tRNA! synthetase.! She! holds! a! PhD! in! Molecular! Microbiology!from!Université!Paris!XI,!where!she! graduated! in! 2004! with! summa# cum# laude.! Her! PhD! project! was! focused! on! transcriptional! regulation!in!Lactococcus#lactis,!mediated!by!the! transcriptional!regulator!CodY.!! ! After! her! thesis! Prof! Petranovic! went! for! two! postdocs! in! Copenhagen,! Denmark,! where! she! worked! on! L.# lactis! and! Bacillus# subtilis! signal! transduction! mediated! by! tyrosine! phosphorylation,! and! on! yeast! systems! biology.! In! 2008! Dina! moved! to! Chalmers! University! of! Technology!and!established!a!group!on!cell!aging! and!death!research.!Her!work!has!been!published!in!44!international!peer]reviewed!articles.! In!2013!Dina!was!tenured!at!Chalmers!and!that!same!year!she!also!received!The!Chalmers! Award!as!the!best!teacher.!! ! Dina!has!extensive!academic!experience!as!mentor!and!supervisor,!reviewer,!editor,!expert! evaluator! and! scientific! manager.! Since2012! she! is! the! CEO! Global! of! the! Molecular! Frontiers! Foundation! that! is! established! under! the! Royal! Swedish! Academy! of! Sciences! (KVA).!! ! For! a! more! complete! CV! please! check! the! Petranovic! Lab! page:! http://www.sysbio.se/Lab_Petranovic/lab_dina.html!! !

! 70! ! Mutant*Ubiquitin*(UBB+1)*and*Alzheimer’s*Disease*(AD)* ! The! ubiquitin]proteasome! system! (UPS)! is! a! principal! proteolytic! pathway! which! plays! a! major! role! in! a! variety! of! fundamental! cellular! processes! (Upadhya! et! a.,! 2006).! Dysfunctional!UPS!has!been!involved!in!neurodegenerative!disorders,!in!which!proteasome! function!has!been!shown!to!be!decreased!(de!Vrij!et!al.,!2004).!UBB+1!(ubiquitin!B!protein+1)! is! a! mutant! of! the! ubiquitin! B! protein! which! accumulates! in! an! age]dependent! manner,! occurs!as!a!result!of!molecular!misreading,!and!appears!to!contribute!to!the!neuropathology! in!Alzheimer’s!disease!(AD)!(Dennissen!et!al.,!2010).!! In! order! to! investigate! the! intracellular! mechanisms,! we! are! interested! in! understanding! how! the! level! of! UBB+1! is! involved! in! the! abnormal! activity! of! UPS,! particularly! under! conditions!of!aging!as!this!is!the!highest!risk!factor!for!neurodegenerative!disorders!such!as! AD.!We!use!yeast!as!a!model!Eukaryal!system!and!for!study!of!proteins!involved!in!AD,!and! their!influence!on!the!cell.!! ! In! this! project! we! will! use! a! broad! range! of! techniques! such! as! genetic! engineering,! apoptosis! and! viability! assays,! mitochondrial! integrity! tests,! activation! of! caspases! measurements,! ROS! quantification,! ER]stress! induction,! proteasome! activity! and! genome] wide!transcription!response.!! ! Our! goal! is! to! understand! the! functions! of! UBB+1! including! characterizing! its! molecular! mechanisms!of!action!and!genetic!determinants!(as!found!in!yeast)!and!studying!its!effect! on!cellular!pathways!related!to!aging!and!neurodegeneration!on!the!cellular!level!(neuronal! cultures)! as! well! as! on! the! organism! level! in! an! AD! animal! model! (fruit! fly).! Such! understanding!may!reveal!important!links!between!UBB+1!expression!and!protein!misfolding! and!aggregation!that!are!the!major!pathological!hallmarks!of!AD,!and!has!the!potential!of! providing!new!targets!for!future!therapeutic!intervention.! !

! 71! ! Professor*Barry*Sharpless* The!Scripps!Research!Institute,!United!States! ! K.! Barry! Sharpless! is! best! known! among! synthetic! chemists! for! discovering! and! developing! many! widely! used! catalytic! oxidation! processes,! especially! the! work! for! which!he!received!a!Nobel!Prize!in!2001,!the! first! general! methods! for! asymmetric!oxidation—the!Sharpless! reactions!for!asymmetric!epoxidation!(1980),! dihydroxylation! (1988)! ,! and! aminohydroxylation!(1996).! Among! a! newer! generation! of! scientists! representing! the! entire! chemical! spectrum,! from! chemical! engineering! and! materials! to! chemical!biology,!Sharpless!is!known!for!click! chemistry,!a!term!he!coined!in!1998.!Inspired! by! the! complexity! nature! achieves! from! a! handful! of! building! blocks,! Sharpless! started! actively! looking! in! the!mid]90s!for! a! way! to! discover! new! chemical! connectivity! and! reactivity.! Click! chemistry! did! not! gain! momentum! until! his! group's! discovery! of! CuAAC! (the!copper]catalyzed!azide]alkynecycloaddition),! a!near]perfect!reaction! (2002).! Recently! the!Sharpless!group!discovered!SuFEx,!also!near]perfect!for!click!chemistry.!In!concert!with! the!thiol]ene!reaction,!these!three!make!click!chemistry!a!far]reaching!method!for!discovery! chemistry.! In!2011!Thomson!Reuters!named!the!top!100!chemists!whose!papers!published!in!the!first! decade!of!the!21st!Century!achieved!the!highest!citation!impact!scores:!Sharpless!was!#4.! Sharplesses'! mentors! at! Dartmouth! (BA! ,1963),! Stanford! (PhD,! 1968,! and! postdoc),! and! Harvard!(postdoc)!were!Professors!T.!A.!Spencer,!E.!E.!van!Tamelen,!J.!P.!Collman,!and!K.! Bloch,! respectively.! Before! joining! The! Scripps! Research! Institute! (TSRI)! in! 1990! as! W.! M.! Keck! Professor! of! Chemistry,! he! was! a!long]time!member! of! the! MIT! chemistry! faculty,! except!for!three!years!at!Stanford!(1977]1980)! Some!of!Sharplesses'!honors!include!the!Chemical!Sciences!Award!of!the!National!Academy! of!Sciences!(elected!member,!1985),!the!Roger!Adams!and!Arthur!C.!Cope!Awards!of!the! American!Chemical!Society,!the!Tetrahedron!Award,!the!King!Faisal!Prize,!the!Prelog!Medal,! the!Wolf!Prize,!and!over!twenty!honorary!doctorates!and!professorships.! !

! 72! ! Exploring*The*Sulfate*World* * Making!stable!molecular!links!is!click!chemistry's!core.!Now!there!are!three!linker!methods! that! are! near]perfect! for! click! chemistry:! 1)! SuFEx,! the! new! catalytic! sulfuryl! fluoride! exchange,! and! 2)! CuAAC,! copper]catalyzed! azide]alkyne! cycloaddition,! both! from! our! laboratories;!and!3)!the!radical]mediated!thiol]ene!reaction!developed!in!the!laboratory!of! the!late!Charles!Hoyle,!who!for!decades!championed!the!versatility!of!thiol]ene!couplings.! Finding!SuFEx!was!as!impossible!to!predict!(a!characteristic!of!the!genuinely!new)!as!Peak! Performance's!meeting!up!with!Arthur!in!Ecuador!!! Our!Ecuadorian!jungle!was!the!search!for!a!more!robust!sulfur]connecting!protocol.!Instead! of!starting!with!a!meatball,!SuFEx!started!with!sulfuryl!fluoride.!And!because!both!Arthur! and! SO2F2! are! genuine! singularities—small! (dog! and! molecule)! but! apparently! unbreakable—the!former!now!lives!in!Sweden!and!the!later!became!the!parent!to!SuFEx.!!!

SO2F2!is! so! phenomenally! stable! that! it! was! considered! de# facto! inert.! Add! its! deadliness! (SO2F2!became!a!widely]used!fumigant!gas!that!kills!all!life),!and!the!result!was!the!sulfuryl! fluorides!no!longer!being!investigated!by!chemists.!!

Why!our!group!did!pursue!SO2F2,!how!we!made!it!reactive,!where!its!enormous!reactivity! constraints!led!us,!and!its!remarkable!acid]base!kinship!with!the!chemistry!of!life,!will!be! discussed.! Why! exploiting! click! chemistry! requires! "perfect"! reactions! will! be! explained.! Examples!will!show!how!SuFEx!reactions!are!the!portal!to!previously!unknown,!so!hitherto! wholly! unexplored,! galaxies! within! the! chemical! universe.! Possible! explanations! for! the! mysteries!of!SuFEx!transformations,!a!few!of!my!favorite!SuFEx!surprises,!and!predictions! (i.e.!informed!wild!guesses)!will!follow.! !

