Master of Medicine 2019/2020

PPSP/PG/OPH/CP2/IR1

MASTER OF MEDICINE OPHTHALMOLOGY Universiti Sains Malaysia

2019/2020

Malaysian Universities Conjoint Committee of Ophthalmology

MASTER OF MEDICINE (OPHTHALMOLOGY)

BY Professor Dr. Shatriah Ismail

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Associate Professor Datin Dr. Zunaina Embong Professor Dr. Wan Hazabbah Wan Hitam Professor Dr. Liza Sharmini Ahmad Tajudin Dr. Evelyn Tai Li Min

1st Edition - May 2005 2nd Edition - May 2006 3rd Edition - May 2007 4th Edition - May 2008 5th Edition - May 2009 6th Edition - May 2010 7th Edition - May 2011 8th Edition - May 2012 9th Edition - May 2013 10th Edition - May 2014 11th Edition - May 2015 12th Edition - May 2016 13th Edition - May 2017 14th Edition - May 2018 15th Edition - May 2019

Preface

Welcome to the Master of Medicine (Ophthalmology) program at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). As a prior graduate of this program, it is my privilege to write the preface for this guidebook.

As with any course one elects to undertake, one requires at least an understanding of the course structure, the syllabus, and the requirements for each phase, in order to successfully complete the course within a reasonable time. First released in 2005, this guidebook aims to give you an overview of these things and more. As a student, I often referred to my guidebook when in doubt, and even now, still have that original guidebook, although it has undergone many revisions since my time. As goalposts may shift, particularly the pre-requisites for continuous assessment and the examination formats, it would be advisable to refer to a copy of the most recent version of this book.

We hope you will find this book useful. If you note any areas for improvement, do let us know so these can be addressed in the next revision.

Dr. Evelyn Tai MD (USM), MMed (Ophthal) (USM) Coordinator, Master of Medicine (Ophthalmology) Program May 2019

ii From the desk of the Head of Department

Congratulations to our new Master of Medicine (Ophthalmology) trainees. Welcome to a new chapter of your life. Hope that it will be a smooth journey of learning.

Master of Medicine (Ophthalmology) in USM started in 1997. The department has built our own strength and improved our weakness for the past 2 d e c a d e s in producing ophthalmologist for the country. To date, USM have already produced 159 ophthalmologists who are now working in Malaysia and abroad. Currently, our syllabus and examination format is based on Malaysian Universities Conjoint Committee of Ophthalmology (MUCCO). MUCCO was formed with representatives from USM, UKM, UM, Ministry of Health and Academy of Medicine.

MUCCO has been successful in standardization of the curriculum, teaching program and assessment of training in ophthalmology in Malaysia since 2009. Our training program is aimed for excellence in academic and surgical skill expertise, appropriate attitude, teamwork, leadership quality and great personality in our future graduates.

Everyone may have a different milestone in this journey. Be consistent, work smart and focus to your destination!

Professor Dr. Shatriah Ismail MD (USM), MMed (Ophthal) (USM),Fellowship in Paediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (Singapore), AM (Malaysia) Coordinator of Master of Medicine (Ophthalmology) Program Professor, Consultant Paediatric Ophthalmologist & Strabismus Specialist May 2019

iii TABLE OF CONTENTS

No Contents Page Preface ii From the desk of the Head of Department iii 1. Introduction 1 2. Objectives 5 2.1. Phase I (Year 1) 6 2.2. Phase II (Year 2 & 3) 6 2.3. Phase III (Year 4) 6 3. Program Structure 7 4. Syllabus 9 4.1. Phase I 10 4.2. Phase II and III 22 5. Text & References 29 6. Duties of a Trainee 35 6.1. Teaching Program 36 6.2. Schedule 37 6.2.1. General planner for assessment and courses 37 6.3. Dissertation 38 6.3.1. Writing a proposal 38 6.3.2. Ethical approval 39 6.3.3. Research grant 39 6.3.4. Data collection 39 6.3.5. Dissertation report 39 6.3.6. Submission of dissertation report 43 6.3.7. Assessment of thesis by examiners 44 6.3.8. Presentation and viva voce 44 6.3.9. Final submission of dissertation report 44 6.3.10. Publication 45 6.4. Summary of Dissertation Progress 46 6.5. Publication 47 6.5.1. Progress of publication 48 6.5.2. Format of a case report/case series 49 6.5.3. Format of letter to editor 49 6.5.4. Format of original article 50

iv 6.6. Summary of Surgery Done & Assisted 51 6.7. Summary of Merit Points 52 6.7.1. Overall 52 6.7.2. Presentation 54 6.8. Annual Leave 55 6.8.1. Annual leave 55 6.8.2. Leave application 55 6.8.3. Unrecorded leave 55 6.8.4. Medical/Emergency leave 55 6.8.5. Overseas leave 55 7. Assessment 56 7.1. Continuous Assessment 57 7.2 Progress Interview 60 7.3. Evaluation of the Dissertation Progress 60 7.4. Evaluation of the Program 60 8. Examination 65 8.1. Phase I Examination 66 8.2. Phase II Examination 67 8.3. Phase III Examination 68 8.4. Others 68 8.5. Grading Marks 69 8.6. Merit Points 69 8.7. Summary of Assessment 70 8.8. Evaluation of the Examination 71 8.9. Best Student Award 74 9. Department of Ophthalmology 75 9.1. Lecturers 76 9.2. Visiting Professors 77 9.3. Honorary Lecturers 77 9.4. Trainee Lecturers 78 9.5. Supporting Staffs 78 10. Clinical Services 79 10.1. Rotational Postings 80 10.2. Clinical Services 80 10.2.1. Prevention of blindness clinic 80 10.2.2. General clinic 81 10.2.3. Pre-operative clinic 82

v 10.2.4. Subspecialty clinics 83 10.3. Diagnostic Laboratory Services 84 10.4. Optometry Services 84 10.5. On-Call Responsibilities 84 10.6. Patients Requiring Admission 85 10.7. Ward Rounds 86 10.8. Operation Theatre 86 10.9. Specialist Visit to Hospital Tengku Anis, Pasir Putih, Kelantan 87 10.10. Community Engagement Program 87 11. Dissertation Projects 89

1 Introduction

The Ophthalmology Unit started its existence in 1984, about a year after Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (Hospital USM) was first commissioned to offer ophthalmology services for the people of Kelantan. In response to the Ministry of Health’s requirement for more local specialists and the introduction of Masters Program in Malaysia, the university first started recruiting local medical officers for the trainee lecturer program in Ophthalmology in the 1986 – 1990 period, all of whom were sent for postgraduate training in UKM. The growing number of lecturers has finally appropriated the move from a Unit to Department status and the subsequent establishment of the Master of Medicine (Ophthalmology) program.

The program kicked off in 1997 with its first intake of 10 trainees. The program is a mixed- module mode, and almost similarly structured compared to the programs offered by UKM and UM. However, being the youngest ‘sibling’ has its own unique advantages. Our program offers a two year in-campus placement for distance learning (PJJ) trainees which puts them under direct supervision and allows them a better exposure and access to facilities available in the campus including medical library, computer aided laboratory, clinical skill center and the highly acclaimed research backups. The postgraduate teaching courses are run by both local as well as international faculty members. Teaching staff strength now is 11 lecturers.

The department is actively involved in serious research activities including collaborative research with other departments and national institutions. The procurement of the Humphrey visual field analyser, digital imaging system for anterior and posterior segments, and endothelial cell analyser, corneal topography, ocular ultrasound (A & B Scans) and IOLMaster®, have increased the department’s research potential tremendously. Frequency doubling perimetry, confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (Heidelberg Retinal Tomography III), and scanning laser polarimetry (GDx) complemented the glaucoma service. The department has also acquired the HRA, optical coherent tomography and paediatric visual acuity Smart system. The procurement of a highly recommended phacoemulsification machine saw the department progressing to a new level in small incision cataract surgery with numerous research projects carried out on this new type of surgery. Argon and YAG lasers have complemented our clinical service and put our research output to a higher level. The planning of a well-equipped LASIK centre is the next natural course of action towards further progress very soon.

One of the major achievements of the department was the organisation of the USM Ophthalmology Symposium which was first held in 2003 and then followed by another successful symposium in 2004. In 2005, we were host to the inaugural 1st USM-UM-UKM Ophthalmology Meeting held in conjunction with the annual Ophthalmology Symposium. It was organised in the spirit of the conjoint committee; to strengthen the solidarity between the three major universities

offering the ophthalmology training programme. In 2011, we were honoured once again to organise the 1st Annual MOH-USM-UKM-UM Ophthalmology Scientific Conference in conjunction with the 5th USM Ophthalmology Symposium on 2011. We are due again to host the esteem ophthalmology symposium in 2019.

The collaboration between the universities in the field of ophthalmology was further strengthened with the formation of a new flagship of the Malaysian Universities Conjoint Committee of Ophthalmology (MUCCO). With this Committee, the syllabus and examination format have been standardised to ensure that the quality of graduates produced are of the highest calibre. The first conjoint examination was held in May 2008 and has continued since then.

By May 2019, the USM Master of Medicine (Ophthalmology) program has produced 159 ophthalmologists, including four of our international trainees who graduated in 2008 and 2009. The high quality of these graduates was beginning to reflect very well on the postgraduate program, establishing the department as a well recognised training center nationally that is on par with and even surpassing the other more established local universities.

Further collaboration with other ophthalmology centers abroad has significantly added value to our program. W e have had the honor of a Visiting Professor to specifically cater to the needs of our trainees preparing for their examinations. Dr. Lee Hung Ming (a well-respected Refractive and Anterior Segment Consultant), Professor James Barry Cullen (a world-renowned Neuro-Ophthalmologist), A/Prof Lim Tock Han and A/Prof Heng Wee Jin (both are Senior Consultants, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore), and Dr Ganga Sundara (Senior Consultant, National University of Singapore) have shared their tremendous and valuable experience with our trainees.

We have also formed a close partnership with the Ophthalmology Departments of Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore, National University of Singapore and Singapore National Eye Centre. Their highly respected ophthalmology consultants have been invited as external examiners, subspecialty trainers and also course coordinators. Among them are A/Prof. Dr. Lim Tock Han, A/Prof. Dr. Heng Wee Jin, Dr. Fam Han Bor, Dr. Wong Hon Tym, A/Prof. Dr. Goh Kong Yong, Dr. Leo Seo Wei, Dr. Leonard Yip, A/Prof. Dr. Kah-Guan Au Eong, Dr. Yip Chee Chew, Dr. Ganga Sundhara and Prof. Dr. Aung Tin. These consultants are well-known leaders in their respective subspecialties not only regionally but also internationally.

The department is venturing into more sub-specialised services, which is made possible by the fellowship training obtained by our lecturers. Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease, Paediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Neuro-Ophthalmology, Glaucoma, Orbit and Oculoplasty, Medical Retina and Ocular Trauma are among the subspecialties currently offered.

The department also has a unique and active community engagement program, the “e-CEP” which is incorporated into the undergraduate and postgraduate ophthalmology postings. Other postgraduate teaching activities are regular ward rounds, post operative audits, journal club, basic science classes, intensive courses, basic surgical skills workshop and ophthalmology-radiology conference. Among others, our trainees are also actively participate in ophthalmology teaching for undergraduates and other projects organised by the School of Medical Sciences, Hospital USM and non-governmental organisations.

The recent years saw a large jump in research activities, with numerous research presentations both locally and internationally (some were award-winning), as well as numerous publications in the high-impact and international databased journals. The training in Universiti Sains Malaysia puts high emphasis not only on the high quality of skills and knowledge in ophthalmology but also to instill “research culture” which is the hallmark of Universiti Sains Malaysia as one of the research university in Malaysia. The Department of Ophthalmology has an active publication record, and has been among the top three departments in the publication category within the School of Medical Sciences since 2011. We have also been winning Anugerah Sanggar Sanjung USM (Publication Category) since 2011.

Medicine is a vocation that balances between the arts and sciences. In USM, we are committed to produce excellent ophthalmologists through our program in order to contribute to humanity. This is consistent with the aspiratios of the university, which was chosen as the Accelerated Program for Excellence (APEX) University in Malaysia. Good leadership qualities, respect, caring and positive attitude towards patients and the profession are stressed upon at all times. It is hoped that at the end of the program, the product of the Masters program will become an invaluable asset at wherever place and community that they serve.

