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Best Practices Handbook on ROADSIDE VEGETATION MANAGEMENT

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Best Practices Handbook on ROADSIDE VEGETATION MANAGEMENT MANUAL NUMBER 2000-19 BestBest PracticesPractices HandbookHandbook ON ROADSIDE VEGETATION MANAGEMENT T2 2 T /LTAP PROGRAM MINNESOTA DEPARTMENT MINNESOTA LOCAL ROAD CENTER FOR TRANSPORTATION STUDIES OF TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD (MN/DOT) (LRRB) Handbook Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. 3. Recipient’s Accession No. Mn/DOT 2000-19 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date BEST PRACTICES HANDBOOK ON ROADSIDE September 2000 VEGETATION MANAGEMENT 7. Author(s) 6. Ann M. Johnson, P.E. 8. Performing Organization Report No. 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Project/Task/Work Unit No. Professional Engineering Services, Ltd. 213 Towens Lane 11. Contract (C) or Grant (G) No. Wayzata, MN 55391 (C) (G) 12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address University of Minnesota 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Center for Transportation Studies 200 Transportation and Safety Building 511 Washington Avenue S.E. Minneapolis, MN 55455 15. Supplementary Notes 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 16. Abstract (Limit: 200 words) Maintaining roadsides for safety and aesthetics is an important issue for all levels of government throughout Minnesota. Vegetation is one important element of roadside maintenance. This handbook provides guidelines for effective management of roadside vegetation for local agencies, and highlights seven best management practices that were identified through research, surveys, and discussion with industry experts. The seven best management practices for roadside vegetation fall into these seven categories: 1. Develop an integrated roadside vegetation management plan 2. Develop a public relations plan 3. Develop a mowing policy and improved procedures 4. Establish sustainable vegetation 5. Control noxious weeds 6. Manage living snow fences 7. Use integrated construction and maintenance practices The main conclusion from the handbook is that successful roadside vegetation management depends on an integrated approach. This includes a wide variety of best management practices to address the many issues involved. This integrated approach includes an assessment of the existing conditions and determination of the type of roadside environment desired. Other construction operations, including proper seeding techniques, selection of the correct plant in the right area, selection of salt-tolerant seed species where needed, and erosion control, will greatly affect the roadside condition. Use of integrated construction and maintenance practices is one of the most important best management practices identified in the handbook. 17. Document Analysis/Descriptors 18. Availability Statement roadside vegetation vegetation maintenance noxious weeds No restrictions. Integrated Roadside Vegetation Management Plan mowing sustainable vegetation native grasses wildflowers salt resistant grasses woody vegetation brush control tree care pruning noxious weeds landscaping topsoil conservation erosion control living snowfences staged seeding 18. Availability Statement Document available from: National Technical Information Services, Springfield, Virginia 22161 19. Security Class (this report) 20. Security Class (this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 132 Best Practices Handbook on ROADSIDE VEGETATION MANAGEMENT September 2000 PUBLISHED BY Minnesota Technology Transfer (T2) / LTAP Program Center for Transportation Studies University of Minnesota 511 Washington Avenue S.E. Minneapolis, MN 55455-0375 Prepared by Ann Johnson, P.E., Professional Engineering Services, Ltd. Edited by Amy Friebe and Erin Streff, Center for Transportation Studies (CTS) Designed by Pat Rouse and Erin Streff, CTS PRINTED BY Minnesota Department of Transportation Office of Research Services 395 John Ireland Boulevard St. Paul, MN 55155 Phone: 651-282-2274 E-mail: [email protected] The University of Minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer. This publication is available in alternative formats upon request. Printed with 30 percent postconsumer waste. Acknowledgments We wish to thank the Minnesota Local Road Research Board (LRRB) for the financial sup- port to fund this handbook. Many thanks also go out to the Technical Advisory Panel that was instrumental in the devel- opment of this handbook, and without whose help this important resource would not have been possible. Its expertise and guidance were invaluable in assisting with research and direction. We appreciate the assistance of the following people who served on the Technical Advisory Panel: David Biesboer, University of Minnesota Dwayne Stenlund, Mn/DOT Office of Environmental Services Bob Jacobson, Mn/DOT Office of Environmental Services Scott Bradley, Mn/DOT Office of Environmental Services Paul Walvatne, Mn/DOT Office of Environmental Services Steve Mayer, Wright County Mark Croswell, Terra Vegetation Management Project consultation provided by Ann Johnson, Professional Engineering Services, Ltd. Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION 1 Review of Roadside Vegetation Management Practices 1 How This Handbook is Organized 2 CHAPTER 1: BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICE NO. 1: 3 DEVELOP AN INTEGRATED ROADSIDE VEGETATION MANAGEMENT PLAN Why Have an Integrated Roadside Vegetation Management Plan 3 Developing an IRVM Plan 4 1. Promoting an IRVM Philosophy 5 2. Preliminary Planning 5 3. Assessing Existing Conditions 6 4. Developing a Plan 14 5. Plan Implementation 15 Additional Resources 16 CHAPTER 2: BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICE NO. 2: 17 DEVELOP A PUBLIC RELATIONS PLAN CHAPTER 3: BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICE NO. 3: 19 DEVELOP A MOWING POLICY AND IMPROVED PROCEDURES Developing Mowing Policy 19 State Mowing Policy 20 Mn/DOT Requirements for All Mowing Widths 20 Other Guidelines from the Mn/DOT Policy 21 CHAPTER 4: BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICE NO. 4: 23 ESTABLISH SUSTAINABLE VEGETATION Using Native Grasses and Wildflowers 23 A Survey of Existing Native Plants 24 Seed Sources and Harvesting 25 How to Start a Prairie Planting 25 Maintenance Needs 26 Using Salt-Resistant Vegetation 27 Staged Planting 28 Controlling and Preventing Erosion 28 Choosing the Right Tree or Shrub for a Given Area 28 Tree and Shrub Seedling Mixes 29 Site Preparation 30 Seedling Storage and Handling 30 Planting Dates 30 Seedling Installation 31 Seedling Sources 31 Direct Seeding 31 Managing Woody Vegetation and Trees 32 General Best Management Practices for Woody Vegetation 33 Additional Resources 38 CHAPTER 5: BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICE NO. 5: 41 CONTROL NOXIOUS WEEDS Controlling Weeds 43 Biological Weed Control 43 Cultural Control of Noxious Weeds 44 Physical Control of Noxious Weeds 44 Chemical Control of Noxious Weeds 44 CHAPTER 6: BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICE NO. 6: 55 MANAGE LIVING SNOW FENCES Snow Fence Placement and Design 55 Selecting Plants for a Living Snow Fence 55 CHAPTER 7: BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICE NO. 7: 57 USE INTEGRATED CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE PRACTICES Integrated Construction and Maintenance Practices 57 Erosion Control 57 Topsoil Placement and Grading Operations 58 Temporary Seeding 58 Permanent Seeding 58 Tree Protection 58 CHAPTER 8: EXAMPLES OF BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 61 BMP #1: Develop an Integrated Roadside Vegetation Management Plan 61 Iowa Roadside Vegetation Management Program 62 Integrated Roadside Vegetation Management Plan for Mn/DOT Maintenance Area 3B-St. Cloud 63 Integrated Roadside Vegetation Management Plan for Mn/DOT Metro Division 67 Visual Quality Best Management Practice for Forest Management in Minnesota 69 BMP #2 Develop a Public Relations Plan 70 BMP #3: Develop a Mowing Policy and Improved Procedures 72 Nebraska Department of Roads 72 Wisconsin Department of Transportation 72 Mn/DOT Mowing Policy 73 BMP #4: Establish Sustainable Vegetation 74 Use of Native Grasses 74 Use of Right Plants in Right Areas 75 Erosion Control 76 BMP #5: Control Noxious Weeds 78 Cultural Control 78 Biological Control 78 Spot Spraying Techniques 78 BMP #6: Manage Living Snow Fences 80 BMP #7: Use Integrated Construction and Maintenance Practices 81 Contract Enforcement 81 Specifications 81 BIBLIOGRAPHY 83 APPENDIX A: SURVEY METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS A-1 Survey Methodology A-1 First Survey A-1 Second Survey A-4 Third Survey A-5 Best Management Practices Selected by Survey Respondents A-5 APPENDIX B: SOILS INFORMATION B-1 Basic Soil Information B-1 Weathering B-1 Soil Profile B-1 Soil Texture B-1 Laboratory Determination of Soil Texture B-2 APPENDIX C: VEGETATION CHARACTERISTICS C-1 APPENDIX D: USE OF HERBICIDES D-1 APPENDIX E: MINNESOTA NOXIOUS WEEDS E-1 Hemp (Marijuana) E-1 Bull Thistle E-1 Musk Thistle E-2 Plumeless Thistle E-3 Canada Thistle E-4 Field Bindweed E-4 Leafy Spurge E-5 Perennial Sow Thistle E-6 Poison Ivy E-7 Purple Loosestrife E-8 APPENDIX F: TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM NO. 89-8-ME-6 F-1 APPENDIX G: GLOSSARY OF TERMS G-1 FIGURES 1-1 Ecological Classification System Maps of Minnesota 13 3-1 Minnesota Mowing Law 21 4-1 Minnesota Plant Hardiness Zones 30 4-2 Roadway Zones 32 4-3 Improper Pruning Techniques 34 4-4 Proper Pruning Techniques 35 4-5 Keys to Good Pruning 36 4-6 Proper Pruning Principles 37 8-1 Roadway Management Zones 65 8-2 Example of a Letter to Property Owners 70 8-3 Example of Spraying Form 71 8-4 Canada Thistle after Mowing 79 8-5 Canada Thistle Just Prior to Seed Release 79 8-6 Canada Thistle after Spraying 79 8-7 Spraying Too Close Killed Vines 79 8-8 Milkweed 79 B-1 Soil Classification B-2 TABLES 1-1 Field Classification of Soils 7 1-2 Farmers' Indicators of Healthy and Unhealthy Soils 9 1-3 Soil Types and Properties 10 1-4 Types of Erosion 11 1-5 Plant Types
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