! 73! ! Professor*Sir*John*Meurig*Thomas* University!of!Cambridge,!United!Kingdom! ! John! Meurig! Thomas! taught! and! researched! at! the! University! of! Wales! (Bangor! and! Aberystwyth)! before! moving! to! the! University! of! Cambridge! as! Head! of! the! Department! of! Physical! Chemistry! in! 1978.! ! He! was! appointed! Director! of! the! Royal! Institution!of!Great!Britain,!London!in!1986!and!also! the!Director!of!the!Davy!Faraday!Laboratory.!!In!1993! he!became!Master!(Head)!of!Peterhouse,!the!oldest! college! in! the! University! of! Cambridge.! ! Since! that! time!he!has!been!Honorary!Professor!of!Solid]State! Chemistry! in! the! Department! of! Materials! Science,! Cambridge.! His! early! work! was! concerned! with! the! characterization! and! chemical! consequences! of! dislocations! and! other! structural! defects! in! molecular! crystals,! certain! minerals! and! layered! solids.!!He!was!one!of!the!first!to!exploit!and!adapt! electron! microscopy! as! an! indispensable! chemical! tool.!!From!the!mid]1990s,!with!his!combined,!simultaneous!use!of!X]ray!absorption!and!X] ray!diffraction,!coupled!with!GC/MS/FTIR,!he!achieved!new!in#situ!insights!into!the!mode!of! operation!of!his!molecularly!designed!heterogeneous!catalysts!for!the!production!of!a!wide! range! of! new! materials.! ! His! approach! to! active! site! engineering,! which! earned! him! the! Willard]Gibbs! gold! medal! and! the! first! Amer.# Chem.# Soc# Award! for! “Creative# Research# in# Homogeneous#and#Heterogeneous#Catalysis”#(in!1999),!has!led!to!the!design!of!numerous! nanoporous! single]site! catalysts,! where! the! advantages! of! both! homogeneous! and! heterogeneous!catalysts!are!unified.! Early! work! of! his! in! geochemistry! was! recognized! when! a! new! mineral,! meurigite,! was! named!in!his!honour.!!He!is!a!keen!populariser!of!scientific!culture,!for!which,!along!with!his! services!to!chemistry,!he!was!knighted!in!1991.!! !

! 74! ! Tomorrow’s*Catalysts:*Actual*And*Desired* ! Catalysts! are! the! backbone! of! the! chemical! industry.! ! They! are! of! central! importance! in! generating!the!materials!that!sustain!and!improve!the!quality!of!civilized!life.!!They!are!also! of!pivotal!importance!in!the!production!and!storage!of!energy,!as!well!as!of!petrochemicals! and!all!the!materials!derived!from!them.! For!environmental,!economic!and!political!reasons!there!is!a!pressing!need!to!rely!less!on! non]renewables!and!more!on!renewable!feedstocks!and!also!to!devise!processes!that,!with! the! aid! of! judiciously! designed! new! catalysts,! produce! no! waste! or! cause! pollution.! ! In! addition,! for! many! of! the! bulk! materials,! fine! chemicals! and! pharmaceuticals! now! in! extensive! use,! ecologically! responsible! and! otherwise! desirable! improvements! in! preparation!and!performance!need!to!be!made!to!existing!catalysts!by!harnessing!recent! advances!in!nanoscience!and!nanotechnology.! The! search! for! atom]efficient! heterogeneous! catalysts,! especially! as! applied! to! the! expensive! platinum! group! metals! and! other! widely! used! catalysts,! has! recently! intensified;[1,2]! and! considerable! progress! of! a! fundamental! kind! has! been! made! in! the! design!and!operation!of!efficient!new!single]site,!as!well!as!single]atom,!catalysts.!!Materials! chemical! techniques! can! be! used! to! fashion! new,! nanoporous! (single]site)! catalysts! composed!of!earth]abundant!elements!such!as!Al,!Si,!O;!and!also!to!construct!single]atom! catalysts! composed! of! expensive! and! relatively! rare! metals! such! as! Pt,! Pd,! Ir! and! Au! supported!on!high]area!benign!and!plentiful!oxides.!!Advances!in!a!selection!of!both!in#situ! and!ex#situ!techniques!have!greatly!facilitated!the!design!and!characterization!of!these!novel! catalysts.! *

• M.! Yang! and! M.! Flytzani]Stephanopoulos! et# al.# # A! common! single]site! Pt(II).O.(OH)x! species! stabilized! by! sodium! on! ‘active’! and! ‘inert’! supports! catalyzes! the! water]gas! shift!reaction!(CO+H2O→CO2+H2).!!J.#Amer.#Chem.#Soc.,#(2015),!DOI!10.1021/ja513292k.! • J.!M.!Thomas!and!W.!J.!Thomas,!“Principles#and#Practice#of#Heterogeneous#Catalysts”,! 2nd!Edition,!Wiley]VCH,!(2015).! !

! 75! ! Professor*Peter*von*Hippel* University!of!Oregon,!United!States! ! Peter!von!Hippel!received!his!undergraduate!and! graduate!education!at!MIT,!culminating!in!a!Ph.D.! degree!in!Quantitative!Biology!and!Biophysics!in! 1955.! His! thesis! research! involved! working! out! how!the!various!protein!(casein)!components!of! skim! milk! interacted! in! forming! stable! casein! micelles,! which! turned! out! to! be! stabilized! by! a! balanced! set! of! hydrophobic! and! electrostatic! interactions.!As!a!postdoctoral!fellow!von!Hippel! worked! at! the! Naval! Medical! Research! Institute! (Bethesda,! MD)! on! solution! studies! of! muscle! contraction! mechanisms,! including! studies! of! ATP]driven! conformational! changes! in! actomyosin.! He! then! moved! to! Dartmouth! Medical! School! (Hanover,! NH)! as! an! Assistant! and! Associate! Professor! of! Biochemistry,! and! their! lab! carried! out! research! on! the! effects! of! solvent! modifiers,! including! the! Hofmeister! series!of!ions,!on!the!structure!and!stability!of!globular!and!fibrous!proteins.!They!also!used! hydrogen!exchange!methods!to!make!the!first!measurements!of!the!‘breathing’!reactions! (base]pair!opening!and!closing)!of!duplex!DNA.!! ! In!1967!their!research!group!moved!to!the!Institute!of!Molecular!Biology!at!the!University!of! Oregon,! where! they! started! to! work! on! the! molecular! mechanisms! of! protein]DNA! interactions,!using!the!control!of!transcription!by!E.#coli#lac!repressor!and!RNA!polymerase! as!our!model!systems.!Soon!they!added!studies!of!the!proteins!and!protein!complexes!of! the!DNA!replication!system!of!E.#coli#bacteriophage!T4!as!well.!The!assembly!and!function!of! these!systems!as!paradigmic!models!for!understanding!the!‘macromolecular!machines’!of! DNA! transcription! and! replication! has! largely! occupied! their! lab! ever! since.! Von! Hippel! research!group!has!put!out!about!250!research!papers!in!these!general!research!areas,!and! this!work!has!been!supported!by!multiple!grants!from!NIH,!NSF!and!the!American!Cancer! Society,! and! also! resulted! in! election! to! the! National! Academy! of! Sciences,! the! American! Academy!of!Arts!and!Sciences,!and!the!American!Philosophical!Society.!! ! Along!the!way!von!Hippel!has!served!as!Chair!of!the!Biochemistry!Department!at!Dartmouth! Medical!School,!and!then!Director!of!the!Institute!of!Molecular!Biology!and!subsequently! also! Chair! of! Chemistry! at! the! University! of! Oregon.! He! has! held! many! advisory! roles! for! federal!agencies,!and!been!much!involved!with!professional!societies!and!journal!editing.! Since! 1999! von! Hippel! has! been! a! Research! Professor! at! the! University! of! Oregon,! and! continue! to! maintain! an! active! research! laboratory! working! on! various! aspects! of! nucleic! acid]protein!interactions!by!single!molecule!and!bulk!solution!techniques.! !

! 76! ! The* Multiple* Roles* Of* The* NonN(Sequence)NSpecific* Binding* Of* GenomeNRegulatory* Proteins*To*DNA*In#Vitro*And*In#Vivo”! ! The!base]pair!sequences!of!the!DNA!genome!carry!the!central!structural,!developmental,! functional,! regulatory! and! transcriptional! coding! information! needed! to! direct! cellular! processes,!but!this!information!must!be!read!and!exploited!by!proteins.!Much!attention!has! been! paid! to! how! functional! and! regulatory! proteins! recognize! and! interact! with! specific! double]stranded!(ds])!DNA!target!sites,!but!much!less!thought!has!been!given!to!why!and! how!proteins!bind!to!DNA!in!the!first!place,!and!how!general!non]sequence]specific!features! of!DNA!underlie!and!control!essentially!all!aspects!of!DNA]regulated!cellular!function.!In!this! overview!I!will!attempt!to!summarize!what!is!known!about!these!issues,!based!on!old!and! new!work!from!our!lab!and!others!and!focusing!–!as!examples!–!on!nonspecific!DNA!binding! studies!of!E.#coli!lac!repressor!and!RNA!polymerase!and!the!single]stranded!binding!protein! (gp32)!of!the!bacteriophage!T4!DNA!replication!system.!! ! I! will! start! with! the! basic! thermodynamic! forces! and! interactions! that! drive! the! assembly! and!stabilization!DNA]protein!complexes,!and!then!describe!how!sequence]specific!protein] DNA! binding! affinities! depend! on! thermodynamic! coupling! to! nonspecific! DNA! binding! interactions.! I! will! also! consider! how! the! polyelectrolyte! nature! of! DNA! leads! to! ion! condensation!and!thus!makes!possible!facilitated!diffusion!of!proteins!in!the!nonspecifically! bound!state,!how!this!facilitated!diffusion!can!perturb!the!dynamics!of!specific!DNA!target! site! location! and! docking,! and! how! other! DNA]bound! proteins! and! protein! complexes! interfere! with! and! direct! these! processes! in# vitro! and! in# vivo.! Finally! I! will! discuss! how! proteins,!whose!primary!(or!even!sole)!activity!is!nonspecific!binding!to!single]!and!double] stranded! DNA,! interact! with! and! manipulate! such! DNA! sequences! in! discharging! their! biological!functions.!! !