2 Objectives

2.0. OBJECTIVES

Capability and skills that need to be achieved by trainees at the end of their milestones:

2.1. PHASE I (YEAR 1)

1. Acquire good knowledge in basic medical / surgery 2. Acquire good knowledge in anatomy, physiology, ocular pathology and basic optics 3. Capable of knowing ophthalmic instruments and understand the optical principles of the instruments 4. Capable of performing a complete ophthalmology examination including clinical refraction 5. Capable of performing minor ophthalmology surgeries under supervision

2.2. PHASE II (YEAR 2 & 3)

1. Capable of taking relevant ophthalmology history from patients 2. Capable of performing a comprehensive and relevant ophthalmology examination including refraction to patients 3. Capable of arriving to significant differential diagnosis and continue with relevant investigations 4. Capable of managing most patients with minimum supervision 5. Capable of performing common surgical procedures such as cataract surgery, with supervision

2.3. PHASE III (YEAR 4)

1. Capable of treating most of the patients without supervision 2. Capable of performing common surgeries without supervision 3. Have acquired knowledge and skills and able to supervise trainees 4. Capable of presenting cases and discussing plan of management 5. Awareness of self capability in order to refer cases to subspecialists

3 Program Structure

OPHTHALMOLOGY PROGRAM STRUCTURE

PHASE YEAR CURRICULUM

I 1 Basic Ophthalmology Optics and Refraction Introduction to Clinical Ophthalmology

Phase I Examination

II 2 & 3 Clinical Ophthalmology Scientific Presentations Case Reports / Publications Submission Dissertation Protocol & Ethical Approval Conduct Dissertation Project

Phase II Examination

III 4 Advanced Ophthalmology Specialist-in training Scientific Presentations Case Reports / Publications Submission Conduct and Complete Dissertation Project Dissertation Submission Elective Posting

Phase III Examination

4 Syllabus

4.1. PHASE I

4.1.1. Basic Sciences (General and Ocular) 4.1.1.1. Anatomy 1. The cranial cavity Osteology of the skull including bony orbit Meninges, blood supply, nerve supply Venous sinuses Foramina and their contents Cranial fossae Pituitary gland and its relations Trigeminal ganglion

2. Central nervous system Cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum Surface appearance Internal structure Cortical areas Ventricles Formation and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid Blood supply and venous drainage Microscopic anatomy Brain stem Midbrain Pons Medulla and fourth ventricle Nuclei of cranial nerves Cranial nerves Origin, course and distributions Spinal canal Spinal cord, venous plexus, meninges and subarachnoid space Visual pathways – visual cortex, cortical connections and association areas Structures involved in control of eye movements Autonomic nervous system and the eye

10 3. Head and neck anatomy Nose, mouth and paranasal sinuses Lateral wall of nose, septum, vessels and nerves, osteology, anatomy, relations and development of air sinuses The face and scalp - muscles, nerves and vessels, temporal fossa, zygomatic arch, salivary glands and temporomandibular joints The inferotemporal fossa and pterygopalatine fossa – muscles, nerves and vessels, carotid sheath, pterygopalatine ganglion General topography of the neck – posterior triangle, anterior triangle, suprahyoid region, pre vetebral region, root of neck Respiratory system – the anatomy of mouth, pharynx, soft palate and larynx with particular reference to bulbar palsies and tracheostomy Lymphatic drainage of the head and neck

4. Histology Knowledge of histological structure of tissues. Particular attention should be paid to the histological appearance of the structures of the head and neck especially in relation to their functions

5. Embryology General embryology with particular emphasis to structures of the head and neck

4.1.1.2. Physiology 1. General physiology Maintenance of homeostasis: osmolarity, osmotic and oncotic pressure Transport processes in systems and tissues Molecular events: the role of calcium in regulation of cell processes Normal nutritional requirements General metabolic response to trauma and sepsis

2. Nerve and muscle Structure and function of nerve cell

11 Resting membrane potential, action potential and its propagation, synaptic potentials The motor unit, neuromuscular junction and molecular events Smooth muscle Pain and its control

3. Autonomic nervous system Organization and anatomy, cholinergic transmission, adrenergic transmission

4. Blood Composition and function of blood Iron metabolism, erythropoesis and anaemia Plasma components Blood groups Blood clotting and fibrinolysis

5. Respiratory system Respiratory mechanisms including lung mechanics, volumes and control of ventilations Pulmonary blood flow including ventilation-perfusion ratio CO2 and O2 transport, carriage and distribution Gas exchange in lung Assessment of pulmonary function Respiratory failure and other common derangements of respiratory function Oxygen therapy and ventilatory support

6. Cardiovascular system Blood pressure The cardiac cycle Control, excitation and conduction in heart Control of circulation Blood vessels and transcapillary exchange, measurement of blood flow Pathophysiology and management of shock

12 7. Acid-base balance / metabolism PH-buffers-acid-base balance Bicarbonate/CO2 buffer Disturbances of acid-base balance Nutrition

8. Renal system Renal circulation Glomerular filtration Tubular function Salt and water: hormonal control and water balance Kidney in control of acid-base balance Renin-angiotensin system Disturbances of fluid and electrolyte balance

9. Endocrine system Hormones, receptors and secondary messengers Hypothalamic-hypophyseal system Adrenal cortex, synthesis of glucocorticoids and steroid hormones Thyroid hormones Calcium and phosphate homeostasis Carbohydrate metabolism: pancreatic hormones

10. Central nervous system and special senses Cerebrospinal fluid Superficial senses, proprioception, monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes, synaptic inhibition Central processing of sensory input Cerebellar function in motor control Cerebral cortex in control of movement Basal ganglia Organization within cervical and thoracic spinal cord

4.1.1.3. Molecular and cell biology Cellular biochemistry Organization of cell organelle, plasma membrane, cytoskeleton, nucleus; cell to cell communication; ion and solute transport

13 Protein and acid nucleic synthesis: molecular biology Connective tissue and extracelullar matrix Collagen; synthesis/degradation Basal lamina; collagen, laminin; Fibronektin; Proteoglikans; Glycoprotein Receptor, signal transduction and second messenger Adenylate cylase, hormone receptor, protein-F, phosphoinosystide system Atrial natriuretics factor Active oxygen species Free radical and H2O2, scavenger; lipid peroxidase, phospholipase A Ecosanoids Prostaglandins, Leukotrines Enzymes that metabolize drugs (cytochrome P450 and multifunction oxidase group)

4.1.1.4. Pathology 1. Inflammation Acute inflammation: chemical and cellular mechanisms Wound healing Chronic inflammation: granulomata, granulation tissue, ulceration, immune mechanisms, chemical mediators in response to infection and tissue injury Graft rejection

2. Disturbances of growth Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia and metaplasia

3. Degenerations Calcification, hyaline, amyloid

4. Aging Mechanisms including apoptosis

5. Neoplasia Morphological and cellular characteristics of benign versus malignant tumours Carcinogenesis Gene control

14 Oncogenes Effects of irradiation and cytotoxic drugs Environmental factors

6. Vascular disorders Atheroma Thrombosis Embolism Ischaemia and infarction Hypertension Aneurysms Diabetes Angiogenesis

7. Shock and trauma Response to surgical, chemical and radiation trauma Principles of the pathological effects of head injury

4.1.1.5. Microbiology 1. Principle of infection

2. Culture media

3. Bacteria Gram staining and classification Exotoxins and endotoxins Mechanism of virulence and pathogenicity Synergistic infections Antibiotics: including mechanisms of action, bacterial resistance Host defence mechanisms against bacterial infection

4. Viruses Classification Structure and replication Host defence against viral infection Antiviral agents: mechanism of action Laboratory methods for viral detection

5. HIV and AIDS Classification, diagnosis, laboratory diagnosis and monitoring of HIV infection Opportunistic infections Anti-HIV agents

6. Fungi Classification Host factors which predispose to fungal infection Antifungal agents

7. Others Toxolasmosis Chlamydia Acanthamoeba Helminthic infections Antimicrobials

4.1.1.6. Immunology Innate and acquired immunity Effector mechanisms of immune response Humoral immunity and antibody class and function Cellular immunity Immunity against microbes T and B cells: cluster differentiation, phenotype, T and B cell activation MHC antigens, antigen presenting cells and antigen processing Immune mechanism of tissue damage Interleukins, complements Immunodeficiency and immunosuppression Organ transplantation and pathophysiology of allograft rejection

4.1.1.7. Pharmacology Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics Drug receptor and secondary messengers: cellular mechanisms of drug action Cholinergic and adrenergic systems

16 Serotonin Histamine Anti-inflammatory agents Anti-infective agents Immunosuppressants Local anaesthetics Analgesics Mechanisms of drug toxicity

4.1.1.8. Genetics Chromosomes and cell division Methods of genetic analysis Mandelian inheritance X-linked inheritance Mitochondrial inheritance Linkage analysis, disequilibrium and population genetics Chromosome mapping Gene mutations Oncogenes and genetics of malignancy Principles of gene therapy

4.1.2. Ocular Sciences 4.1.2.1. Anatomy of visual and ocular system Orbit and paranasal sinuses Ocular appendages Eyeball Surface anatomy as seen under slit lamp Extraocular muscles Orbital nerves Visual pathway Orbital autonomic system Embryology of the eye

4.1.2.2. Physiology of visual and ocular system Function of eyelid Lacrimal apparatus Physiology of cornea

17 Somatic sensation Control of ocular movement and extraocular muscles Ocular circulation Aqueous humour Intraocular pressure Vitreous Lens Pupil and accommodation Retina and optic nerve Photochemistry Electrical phenomenon in the retina Physiology of visual pathway Colour vision Entoptic phenomenon Binocular vision Visual adaptation Time related visual function

4.1.2.3. Introduction to ocular pathology 1. To describe ocular anatomy and to identify the histology of major structures of the eye e.g. conjunctiva, sclera, cornea, anterior chamber angle, iris, ciliary body, lens, vitreous, retina, retinal pigment epithelium, choroid and optic nerve

2. To describe basic pathophysiology of the common disease processes of the eye and to identify the major histological findings of each e.g. wound healing, infection, inflammation, neoplasm

3. To identify the histology of important intraocular and adnexal diseases e.g. endophthalmitis, retinoblastoma, choroidal melanoma, microbial keratitis

4. To describe common basic ophthalmic-related immunology

18 4.1.2.4. Basic optics and principles of ophthalmic instruments 1. Physical Optics Features of light Defraction Interefens Resolution Polarization Refraction Transmission and resorption Photometry Laser

2. Geometry Optics Reflection Refraction Prisms Spherical lenses Astigmatic lenses Optical prescription Identification of lenses Aberration of optical systems

3. Introduction to Clinical Optics Ocular optic Refraction by the eye Reduced schematic eye Pupillary response (Styles Crowford effect) Visual acuity Contrast sensitivity Catoptric images Emmetropia Accomodation Perkinje image Principle of pinhole

19 4. Instruments Direct ophthalmoscope Indirect ophthalmoscope Retinoscope Simple magnification glass (Loupe) Focimeter Lensometer Automated refractometer Slit lamp microscope – including technique of examination Keratometer Applanation tonometer Corneal pachymeter Specular microscope Principle of zoom lens Operating microscope Gonioscope Hruby lens, 90D etc. Fundus lenses (Panfunduscope lens and Goldmann) Fundus camera Synoptophore Stereoscopic test Lees screen / Hess chart

5. Principles of LASER in Ophthalmology Basic concept Argon Laser Nd:YAG laser Excimer laser, diode, krypton and CO2 laser Historical aspect Lenses use in LASER therapy

6. Ultrasound in Ophthalmology Principle of sound wave A-scan and B-scan Diagnostic ultrasound

20 4.1.2.5. Clinical refraction Ametropia Accommodation disorders Refractive error Ametropia correction Glasses problem in aphakic patient The effect of glasses and contact lens to accommodation and convergence Effective power of lenses Back vertex distance Spectacle magnification Intraocular lens power calculation Presbyopia Low visual aids Retinoscopy Subjective refraction Back vertex distance calculation Accommodative power Interpupillary distance Lens decentration and prismatic effect Advantages of lens Glass prescription to children Cycloplegic refraction

21 4.2. PHASE II and III

4.2.1. Clinical ophthalmic pathology Inflammation and immune related eye disease Ocular inflammation – specific and idiopathic Sympathetic ophthalmia Pathology of external eye Eyelid growth and lesion Uveal tract growth Lens disorders Retinal degenerative diseases Retinal vascular diseases Neuroepithelial growth Glaucoma Optic nerve lesion Phacomatosis Lymphoid tissue growth Congenital defect Injury and surgical trauma

4.2.2. External eye disease Eyelids inflammatory disease and pseudotumour Bacterial conjunctivitis Ophthalmia neonatorum Follicular conjunctivitis Phlyctenulosis conjunctivitis Vernal conjunctivitis Conjunctival growth Therapeutic hydrogel lens Skin and mucous membrane bullous disorder Lacrimal drainage system Diagnosis and treatment of dry eye

4.2.3. Uveal disease Fluorescein angiography Uveitis work-up Uveal biopsy

22 Ocular albinism General facts in uveitis Pathogenesis of uveitis Aetiology of uveitis Treatment of uveitis Bacterial uveitis (including tuberculosis and syphilis) Viral uveitis Uveitis – presumed viral aetiology Presumed ocular histoplasmosis Mycotic uveitis Toxoplasmosis Uveitis and parasites Uveitis and general diseases Hypersensitivity uveitis Postoperative uveitis Paediatric uveitis Other types of uveitis Trauma: laceration and hemorrhage Trauma: inflammation Ciliochoroidal effusion Iris atrophy and degeneration Choroidal atrophy and degeneration Uveal tumours

4.2.4. Retinal disease Fluorescein angiography Clinical visual electrophysiology Colour vision Congenital fundus disorder Hereditary macular dystrophy Retinal inflammatory disease Fungal endogenous endophthalmitis Hypertension and arteriosclerosis Retinal periphlebitis Sickle cell retinopathy Blood dyscrasia retinopathy Retinopathy of prematurity

23 Age related macular degeneration Systemic lupus erythematosus retinopathy Vascular fundal disorder Acquired maculopathies Primary retinal degeneration Choroideremia and gyrate atrophy Retinal degenerative disease Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment Retinopathy related to metabolic disorder Diabetic retinopathy Blunt trauma to the posterior segment Intraocular tumours Toxic retinopathy Radiation retinopathy Changes and diseases of vitreous

4.2.5. Lens disease Examination and measurement of lenses Types of cataracts and complication of cataract Congenital lens disorders

4.2.6. Orbital disease Introduction to orbital diseases and technique of examination Radiology of orbit CT-scan of orbit Introduction to ophthalmic ultrasound Ocular and orbital ultrasonography Neuro-ophthalmic view of orbital diseases Congenital orbital disorders and growth abnormalities Cystic tumour Introduction to ultrastructure, inflammation and neoplasia Eye and orbital changes in Graves disease Vascular tumour, malformation and degeneration Lymphoma, plasma, histogytic and haemopoitic Lacrimal gland tumour Neurogenic tumour Optic nerve glioma

24 Rhabdomyoscarcoma Mesenchyme and fibro-osseous tumour Orbital metastasis tumour Orbital bone fracture

4.2.7. Visual pathway disease Diagnosis: prechiasma Diagnosis: optic chiasma Diagnosis: retrochiasma and cortical function Extraocular movement and technique of data recording Supranuclear and ocular motility disorder Nystagmus and ocular movement Infranuclear and ocular motility disorder Congenital optic disc disease Pupil and accommodation Aneurysm, A-V malformation and other related vascular disease Migraine

