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The Other Magazine Revolution: American Little Magazines and Fin-De- Siècle Print Culture, 1894-1904

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The Other Magazine Revolution: American Little Magazines and Fin-De- Siècle Print Culture, 1894-1904 University of Alberta The Other Magazine Revolution: American Little Magazines and fin-de- siècle Print Culture, 1894-1904 by Kirsten Jessica Gordon MacLeod A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Library and Information Studies School of Library and Information Studies ©Kirsten Jessica Gordon MacLeod Fall 2009 Edmonton, Alberta Permission is hereby granted to the University of Alberta Libraries to reproduce single copies of this thesis and to lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purposes only. Where the thesis is converted to, or otherwise made available in digital form, the University of Alberta will advise potential users of the thesis of these terms. The author reserves all other publication and other rights in association with the copyright in the thesis and, except as herein before provided, neither the thesis nor any substantial portion thereof may be printed or otherwise reproduced in any material form whatsoever without the author's prior written permission. Library and Archives Bibliothèque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l’édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-54155-5 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-54155-5 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L’auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l’Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L’auteur conserve la propriété du droit d’auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author’s permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privée, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont été enlevés de thesis. cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n’y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. Examining Committee Margaret Mackey, Library and Information Studies Alvin Schrader (Emeritus Professor), Library and Information Studies Joan Greer, Art and Design ABSTRACT This thesis is a cultural and material history of the little magazine phenomenon of the 1890s in America and is informed by a sociology of texts methodology. These little magazines, over 300 of which emerged between 1894 and 1904, represented a prolific and significant body of alternative print culture and are central to the literary and social history of this period. The thesis documents the social and cultural origins of the form and its producers; describes the material conditions of production, distribution, and reception governing their emergence; explores the literary and social networks of the people that produced them; and provides an overview of the main types of these magazines (“aesthetic,” “protest,” “humor and parody,” and “miscellaneous”) and their typical content. An updated bibliography of these magazines, which have not been fully documented since 1903, is included. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Though the topic of this thesis began to take shape in my mind in 2002 as part of a post-doctoral research project on Decadence and American Modernism, it would not have taken its current form without the intellectual journey that began with my enrolment in the library and information studies program at the University of Alberta. I am indebted to a number of people who supported me as I weaved a rather erratic and circuitous route through this program. Darlene Syrotuik, former SLIS assistant director, was encouraging and enthusiastic when I first expressed interest in applying to the program. Also, as my aerobics instructor for eight years, she has also kept me fit through two graduate degrees. Alvin Schrader and Margaret Mackey were extremely accommodating and generous with their time, enabling me to pursue my own book history interests by supervising me in two directed study courses. My work for Margaret in a directed study on “The History of the Book in America” represented the genesis of this thesis. Joan Greer, of the Department of Art and Design, generously agreed to sit on my committee and has provided an important visual culture context for my project. My thanks are also due to SLIS administrative staff, especially Joanne Hilger, former SLIS Student Services Administrator, who was so helpful in negotiating my way into and out of and into the program. Ann Curry, Margaret Mackey, and Toni Samek came through for me in a particularly dramatic moment in my academic trajectory, providing me with the impetus needed to complete the program and the inspiration to write a thesis. I must also acknowledge those agencies and institutions that have supported my work: The Canadian Library Association, the Alberta Scholarship program, the Library Association of Alberta, the University of Alberta, and Rare Book School (Charlottesville), offered financial support, while the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada allowed me to finish my MLIS degree while holding a SSHRC Standard Research Grant. Finally, thanks to my husband, Gary Kelly, whose enthusiasm for my work is almost as strong as my own, and whose insight is, frankly, invaluable. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Research Topic and Problem: A Print Phenomenon Neglected 1 Rationale and Aims: Recuperating the fin-de-siècle Little Magazines 8 Defining the Little Magazine of the 1890s: Methodological Challenges 10 Further Methodological Challenges: Scope and Resources 20 Structure of the Thesis 28 PART 1: CONTEXTS Chapter 1 -- The Social and Cultural Formation of the Little Magazines And Little Magazinists 32 The Middle-class Cultural Context 34 Magazines and Middle-class Culture 42 Little Magazinists and the Middle-class Cultural Context 47 Chapter 2 -- From the Yellow Press to the Yellow Book: Revolutions in Mass-Market and High Print Culture and the Emergence of Little Magazines 76 The Rise of the Ten-cent Magazine: The Magazine Revolution Context 78 Art and Advertisement: The Poster Revolution 85 The Art of the Book: The Revolution in Fine Printing 90 The Little Magazines and the Three Print Revolutions 95 “Monthly Rubbish”?: The Little Magazines as Popular Print 96 Literary, Artistic, and Aesthetic Revolt: The Little Magazines as High Art 105 Chapter 3 -- Making Magazines: The Material Conditions of Production and Distribution 117 Magazine Production in the 1890s: The “Big” Magazines 117 Magazine Production in the 1890s: The Little Magazines 122 Chapter 4 -- Instances of fin-de-siècle Little Magazine Production 139 Small-Scale Little Magazine Production: Private Press and Amateur Printers 141 Small to Medium-Scale Little Magazine Production: Amateur Publishers 148 Medium to Large-Scale Little Magazine Production: Mediating Between the High and the Popular 158 The Built-in Obsolescence of the Little Magazine 172 PART 2: CONTENTS Chapter 5 -- Aesthetic Little Magazines: The Chap-Book and Its Imitators 180 Aesthetic Little Magazines: The Broader Magazine Context 181 Fiction in the Aesthetic Little Magazines 190 Poetry in the Aesthetic Little Magazines 198 Art in the Aesthetic Little Magazines 210 Criticism and Editorials in the Little Magazines 219 Chapter 6 -- Periodicals of Protest: The Hubbard Influence 231 The Original Periodical of Protest: Hubbard’s Philistine 235 Other Periodicals of Protest 241 Chapter 7 -- Humour, Parody and Miscellaneous Little Magazines 257 “Oh, What a Lark”: The Chop-Book, the Bilioustine, and Other Knocks at the Genre 258 Miscellaneous Little Magazines 272 Afterword – Fin-de-siècle Little Magazines: Not So Little After All? 284 Bibliography 289 Appendix A – Illustrations 321 Appendix B – A fin-de-siècle Little Magazine Anthology 347 Foreword . Vance Thompson, M’lle New York (Aug. 1895) 348 Life’s Quest . E. St. Elmo Lewis, Moods (1894) 349 Good or Evil . E, St. Elmo Lewis, Moods (1894) 349 The Purple Cow . Gelett Burgess, The Lark (May 1895) 350 Night-Blooming Cereus . Harriet Monroe, Bradley, His Book (May 1896) 351 Demon of the Depths . James B. Griffes, Chips (May 1895) 352 Ridicule . Sara Lorton, Erudite (April 1900) 352 Mother Goose . Morris Tudor, Erudite (April 1900) 352 Verses . Stephen Crane, The Chap-Book (March 1, 1896) 353 A Tribute . Richard Gorham Badger, The Philosopher 354 (October 1897) Drawing . Claude Fayette Bragdon, The Chap-Book (October 15, 1896) 355 Our Clubbing List . Gelett Burgess , Petit Journal des Refusées (July 1896) 356 Aphorisms, Moocha Saba Says, Advertisement, The Ghourki (September/October 1903) 358 A Decadent Sketch . George E. Creel, The Lotus (June 15, 1896) 359 The Rose Tree . Frank Hazenplug, The Chap-Book 359 (July 1 1896) Aphorisms . Elbert Hubbard, The Philistine (September 1902) 360 Heart to Heart Talks With Philistines . Elbert Hubbard, The Philistine (September 1902) 360 A Riddle (with a Woodcut), The Chap-Book (July15, 1896) 363 The Man Without the Hoe . W. A. Smith, The Schoolmaster (March 1900) 364 Le Bain . F. Valloton, The Chap-Book (December 15, 1894) 365 Moon Memories . Ella Wheeler Wilcox, Tabasco (October 1902) 366 The Avocations of Vivette .
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