! 77! ! Professor*Ariel*Warshel* University!of!Southern!California,!United!States! ! Arieh! Warshel,! Distinguished! Professor! of! Chemistry! at! the! University! of! Southern! California’s!Dornsife!College!of!Letters,!Arts!and! Sciences,!was!awarded!a!Nobel!Prize!in!2013!for! his! groundbreaking! research! in! theoretical! chemistry.!Dr.!Warshel!holds!the!Dana!and!David! Dornsife!Chair!in!Chemistry!at!USC,!where!he!has! served!on!the!faculty!since!1976.!! ! A!member!of!the!National!Academy!of!Sciences,! Dr.!Warshel!has!pioneered!computer!simulations! of! the! functions! of! biological! molecules.! He! has! authored! nearly! 400! peer]reviewed! articles,! including! the! book,! Computer# Modeling# of# Chemical# Reactions# in# Enzymes# and# Solutions# (Wiley! Professional,! 1991.)! He! co]developed! computer! programs! for! molecular! simulations! which! have! been! used! extensively! in! different! applications!including!the!development!of!new!pharmaceuticals.!He!and!his!coworkers!have! pioneered! key! approaches! for! simulating! the! functions! of! biological! molecules,! including! introducing!molecular!dynamics!in!biology,!developing!the!quantum!mechanical/molecular] mechanical!(QM/MM)!approach,!introducing!simulations!of!enzymatic!reactions,!pioneering! microscopic!simulations!of!electron!transfer!and!proton!transfer!in!solutions!and!in!proteins,! pioneering!microscopic!modeling!of!electrostatic!effects!in!macromolecules!and!introducing! simulations! of! protein! folding! .! He! and! his! coworkers! have! also! elucidated! recently! the! molecular!origin!of!the!vectorial!action!of!molecular!machines.! !! Dr.!Warshel!holds!a!B.Sc.!Summa!Cum!Laude!in!chemistry!from!Technion–Israel!Institute!of! Technology!in!Haifa,!Israel,!and!both!an!M.Sc.!and!Ph.D.!in!chemical!physics!from!Israel’s! Weizmann! Institute! of! Science.! Prior! to! joining! USC,! he! was! a! postdoctoral! scholar! at! Harvard!University!and!a!senior!scientist!and!associate!professor!at!the!Weizmann!Institute.! In!paralel!he!was!also!an!European!Molecular!Biology!Organization!fellow!at!the!Laboratory! of!Molecular!Biology!at!Cambridge!University.! ! An! honorary! member! of! the! Royal! Society! of! Chemistry! (RSC),! Dr.! Warshel’s! numerous! awards!include!the!American!Chemical!Society’s!Tolman!Medal,!the!RSC’s!Soft!Matter!and! Biophysical!Chemistry!Award!in!2012,!and!the!Biophysical!Society’s!Founders!Award.!! ! Dr.!Warshel!was!raised!on!Kibbutz!Sde]Nahum!in!northern!Israel!and!served!in!the!Israeli! Army! from! 1958! to! 1962! (Reserved! Rank! Captain).! Dr.! Warshel’s! family! includes! his! wife! Tamar;!daughters,!Merav!and!Yael;!and!three!grandchildren,!Maya,!Danielle!and!Neev.! !

! 78! ! Evaluating*And*Using*Free*Energy*Landscapes*For*Biological*Functions* ! Despite!the!enormous!advances!in!structural!studies!of!biological!systems!we!are!frequently! left!without!a!clear!structure!function!correlation!and!cannot!fully!describe!how!different! systems! actually! work.! This! introduces! a! major! challenge! for! computer! modeling! approaches!that!are!aimed!at!a!realistic!simulation!of!biological!functions.!The!unresolved! questions!range!from!the!elucidation!of!the!basis!for!enzyme!action!to!the!understanding!of! the!directional!motion!of!complex!molecular!motors.!Here!we!focus!on!describing!the!use! our!electrostatic!augmented!coarse!grained!(CG)!model!(1)!and!the!renormalization!method! to! simulate! the! action! of! different! challenging! complex! systems.! It! is! shown! that! our! CG! model! produces,! for! the! first! time,! realistic! landscapes! for! vectrorial! process! such! as! the! actions!of!F1!ATPase!(2),!F0!ATPase!(3)!and!myosin!V!(4).!It!is!also!shown!that!such!machines! are!working!by!exploiting!free!energy!gradients!and!cannot!just!use!Brownian!motions!as! the! vectroial! driving! force.! Significantly,! at! present,! to! the! best! of! our! knowledge,! theses! studies!are!the!only!studies!that!reproduced!consistently!(rather!than!assumed)!a!structure! based!vectorial!action!of!molecular!motors.!Special!emphasis!is!placed!on!the!challenge!of! evaluating! the! torque! of! molecular! motors! and! on! the! need! of! generating! the! relevant! landscapes.!! ! ! 1 Coarse]Grained! (Multiscale)! Simulations! in! Studies! of! Biophysical! and! Chemical! Systems,!S.!C.!!!L.Kamerlin,!S.!Vicatos,!A.!Dryga!and!A.!Warshel,!,!Ann.!Rev.!Phys.!Chem.! 62,41!(2011).! 2 Electrostatic! Origin! of! The! Mechanochemical! Rotary! Mechanism! And! The! Catalytic! Dwell!of!F1]ATPase,!S.!Mukherjee!and!A.Warshel,!Proc.!Natl.!Acad.!Sci.!USA!,108,!!20550! (2011).! 3 Realistic!simulations!of!the!coupling!between!the!protomotive!force!and!the!mechanical! rotation!of!the!F0]ATPase,!Proc.!Natl.!Acad.!Sci.!USA,!109,14876!(2012).!! 4 !Electrostatic!origin!of!the!unidirectionality!of!walking!myosin!V!motors,!S.!Mukherjee! and!!A.!Warshel!,!Proc.!Natl.!Acad.!Sci.!USA,!,110!,!17326]17331!(!2013).!! 5 Dissecting! the! role! of! the! γ]subunit! in! the! rotary–! chemical! coupling! and! torque! generation!of!F1]ATPase,!S.!Mukherjee!and!A.!Warshel,!Proc.Natl.!Acad.!Sci.!USA!112:! 2746]2751!(2015).! !

! 79! ! Professor*George*Whitesides* Harvard!University,!United!States! ! George! M.! Whitesides! was! born! August! 3,! 1939! in! Louisville,! KY.! ! He! received! an! A.B.! degree! from! Harvard! University! in! 1960! and! a! Ph.D.! from! the! California!Institute!of!Technology!(with!J.D.!Roberts)!in! 1964.! ! He! was! a! member! of! the! faculty! of! the! Massachusetts! Institute! of! Technology! from! 1963! to! 1982.! ! He! joined! the! Department! of! Chemistry! of! Harvard! University! in! 1982,! and! was! Department! Chairman! 1986]89,! and! Mallinckrodt! Professor! of! Chemistry!from!1982]2004.!He!is!now!the!Woodford!L.! and!Ann!A.!Flowers!University!Professor.! Among!his!memberships!and!fellowship!are:!Member,! American! Academy! of! Arts! and! Sciences,! National! Academy! of! Sciences,! National! Academy! of! Engineering,!American!Philosophical!Society;!Fellow!of! the! American! Association! for! the! Advancement! of! Science,! Institute! of! Physics,! American! Physical! Society,! New! York! Academy! of! Sciences,! World! Technology!Network,!and!American!Chemical!Society;!Foreign!Fellow!of!the!Indian!National! Academy! of! Science;! Honorary! Member! of! the! Materials! Research! Society! of! India;! Honorary!Fellow!of!the!Chemical!Research!Society!of!India,!Royal!Netherlands!Academy!of! Arts! and! Sciences,! Royal! Society! of! Chemistry! (UK);! Foreign! Associate! of! the! French! Academy! of! Sciences;! Honorary! Professor,! Academy! of! Scientific! and! Innovative! Research! (AcSIR),!India.! Whitesides! resent! research! activities! include! physical! and! organic! chemistry,! materials! science,! biophysics,! water! in! biology,! surface! science,! microfluidics,! self]assembly,! micro]! and! nanotechnology,! science! for! developing! economies,! the! origin! of! life,! rational! drug! design,!magnetic!levitation,!dissipative!systems!and!emergence,!complexity,!and!simplicity.!! !