4.2.8. Ocular motility disease Extraocular muscle and extraocular movement Nerves that innervate the extraocular muscles Supranuclear area and extraocular movement Binocular single vision Alignment Vergence Sensorial adaptation in strabismus Sensorial tests Amblyopia Treatment of sensorial adaptation and amblyopia Concomitant esodeviation and concomitant exodeviation Monofixation syndrome Concomitant vertical deviation A and V pattern Oblique muscle dysfunction Dissociated vertical deviation Cranial nerve palsies Trauma and ophthalmoplegia syndrome

4.2.9. Glaucoma Use of gonioscopy Aqueous humor dynamics Tonography and tonometry Visual field changes Congenital glaucoma Primary open angle glaucoma Primary angle closure glaucoma Secondary glaucoma Glaucoma and cataract Changes in glaucoma treatment Glaucoma surgery Problems in glaucoma treatment Postoperative hypotony

4.2.10. Medical ophthalmology and neuro-ophthalmology / neurosurgery Ocular manifestation of endocrine and metabolic diseases Cardiovascular disease Haematology disease Respiratory disease Connective tissue disease Allergy and immunology of external eye disease Muscle and bone disease Dietary and gastrointestinal disease Renal disease Infection and inflammatory disease Metastasis to the eye and ocular adnexa Chromosomal disease Phacomatosis Perinatal ophthalmology Glaucoma and systemic disease Cataract and systemic disease Retinal disorder and systemic disease Corneal disorder and systemic disease Systemic and ocular manifestation in child abuse

26 4.2.11. Preventive ophthalmology Introduction to preventive ophthalmology Causes of blindness Epidemiology of blindness Ophthalmology screening program Ocular surgery in developing countries Preventive methodology Food-blindness: xeropthalmia and keratomalacia Pathogenesis and prevention of trachoma Onchocerciasis Ocular leprosy Epidemiology and clinical research Statistics in clinical research

4.2.12. Therapeutics Drugs used in treating ocular diseases Ocular side effects of systemic drugs

4.2.13. Paediatric ophthalmology and strabismus Ocular congenital defects Hereditary diseases Paediatric eye diseases, orbit and visual pathway diseases Ocular manifestation of paediatric diseases Refractive error and ambylopia Anisometropia Allergic conjunctivitis Congenital ptosis Type of strabismus Management of strabismus Principle of strabismus surgery Retinopathy of prematurity

4.2.14. Ophthalmic surgeries Principles of ophthalmic surgeries Preoperative assessment Techniques in operation theatre Instruments, suture and technique of suturing

27 Cryotherapy, laser surgery, diathermy and cautery Lids surgery Extraocular muscle surgery Lacrimal system surgery Orbital surgery Reconstructive surgery Complications of surgery Postoperative treatment

4.2.15. Others Tests for ophthalmic disease including CT-scan and MRI Ocular trauma Genetic counseling Rehabilitation for blinds Current views and issues

5 Text & References

The following is a recommended reading list for trainees. However, trainees are encouraged to read other books and also glean knowledge from articles in major ophthalmic journals. 5.1. BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 1. Review of Medical Physiology. Ganong, Appleton and Lange 2. Immunology. Churchill Livingstone

5.2. BASIC OCULAR SCIENCE 1. Basic Sciences Section from the American Academy of Ophthalmology Series 2. THE EYE, Basic Sciences in Practice. Forrester J, Dick A et al. Saunders

5.3. OCULAR ANATOMY 1. Anatomy of the Eye and Orbit. Woff & Warwick, Saunders 2. Clinical Anatomy of the Eye. Richard Snell, Michael A Lemp, Blackwell

5.4. OCULAR PHYSIOLOGY 1. Adler’s Physiology of the Eye. Moses & Hart Mosby

5.5. OCULAR PATHOLOGY 1. Greer’s Ocular Pathology. David Lucas, Blackwell Scientific Publication 2. Ocular Histology a text and atlas. Fine and Yanoff, Harper & Row 3. Ocular Pathology. D Apple, M Rabb. Moby

5.6. REFRACTION 1. Clinical Optics. AR Elkington & HJ Frank, Blackwell 2. Optic & Refraction (Section of the American Academy of Ophthalmology Series)

5.7. GENERAL OPHTHALMOLOGY 1. Clinical Sciences (Section of the American Academy of Ophthalmology Series) 2. Clinical Ophthalmology. JJ Kanski, Butterworth-Heinemann 3. Clinical Ophthalmology – Myron Yanoff, Jay S. Duker 4. The Will’s Manual Eye Manual 5. Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology. Albert & Jakobiec, Saunders 6. General Ophthalmology. Vaughan, Asbury, Tabbara, Lange Pub 7. Atlas of Clinical Ophthalmology. Spalton, Hitchings & Hunter

5.8. OCULAR MOTILITY AND STRABISMUS 1. Ocular Motility and Strabismus. Marshall Parks, Harper & Row 2. Atlas of Strabismus. Von Noorden 3. Manual of Strabismus Surgery. Caroline MacEwen & Richard Gregson, Butterworth Heinemann

5.9. NEURO-OPHTHALMOLOGY 1. Walsh and Hoyt’s Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology 5th Edition The Essential, Neil R. Miller, Nancy J. Newman, William & Wilkins 2. Neuro-ophthalmology 3rd Edition, Joel S. Glaser, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 3. Neuro-ophthalmology Review Manual 2nd Edition, Frank J. Bajandas, Lanning B. Kline, SLACK Incorporated

5.10. MEDICAL RETINA AND UVEITIS 1. Duane’s Clinical Ophthalmology. Harper & Row 2. Ryan’s Retina Vol I,II,III. Edited by S Ryan, CV Mosby 3. Ballantyne’s Textbook of the Fundus of the Eye. Michaelson, Churchill Livingstone 4. Atlas of Inflammatory Eye Diseases. Saunders-Elsevier 5. Laser- Its Clinical Uses in Eye Diseases. PG Lim

5.11. GLAUCOMA 1. Becker’s Shaeffer’s Diagnosis and Therapy of the Glaucoma. Kolker, Herherington 2. The Secondary Glaucoma. R Ritch, B Shields 4. Atlas of Glaucoma. Neil T Choplin. Informahealth care 2007 5. Glaucoma: Science and Practice. John C Morrison and Irvin P Pollack. Pg Books 6. Becker-Shaffer’s Diagnosis and Therapy of the Glaucoma, 8th edition, Robert L Stamper, Marc F Lieberman, Michael V Drake. Elsevier 2005 7. Shield’s Textbook of Glaucoma, 5th edition. R.Rand Allingham, Karim Damji, Sharon Freedman, Sayoko Moroi, George Shatranov. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 2005

31 5.12. DISEASES OF THE CORNEA 1. Disease of the Cornea. M Grayson 2. Cornea, 2004. Jay H. Krachmer, Mark J. Mannis, Edward J. Holland

5.13. DISEASES OF THE ORBIT 1. Duane’s Clinical Ophthalmology. Harper & Row 2. Diseases of The Orbit – A Multidisciplinary Approach. Jack Rootman 3. Orbital Tumors – Diagnosis and Treatment. Zeynel A. Karcioglu 4. Orbital Fractures – Diagnosis, Operative Treatment & Secondary Corrections. P.Tessier 5. Imaging of The Globe and Orbit. A Guide to Differential Diagnosis. Norbert Hosten

5.14. DISEASES OF THE LENS 1. Duane’s Clinical Ophthalmology. Harper & Row

5.15. EXTERNAL EYE DISEASES 1. Duane’s Clinical Ophthalmology. Harper & Row

5.16. SYSTEMIC OPHTHALMOLOGY 1. Ophthalmology in Internal Medicine. Chumbley, Sauders Co 2. Systemic Inflammatory Diseases and the Eye. Dining & Wright 3. The Eye in systemic Diseases. Gold & Weingeist, Lippincott

5.17. PAEDIATRIC OPHTHALMOLOGY 1. Paediatric Ophthalmology Practice. Helvestone, Ellis 2. Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. Kenneth W. Wright & Peter H.Spiegel, Springer 3. Practical Paediatric Ophthalmology. D. Taylor, Blackwell Publishing

5.18. PREVENTIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY 1. Duane’s Clinical Ophthalmology. Harper & Row

5.19. OPHTHALMIC SURGERY 1. Strallard’s Eye Surgery. Roper-Hall, Lippincott 2. A Manual of Systemic Eyelid Surgery. Collin, Churchill Livingstone 3. Retinal of Strabismus Surgery. Chignell, Springerverlag

32 4. Cataract Surgery and its Complications. N Jaffe, Mosby 5. Atlas of Strabismus Surgery. E Halvestone 6. Laser, its Clinical Used in Eye Diseases. Lim, Constable, Churchill Livingstone 7. Atlas of Vitreoretinal Surgery. Freeman, Tolention. Thieme Publishing 8. Advances in Ocular Surgery. Jakobiec, Sigelman. Saunders

5.20. EMERGENCY PHARMACOLOGY 1. Handbook of Ocular Emergencies. Gombos

5.21. OCULAR PHARMACOLOGY 1. Ocular Pharmacology. Havener

5.22. LIST OF JOURNALS 1. American Journal of Ophthalmology* 2. Annals of Ophthalmology* 3. Archives of Ophthalmology* 4. Asian Journal of Ophthalmology 5. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Ophthalmology 6. British Journal of Ophthalmology* 7. Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology 8. Contact Lens & Anterior Eye 9. Cornea 10. Current Eye Research 11. Eye* 12. European Journal of Ophthalmology 13. Eye & Contact Lens 14. Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology 15. Journal of AAPOS 16. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 17. Journal of Glaucoma 18. Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics 19 Journal of Paediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus* 20. Journal of Paediatric Ophthalmology 21. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 22. International Ophthalmology 23. International Journal of Ophthalmology

33 24. Ocular Epidemiology 25. Ophthalmic Genetics 26. Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 27. Ophthalmic Surgery and Laser* 28. Ophthalmology* 29. Orbit 30. Retina 31. Survey of Ophthalmology *Available in Hamdan Tahir Library, USM, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan

Members of the Ophthalmological Society of MMA can also get access to these journals via Science Direct, using a common user id and password which can be obtained from the society’s Honorary Secretary: 1. Survey of Ophthalmology 2. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 3. American Journal of Ophthalmology

Duties of a Trainee

6.1. TEACHING PROGRAM

The department has planned various teaching activities for the whole academic year. These include, a) Phase I - Basic science classes, clinical refraction, intensive courses and mock exams. b) Phase II and III - Lectures, case discussions, X-ray conferences, journal clubs, grand ward rounds, surgical procedures, audits, short courses, clinical presentations, essay writings, viva and exam preparatory courses.

Thursday is declared an official academic day for all the trainees where numerous academic activities are conducted. Clinical update is organized regularly to update the trainees regarding various subspecialties. X-ray conference is conducted every fortnightly with the collaboration of Department of Radiology. Journal clubs, audits, case discussions, grand ward rounds, clinical presentations, essay writings and viva are scheduled on rotational basis.

Department is also organizing the following activities, a) Short courses at regular intervals, with distinguished local and international speakers b) Intensive courses, exam preparatory courses and mock examinations The mock exams are conducted twice a year with the presence of visiting professor and in-house lecturers. The trainees are expected to have a satisfactory preparation before hand.

Attendance is compulsory to everyone. Postgraduate Coordinator and Academic Registrar are responsible to ensure that the teaching activities run as planned. It is the responsibilities of all trainees to gain maximum knowledge during this training program and become a competent and safe ophthalmologist to serve the mankind.

Postgraduate Office of School of Medical Sciences, USM has been conducted courses at frequent intervals, that include, a) Good Clinical Practice & Bioethics and Communication Skill b) Bio-Statistic & Research Methodology These courses are aimed to help the trainees in preparation of their research projects.

Trainees are also encouraged to attend local and international ophthalmology conferences to gain further knowledge and develop good interpersonal and social skills to be able to work as a team and help each other in clinical and academic works.

36 6.2. SCHEDULE There are specified time frames for all the academic activities for Year I to Year IV trainees. It is expected that the trainee understands and follows the individual schedule. Failure to adhere to the specified schedule below may result in trainees being barred from sitting for the examinations.

6.2.1. General planner for assessment and courses YEAR MONTH PROGRESS POSTING / COURSES 1 1 JUN Orientation - 1 week 2 JULY 3 AUG Progress Interview 4 SEPT 5 OCT 6 NOV 7 DEC 8 JAN 9 FEB Bioethics & Communication Skill (3 days) 10 MAR Progress Interview 11 APR Mock Exam (1 week) 12 MAY Phase I Examination 2 1 JUN 2 JULY Protocol Presentation 3 AUG 4 SEPT Progress Interview 5 OCT Good Clinical Practice Course (1 week) 6 NOV 7 DEC Submission of First Manuscript 8 JAN 9 FEB Bio-Statistic & Research Methodology 10 MAC Progress Interview 11 APR 12 MAY 3 1 JUN Submission of 2nd Manuscript 2 JULY 3 AUG Progress Interview 4 SEPT 5 OCT 6 NOV Obtain Ethical Approval 7 DEC 8 JAN 9 FEB 10 MAC Progress Interview Mock Exam (Theory) - 1 week 11 APR Mock Exam (Clinical) - 1 week 12 MAY Phase II Examination 4 1 JUN 2 JULY 3 AUG Progress Interview 4 SEPT 5 OCT 6 NOV 7 DEC 8 JAN Elective Posting 9 FEB Submission of Publications Elective Posting Submission of Dissertation 10 MAC Progress Interview 11 APR 12 MAY Phase III Examination

37 6.3. DISSERTATION Trainees are required to conduct a research project as a partial fulfillment to be conferred the degree of the Master of Medicine (Ophthalmology) of USM.

6.3.1. Writing a proposal Trainees are expected to discuss the dissertation topic with the respective supervisor. A 2500- word of research proposal (word format, font of Times New Roman, 12 pitch) should cover the followings, i) Topic The chosen topic should be concise and clear.

ii) Introduction and literature review Outline the previous works in the related topic and explain the necessity of conducting the proposed project. Elaborate on the added value and potential gain of the research project.

iii) Objective Clearly define the general and specific objective of the study. Research hypothesis or research questions should be listed if applicable.

iv) Methodology This should include the details of study design, inclusion criteria, exclusion criteria, sample size calculation, definition of terms, details of methodology, methods to minimize errors, instruments used, research flow chart, gantt chart, milestone and dummy tables.

v) Data collection sheet and consent Data collection sheet and consent in English and Bahasa Malaysia must be prepared accordingly.

v) References A minimum of 20 references are required.

Trainees are required to submit the research proposal to the department one week before the date of presentation. The trainees will then present (in power point format) their proposal to the department. The medical statisticians will also attend the presentation.

38 6.3.2. Ethical approval Trainees are required to complete the Ethical Approval Form and submit to the Research and Development Office, School of Medical Sciences, USM. Approvals from Head, Department of Ophthalmology and Dean, School of Medical Sciences are mandatory. Trainees should enquire the guidance from the supervisor to complete this task.

Research projects require approval from: i) Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medical Sciences, USM ii) Ethical Committee of USM iii) Animal Ethics Committee of USM (if applicable)

The Ethical Approval Certificate should be obtained at least six months before the Phase II Examination and a copy should be submitted to the Postgraduate Coordinator (Ophthalmology). The dateline is on 31 May or 30 November of each academic year. Failure to adhere to this policy will result in trainees being barred from sitting for the Phase II Examination.

6.3.3. Research grant Trainees are strongly encouraged to produce a world class quality of research. A maximum of RM 40 000.00 financial aid can be applied from the Short Term USM Grant or other grants such as Bridging Grant, FRGS, RU, IRPA Grant etc via the supervisors. Application of research university and external grants are highly encouraged.

6.3.4. Data collection Trainees are expected to conduct their dissertation projects with ethics and professionalism within the expected time frame. Approval from Head of Department should be obtained if field works are required, especially school screening or visit to other hospitals or institution. Collaboration and networking such as with other faculty, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Education etc. are strongly encouraged.

6.3.5. Dissertation report Manuscripts should be typed using Times New Roman 12, double spacing, 3 mm margins on either side and printed on A4 white paper. Spelling should comply with the concise Oxford English Dictionary. The trainees are allowed to submit either standard or alternative format of dissertation report. Supervisor (s) need to be informed about either format of submission by the trainees.

39 Standard Format i) Title Page This is the first page and should include;  the research topic  name of the trainee  USM logo  Statement of ‘Dissertation Submitted for Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of Master of Medicine (Ophthalmology)’  Year of submission ii) Disclaimer It is the responsible of a trainee to disclaim his/her research work honestly. iii) Acknowledgements Those research projects that have been funded by university grants are expected to acknowledge the financial aid received. Most researchers convey appreciations to those who have involved or contributed in the study. iv) Table of Contents The table lists the chapters, topics and subtopics with the page numbers. Topics and subtopics are labeled accordingly. For example, the first topic in chapter one is marked as 1.1. and first subtopic is labeled as 1.1.1. The use of letters in parenthesis (for example 1.2.2. (a)) is appropriate as a means of differentiating subtopics of the same topic. 1.0. Introduction 1.1. xxx 1.1.1. xxx 1.1.2. xxx 1.2. xxx 1.2.1. xxx 1.2.2. xxx 1.2.2. (a) xxx 1.2.2. (b) xxx 2.0. Objective 3.0. Material and Methods 4.0. Result 5.0. Discussion

40 v) List of Table The list includes the title of tables with the page numbers, which are listed in the text or appendix. The numbering system is similar to the table of contents. All tables should be in Arabic form. vi) List of Figure The list includes the title of figures with the page numbers, which are listed in the text or appendix. The numbering system is similar to the table of contents. All figures should be in Arabic form. vii) List of Abbreviation Abbreviation should be specifically defined before they are used in the text. viii) Abstract It summarizes the objective, methodology, result and conclusion of the research project. It should be written in English and Bahasa Malaysia, and should not exceed 250 words. ix) Introduction This chapter explains the background of the research projects, literature review, gap of the knowledge and rationale of conducting the project. x) Objective The general and specific objective of the study should be defined clearly. Research hypothesis or research questions should be listed if applicable. xi) Methodology This should include the details of study design, time frame, study population, study venue, inclusion criteria, exclusion criteria, sample size calculation, definition of terms, details of methodology, methods to minimize errors, list of instruments and statistical analysis employed. The research grant details including number and amount of money, and date of ethical approval should be written clearly. xii) Result Results and data analysis are presented in the text and tables or figures. Trainees are not allowed to present the same result in both table and figure. This chapter should not include any part of methodology or discussion points.

41 xiii) Discussion This chapter contains the interpretation of the results and analysis of the data. The outcomes of the research should be compared and contrasted with those previous studies in the literature. Assumptions and postulations are accepted. Limitation of the study and recommendations should be included. Trainees are discouraged from repeating the results again in this chapter. xiv) Conclusion Conclusions are made based on the objectives of the research projects. They should be concise and clear. xv) References All previous studies referred to in the research report in the form of quotations or citations must be included. They should be listed according to Harvard format/style.

The followings are examples;  Journal article Noguchi, T., Kitawaki, J., Tamura, T., Kim, T., Kanno, H., Yamamoto, T., et al. (1993). Relationship between aromatase activity and steroid receptor levels in ovarian tumors from postmenopausal women. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 44(4-6), 657- 660.

 Conference paper in published proceedings Borgman, C. L., Bower, J., & Krieger, D. (1989). From hands-on science to hands-on information retrieval. In J. Katzer, & G. B. Newby (Eds.), Proceedings of the 52nd ASIS annual meeting: Vol.26. Managing information and technology (pp. 96-100). Medford, NJ: Learned Information.

 Book Moore, M. H., Estrich, S., McGillis, D., & Spelman, W. (1984). Dangerous offenders: the elusivetarget of justice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

 Chapter in book Vygotsky, L. S. (1991). Genesis of the higher mental functions. In P. Light, S. Sheldon, & M.Woodhead (Eds.), Learning to think (pp. 32-41). London: Routledge.

 Report/working paper Birney, A. J., & Hall, M. M. (1981). Early identification of children with written language difficulties (Report No. 81-502). Washington D.C.: National Educational Association.

42 xvi) List of Appendix Specific items which are not included in the main text should be listed in the appendix. These include,  Consent form in English and Bahasa Malaysia  Data collection sheets, research questionnaires and letter of appointment/approval (if applicable)  Additional illustrations that are large or long to be placed in the main text  Raw data It should be labeled as Appendix A, B, C etc. Each appendix needs to be listed in the table of contents. Each table or figure is numbered and listed in the list of table or list of figure accordingly.

Alternative Format i till ix) Similar as in the standard format. x) Introduction xi) Manuscript This includes title page, abstract, introduction, methodology, result, discussion, conclusion and references. x) Dissertation Protocol The original research protocol that was approved earlier at the department/school level must be attached. This includes Ethical Approval Letter and informed consent. xi) Selected Journal Format The trainees are suggested to follow format of Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences. Other journals are also accepted.

6.3.6. Submission of dissertation report Trainees are expected to have regular meetings with the supervisor during conducting and writing the dissertation report. The report should be submitted to the supervisor/co-supervisor one month before the date line. Use of plagiarism detection program (i.e. Turnitin Software) is required before final submission of the dissertation report.

The dateline of submission of the dissertation report to the Postgraduate Office, School of Medical Sciences, USM is on 28 February or 30 August. Failure to comply will result trainees being barred from sitting for the Phase III Examination.

6.3.7. Assessment of thesis by examiners Each dissertation report will be evaluated by two or three examiners appointed by the university. The examiners are the experts of the field, either from USM, other teaching institutions or from the Ministry of Health. Dissertations will be sent to the external examiner by the Postgraduate Office. Poorly written/unsatisfactory dissertation will be returned to the trainees for corrections and amendments. A repeat submission of the dissertation report within two weeks to the Postgraduate Office is mandatory. The corrected dissertation will be evaluated again by the examiners during viva-voce.

6.3.8. Presentation and viva voce The final evaluation will be done during the Phase III Examination by the examiners appointed by the university. This include; i) Oral Presentation (20 minutes) ii) Viva (20 minutes) iii) Case Report iv) Log book

6.3.9. Final submission of dissertation report The final copy of dissertation report should contain the amendments suggested during the Phase III Examination. Three hard copies are required to be submitted to the department before the final working day. i) Binding The title, author, USM logo, Statement of ‘Submission for Partial Fulfillment of the Degree of Master of Medicine (Ophthalmology)’ and year of submission must be printed on the front cover. Cover of the hardbound copies should be dark red or maroon and made from Rexene. The letters for the front cover should be printed in gold of font size 15 and upper case letters. ii) Paper and Duplicating Manuscript should be printed on high quality of A4 paper. Figures are printed in color on paper with good quality. Computer pin-feed printout paper and duplicating with carbon copies are not permitted.

44 iii) Printing quality Font of Times New Roman, 12 pitch should be employed. A high quality laser or ink- jet printer should be used for printing. iv) Line Spacing Double spacing should be used for typing. Single-spacing is only permitted in tables and references. v) Page Numbering All page numbers should be printed at the centre of the bottom margin.

6.3.10. Publication Approved dissertation reports or parts of the content are allowed for publication. A trainee with approval of the supervisor shall publish paper(s) with due reference is made to the university written in the manuscript.

45 6.4. SUMMARY OF DISSERTATION PROGRESS This form needs to be prepared and presented by the trainee during progress interview.

Name: Title:

No Progress Remarks 1. Preparation of proposal

2. Presentation of proposal

3. Date of ethical approval (Certificate of ethical approval required) 4. Grant/Fund application

5. Data Collection

6. Writing up

7. Submission to Supervisor

8. Submission to Postgraduate Office

9. Presentation (Department level)

10. Comments by Supervisor

(Supervisor’s signature) (Head of Department’s signature) Name of Supervisor: Name of HOD: Date: Date:

46 6.5. PUBLICATION The trainees are required to submit two publications of either original article, case report, case series, letter to editor, pilot study etc. It is essential for the trainees to discuss and plan their publications with the supervisors. This exercise is aimed to provide exposure to the trainees regarding scientific journal writings.

Trainees are encouraged to start writing their drafts soon as they pass their Phase I Examination. The first drafts of 2 publications must be submitted to the supervisor not later than three months before sitting for the Phase II Examination. All publications must be accepted by journals not later than 3 months before sitting for the Phase III Examination. The dateline is on 28 February or 30 August of each academic year.

Trainees are encouraged to submit their work to ISI and Scopus cited journals if possible. The merit points are counted as 5 points for each publication. However, only the first author is eligible to claim for merit points for case report and letter to editor, while the first two authors are able to claim merit points for case series and original articles. This denotes that two trainees can work together in writing the case series and original articles.

The correspondence author of the manuscript can be either the trainee or the supervisor. The institution should be written as ‘Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia’. Please ensure the spelling is correct. Common mistakes by the trainees include Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, University Science of Malaysia, Universiti Science Malaysia etc.

Submission to the journals currently is made easy by online submission. However, there are still journals require hard copy submissions. Letter of acceptance is considered a successful publication prior to the actual printing.

The trainees, who are unable to write manuscript for publication will be required to submit ten case reports. The first draft of ten case reports must be submitted to the supervisor not later than three months before sitting for the Phase II Examination. The final ten case reports must be handed to the department not later than three months before sitting for the Phase III Examination. The dateline is similar as above, 28 February or 30 August of each academic year.

47 6.5.1. Progress of publication The following form needs to be prepared and presented by the trainee during progress interview.

Name : Matric no:

No. Manuscript Title Author (s) Name of Date Sent Journal

N.B: Please ensure that the front page of patient’s folder which has the patient’s particulars is included.

Recommendation from the supervisor,

On-going Progress. 2 first drafts have been submitted. The trainee shall be allowed to sit for Phase II Examination if fulfils the other requirement. Incomplete number of publications. The trainee is not allowed to sit for Phase II OR Phase III Examination. Complete and allow to sit for Phase III Examination *Tick (/) in the appropriate box

(Supervisor’s signature) (Head of Department’s signature) Name of Supervisor: Name of HOD: Date: Date:

48 6.5.2. Format of a case report/case series Manuscripts should be typed using double spacing and 3 mm margins on either side. Spelling should comply with the concise English Dictionary. Abbreviation should be specifically defined before they are used in the text. All tables and figures should be in Arabic form.

Title page This consists of a title, authors’ names and institution(s).

Abstract This includes summary of the case or highlighting important facts and keywords.

Case report/case series A relevant history of presenting illness, medical / ocular history, important ocular and systemic examination findings, investigations and management including progression or outcome of the patient patients are detailed out where relevant.

Discussion This includes provisional/differential diagnosis, a short discussion and added value or knowledge of the case.

References Further details can be obtained from any journal’s “Instructions to Authors”.

6.5.3. Format of letter to editor Manuscripts should be typed using double spacing and 3 mm margins on either side. Spelling should comply with the concise English Dictionary. There is usually no specific format. However the number of authors and references are limited.

Further details can be obtained from any journal’s “Instructions to Authors”.

49 6.5.4. Format of original article Manuscripts should be typed using double spacing and 3 mm margins on either side. Spelling should comply with the concise English Dictionary.

Introduction This explains the background of topic, gap of the knowledge and aim of a study.

Material and Methods This includes the details of study design, time frame, study population, study venue, inclusion criteria, exclusion criteria, certain definition of terms, details of methodology, and statistical analysis employed. It is essential to declare the ethical approval obtained from the local committee and ensure the methodology adheres to the Helsinki Declaration of ARVO Declaration (if applicable).

Results Results should be presented clearly and systematically. Table or figure should be self explainable.

Discussions This refers to the interpretation of the results and analysis of the data. Appropriate and sound comparisons with other published studies are expected. The strong point and added knowledge of the study should be highlighted. Limitations of the study should be addressed.

References Please adhere to specific journal instruction before submitting your manuscript.