! 80! ! Origin*Of*Life,*And*CellNSurface*Biochemistry* ! Not#available# ! !

! 81! ! Professor*Kurt*Wüthrich* The!Scripps!Research!Institute,!United!States! ! ! Kurt! Wüthrich! is! the! Cecil! H.! and! Ida! M.! Green! Professor! of! Structural! Biology! at! The! Scripps! Research!Institute,!La!Jolla,!CA,!USA,!and!a!Professor! of!Biophysics!at!the!ETH!Zürich,!Zürich,!Switzerland.! His! research! interests! are! in! structural! biology! and! structural! genomics.! ! His! specialty! is! nuclear! magnetic! resonance! (NMR)! spectroscopy! with! biological! macromolecules,! where! he! contributed! the! NMR! method! of! three]dimensional! structure! determination! of! proteins! and! nucleic! acids! in! solution.! ! Kurt! Wüthrich’s! achievements! have! been! recognized! by! the! Prix! Louis! Jeantet! de! Médecine,! the!Kyoto!Prize!in!Advanced!Technology,!the!Nobel! Prize!in!Chemistry,!and!by!a!number!of!other!awards! and!honorary!degrees.! !

! 82! ! * Sunset*of*the*NIH*Protein*Structure*Initiative*–*What*Next?* ! A!survey!will!be!provided!of!the!fifteen]year!history!of!the!Protein!Structure!Initiative!(PSI)! from!2000–2015.!The!main!focus!will!be!on!the!stated!goals!for!the!three!five]year!project! periods!of!the!PSI.!Illustrations!will!be!taken!from!the!area!of!my!research!team,!i.e.,!the!use! of! solution! NMR! spectroscopy! in! PSI! projects.! An! attempt! will! be! made! to! evaluate! the! impact!of!the!achievements!of!the!PSI!for!future!biological!and!biomedical!research.!! ! *

! 83! ! Professor*Toshio*Yanagida* Osaka!University,!Japan! ! Toshio!Yanagida!received!the!B.!Eng.!Sci.!degree!in! 1969,!the!M.!Eng.!Sci.!degree!in!1971,!and!the!D.E.! degree! in! 1976,! all! from! Osaka! University,! Osaka,! Japan.! He! is! currently! Director! of! both! the! RIKEN! Quantitative! Biology! Center! (QBiC)! and! of! the! Center! for! Information! and! Neural! Networks! (CiNet),!NICT,!while!also!holding!the!titles!of!Vice] director!at!the!WPI!Immunology!Frontier!Research! Center,! Osaka! University,! and! Specially! Appointed! Professor! at! the! Graduate! School! of! Frontier! Biosciences!(FBS),!Osaka!University.! ! Previously,! he! was! a! Professor! at! Osaka! University’s! Department! of! Physiology! and! Biosignaling,! Graduate! School! of! Medicine! from! 1996]2010,! and! at! the! FBS! 2002]2010.! He! was! Project!Leader!of!the!Yanagida!Biomotron!Project,! ERATO,!JST!from!1993]1997!and!its!successor,!the! Single! Molecule! Process! Project,! ERATO,! JST! from! 1998]2002.!Dr.!Yanagida!was!also!Research!Director!of!Soft!Nano!Machines!and!Research! Supervisor!of!Novel!Measuring!and!Analytical!Technology!Contributions!to!the!Elucidation! and!Application!of!Life!Phenomena,!CREST,!JST!from!2004]2012.!All!of!these!projects!revolve! around!his!research!interest!on!the!role!of!signal!fluctuation!in!the!function!of!bio]systems! ranging!from!the!molecular!machine!to!the!human!brain.!! ! Finally,!Dr.!Yanagida!has!received!a!number!of!prestigious!awards!including!the!25th!Naito! Memorial!Science!Promotion!Award!(Naito!Memorial!Promotion!Foundation)!in!1994,!the! Japan! Academy! Award! and! the! Imperial! Award! in! 1998,! and! an! Asahi! Award! (Asahi! Newspaper!Culture!Foundation)!in!1999.!In!2010,!he!was!awarded!the!US!Genomic!Award! for!Outstanding!Investigator!in!the!Field!of!Single!Molecule!Fluorescence!Microscopy!and! made! a! Fellow! of! the! US! Biophysical! Society! in! 2011,! and! a! Person! of! Cultural! merit! (Ministry!of!Education,!Culture,!Sports,!Science!and!Technology!in!Japan:!MEXT)!in!2013.! !

! 84! ! Role*Of*Fluctuations*For*Driving*BioNMolecular*Machine* ! Since!biological!molecular!machines!such!as!molecular!motors,!cell!signal!processors,!DNA! transcription! processors! and! protein! synthesizers! are! only! nanometers! in! size! and! have! a! flexible!structure,!they!are!very!prone!to!thermal!agitation.!Furthermore,!the!input!energy! level!is!not!much!different!from!that!of!average!thermal!energy,!kBT.!Molecular!machines! do!not!avoid!this!thermal!noise,!but!rather!use!it!for!their!functions.!This!is!in!sharp!contrast! to!man]made!machines!that!operate!at!energies!much!higher!than!thermal!noise.!In!recent! years,! single! molecule! imaging! and! nano]technologies! have! rapidly! been! expanding! to! include!a!wide!range!of!life!science!applications.!The!dynamic!properties!of!biomolecules! and! the! unique! operations! of! molecular! machines,! which! were! previously! hidden! in! averaged!ensemble!measurements,!are!now!being!unveiled.!!The!aim!of!our!research!is!to! approach!the!engineering!principle!of!adaptive!biological!systems!by!uncovering!the!unique! operation!of!biological!molecular!machines.!! ! Here,!I!review!our!single!molecule!experiments!designed!to!investigate!molecular!motors,! enzyme!reactions,!protein!dynamics!and!cell!signaling,!and!discuss!how!thermal!fluctuations! (noise)! play! a! positive! role! in! the! unique! operation! of! biological! molecular! machines! allowing!for!flexible!and!adaptive!biological!systems!including!cell!and!brain.! !

! 85! ! Professor*Ada*Yonath* Weizmann!Institute!of!Science,!Israel! ! Ada! Yonath! graduated! the! Hebrew! University! (in! chemistry),! earned! Ph.D.! from! Weizmann! Institute!(WIS)!and!completed!her!postdoctoral! education!at!Mellon!Institute!and!MIT,!USA.!In! the! seventies! she! established! the! first! laboratory! for! structural! biology! in! Israel,! the! only! laboratory! of! this! kind! in! the! country! for! almost! a! decade.! At! WIS! she! is! WIS! Kimmel! Professor! and! the! Director! of! Kimmelman! Center! for! Biomolecular! Structure.! In! parallel,! during!1980]1986!she!was!a!visiting!scientist!at! Max! Planck! for! Molecular! Genetics! in! Berlin! and!during!1986]2004!she!headed!Max]Planck] Research]Unit! for! Ribosome! Structure! in! Hamburg.!! ! She!is!a!member!of!the!US!National!Academy! of! Sciences! (NAS);! the! American! Academy! of! Arts! and! Sciences;! the! Israel! Academy! of! Sciences! and! Humanities;! the! German! Science! Academy!(Leopoldina);!the!European!Academy!of!Sciences!and!Art;!the!Korean!Academy!for! Science! and! Technology;! the! European! Molecular! Biology! Organization! (EMBO);! the! Microbiology!Academy;!the!International!Academy!of!Astronautics;!the!UK!Royal!Society!for! Chemistry!and!the!Pontificia!Accademia!delle!Scienze!(Vatican).!! ! She!holds!honorary!doctorates!from!Oslo,!NYU,!Mount!Sinai,!Oxford,!Cambridge,!Hamburg,! Berlin]Technical,!Patras,!Greece;!De!La!Salle!University,!Manila,!and!most!Israeli!Universities.! Her!awards!include!the!Israel!Prize;!Paul]Karrer!Medal;!Louisa]Gross]Horwitz!Prize;!Ehrlich] Ludwig! Medal;! Linus! Pauling! Gold! Medal;! Anfinsen! Prize;! Wolf! Prize;! UNESCO/L’Oreal! Award;!Albert]Einstein!World!Award!for!Excellence;!DESY!pin;!KEK!distinction;!Erice!Peace! Prize;!Florence!Cite!Medal;!Maria!Sklodowska]Curie!Medal;!Nobel!Prize!for!Chemistry.!!! !