50 6.6. SUMMARY OF SURGERY DONE & ASSISTED This form needs to be prepared and presented by the trainee during progress interview. Name: Matric No: Date:

Total No. Surgery / Procedure Done Assist Done Assist Done Assist 1 ECCE with PCIOL 2 ECCE with ACIOL 3 Phacoemulsification 4 Lens Aspiration with IOL 5 Lens Aspiration 6 Secondary IOL 7 Trabeculectomy 8 Triple Procedure 9 Dacryocystorhinostomy 10 Strabismus Surgery 11 Evisceration 12 Anterior Vitrectomy 13 Posterior Vitrectomy 14 RD Surgery (Ext. Approach) 15 RD Surgery (Int. Approach) 16 IOFB Removal 17 Cyclocryopexy 18 Cyclodiode 19 Ptosis Surgery 20 Ectropion/Entropion Correction 21 Eyelid T&S 22 Corneal/Scleral T&S 23 Corneal Graft 24 Pterygium Excision 25 Limbal/Conjunctival Graft 26 Etc. I&C I&D Vitreous Tap / Intravitreal Antibiotic AC Washout Orbital Implant 2 Post Capsulotomy Iris Repositioning Repositioning of IOL Tarsorrhapy Excision TOTAL

(Supervisor’s signature) (Head of Department’s signature) Name of Supervisor: Name of HOD: Date: Date:

51 6.7. SUMMARY OF MERIT POINTS This form needs to be prepared and presented by the trainee during progress interview.

Name: In / Out Campus: Year/Semester:

6.7.1. Overall Year Sem Oral/Poster Publications Dissertation JEPeM Postings Awards Presentation Progress

1 1

Exam

2 1

3 1

Exam

4 1

Merit Points

Supervisor’s Remark:

52 Recommendation from the supervisor,

On-going progress. A minimum of 10 points (publication) and 5 points (presentation) are collected. The trainee shall be allowed to sit for Phase III Examination if fulfils other requirements. Incomplete merit points. The trainee is not allowed to sit for Phase II or Phase III Examination. *Tick (/) in the appropriate box

(Supervisor’s signature) (Head of Department’s signature) Name of Supervisor: Name of HOD: Date: Date:

6.7.2. Presentation

No Title Oral/Poster International / Authorship Points Local

Recommendation from the supervisor,

On-going Progress. A minimum of 5 points are collected and the trainee shall be allowed to sit for Phase III Examination if fulfils other requirements. Incomplete merit points. The trainee is not allowed to sit for Phase III Examination. *Tick (/) in the appropriate box

(Supervisor’s signature) (Head of Department’s signature) Name of Supervisor: Name of HOD: Date: Date:

6.8. ANNUAL LEAVE 6.8.1. Annual leave Each trainee is entitled to 14 days of annual leave per semester (6 months). Trainees are not allowed to carry forward up to one year of his/her annual leave entitlement to the following year. Trainees absent for more than 14 consecutive days for any reason will be barred from sitting for his/her examination, this includes the medical leave.

6.8.2. Leave application All leave application should be discussed with Team Registrar and approved by the Team Lecturer. Leave applications will be then submitted to the Head of Department for final approval seven days prior.

Depending on the adequacy of manpower, usually one trainee may be allowed to apply for leave at any one time. Should there be more than one trainee forecasting for leave at the same period, the leave entitlement will be prioritized accordingly. Trainees are advised not to take leave during their clinic days.

6.8.3. Unrecorded leave Unrecorded leaves are awarded to trainees under the following circumstances, i) To present in local/international ophthalmology conferences, approved by the department. However, there is no travelling day allowed. ii) Study leave of 14 days (including public holidays) before Phase I and II Examinations. iii) Study leave of seven days (including public holidays) before and after Phase III Examination.

6.8.4. Medical/Emergency leave Trainees are expected to inform the Head of Department and the Team Lecturer about their medical and emergency leave. However, the leave is considered as their annual leave that they are entitled for.

6.8.5. Overseas leave Trainees who plan to apply the overseas leave are required to obey the same format. The leave application should be discussed with the Team Registrar and approved by Team Lecturer. Leave applications will be then submitted to the Head of Department for final approval 30 days prior.

Assessment

7.1. CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT

Assessments are carried out through the four-year training program. It serves as guide to the trainees on their expected achievement at different stages of the program. It is also used as prerequisite criteria for sitting the Phase I, II, and III Examinations.

These continuous assessments will be performed at every four months by, i) supervisor (s) - This includes both supervisor(s) in university and Ministry of Health

ii) Specialist (s) of the team on rotational basis - This includes the supervisor(s) in all postings

Component of the assessment includes academic knowledge, professional skills, interpersonal skills, personality/attitude, continuing medical education, teaching and operating skills as in the following form. This form will be sent directly to the Head of Department by the respective supervisor(s).

57 SUPERVISOR’S REPORT FORM

SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA MASTER OF MEDICINE (Ophthalmology)

Candidate’s name :

Hospital/Institution:

Specialty :

Dates of posting : To:

Phase/Year of study : Year of Admission:

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * INSTRUCTION:

Please rate candidate’s performance/abilities in the following areas and return the completed form.

Scale : (1 - 4) (5 – 6) (7 – 8) (9 – 10) Ranking : Poor Satisfactory Good Excellent

The pass mark is 50%.

A. ACADEMIC (Core knowledge, case presentation) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

B. PROFESSIONAL SKILL (Communication skill, clinical judgement and decision, emergency care) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

C. INTERPERSONAL SKILLS (Doctor/Patient relationship, team relationships)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

D. PERSONALITY / ATTITUDE (Sense of responsibility, initiative, leadership, honesty, enthusiasm, punctuality, professional conduct)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

E. CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION (Participation in education program, journal reading, teaching skill)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

F. TEACHING SKILLS, PRACTICAL PROCEDURES (OPERATING SKILLS) (Participation in education program, journal reading, teaching skill)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

OVERALL PERFORMANCE:

Total score = X 100 = % 60

Comments:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Specific recommendations:……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Supervisors Name: ……………………………………………………………………….

Signature: ……………………………………….. Date: ………………………………

Head of Department:

Name: ………………………………………………………………………………………

Signature: ……………………………………….. Date: ………………………………

Please return completed form to : Head, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan.

59 7.2. PROGRESS INTERVIEW

Progress interview are conducted by the department twice a year, tentatively in August/September and February/March of each academic year (refer to page 37). Trainees are required to update the following documents,

i) Summary of dissertation progress (refer 6.4) ii) Progress of publication (refer 6.5.1) iii) Summary of surgery done & assisted (refer 6.6) iv) Summary of merit points (refer 6.7.1. and 6.7.2)

It is a must for the trainees to get the supervisor’s signatures for the above listed documents before attending the progress interview. It is mandatory for the trainees to attend the interview, though he/she is on leave.

7.3. EVALUATION OF THE DISSERTATION PROGRESS

Trainees in Phase II and III are required to fill in the summary of dissertation progress (refer 6.4) and submit to the supervisor before the progress interview. The supervisor will evaluate the research progress and submit the evaluation result to the department.

7.4 EVALUATION OF THE PROGRAM

It is expected for the trainees to evaluate the training program at the end pf the program. The evaluation form should be returned to the Postgraduate Coordinator not later than one week after the Phase III Assessment.

60 PPSP/PG/OPH/CP2/L10

DEPARTMENT OF OPHTHALMOLOGY FEEDBACK QUESTIONNAIRE MASTERS OF OPHTHALMOLOGY PROGRAM

Name (Optional): …………………………………

1. Please state your year of registration into the program (Month/Year) ………………………. 2. For following questions kindly rate the training program that you have gone through for your specialist qualification according to the areas of concern using the scale below:

1 2 3 4 5 Very poor Borderline Adequate Good Excellent

No. Areas of concern Score

1. Training for clinical competence: a. Decision making on patient management 1 2 3 4 5 b. Procedural skills e.g. FFA, fundus photo, lasers etc. 1 2 3 4 5

2. Surgical skills technique and management of complications: a. Adequate cases 1 2 3 4 5 b. Adequate supervisions 1 2 3 4 5

3. Exposure to sub-specialty: a. Orbit and oculoplasty 1 2 3 4 5 b. Cornea and anterior segment diseases 1 2 3 4 5 c. Glaucoma 1 2 3 4 5 d. Paediatric ophthalmology and strabismus 1 2 3 4 5 e. Vitreo-retina 1 2 3 4 5 f. Medical retina and ocular Inflammations 1 2 3 4 5 g. Neuro-ophthalmology 1 2 3 4 5

4. Teaching-learning activities: a. Case presentations at department level 1 2 3 4 5 b. Ward rounds 1 2 3 4 5 c. Journal critical appraisal 1 2 3 4 5 d. Radiology conference 1 2 3 4 5

5. Chance to participate in national/international ophthalmology 1 2 3 4 5 conference

6. Training for research a. Planning and executing a study 1 2 3 4 5 b. Statistical analysis 1 2 3 4 5 c. Research presentation 1 2 3 4 5 d. Scientific writing and publications 1 2 3 4 5

7. Academic supervision 1 2 3 4 5

8. Community work involvement 1 2 3 4 5

Please rate the lecturers’ effectiveness in the fields concerned based on the scale provided

1 2 3 4 5 Poorly effective Borderline Adequate Good Excellent

Professor Dr. Shatriah Ismail 1. Teaching and learning activities 1 2 3 4 5 2. Clinical skill supervision 1 2 3 4 5 3. Surgical skill supervision 1 2 3 4 5 4. Personality development 1 2 3 4 5

Professor Dr. Wan Hazabbah Wan Hitam 1. Teaching and learning activities 1 2 3 4 5 2. Clinical skill supervision 1 2 3 4 5 3. Surgical skill supervision 1 2 3 4 5 4. Personality development 1 2 3 4 5

Professor Dr. Liza Sharmini Ahmad Tajudin 1. Teaching and learning activities 1 2 3 4 5 2. Clinical skill supervision 1 2 3 4 5 3. Surgical skill supervision 1 2 3 4 5 4. Personality development 1 2 3 4 5

Professor Dr. Mohtar Ibrahim 1. Teaching and learning activities 1 2 3 4 5 2. Clinical skill supervision 1 2 3 4 5 3. Surgical skill supervision 1 2 3 4 5 4. Personality development 1 2 3 4 5

A/Professor Datin Dr. Zunaina Embong 1. Teaching and learning activities 1 2 3 4 5 2. Clinical skill supervision 1 2 3 4 5 3. Surgical skill supervision 1 2 3 4 5 4. Personality development 1 2 3 4 5

A/Professor Dr. Azhany Yaakub 1. Teaching and learning activities 1 2 3 4 5 2. Clinical skill supervision 1 2 3 4 5 3. Surgical skill supervision 1 2 3 4 5 4. Personality development 1 2 3 4 5

A/Professor Dr. Adil Hussein 1. Teaching and learning activities 1 2 3 4 5 2. Clinical skill supervision 1 2 3 4 5 3. Surgical skill supervision 1 2 3 4 5 4. Personality development 1 2 3 4 5

Dr. Khairy Shamel Sonny Teo 1. Teaching and learning activities 1 2 3 4 5 2. Clinical skill supervision 1 2 3 4 5 3. Surgical skill supervision 1 2 3 4 5 4. Personality development 1 2 3 4 5

Dr. Julieana Muhammed 1. Teaching and learning activities 1 2 3 4 5 2. Clinical skill supervision 1 2 3 4 5 3. Surgical skill supervision 1 2 3 4 5 4. Personality development 1 2 3 4 5

Dr. Evelyn Tai Li Min 1. Teaching and learning activities 1 2 3 4 5 2. Clinical skill supervision 1 2 3 4 5 3. Surgical skill supervision 1 2 3 4 5 4. Personality development 1 2 3 4 5

Dr. Ngoo Qi Zhe 1. Teaching and learning activities 1 2 3 4 5 2. Clinical skill supervision 1 2 3 4 5 3. Surgical skill supervision 1 2 3 4 5 4. Personality development 1 2 3 4 5

Supervisor’s name: 1. Protocol preparation 1 2 3 4 5 2. Conduct of the research project 1 2 3 4 5 3. Thesis book writing 1 2 3 4 5 4. Manuscript submission 1 2 3 4 5

We would be extremely grateful for further comments to improve the standard of the training of Ophthalmology in USM

8 Examination

8.1. PHASE I EXAMINATION

8.1.1. Prerequisite a. Successfully completed one year posting b. Satisfactory supervisor reports c. Satisfactory continuous assessment and progress reports d. Satisfactory intensive course attendance and examination results

8.1.2. Component a. Theory – 50% b. Clinical – 30% c. Refraction – 20%

% % Section Type No. of Questions Duration Marks Total marks

A MCQ I 60 questions (Basic Ophthalmology, 2 hours 100 15 Optics & Refraction)

MCQ II 60 questions (Basic Ophthalmology, 2 hours 100 15 Optics & Refraction)

Essay 8 short notes questions 2 hours 100 20 (Basic Ophthalmology) 30 mins

Total for Theory 300 50

B OSCE 10 stations (Basic Ophthalmology) 50 mins 100 15

Viva 1 session (Basic Ophthalmology) 30 mins 100 15

Total for Clinical 200 30

C Clinical 1 case (Clinical Refraction) 30 mins 100 10

OSCE 4 stations (Optics & Refraction) 20 mins 100 10

Total for Refraction 200 20

Grand Total 700 100

A candidate is eligible to pass the Phase I Examination if he/she has obtained 50% or more of the marks for each section (referring to section A, B and C).

A trainee who has failed the Phase I Examination may be permitted to a second attempt after a period of 6 months, and final attempt after another 6 months. The Phase I Examination must be passed not later than 24 months from the initial date of registration into the program. Failure of three attempts will automatically terminate the candidate from the program.