! 86! ! SpeciesNSpecific*Antibiotics*And*The*Microbiome*! ! The!current!global!escalation!in!resistance!to!antibiotics!is!a!serious!threat,!as!it!seems!that! the!world!is!headed!for!a!post]antibiotic!era,!in!which!common!infections!and!minor!injuries! that! have! been! treatable! for! last! decades! could! become! fatal! again.! Ribosomes,! the! universal!cellular!machines!that!translate!the!genetic!code!into!proteins,!are!paralyzed!by! many! clinically! useful! antibiotics.! The! structures! of! ribosomes! from! non]pathogenic! bacteria,!used!as!models!for!genuine!pathogens,!illuminated!the!antibiotics!binding!modes,! inhibitory!actions,!synergism!pathways,!the!differentiation!between!patients!vs.!pathogens! and!mechanisms!leading!to!bacterial!resistance.!! ! However,!as!species!specific!diversity!was!detected!in!susceptibility!to!infectious!diseases,! our!structural!studies!have!been!extended!to!ribosomes!from!genuine!pathogens.!The!high! resolution!structures!of!the!ribosomal!particle!from!a!genuine!multi]resistant!pathogen!in! complex! with! several! antibiotics,! highlighted! subtle,! albeit! highly! significant! structural! elements!that!can!account!partially!or!fully!for!species!specificity!and!may!lead!to!the!design! of!species!specific!drug,!while!preserving!the!microbiome.!! !

! 87! ! Professor*Richard*Zare* Stanford!University,!United!States! ! Born!on!19!November,!1939!in!Cleveland,!Ohio,!USA,! Dr.! Richard! Zare! is! the! Marguerite! Blake! Wilbur! Professor! in! Natural! Science,! Department! of! Chemistry,! Stanford! University.! His! research! covers! many!different!areas!but!is!quite!noted!for!advances! in! laser! chemistry,! resulting! in! a! greater! understanding! of! chemical! reactions! at! the! molecular!level!and!contributing!very!significantly!to! solving!a!variety!of!problems!in!chemical!analysis.!His! development! of! laser! induced! fluorescence! as! a! method! for! studying! reaction! dynamics! has! been! widely!adopted!in!other!laboratories.!Awards!include! the!U.S.!National!Medal!of!Science!(1983),!the!Welch! Award! in! Chemistry! (1999),! the! Wolf! Prize! in! Chemistry!(2005),!the!BBVA!Foundation!Frontiers!of! Knowledge!Award!in!the!Basic!Sciences!(2010),!and! the!King!Faisal!International!Prize!in!Science!(2011).! He! has! also! received! honorary! doctorates! from! Uppsala! University! and! Chalmers! Institute! of! Technology!among!other!institutions.!!! ! His!memberships!include!the!National!Academy!of!Sciences,!the!Royal!Society,!the!Swedish! Royal! Academy! of! Engineering! Sciences,! the! Chinese! Academy! of! Sciences,! the! Indian! Academy!of!Sciences,!and!The!World!Academy!of!Sciences!(TWAS)!for!developing!countries.! From!1992!to!1998,!he!served!on!the!National!Science!Board,!the!policy!making!board!of!the! United! States! National! Science! Foundation,! the! last! two! years! as! its! Chair.! ! He! presently! chairs!COSEPUP,!the!Committee!on!Science,!Engineering!and!Public!Policy!of!the!National! Academy!of!Sciences,!the!National!Academy!of!Engineering,!and!the!Institute!of!Medicine.!! !

! 88! ! Acceleration*of*Reactions*in*Charged*Microdroplets* ! Using!high]resolution!mass!spectrometry,!we!have!studied!the!synthesis!of!isoquinoline!in!a! charged!electrospray!droplet!and!the!complexation!between!cytochrome!c!and!maltose!in!a! fused!droplet!to!investigate!the!feasibility!of!droplets!to!drive!reactions!(both!covalent!and! noncovalent!interactions)!at!a!faster!rate!than!that!observed!in!conventional!bulk!solution.! In!both!cases!we!found!marked!acceleration!of!reaction,!by!a!factor!of!a!million!or!more!in! the!former!and!a!factor!of!a!thousand!or!more!in!the!latter.!We!believe!that!carrying!out! reactions!in!microdroplets!(about!1!–!15!μm!in!diameter!corresponding!to!0.5!pL!]!2!nL)!is!a! general!method!for!increasing!reaction!rates.!The!mechanism!is!not!presently!established! but!droplet!evaporation!and!droplet!confinement!of!reagents!appear!to!be!two!important! factors!among!others.!In!the!case!of!fused!water!droplets,!evaporation!has!been!shown!to! be! almost! negligible! during! the! flight! time! from! where! droplet! fusion! occurs! and! the! droplets! enter! the! heated! capillary! inlet! of! the! mass! spectrometer.! This! suggests! that! (1)! evaporation!is!not!responsible!for!the!acceleration!process!in!aqueous!droplet!fusion!and!(2)! the!droplet]air!interface!may!play!a!significant!role!in!accelerating!the!reaction.!We!argue! that!this!'microdroplet!chemistry'!could!be!a!remarkable!alternative!to!accelerate!slow!and! difficult!reactions,!and!in!conjunction!with!mass!spectrometry,!it!may!provide!a!new!arena! for!studying!chemical!and!biochemical!reactions!in!a!confined!environment.! !

! 89! ! Professor*Ahmed*Zewail* California!Institute!of!Technology,!United!States! Ahmed! Zewail! is! the! Linus! Pauling! Chair! professor! of! chemistry!and!physics,!and!director!of!the!Center!for! Physical!Biology!at!Caltech.!He!is!the!sole!recipient!of! the!1999!Nobel!Prize!for!the!development!of!the!field! of!Femtochemistry.! In! the!post]Nobel!era,! he! developed!4D# Electron# Microscopy#for! the! direct! visualization!of!matter!in!space!and!time.!Dr.!Zewail’s! other!honors!include!fifty!Honorary!Degrees,!Orders!of! Merits,! Postage! Stamps! and! more! than! hundred! international! awards.! He! has! published! some! 600! articles! and! 14! books! and! is! known! for! his! effective! public! lectures! and! writings,! not! only! on! science! but! also! in! global! affairs.! For! his! leadership! role! in! these! world! affairs,! he! received,! among! others,! the! “Top! American!Leaders!Award”!from!The!Washington!Post! and!Harvard!University.!! In!2009,!President!Barack!Obama!appointed!him!to!the! Council!of!Advisors!on!Science!and!Technology,!and!in! the!same!year!he!was!named!the!first!U.S.!Science!Envoy!to!the!Middle!East.!Subsequently,! the!Secretary!General!of!the!United!Nations!Ban!Ki]moon!invited!Dr.!Zewail!to!join!the!UN! Scientific!Advisory!Board.!In!2014,!President!El!Sisi!decreed!his!appointment!to!the!Council! of!Advisors!for!the!State!of!Egypt.!Following!the!2011!Egyptian!revolution,!the!government! established! “Zewail! City! of! Science! and! Technology”! as! the! national! project! for! scientific! renaissance,!and!Dr.!Zewail!became!its!first!Chairman!of!the!Board!of!Trustees.! ! !

! 90! ! Seeing*with*Electrons*in*Four*Dimensions* ! Seeing! in! the! microscopic! world! is! usually! done! through! photons! or! electrons.! ! However,! when!the!constituent!matter!requires!an!atomic]scale!resolution,!electrons!accelerated!to! high!speeds!become!the!method!of!our!choice.!!In!this!talk,!we!will!highlight!the!concepts! behind! a! new! approach! for! electron! imaging—it! enables! visualization! in! the! three! dimensions!of!space!and!an!increase!in!the!time!resolution!by!10!orders!of!magnitude.!This! development!of!“4D!Electron!Microscopy”!has!proven!significant!in!many!applications,!and! we!shall!present!some!including!the!behavior!of!nano]musical!systems!and!that!of!biological! structures.!!The!collected!works!over!the!past!15!years!can!be!found!in!reference!(3).! ! • Filming!the!Invisible!in!4D.!A.!H.!Zewail,!Sci.!Am.!303,!74!(2010).! • Four]Dimensional!Electron!Microscopy.!A.!H.!Zewail,!Science!328,!187]193!(2010).! • 4D!Visualization!of!Matter:!Recent!Collected!Works.!H.!Zewail,!Imperial!College!Press,! London!(2014).! !

! 91! ! Chairs*and*Moderators*

Professor*Bo*Albinsson* Chalmers!University!of!Technology,!Sweden! ! Bo! Albinsson! has! MSc! and! PhD! (1993)! from! Chalmers! University! of! Technology! and! was! post]doctoral! fellow! at! the! University! of! Colorado! before! returning! to! Sweden! as! an! assistant! professor! funded! by! the! Swedish! research! council! in! 1995.! In! 2003! he! became! full!professor!of!Physical!Chemistry!at!Chalmers! and!has!since!then!been!leading!a!medium!size! research! group.! In! the! Albinsson! research! group! we! are! interested! in! photo]induced! processes! ranging! from! mechanistic! studies! of! energy! and! electron! transfer! reactions! with! relevance! for! solar! energy! research! to! novel! functionalized! nanostructures! based! on! DNA! nanotechnology.!We!use!advanced!laser]based! time]resolved! spectroscopic! techniques! combined! with! traditional! spectroscopy! and! theoretical!(quantum!mechanical)!methods.!In! order!to!get!access!to!complex!molecular!and/or!bimolecular!systems!we!have!long]term! collaborations! with! organic! chemists! both! in]house! (Mårtensson,! Moth! Poulsen)! and! internationally!(Harry!Anderson!(Oxford),!Tom!Brown!(Oxford),!Atsuhiro!Osuka(Kyoto)).!! ! About!15!PhD!students!have!graduated!from!the!group!many!of!which!today!either!holds! prominent!positions!in!the!industry!or!embarked!on!successful!careers!in!academia.!More! than! 120! papers! have! been! published! almost! exclusively! in! highly! ranked! journals.! Bo! Albinsson!was!Head!of!the!Department/Division!of!Chemistry!and!Biochemistry!(2006]2014)! and!is!today!Director!of!the!Nanoscience!and!Nanotechnology!Area!of!Advance!at!Chalmers! which! involves! some! 200! researchers! mainly! from! the! Physics,! Chemistry! and! Microtechnology! and! Nanoscience! departments.! He! is! often! recruited! as! evaluator! and! reviewer!both!nationally!and!internationally!and!has!recently!started!to!be!associated!editor! for!the!leading!Physical!Chemistry!Chemical!Physics!journal!(RSC).! !

! 92! ! Doctor*Elizabeth*Ball* Chalmers!University!of!Technology,!Sweden! ! Elizabeth! Ball! earned! her! Ph.D.! in! Biology!at!The!University!of!York,!UK,! in! 1987.! She! continued! full]time! research! on! the! genetics! of! insect! flight! muscle! at! The! Johns! Hopkins! University,!USA!until!1989,!publishing! in! leading! journals! including! Cell,! before! combining! scientific! research! with! education! in! Athens,! Greece.! In! addition! to! teaching! and! examining! biology! for! the! International! Baccalaureate! for! more! than! twenty! years,! she! has! also! co]authored! several!text!books!and!toured!Greece! giving!public!lectures!on!science.!! Since! 2007,! her! involvement! with! Molecular! Frontiers! has! included! promoting! the! Molecular! Frontiers! Inquiry! Prize! to! encourage! school! students!to!ask!scientifically!relevant!questions.!To!stimulate!discussions!about!science!in! our!everyday!lives,!she!has!brought!headline!news!to!teenagers!on!the!website!MoleClues! by!explaining!the!science!behind!the!news!items!in!simple!English,!with!an!additional!focus! on!why!the!news!is!important!and!how!the!research!was!conducted.!She!also!reaches!out!to! non]scientists;!having!personal!experience!of!the!strength!of!art!as!a!great!equalizer!among! people! of! all! backgrounds! and! ages,! she! considers! it! to! have! great! potential! in! attracting! young!minds!and!communicating!molecular!science.!By!developing!the!Molecular!Frontiers! Science@Art! website! to! communicate! with! non]scientists! using! art! as! a! medium! to! ask! scientific! questions,! she! continues! to! promote! scientific! ‘Curiosity,! creativity,! honesty,! knowledge’,!the!cornerstones!of!the!Molecular!Frontiers!Inquiry!Prize.!.! !

! 93! ! Professor*Barbara*Cannon* President!of!the!Royal!Swedish!Academy!of!Sciences! Barbara! Cannon! took! a! B.Sc.! in! biochemistry! at! London! University! and! a! Ph.D.! in! physiology! at! Stockholm!University.!After!postdoctoral!studies! in!Ottawa,!she!returned!to!Stockholm!and!she!is! professor!of!physiology!there.!Already!during!her! doctoral! thesis,! she! studied! the! mechanism! of! uncoupling!of!brown!fat!mitochondria!as!a!model! system! to! understand! mitochondrial! energy! utilization.! Subsequently,! her! interests! turned! more!to!the!physiology!of!the!tissue,!concerning! both! molecular! and! integrative! aspects.! The! group! has! contributed! in! recent! years! to! noted! developments! in! the! field,! including! reviewing! radiology! literature! for! a! metabolic! audience! to! point! to! the! presence! of! active! brown! adipose! tissue! in! adult! man,! the! developmental! relationship! between! brown! adipocytes! and! myocytes,! the! requirement! for! keeping! mice! at! thermoneutral! environmental! temperatures! to! humanize!them,!and!the!induction!of!brown]like! adipocytes!in!classical!white!adipose!tissue!depots.!! In! addition! to! and! in! parallel! with! her! scientific! achievements,! Cannon! has! and! has! had! numerous!honorary!appointments!nationally!and!internationally.!She!was!for!more!than!25! years!the!director!of!the!Wenner]Gren!Institute,!one!of!the!largest!institutes!in!the!science! faculty!at!Stockholm!University.!She!has!been!dean!of!biological!sciences,!and!she!is!and!has! been!a!member!of!a!large!number!of!biological!evaluation!committees,!both!in!Sweden!and! abroad.!She!is!an!honorary!doctor!at!Monash!University,!Melbourne,!the!Royal!Veterinary! College,! London! and! the! University! of! Buckingham.! She! has! been! a! fellow! of! the! Royal! Swedish! Academy! of! Sciences! since! 1989,! chairman! of! the! Academy's! biology! class! 2001] 2003!and!vice]president!of!the!Academy!2003]2008.!She!was!Chairman!of!the!Trustees!of! the! Nobel! Foundation! from! 2009! ]! 2012.! She! is! a! recipient! of! the! King’s! Medal! (12th! magnitude)! in! the! band! of! the! Seraphim! Order.! She! is! currently! President! of! the! Royal! Swedish!Academy!of!Sciences.! !

! 94! ! Professor*Magdalena*Eriksson* Chalmers!University!of!Technology,!Sweden! ! Prof.! Magdalena! Eriksson! is! currently! Adjunct! Professor!of!Medical!Biochemistry!at!the!School! of! Medical! Sciences! of! the! University! of! Cape! Coast! in! Ghana.! She! is! also! the! Director! of! Academic! Development! of! the! African! Institute! for! Mathematical! Sciences! (AIMS)! Global! Network.! ! She! earned! her! PhD! in! Biophysical! Chemistry! at! Chalmers! University! in! Gothenburg,! Sweden! in! 1988.! After! that! Prof.! Eriksson! continued! her! research!in!the!structure!and!function!of!nucleic! acids,! first! as! a! postdoctoral! fellow! at! Columbia! University!in!New!York!City!and!later!as!a!faculty! member! of! the! Department! of! Medical! Biophysics! of! Umeå! University! in! Sweden.! From! there!she!moved!to!the!Center!for!Biomolecular! Recognition! in! the! Department! of! Biochemistry,! University! of! Copenhagen,! Denmark.! During! her! time! there,! she! spent! sejours! as! a! visiting! scientist! at! Columbia! University! and! at! Sloan] Kettering!Institute!in!New!York!City.! ! Prof.!Eriksson!enriched!her!competence!by!completing!a!Master’s!degree!in!journalism!at! Columbia! University! in! 2003.! In! the! following! year,! she! produced! science! television! news! pieces! and! continues! to! write! occasionally! as! a! freelancer.! She! also! served! as! a! research! manager! at! the! Juvenile! Diabetes! Research! Foundation.! In! 2008,! Prof.! Eriksson! moved! to! Cape!Coast,!Ghana,!where!she!joined!a!new!medical!faculty!as!Associate!Professor.!She!was! the! founding! head! of! the! Department! of! Medical! Biochemistry.! In! 2012,! she! became! the! first!Institute!Director!of!AIMS!Ghana,!which!opened!in!August!that!year.!After!a!maternity! leave!Prof.!Eriksson!returned!to!AIMS!as!the!Director!of!Academic!Development!for!its!fast! expanding!global!network!and!is!based!in!Sweden.! ! Magdalena!is!on!the!board!of!Molecular!Frontiers!Foundation,!an!organization!she!helped! to!launch!in!2006!and!for!which!she!served!as!the!Executive!Vice!President!during!its!first!six! years.! Prof.! Eriksson! is! the! Nketesiaheema,! Queen! Mother! for! Young! Women,! of! Ekumfi! Edumafa,!a!fishing!community!on!the!Atlantic!shore!in!Ghana’s!Central!Region.!! ! !

! 95! ! Professor*Andrew*Ewing* Chalmers!University!of!Technology,!Sweden!