66 8.2. PHASE II EXAMINATION

8.2.1. Prerequisite a. Successfully completed two years after passing Phase I Examination b. Satisfactory supervisor reports c. Satisfactory continuous assessment and progress reports d. First draft of two manuscripts are submitted to the supervisor at least three (3) months prior to exam e. Obtained ethical approval for dissertation at least six (6) months prior to exam

8.2.2. Component a. Theory – 40% b. Clinical – 40% c. Viva – 20% % % Section Type No. of Questions Duration Marks Total marks

A MCQ 60 questions 2 hours 100 20

Essay I 6 short notes 1 hour 45 mins 100 10

Essay II Key features questions 1 hour 45 mins 100 10

Total for Theory 300 40

B Clinical 1 Long case with refraction 1 hour 10 mins 100 15

6 Short cases 30 mins 100 15

Clinical 4 Short cases 30 mins 100 10 (Medicine in relation to Ophthalmology)

Total for Clinical 300 40

C Viva Ophthalmology 30 mins 100 10

Viva Medicine in relation to Ophthalmology 30 mins 100 10

Total for Viva 200 20

Grand total 800 100

Those candidates who have passed the section A will be allowed to sit for sections B and C. A candidate is eligible to pass the Phase II Examination if he/she has obtained 50% or more of the marks for each section (referring to section A, B and C).

A trainee who has failed the Phase II Examination may be permitted to a second attempt after a period of 6 months, and final attempt after another 6 months. Failure of three attempts will automatically terminate the candidate from the program.

67 8.3. PHASE III EXAMINATION

8.3.1. Prerequisite a. At least one year after passing Phase II Examination b. Satisfactory supervisor reports c. Satisfactory continuous assessment and progress reports d. Accepted two manuscripts for publication at least three (3) months prior to exam e. Completed dissertation is submitted to the Postgraduate Office three (3) months prior to exam

8.3.2. Assessment of dissertation a. Dissertation will be evaluated by examiners appointed by the university b. Structure: i) Dissertation Project - Oral Presentation (20 minutes) - Viva (20 minutes) ii) Publication and Log Book (20 minutes) c. Written assessment will be obtained and candidates should adhere to suggested amendments and corrections before being certified for passing the examination. d. If amendments/corrections are not satisfactory within the time limit given, the candidates are considered failed and should re-sit after six months

8.4. OTHERS a. Each candidate is given three attempts for every examination b. If a candidate fails at the third attempt, he/she is terminated from the program c. Each candidate should complete the program within seven years from enrolment

68 8.5. GRADING OF MARKS

% of marks Grade Definition

75 & above A+ Pass with distinction

70-74 A Pass

60-69 B Pass

50-59 C Pass

49 & below F Fail

8.6. MERIT POINTS

a. Publicat ions

i) Case report / case series / : Five (5) points letter to editor

ii) Original article : Five (5) points

*Unpublished case report : One (I) point for each case report

(A minimum of 10 points are required for this section)

b. Presentations

i) Oral : Local – Two (2) points International – Three (3) points

ii) Poster : Local – One (1) point International – Two (2) points

(A minimum of five (5) points are required for this section)

For satisfactory continuous assessment and fulfilling the prerequisite for Phase III examination, a candidate must achieve minimum points from each component.

69 8.7. SUMMARY OF ASSESSMENT

Examination Prerequisite Deadline

1. Satisfactory supervisor reports

Phase I 2. Satisfactory continuous Examination assessment & progress report

3. Satisfactory intensive course attendance & examination results

1. Satisfactory supervisor reports

2. Satisfactory continuous assessment & progress report

3. Publication May exam – 28 Feb First draft of two manuscripts Nov exam – 30 Aug Phase II are submitted by trainees to Examination supervisor at least three months prior to exam

4. Dissertation Should obtain ethical approval May exam – 30 Nov for dissertation at least six Nov exam – 31 May months prior to exam

1. Satisfactory supervisor reports

2. Satisfactory continuous assessment & progress report

3. Publications Accepted two manuscripts May exam – 28 Feb are submitted by students (to Nov exam – 30 Aug department) at least three Phase III months prior to exam Examination 4. Dissertation Completed dissertation is submitted by students (to May exam – 28 Feb Postgraduate Office) at least Nov exam – 30 Aug three months prior to exam

5. Presentations A minimum of five points are required

8.8. EVALUATION OF THE EXAMINATION

It is essential for all the trainees to fill in the evaluation form after, i) Phase I Examination ii) Phase II Examination iii) Phase III Examination

The completed forms should be returned to the Postgraduate Coordinator not later than one week after the conduct of examinations.

PPSP/PG/OPH/CP2/L11

FEEDBACK QUESTIONNAIRE PHASE I MAY/NOVEMBER…

Name (Optional):

For following questions kindly rate the examination that has been recently conducted according to the areas of concern using the scale below:

1 2 3 4 5 Very poor Borderline Adequate Good Excellent

1 Examination place 1 2 3 4 5 2 Conduct of examination 1 2 3 4 5 3 Assistance during examination from 1 2 3 4 5 invigilators/staffs

1 2 3 4 5 Very Easy Easy Adequate Difficult Very Difficult

4 Level of difficulty of questions:

a. MCQ I 1 2 3 4 5 b. MCQ II 1 2 3 4 5 c. Essay 1 2 3 4 5 d. OSCE 1 2 3 4 5 e. Clinical Refraction 1 2 3 4 5 f. Viva 1 2 3 4 5

We would be extremely grateful for further comments to improve the standard of examinations in the future. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Thank you for your cooperation and participation.

71 PPSP/PG/OPH/CP2/L11

FEEDBACK QUESTIONNAIRE PHASE ll MAY/NOVEMBER ……….

Name (Optional):

For following questions kindly rate the examination that has been recently conducted according to the areas of concern using the scale below:

1 2 3 4 5 Very poor Borderline Adequate Good Excellent

1 Examination place 1 2 3 4 5 2 Conduct of examination 1 2 3 4 5 3 Assistance during examination from 1 2 3 4 5 invigilators/staffs

1 2 3 4 5 Very Easy Easy Adequate Difficult Very Difficult

4 Level of difficulty of questions:

a. MCQ 1 2 3 4 5 b. Essay 1 2 3 4 5 d. Long Case 1 2 3 4 5 e. Short Case (Ophthalmology) 1 2 3 4 5 f. Short Case (Medical) 1 2 3 4 5 g. Viva (Ophthalmology) 1 2 3 4 5 h. Viva (Medical) 1 2 3 4 5

We would be extremely grateful for further comments to improve the standard of examinations in future. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Thank you for your cooperation and participation.

72 PPSP/PG/OPH/CP2/L11

FEEDBACK QUESTIONNAIRE PHASE lll MAY/NOVEMBER ……….

Name (Optional):

For following questions kindly rate the examination that has been recently conducted according to the areas of concern using the scale below:

1 2 3 4 5 Very poor Borderline Adequate Good Excellent

Very poor Borderline Adequate Good Excellent

1 Examination place

2 Conduct of examination

3 Assistance during examination from the coordinator/staffs

1 2 3 4 5 Very Easy Easy Adequate Difficult Very Difficult

4 Level of difficulty of questions during 1 2 3 4 5 the Final Assessment Viva:

a. Dissertation 1 2 3 4 5

b. Case reports/Publication 1 2 3 4 5

c. Surgical Log Book 1 2 3 4 5

d. Others (please name) 1 2 3 4 5

Thank you for your cooperation and participation.

73 8.9. BEST STUDENT AWARD

Trainee who passed the Phase I Examination, Phase II Examination and Phase III Examination successfully with only one attempt in each examination, will be entitled for Best Student Award for Master of Medicine (Ophthalmology) USM for that respective academic year.

Eligible trainee(s) will be required to submit a CV that include, i) Work experience ii) Academic experience iii) List of publications iv) List of presentations v) List of award(s) received

A panel headed by Dean, School of Medical Sciences of USM will select the most eligible candidate from the list submitted by the department. A certificate, trophy and monetary reward will be awarded.

9 Department of Ophthalmology

The department undertakes undergraduate and postgraduate teaching, research and clinical services for Ophthalmology the flagship of School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia and Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia.

9.1. LECTURERS

1. Professor Dr. Shatriah Ismail Head of Department and MD (USM), MMed (Ophthal) (USM), Professor Fellowship in Paediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (Singapore), AM (Malaysia)

2. Professor Dr. Wan Hazabbah Wan Hitam Professor MD (USM), MSurg (UKM), Fellowship in Neuro- Ophthalmology (Singapore)

3. Professor Dr. Liza Sharmini Ahmad Tajudin Professor MBBS (Malaya), MMed (Ophthal) (USM), PhD (UK), AM (Malaysia)

4. Professor Dr. Mohtar Ibrahim Professor MD (USM), MSurg (UKM), Fellowship in Cornea and Ocular Surface Diseases (UK)

5. Assoc. Prof. Datin Dr. Zunaina Embong Associate Professor MD (UKM), MMed (Ophthal) (USM), Fellowship in Vitreoretinal Surgery (Australia), AM (Malaysia)

6. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Azhany Yaakub Associate Professor MD (USM), MMed (Ophthal) (USM), AM (Malaysia)

7. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Adil Hussein Associate Professor MD (USM), MMed (Ophthal) (USM)

8. Dr. Khairy Shamel Sonny Teo Senior Lecturer MD (USM), MMed (Ophthal) (USM)

9. Dr. Julieana Muhammed Senior Lecturer MD (USM), MMed (Ophthal) (USM)

10. Dr. Evelyn Tai Li Min Senior Lecturer MD (USM), MMed (Ophthal) (USM)

11. Dr. Ngoo Qi Zhe Lecturer MD (USM), MMed (Ophthal) (USM)

9.2. VISITING PROFESSORS

1. Dr. Lee Hung Ming January 2005 till June 2007 Senior Consultant and Head of Refractive Services Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore

2. Prof. Dr. James F. Barry Cullen July 2007 till December 2008 Consultant Neuro-Ophthalmologist Head, Neuro-Ophthalmology Services Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Overseas Advisor in Ophthalmology Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh

3. Associate Professor Dr. Lim Tock Han January- Dec 2009 Senior Consultant, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Director, The Eye Institute National Healthcare Group, Singapore

4. Dr. Yip Chee Chew January - Dec 2010 Head, Department of Ophthalmology Alexandra Hospital, Singapore

5. Associate Professor Dr. Heng Wee Jin January - Dec 2011 Senior Consultant, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, The Eye Institute National Healthcare Group, Singapore

6. Dr. Ganga Sundhara January 2012 - 2013 Senior Consultant Ophthalmologist National University of Singapore, Singapore

7. Professor Dr. Aung Tin January 2013 -2014 Senior Consultant, Singapore National Eye Centre Singapore

8. Associate Professor Dr. Augustinus Laude June 2019 Senior Consultant, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, The Eye Institute National Healthcare Group, Singapore

9.3. HONORARY LECTURERS

1. Dr. Zamri Noordin Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kelantan 2. Dr. Norhalwani Husain Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kelantan 3. Dr. Tengku Norina Tuan Jaafar Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kelantan 4. Dr. Idahriani Muhd Nor Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kelantan 5. Dr. Nurhamiza Buang Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kelantan 6. Dr. Sakinah Zakariah Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kelantan 7. Dr. Nor Sharina Yusof Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kelantan 8. Dr. Nor Anita Che Omar Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah, Terengganu 9. Dato’ Dr. Raja Norliza Raja Omar Hospital Melaka

77 10. Dato’ Dr. Ahmad Mat Saad Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Alor Setar, Kedah 11. Dato’ Dr. Haslina Mohd Ali Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Alor Setar, Kedah 12. Dr. Azreen Redzal Anuar Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Alor Setar, Kedah 13. Dr. Farrah Jaafar Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Alor Setar, Kedah 14. Dr. Muzaliha Mohamed Nor Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Alor Setar, Kedah 15. Dr. Hayati Abd Aziz Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bharu 16. Dr. Zabri Kamaruddin Hospital Selayang, Selangor 17. Dr. Fiona Chew Lee Min Hospital Selayang, Selangor 18. Dr. Mohd Aziz Salowi Hospital Selayang, Selangor 19. Dr. Widad Md Yusof Hospital Selayang, Selangor 20. Dr. Chong Mei Fong Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun, Perak 21. Dr. Kursiah Mohd. Razali Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun, Perak 22. Dr. Ang Ee Ling Hospital Pulau Pinang 23. Dr. Jamalia Rahmat Hospital Kuala Lumpur

24. Dr. Lakana Kumar Hospital Kuala Lumpur 25. Dr. Rosilah Mohamad Hospital Kuala Lumpur 26. Dr. Hanida Hanafi Hospital Queen Elizabeth, Sabah 27. Dr. Akmal Haliza Zamli Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, Pahang 28. Dr. Shawarinin Jusoh Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, Pahang 29. Dr Norlaila Talib Hospital Serdang, Selangor 30. Dr. Fazilawati A. Qamaruddin Hospital Tengku Ampuan Rahimah, Klang

9.4. TRAINEE LECTURER 1. Dr. Shahidatul Adha Mohamad 2. Dr. Ainul Mardhiyyah Mohd Yazid 3. Dr. Ng Kwang Sheng

9.5. SUPPORTING STAFF Setiausaha Eksekutif 1. Cik Nurul Ameera Bt Azmi

Pembantu Am Pejabat 1. Encik Habibullah Idris

10 Clinical Services

10.1. ROTATIONAL POSTINGS At present there are seven clinical services unit with 1-2 lecturers per unit, assisted by 1-2 registrars, and 5-6 medical officers. Trainees will undergo a four monthly rotational posting. Each clinical service unit has a general clinic day, pre and post operative clinic. Subspecialty clinics which are consultant-led are assisted by the registrars and medical officers of the team.

Neuro-Ophthalmology Service Professor Dr. Wan Hazabbah Wan Hitam Dr. Ngoo Qi Zhe

Orbit & Oculoplasty Service Associate Professor Dr. Adil Hussein

Glaucoma Service Professor Dr. Liza Sharmini Ahmad Tajuddin Associate Professor Dr. Azhany Yaakub

Retina Service Associate Professor Datin Dr. Zunaina Embong Dr. Evelyn Tai Li Min

Paediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus Service Professor Dr. Shatriah Ismail

Cornea and Ocular Surface Service Associate Professor Dr. Mohtar Ibrahim Dr. Julieana Muhammed

Ocular Trauma and Emergency Service Dr. Khairy Shamel Sonny Teo

10.2. CLINICAL SERVICES 10.2.1. Prevention of blindness clinic A 24-hour casualty service is provided by the department. During office hours, these cases will be channeled to the Emergency Ophthalmology Clinic or called the ‘PREVENTION OF BLINDNESS (POB) CLINIC’. Medical officers and registrar(s) will be in-charge of this clinic office hours. A specialist is assigned to provide consultation for this clinic. Patients requiring further follow-up can be seen at this clinic on the next day. However, a patient who requires more than three follow-ups, he/she should be channeled to the specialist’s general clinic appointment to avoid crowding of the POB clinic.

80 10.2.2. General clinic Clinics run every Sunday, Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday. There are about 60 – 80 patients per clinic. Clinics are run by trainees and supervised by specialists. The clinic commences at 8.10 a.m. promptly. Trainees must start the clinic and begin examining patients at 8.30 a.m.

No trainees may leave the clinic until all patients have been seen. In the event of unusually heavy patient load, trainees assigned to another rotation may be requested by the Chief Registrar to assist in this clinic.

All new cases referred to the clinic should be evaluated at least once by the specialist covering the clinic. All patients referred to the clinic by another ophthalmologist, the police, a lawyer, or patients desiring a second opinion or assessment must be evaluated by the specialists covering the clinic. Always seek further opinion and review when uncertain of diagnosis, or when managing complicated cases.

For all new cases, the attending trainee must write the names of the specialist covering the clinic as well as his/her own name, time and date of consultation, on the front page of the clinical record. Trainees are encouraged to complete the reply slips accompanying the referrals to be sent back to the referring physician. Each consultation should be completed with the resident’s name-stamp.

After seeing each patient and at every patient visit, trainees must record the clinical findings and treatment plan in the following format:

Subjective complaints Objective findings Assessment Plan All anterior and posterior segment signs must be meticulously and clearly drawn using the appropriate coding colours.

81 10.2.3. Pre-operative clinic The duties of the trainees include, i) Review all pre-operative cases with regards to general fitness for surgery ii) Ensure, a. Instructions for nothing-by-mouth are given to patient (if applicable) b. Appropriate medications are taken by patient pre-op (e.g. anti-hypertensives, IHD, DM) c. Biometry has been performed and that the printout shows the IOL power or the target post-op refraction d. If IOL power on the biometry is <10D or >28D, please check with the surgeon on his choice of IOL power, as well as the availability of the IOL e. Pre-op dilating drops are ordered accordingly. Dilation required for:  Cataract surgery – either primary procedure or part of surgery  Vitreoretinal surgery Do not dilate pupils for:  Trabeculectomy or filtration implant surgery (unless combined with phacoemulsification surgery)  Pterygium, oculoplastics and strabismus surgery  AC IOL implant (Pilocarpine may be needed) f. Blood results / CXR / ECG done pre-op are within normal limits. Any abnormalities e.g. high BSL, new abnormal ECG findings etc., please consult the surgeon in charge. Do not cancel any case listed for elective surgery without informing the surgeon in charge g. Referral to the physician or anaesthetist should be made where appropriate h. Patient has no acute illnesses both systemically as well as locally in any eye (e.g. conjunctivitis, acute chalazion, etc) iii) Recheck the patients’ consent as well as which eye the surgery is to be performed on. Consent is valid as long as the patient’s desire for surgery and the clinical indication has not changed iv) Reinforce visual prognosis to patients where necessary. E.g. those with guarded prognosis, risk of diplopia, over & under-correction in patients with strabismus, amblyopia in anisometropic patients, etc.

82 10.2.4. Subspecialty clinics Subspecialty clinic runs every Sunday, Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday, led by the specialists, registrars and medical officers. There are about 15-40 patients per clinic. Each patient should be seen or presented to the managing specialists.

Procedures such as lasers and fundus fluorescein angiogram have been incorporated into the subspecialty clinics. The trainees will perform laser procedures under team specialists/registrar. The trainees are required to perform basic laser procedures as follows,

Laser Procedure Trainees Clinic Argon laser retinal photocoagulation All trainees Retina Clinic

Laser indirect ophthalmoscopy Registrars

Focal / Grid laser 2nd year trainees and above

Ar-YAG peripheral iridotomy 2nd year trainees and above Glaucoma Clinic Argon Laser Trabeculopasty Registrars

Nd-YAG laser capsulotomy 2nd year trainees and above All clinics

Suturelysis Registrars

83 10.3. DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY SERVICES

Trainees are expected to learn and to perform the following investigations when necessary: i) Autorefraction / Subjective refraction ii) Ultrasound A & B-scan iii) Ocular biometry iv) Specular microscopy v) Corneal topography vi) Corneal pachymeter vii) Fundus photography and fluorescein angiography viii) Air-puff tonometer ix) Hess chart / BSV x) Contrast sensitivity xi) Electroretinogram (i.e. ERG and EOG) xii) Visual fields (i.e. Humphrey, Bjerrum, FDT and GDx) xiii) Visual evoke potential xiiii) Retinal tomography (i.e. HRT, HRA and OCT)

10.4 OPTOMETRY SERVICES

Trainees are encouraged to have adequate exposure in the following services offered, which include, i) Adult refraction clinic ii) Paediatric refraction clinic iii) Low visual aid clinic iv) Colour vision clinic v) Binocular vision clinic vi) Contact lens clinic

10.5. ON-CALL RESPONSIBILITIES

Each trainee will be responsible for patient care and related on-call activities when he/she is on-call e.g. eye in-patients, emergency calls after working hours. The trainee is required to be physically present at the emergency room in a reasonable amount of time after being called. Swapping of on-call duties is permitted by mutual agreement, and must be noted on the official on-call list. The trainee on-call must remain contactable at all times, even if he/she is in the OT.

84 All ward works which arise after working hours are the responsibility of the trainee on-call and must be completed before the next day e.g. reviewing of post-op patients, acting on inter-departmental referral recommendations, arrangements for early/urgent radiological scans, and morning fasting bloods. Uncompleted duties should not be passed on to the ward trainee the next day.

All call requests each month are to be submitted to the registrar in-charge as early as possible so that the roster can be planned with minimal disruption. Last minute requests will not be entertained. The total number of calls done per trainee is equally divided. This includes public holidays and weekends.

During working hours the patients will be sent directly to the Ophthal Trauma Clinic. Occasionally, for patients who are unable to go the clinic (e.g. severe trauma), the second on-call trainee will be consulted, and the patient will be reviewed at the Trauma Center.

After working hours, the Emergency Department will page the first on-call trainee directly, and the patients will be reviewed at the Trauma Center. Peripheral referral from other wards will also be referred to the second on-call trainee. The on-call trainees should evaluate patients promptly.

The trainee must inform the registrar on-call and specialist on-call of any cases requiring further consultation. This include post-operative event (ophthalmic or non-ophthalmic) related to surgery. Patients requiring urgent minor surgery (e.g. those with lid lacerations, incision and drainage, incision and currettage etc.) can be managed in the Minor Surgery Room at the discretion of the attending trainee. For more complicated procedures, the advice and assistance of the on-call registrar should be sought.

10.6. PATIENTS REQUIRING ADMISSION

The patient will be initially evaluated by the trainee. The on-call registrar should be notified immediately of any admissions via the Emergency Department or through the clinic. For private or complex patients already under the care of a specialist, the specialist must be notified. Further management of the patient will be directed by the specialist.

Should any patient require surgery (emergency or elective), the specialist on-call should be notified. The specialist on-call may allow the registrar on-call to continue with the medical or surgical management of the patient. However, the specialist on-call on the day of admission will ultimately be responsible for the patient’s care and will also retain the right to perform any surgical procedure for which he/she is qualified. In cases requiring urgent medication (e.g. corneal ulcers, acute glaucoma), treatment should be started promptly.

10.7. WARD ROUNDS

Morning rounds will be held daily. It is compulsory for all trainees to attend the ward round unless specified by Team Registrar/Specialists. It will be led by the team registrar and/or team specialists each day. The trainee on-call the previous day will hold and update the list of in- patients to be reviewed.

10.8. OPERATION THEATRE

Trainees must be in the OT by 8.10 a.m. A trainee who is participating in a patient's surgery is encouraged to examine the patient and must review the clinical records pre-operatively. On every surgical case, the trainee must complete the following:

i) Pre-operative - check pre-operative clerking (e.g. cataract registry), pre-op orders and informed consent ii) Post-operative notes - must be done in immediately following surgery. iii) Case register in the OT register book – surgeon’s name, date, type of operation, etc. iv) Prescriptions v) Pathology and microbiology forms (where necessary)

The trainees will get priority whenever a suitable cataract patient is available for supervised surgery. Surgical opportunities will be equalized among trainees as far as possible, but the actual number of cases each one will get to do will also depend on individual surgical competence.

Trainees must follow up the patients whom they have operated on post-operatively. Trainees should also keep a record of the cases in their log book (important for training qualifications and examinations) with specification of the type of surgical participation. Supervised surgery refers to the case that is essentially done by the trainee under the supervision of a consultant. Assisted surgery denotes the case is done by the specialist with trainee assistance. Performed alone indicates that the case is done by the trainee independently.

10.9. SPECIALIST VISIT TO HOSPITAL TENGKU ANIS, PASIR PUTIH, KELANTAN

This visit is being conducted once in a month (Sunday) by a specialist and a registrar. Hospital Tengku Anis is located in Pasir Putih which is about 40 km south from Kubang Kerian. We are providing out patient consultation as well as case referral to USM for further management. It also gives our registrars/trainees ample opportunity in managing ocular patients at the level of district hospitals/rural areas.

10.10. COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT PROGRAM

The Community Engagement Program is conducted on monthly basis, in which specialists, medical officers and medical students (ophthalmology posting) are directly involved. This program is usually carried out in several selected rural areas in Kelantan. Patients who require further ophthalmology attention will be given a special appointment to the Ophthalmology Clinic, Hospital USM.

The aim of this program is to introduce medical students to common ocular problems in the community e.g. glaucoma, cataract, diabetic retinopathy, refractive error, amblyopia, squint etc. The patients also benefit for early detection of the above diseases.

Ophthalmology Clinic, Hospital USM (2019)

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday

Glaucoma Glaucoma Service Prof. Dr. Liza Sharmini AT Academic and Clinic Clinic Diagnostic Lab Operation Day A/Prof. Dr. Azhany Yaakub Research Day  Visual Field

Orbit Clinic Clinic Operation Day Academic and Combined Clinic & Oculoplasty Service Research Day Pathology Meeting A/Prof. Dr. Adil Hussein

Neuro-Ophthal Neuro-Ophthalmology Academic and Clinic Clinic Diagnostic Lab Prof. Dr. Wan Hazabbah Operation Day Research Day  VEP Dr. Ngoo Qi Zhe  ERG

Retina Service Academic and Operation Day Clinic Clinic Laser Clinic A/Prof. Datin Dr. Zunaina Research Day Dr. Evelyn Tai Li Min Laser Clinic Laser Clinic

Sedation Clinic Paed-Ophthal & Clinic Clinic Academic and Operation Day Paed Neuro-Ophthal Strabismus Service Research Day Prof. Dr. Shatriah Ismail Diagnostic Lab

 VEP

Cornea & Ocular Academic and Cornea Clinic Clinic Operation Day Surface Service Research Day Diagnostic Lab

Prof. Dr. Mohtar Ibrahim Dr. Julieana Muhammed

Ocular Trauma & Operation / Emergency Services Emergency Clinic / Prevention of Blindness Clinic Academic and Dr. Khairy Shamel Research Day

Refraction Refraction Refraction Refraction Refraction Optometry Services Contact Lens Low Visual Aid Colour Vision Binocular Vision Electrophysiology

11 Dissertation Projects

No Name Research Project Year Publication / Presentation

1. Dr. Noramazlan Ramli The use of conjunctival impression cytology to May 2001 Conjunctival impression cytology to determine the density of determine the density of goblet cells and presence goblet cells and presence of mast cells on the conjunctival of mast cells on the conjunctival epithelium in epithelium in patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis patient with vernal keratoconjunctivitis 19th Malaysia-Singapore Ophthalmic Congress, Penang, Malaysia, 15-17 June 2001 (Oral Presentation)

2. Dr. Nik Azlan Nik Zaid Topical latanoprost (PGF2 analogue) for the May 2001 - prevention of immediate increase in intraocular pressure after cataract extraction

3. Dr. Maizan Yaakub Factors influencing raised intraocular pressure in May 2001 Contributing factors for high intraocular pressure (IOP) in corneal ulcer corneal ulcers International Medical & Health Congress, USM Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, 25-28 May 2007 (Oral Presentation)

Factors influencing raised intraocular pressure in corneal ulcers The Asia-ARVO Meeting on Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Singapore, 2-5 March 2007 (Poster Presentation)

4. Dr. Ng Sok Lin Association between myopia and amplitude of Nov 2001 - accommodation in young adults

5. Dr. Tengku Ahmad Kamal Comparison in predictability of postoperative May 2002 Comparison in predictability of postoperative refraction Al-riffin b. Tg. Abd. Halim refraction between phacoemulsification and between phacoemulsification and extracapsular cataract extracapsular cataract extraction extraction 1st USM Ophthalmology Symposium, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, 17-18 July 2003 (Oral Presentation)

6. Dr. Go Eng Soon Expression of interleukin 4, Interleukin 4 receptor May 2002 Expression of interleukin 4, Interleukin 4 receptor and IL – 4 and IL – 4 receptor related GP 200-MR6 molecule receptor related GP 200-MR6 molecule in pterygium and in pterygium and normal bulbar conjunctiva tissue normal bulbar conjunctiva tissue International Council of Ophthalmology Congress Sydney, Australia, 20 April 2002 (Poster Presentation)

7. Dr. Liza Sharmini Ahmad The effects of topical antiglaucoma drugs on the May 2002 The effects of topical antiglaucoma drugs on the conjunctiva Tajudin conjunctiva cell profile cell profile 8th National Conference on Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 8-9 May 2003 (Oral Presentation)