Andrew! Ewing! received! his! BS! degree! from! St.! Lawrence! University! and! a! PhD! from! Indiana! University.!After!a!postdoc!at!the!University!of!North! Carolina!he!joined!the!faculty!at!Penn!State!University! for!25!years,!where!he!had!been!Department!Head!in! Chemistry! (1999]2004)! and! J.! Lloyd! Huck! Chair! in! Natural! Sciences.! He! is! now! Professor! at! Chalmers! University! of! Technology! and! the! University! of! Gothenburg,!Sweden,!and!also!an!Honorary!Professor! at! both! Beijing! University! of! Science! and! Technology! and! Nanjing! University! of! Science! and! Technology,! China.!! ! Focusing! on! the! neuronal! process! of! exocytosis,! his! group! has! pioneered! small]volume! chemical! measurements! at! single! cells,! electrochemical! detection! for! capillary! electrophoresis,! novel! approaches!for!electrochemical!imaging!of!single!cells,! and!new!electrochemical!strategies!to!separate!individual!nanometer!vesicles!from!cells!and! quantify!their!contents.!They!have!also!pioneered!the!development!and!application!of!mass! spectrometry! imaging! for! subcellular! and! neurochemical! analysis.! He! has! nearly! 300! publications! cited! approximately! 14500! times.! Recently,! he! has! received! the! Charles! N! Reilley! Award! from! the! Society! for! Electroanalytical! Chemistry,! the! American! Chemical! Society! Award! in! Electrochemistry,! the! Norblad]Ekstrand! Medal! of! the! Swedish! Chemical! Society,! and! the! SACP! Analytical! Chemistry! Award.! He! is! a! member! of! the! Gothenburg! Academy! of! Arts! and! Sciences! (2013)! and! the! Royal! Swedish! Academy! of! Sciences,! Chemistry!Class!(2012).!He!has!supervised!48!PhD’s!and!over!20!postdoctoral!associates.! * *

! 96! ! Professor*Fredrik*Höök* Chalmers!University!of!Technology,!Sweden! ! Fredrik!Höök!obtained!his!Doctors!degree!of!Physics!in! 1997!from!an!inter]disciplinary!PhD!program!between! the! Department! of! Applied! Physics! and! the! Department! of! Biochemistry! and! Biophysics! at! Chalmers! and! Gothenburg! University,! Gothenburg,! Sweden.! After! that! he! had! a! one! and! a! half! year! assistant! professor! position! in! surface! biotechnology! at!Cell!and!Molecular!Biology,!Gothenburg!University,! which! was! in! 2000! transferred! into! an! assistant! professor! position! in! Biological! Physics! at! the! Department!of!Applied!Physics!at!Chalmers.!In!2004!he! was!appointed!a!professor!position!in!Nanoscience!for! Biophysics! at! the! Department! of! Physics! at! Lund! University!and!in!2007!he!was!appointed!full!professor! in!Physics!at!Chalmers.! ! His! research! has! focused! on! the! development! of! surface]based! bioanalytical! tools,! such! as! QCM]D,! localized!SPR!and!more!recently!TIRF!microscopy!and! imaging! ellipsometry! and! their! combination! with! microfluidics! for! fundamental! studies! of! cell]membrane! mimics! but! also! for! use! in! diagnostic,! drug]screening! applications! and! the! development!of!drug!delivery!concepts.!Efforts!are!presently!focused!on!(i)!new!methods! with! single! molecule! sensitivity! for! studies! of! single! liposomes! and! individual! membrane! proteins,! (ii)! microfluidic! platforms! for! detergent]free! separation! of! cell]membrane! components! and! (iii)! sophisticated! surface! modifications! and! nanofabrication! schemes! to! facilitate! improved! analysis! of! supported! cell]membrane! mimics,! membrane! proteins! and! virus!binding.! ! Fredrik! Höök! is! presently! heading! the! Biological! Physics! division! at! Chalmers,! which! is! composed!of!around!20!scientists!on!various!levels.!He!has!published!around!130!scientific! papers,!has!an!H]index!of!42,!with!20!papers!cited!more!than!100!times!and!more!than!7000! citations! in! total.! He! is! also! co]founder! of! the! companies! Q]Sense! AB,! LayerLab! AB! and! Gothenburg! Sensor! Devices! AB.! He! has! been! awarded! the! Akzo! Nobels! Nordic! research! award!in!2002,!an!individual!grant!for!the!Advancement!of!Research!Leaders!and!in!2005!by! the!Swedish!Foundation!for!Strategic!Research!and!the!prestigious!Göran!Gustafsson!prize! in!Physics!in!2012!by!the!Royal!Swedish!Academy!of!Sciences.! * *

! 97! ! Professor*Karin*Markides* Chalmers!University!of!Technology,!Sweden! ! Karin! Markides! is! President! and! CEO! of! Chalmers! University!of!Technology!since!August!2006.!! ! Karin! Markides,! professor! of! analytical! chemistry,! previously! taught! and! conducted! research! at! Stockholm! University,! Brigham! Young! University,! USA!and!Uppsala!University.!As!part!of!her!broad! international! experience,! she! held! a! guest! professorship! at! Stanford! University! in! the! US.! Karin!Markides!is!a!member!of!The!Royal!Swedish! Academy! of! Sciences! and! member! of! The! Royal! Swedish! Academy! of! Engineering! Sciences.!! ! Prof.! Markides! was! recently! Chairman! of! CESAR! (The!Conference!of!European!Schools!for!Advanced! Engineering! Education! and! Research)! for! a! three! year! term.! She! has! also! recently! completed! her! term!as!Chairman!of!UNITECH!International!Society! (student! exchange! programme/community! that! develop!leadership!skills!while!connecting!companies!and!academia).! !

! 98! ! Professor*Aleksandar*Matic* Chalmers!University!of!Technology,!Sweden! ! Aleksandar! Matic! is! a! professor! of! physics! at! Chalmers! University! of! Technology! He! received! his! MSc! degree! in! engineering! physics! from! Uppsala! University! and! his! PhD! degree! from! Chalmers!University!of!Technology.!Following!the! PhD! he! worked! for! the! establishment! of! the! European! Spallation! Source! (ESS),! the! Europe’s! next! generation! neutron! source,! in! Scandinavia! and! Sweden! before! returning! to! Chalmers! as! assistant!professor.!He!became!professor!in!2010! at! the! Department! of! Applied! Physics! and! since! 2011!he!holds!a!senior!researcher!position!with! the! Swedish! Research! Council.! He! is! today! the! director!of!Chalmers!Area!of!Advanced!Materials! Science.! !! His! research! interest! is! direct! towards! soft! matter! and! energy! applications.! A! major! theme! for!his!research!group!new!electrolytes,!based!on!polymer!membranes!and!colloidal!gels,! for! Li]metal,! Li]ion! and! Li]Sulfur! batteries.! The! work! also! includes! investigating! the! compatibility! and! influence! of! the! electrolytes! with! Li]metal! anodes! and! with! new! nanostructured!carbon]sulfur!composite!cathodes!for!Li]Sulfur!batteries.!A!particular!focus! is!the!use!of!ionic!liquids!in!different!types!Li]batteries,!where!transport!properties,!phase! behavior,!ion!interactions!and!polysulfide!speciation.!The!aim!is!to!determine!the!relation! between! microscopic! structure! and! interactions,! using! a! combination! of! spectroscopic! methods,!to!macroscopic!properties!and!the!functionality!of!the!electrolyte!in!the!battery.! !

! 99! ! Doctor*Deborah*Donnelly*McLay* Chalmers!University!of!Technology,!Sweden! Deborah!Donnelly]McLay!has!been!involved!in!the! aviation!industry!for!over!25!years.!She!is!currently! an! international! Boeing! 767! airline! pilot! with! United! Parcel! Service.! Her! background! and! experience!in!aviation!include!many!diverse!roles,! including:! FAA! Certified! Flight! and! Ground! Instructor,! FAA! Certified! Check! Airman,! Flight! Simulator! Instructor,! Flight! Engineer,! LOSA! Observer!and!Airline!Transport!Pilot.!Deborah!was! also!nominated!as!the!Crewmember!of!the!Year!in! 2013!at!UPS.! Deborah! has! been! volunteering! with! Molecular! Frontier!since!2010.!Deborah!has!collaborated!with! Rotary! International! for! the! past! few! years! and! sponsored! students! from! the! United! States! to! attend!the!Molecular!Frontiers!Annual!Symposium! in!Stockholm.!Deborah!enjoys!serving!as!a!mentor! for!the!students!and!collaborating!with!the!annual! Molecular!Frontiers!Inquiry!Prize!and!getting!students!involved.!! Deborah! has! earned! a! Master’s! Degree! in! Aeronautical! Science! from! Embry! Riddle! Aeronautical! University.! She! is! currently! terminating! a! second! Master’s! Degree! from! Harvard!University!and!a!Doctorate!in!Education!this!year.!! In!addition!to!flying,!Deborah!continues!to!have!a!passion!for!teaching!and!education.!She!is! currently! an! Associate! Professor! of! Aeronautics! at! Embry! Riddle! Aeronautical! University! Worldwide! and! at! Everglades! University,! teaching! both! graduate! and! undergraduate! courses!in!Aeronautical!Science.!Deborah!has!also!served!as!a!SME!in!STEM!curriculum.! Deborah!has!collaborated!with!Harvard!University!and!help!create!the!Pilot!Health!Survey.! As! the! Project! Manager,! Deborah! hopes! to! create! awareness! for! airline! pilots! of! the! environmental! issues! that! affect! this! unique! population! and! their! health,! in! the! cockpit! environment!and!help!future!generations!of!aviation!professionals.!! Deborah!is!currently!the!Area!Governor!for!Rotary!International!District!6930,!since!2012,! and! has! also! served! as! the! President! of! the! Boynton! Beach/Lantana! Rotary! Club! for! two! terms.!Deborah!is!very!involved!with!education!and!programs!to!promote!STEM!to!students! and!volunteering!in!her!community.!Additionally,!Deborah!belongs!to!Women!in!Aviation! International!and!represents!UPS!at!the!annual!conference.!Deborah!is!the!Treasurer!and! Past!Chairman!of!the!Board!at!the!YMCA!of!South!Palm!Beach!County.! * *

! 100! ! Professor*Jens*Nielsen* Chalmers!University!of!Technology,!Sweden! ! Jens! Nielsen! has! an! MSc! degree! in! Chemical! Engineering! and! a! PhD! degree! (1989)! in! Biochemical!Engineering!from!the!Danish!Technical! University! (DTU),! and! after! that! established! his! independent! research! group! and! was! appointed! full! Professor! there! in! 1998.! He! was! Fulbright! visiting!professor!at!MIT!in!1995]1996.!At!DTU!he! founded! and! directed! Center! for! Microbial! Biotechnology.!! ! In!2008!he!was!recruited!as!Professor!and!Director! to! Chalmers! University! of! Technology,! Sweden,! where!he!is!currently!directing!a!research!group!of! more!than!50!people!and!the!Life!Science!Area!of! Advance,! which! coordinates! over! 200! researchers! from!5!departments.!Jens!Nielsen!has!published!so! far!more!than!450!research!papers!that!have!been! cited!more!than!15,000!times!(current!H]factor!59),! co]authored! more! than! 40! books! and! he! is! inventor!of!more!than!50!patents.!He!has!founded!several!companies!that!have!raised!more! than! 25! million! €! in! venture! capital.! He! has! received! numerous! Danish! and! international! awards!and!is!member!of!the!National!Academy!of!Engineering!in!USA,!the!Royal!Swedish! Academy!of!Science,!the!Royal!Danish!Academy!of!Science!and!Letters,!the!Royal!Swedish! Academy! of! Engineering! Sciences,! the! American! Academy! of! Microbiology,! Academy! of! Technical!Sciences!in!Denmark,!the!Royal!Society!of!Arts!and!Sciences!in!Gothenburg!and! the!American!Institute!for!Medical!and!Biological!Engineering.!He!is!a!founding!president!of! the!International!Metabolic!Engineering!Society.! * *

! 101! ! Professor*Bengt*Nordén* Chalmers!University!of!Technology,!Sweden! ! Bengt!Nordén!is!since!37!years!Chair!Professor!of! Physical! Chemistry!at! Chalmers.! He! has! a! keen! interest! in! fundamental! physical! and! chemical! sciences,!universally,!and!a!particular!curiosity!in! light]matter!interactions.!For!many!years!he!has! exploited!polarized!light,!in!a!variety!of!ways,!for! diagnosing! interactions! of! small! molecules! with! bio]macromolecules,! such! as! DNA.! It! was! either! chiral!effects,!probed!by!circularly!polarized!light,! or! macroscopic! orientation! effects,! probed! by! linearly! polarized! light.! Based! on! results! from! such!studies!he!contributed!to!the!development! of! several! new! DNA]recognizing! ligands,! including! substitution]robust! chiral! transition! metal! compounds,! bis]intercalators! and! peptide! nucleic! acids! (PNA).! He! has! introduced! several! new! concepts,! such! as! “hydrophobic! catalysis”,! “phase! shift! catalysis”! and! “kinetic! recognition”! and! demonstrated! how! they! can! explain! various! peculiar! bio]macromolecular! reactions.! More! recently! he! has! been! involved! in! single]molecule! studies! of! stretched! DNA! and! the! possible!role!of!stretched!DNA!conformations!in!the!mechanism!of!homologous!recognition! and!genetic!recombination!as!mediated!by!bacterial!and!human!recombinases.! Bengt! has! had! many! national! as! well! as! international! commissions! of! trust,! including! as! Chair! of! the! Nobel! Committee! for! Chemistry,! and! Chair! of! the! Chemistry! section! of! the! Swedish! Research! Council.! He! was! in! 2006! the! Chairman! of! of! CERC3! (Chairmen! of! the! European!Research!Councils’!Chemistry!Committees)!and!then!initiated!a!new!organization,! “Molecular! Frontiers”,! with! the! two]fold! purpose! of! both! early! identifying! scientific! breakthrough!as!well!as!making!society,!in!particular!youth,!interested!in!science!and!show! that!science!is!indeed!very!useful.!One!inspiration!was!the!Nobel!Centennial!Symposium!he! organized!in!2001!on!"Frontiers!of!Molecular!Science"!–!many!speakers!of!which!now!being! members!of!the!Scientific!Advisory!Board!of!Molecular!Frontiers.!! Bengt!has!been!recognized!by!many!academy!memberships!and!honorary!positions,!most! recently!an!Honorary!Degree!at!Nanyang!Technology!University!conferred!to!him!last!year! by! the! President! of! the! Republic! of! Singapore! and! an! Honorary! Fellowship! by! the! Royal! Society!of!Chemistry!of!UK.!! !

! 102! ! Doctor*Per*Thorén* Chalmers!University!of!Technology,!Sweden! ! Per! Thorén! is! Chief! Operating! Officer! (COO)! of! Molecular! Frontiers! and! has! served! as! project! manager!and!web!editor!for!the!organization!since!it! was!formed!in!2006.!!He!has!planned!and!launched! MoleClues,! a! web! site! for! young! people! to! explore! the!world!of!molecules.!Through!games,!videos!and! other!activities,!MoleClues!seeks!to!inspire!curiosity,! spread!knowledge!and!show!how!scientific!discovery! is! done.! Thorén! is! particularly! passionate! about! reaching! out! to! those! who! are! NOT! already! interested!in!science,!aiming!for!a!long]term!change! in! attitude.! He! has! a! broad! experience! in! teaching,! ranging!from!7!year!olds!to!university!students.! ! Thorén! has! a! PhD! in! physical! chemistry! from! Chalmers! University! of! Technology,! studying! cell] penetrating! peptides! for! the! delivery! of! gene] targeted! drugs.! He! has! also! worked! for! pharmaceutical!company!AstraZeneca,!characterizing!surfactants!for!solubilization!of!poorly! soluble!drugs.! ! Thorén! is! behind! numerous! science! outreach! projects,! including! the! award]winning! film! series! The# Chemistry# Calendar!(Kemikalendern),! the! widespread! online! competition! Kemikampen,! the! annual! exhibition! Materials# in# our# daily# lives! as! well! as! many! popular! activities!in!the!Gothenburg!Science!Festival.!He!also!works!as!communications!officer!for! the! Materials! Science! Area! of! Advance! at! Chalmers,! organizing! the! annual! conference! Materials#for#Tomorrow,!and!is!heavily!involved!in!Chalmers!newly!started!initiative!in!the! field!of!sports!technology.! ! !

! 103! ! Professor*Anders*Ådahl* Chalmers!University!of!Technology,!Sweden! ! Anders! Ådahl! is! director! of! the! Chalmers! Energy! Area! of! Advance! (AoA).! He! has! been! engaged!in!the!Swedish!and!European!energy! debate!the!last!15!years,!both!from!industrial! and! academic! positions.! His! specialties! relates! to! energy! systems! analysis,! energy! technology!assessment,! energy! markets! analysis! and! policy! to! the! energy! sector.!Research! funding! and! diffusion! of! knowledge!are!other!areas!of!expertise.!!The! broad!overview!of!the!many!different!aspects! on!energy!is!maybe!his!main!specialty.! !! Currently! Anders! Ådahl! is,! besides! many! Chalmers! related!engagements,! chairman! of! the! board! of! Elforsk,! member! of! the! EU! Horizon! 2020! Advisory! Board! on! Energy! to! the$ Commission,! Reference' Group' Member' to# the# Swedish! National! Reference! group! to! Horizon!2020!]!Energy,!Chairman!of!Din!El!environmental!fund,!board!member!G!Engströms! ABB]foundation.!He!is!often!engaged!as!invited!speaker!or!moderator.! !! He! holds! an!MSc! in! Chemical! Engineering! (1998),! a! PhD! in! Energy! and! Environmental! Science!(2004)!and!is!professionally!trained!in!leadership.! Before!Anders!Ådahl!joined!Chalmers!in!2012!he!held!different!positions!at!Göteborg!Energi! AB!such!as!Energy!Systems!Analyst,!head!of!Research!and!Development,!and!project!leader! of!reorganization!of!the!company.! Previous! engagements! are! Working! Group! Member! to! the! Swedish! Smart! Grid! Council,! Head!of!Elforks!program!board!on!Energy!Market!Research,!member!Elfork!program!board! on!Energy!Systems!Research,!Member!of!the!Board!of!Johanneberg!Science!Park,!Member! of!the!Board!of!Hydrogen!Sweden,!Member!of!the!Board!of!ETC!battery!research!centre,! Member!of!the!Board!Göteborg!Energi!research!foundation,!Member!Eurelectric!Working! Group!Prospective!(Swedish!representative).! !! Anders! Ådahl! is! as! director! the! Chalmers! Energy! AoA! focusing! on! strengthen! energy! research! within! Chalmers! and! making! science! useful! to! the! industrial! and! public! sector.! Creating! links! between! fundamental! and! applied! science,! integrating! knowledge! from! different! scientific! fields,! and! offering! arenas! for! mutual! knowledge! exchange! between! academia! and! industry/society! are! some! of! the! important! tools.! Transformation! of! the! energy!systems!towards!a!more!sustainable!future!via!science!and!knowledge!diffusion!is! Anders!Ådahls!main!driving!force.!

! 104! !