The effects of topical antiglaucoma drugs on the conjunctiva cell profile on Asian patients 21st Malaysia-Singapore Ophthalmic Congress, Langkawi, Malaysia, 20-22 June 2003 (Oral Presentation)

Topical antiglaucoma drugs: The effects on the conjunctiva cell profile and trabeculectomy outcome 4th Congress of Asian-Oceanic Glaucoma Society, Hong Kong, 1-4 October 2003 (Poster Presentation)

The effects of topical antiglaucoma drugs on the conjunctival cell profile of Asian patients Asian Journal of Ophthalmology 2007;9:17-22 (Publication)

8. Dr. Chew Leong Sun Morphological differences between the two eyes of Nov 2002 - patients with asymmetrical cataract : A pilot study

9. Dr. Zunaina Embong Evaluation of PCR method to detect fungal Nov 2002 Evaluation of PCR method to detect fungal aetiology in aetiology in microbial keratitis microbial keratitis 7th National Conference on Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 17-18 May 2002 (Oral Presentation)

Evaluation of PCR method to detect fungal aetiology in microbial keratitis 21st Malaysia-Singapore Ophthalmic Congress, Langkawi, Malaysia, 20-22 June 2003 Best Oral Presentation

Detection of fungal pathogen in microbial keratitis by PCR 1st USM Ophthalmology Symposium, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, 17-18 July 2003 (Oral Presentation)

Detection of fungal keratitis by PCR Medical Symposium, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia 4 October 2003 Best Oral Presentation

Specific detection of fungal pathogens by 18S rRNA gene PCR in microbial keratitis BMC Ophthalmology 2008;8:7 (Publication)

10. Dr. Ng Gim Leong A demographic study of glaucoma cases seen in Nov 2002 - the Eye Clinic of Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia

11. Dr. Wan Azizan Wan Ab. Corneal endothelial cell changes in primary open Nov 2002 Corneal endothelial cell changes in primary open angle Kadir angle glaucoma (POAG) glaucoma (POAG) 7th National Conference on Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 17-18 May 2002 (Oral Presentation)

Corneal endothelial cell changes in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) 1st USM Ophthalmology Symposium, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, 17-18 July 2003 (Oral Presentation)

Corneal endothelial cell changes in primary open angle glaucoma International Medical Journal 2004; 2(2): (Publication)

12. Dr. Chandramalar a/p Association of degree of corneal arcus with fasting Nov 2002 - Santhirathelagan lipid profile in individuals aged 30 – 60 years

13. Dr. Bakiah Shaharuddin The antifungal effects of “Gamat” extracts in May 2003 The antifungal effects of “Gamat” extracts (Stichopus aspergillus keratitis in rabbits chloronatus) in aspergillus keratitis in rabbits 9th National Conference on Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 17-18 May 2004 (Oral Presentation)

The antifungal effects of “Gamat” extracts (Stichopus chloronatus) in aspergillus keratitis in rabbits 20th Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology (APAO) Congress, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 27-31 March 2005 (Oral Presentation)

Antifungal effects of a sea cucumber (Stichopus chloranatus) on Aspergillus fumigatus International Medical Journal 2006;13(2):135-138 (Publication)

14. Dr. Rosnita Alias The modified VF-14 : Study of visual function May 2003 Evaluation of visual function status pre and post cataract status in pre and post cataract surgery surgery using a modified VF-14 13th MaSIS Meeting 2009 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 3-4 October 2009 (Oral Presentation)

Modified VF-14: a visual function status assessment pre and post cataract surgery 25th Malaysia-Singapore Joint Ophthalmic Congress Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 20-22 Nov 2009 (Poster Presentation)

15. Dr. Zamri Noordin A review of open globe injury in Hospital Universiti May 2003 Open globe eye injury – A 10 years experience of HUSM Sains Malaysia over 10 years (1990-1999) 21st Malaysia-Singapore Ophthalmic Congress 2003 Langkawi, Malaysia, 20-22 June 2003 (Poster Presentation)

Open globe eye injury – A 10 years experience of HUSM (1990-1999) 1st USM Ophthalmology Symposium, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, 17-18 July 2003 (Poster Presentation)

Open globe injury in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia - a 10-year review International Journal of Ophthalmology 2014:7(3):486-490 (Publication)

16. Dr. Shuaibah Ab. Ghani A study of contrast sensitivity in smokers and non- May 2003 - smokers among army personnel

17. Dr. Zabri Kamarudin The intraocular pressure changes during May 2003 Intraocular pressure changes during haemodialysis in haemodialysis at Hospital Kuala Terengganu Hospital Kuala Terengganu 8th National Conference on Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 8-9 May 2003 (Poster Presentation)

The intraocular pressure changes during haemodialysis 21st Malaysia - Singapore Ophthalmic Congress 2003 Langkawi, Malaysia, 20-22 June 2003 (Poster Presentation)

18. Dr. Saira Fairma Ismail A comparative study on the severity of dry eyes Nov 2003 A comparative study on the severity of dry eyes between Mokhtar between menopausal women not on hormone menopausal women not on hormone replacement therapy replacement therapy (HRT) and those on HRT in (HRT) and those on HRT in HUSM HUSM 2nd USM Ophthalmology Symposium, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, 17-18 July 2004 Best Oral Presentation

Occurrence of dry eye in post-menopausal women on hormone replacement therapy: fake or fact? International Medical & Health Congress USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 25-28 May 2007 (Oral Presentation)

Dry eye in post-menopausal Asian women on hormone replacement therapy International Journal of Ophthalmology 2007;7(5):1237-1239 (Publication)

19. Dr. Azma Azalina Ahmad Detection of herpes simplex infection in viral May 2004 Detection of herpes simplex infection in viral conjunctivitis Alwi conjunctivitis using polymerase chain reaction – A using polymerase chain reaction – A pilot study pilot study 9th National Conference on Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 22-23 May 2004 (Oral Presentation)

Detection of herpes simplex infection in viral conjunctivitis using PCR – A pilot study 2nd USM Ophthalmology Symposium, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, 17-18 July 2004 (Oral Presentation)

20. Dr. Rosli Mohd Kassim A comparative study of corneal thickness and May 2004 - endothelial cells changes in Type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic patients following cataract surgery

21. Dr. Tan Soo Hoi Comparison of conjunctival impression cytology May 2004 Comparison of conjunctival impression cytology between between glaucoma patients treated with topical glaucoma patients treated with topical timolol maleate 0.5% timolol maleate 0.5% and topical latanoprost and topical latanoprost 0.005% 0.005% 9th National Conference on Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 22-23 May 2004 (Oral Presentation)

Comparison of conjunctival impression cytology between glaucoma patients treated with topical timolol maleate and topical latanoprost 2nd USM Ophthalmology Symposium, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, 17-18 July 2004 (Oral Presentation)

Conjunctival impression cytology in glaucoma patients treated with topical latanaprost and timolol maleate South East Asia Glaucoma Meeting Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 26-28 August 2004 (Oral Presentation)

The effects of topical antiglaucoma on conjunctival impression cytology in Malay glaucoma patients International Medical Journal 2010;17(4):271-274 (Publication)

22. Dr. Mohd Aziz Husni A study on central corneal thickness and May 2004 Central corneal thickness and intraocular pressure among morphology in myopic Malay undergraduates of Malay undergraduates of Health Campus, USM Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia 9th National Conference on Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 22-23 May 2004 (Oral Presentation)

Central corneal thickness and morphology in myopic Malay undergraduates of Health Campus, USM 9th National Conference on Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 22-23 May 2004 (Oral Presentation)

23. Dr. Shatriah Ismail A randomized comparison on the corneal Nov 2004 A randomized comparison on the corneal endothelial endothelial morphology after the use of 2 different morphology after the use of 2 different viscoelastic agents viscoelastic agents during phacoemulsification during phacoemulsification surgery surgery 20th Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology (APAO) Congress, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 27-31 March 2005 (Oral Presentation)

Effect of Healon 5 and Healon GV on corneal endothelium after phacoemulsification surgery 10th National Conference on Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 21-22 May 2005 (Oral Presentation)

Effect of Healon 5 and Healon GV on corneal endothelial morphology after phacoemulsification surgery. International Medical Journal 2006;13:281-285 (Publication)

24. Dr. Nor Anita Che Omar Ultrasonographic features in staphylococcus Nov 2004 Ultrasonographic features in staphylococcus epidermidis, epidermidis, pseudomonas aeruginosa and pseudomonas aeruginosa and candida albicans candida albicans endophthalmitis in rabbits endophthalmitis in rabbits 20th Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology (APAO) Congress, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 27-31 March 2005 (Best National Paper – International Council of Ophthalmology (ICO))

Ultrasonographic features in staphylococcus epidermidis, pseudomonas aeruginosa and candida albicans endophthalmitis in rabbits World Ophthalmology Congress, Sao Paolo, Brazil, 16 February 2006 (Oral Presentation)

Ultrasonographic and pathological features in candida albicans, staphylococcus epidermidis and pseudomonas aeruginosa induced endophthalmitis International Medical Journal 2010;17(4):275-280 (Publication)

25. Dr. Afizah Isnin A comparative study on surgical outcomes in Nov 2004 A comparative study on surgical outcomes in primary primary pterygium excision using air-dried amniotic pterygium excision using air-dried amniotic membrane graft membrane graft versus bare sclera technique versus bare sclera technique 9th National Conference on Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 22-23 May 2004 (Oral Presentation)

A comparative study on surgical outcomes in primary pterygium excision using air-dried amniotic membrane graft versus bare sclera technique 2nd USM Ophthalmology Symposium, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, 17-18 July 2004 (Oral Presentation)

A comparative study on surgical outcomes in primary pterygium excision using air-dried amniotic membrane graft versus bare sclera technique 20th Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology (APAO) Congress, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 27-31 March 2005 (Oral Presentation)

26. Dr. Andrew Lim Keat Eu Prevalence clinical features and risk factors of May 2005 Prevalence clinical features and risk factors of thyroids thyroids associated ophthalmopathy in a associated ophthalmopathy in a multiethnic Malaysian multiethnic Malaysian population population 20th Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology (APAO) Congress, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 27-31 March 2005 (Oral Presentation)

Prevalence, risk factors and clinical features of thyroid associated ophthalmopathy in multiethnic Malaysian patients with Graves Disease Thyroid 2008;18 (12):1297-1300 (Publication)

27. Dr. Ezanee Mokhtar An evaluation of digital photography and image Nov 2005 - analysis software for assessment of corneal ulcer size progression

28. Dr. Mohd Mansor Shariff A pilot study of bovine bone for orbital implant in May 2006 Bovine bone xenograft as orbital implants in rabbits - A pilot rabbits study ASIA ARVO Meeting on Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Singapore, 3-5 March 2007 (Poster Presentation)

Bovine bone hydroxyapatite orbital implants in rabbits 23rd Malaysia Singapore Ophthalmic Congress Kota Kinabalu Sabah, 1-3 June 2007 (Poster Presentation)

Bovine bone xenograft as orbital implants in rabbit eyes International Journal of Ophthalmology 2007; 7 (6): 1495-9 (Publication)

29. Dr. Ong Lieh Bin The role of beta 2-receptor polymorphisms on May 2006 The role of -20C and GLN 27 of beta 2-adrenoreceptor pressure lowering effects of topical timolol maleate polymorphisms in glaucoma patients and their in glaucomatous patients. responsiveness to topical timolol 21st Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology (APAO) Congress, Singapore, 10-14 June 2006 (Oral Presentation)

The possible association of -20C and Gln 27 of beta-2 adrenoreceptor polymorphisms in glaucoma patients and responsiveness of topical timolol Human Genome Meeting, Helsinki, Finland, 31 May-3 June 2006 (Poster Presentation)

30. Dr. Chieng Lee Ling Prostanoid receptor polymorphism: The association May 2006 The effect of novel mutation of prostanoid receptor gene of of novel single nucleotide polymorphism with the pressure lowering effect of latanoprost. A preliminary report responsiveness of glaucoma patients to topical 3rd USM Ophthalmology Symposium, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, latanoprost Malaysia, 16-17 July 2005 Best Oral Presentation

The effect of prostanoid receptor polymorphism in glaucoma patients 21st Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology (APAO) Congress, Singapore, 10-14 June 2006 (Oral Presentation)

Prostaglandin F2α receptor gene polymorphism and its association with pressure lowering effect of topical latanoprost among Malaysian glaucoma patients 2nd National Colloqium and workshop in Pharmacogenetics Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, 26-27 May 2008 2nd Best Oral Presentation

31. Dr. Selvaraja P. The influence of beta 2 – Adrenoreceptor Nov 2006 The influence of beta2-adrenoreceptor polymorphism on Vengadasalam polymorphisms on spirometric changes in spirometric changes in glaucoma patients receiving topical glaucoma patients receiving topical timolol –XE timolol treatment 11th National Conference on Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 20-21 May 2006 (Oral Presentation)

The role of beta-2 adrenoreceptor in respiratory impairment of glaucoma patients on topical timolol XE 0.5% SEAGIG Chennai: International Glaucoma Convention Chennai, India, 1-3 December 2006 Best Oral Presentation

32. Dr. Syaratul Emma The study of prevalence of refractive error among Nov 2006 The study of prevalence of refractive error among Malay Hashim Malay primary school children in Kota Bharu, primary school children in Kota Bharu, Kelantan Kelantan 11th National Conference on Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 20-21 May 2006 (Oral Presentation)

Prevalence of refractive error among Malay primary school children in Kota Bharu district Persidangan Kesihatan Kebangsaan Ke V USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 25-26 July 2007 (Oral Presentation)

Prevalence of refractive error among Malay primary school children in Kota Bharu district 7th MOH-AMM Scientific Meeting Penang, Malaysia, 6-9 September 2007 (Poster Presentation)

Visual impairment among the Malay primary school children in Kota Bharu district, Kelantan 18th SNEC Anniversary Meeting, Singapore, 14-17 March 2008 (Poster Presentation)

The study of prevalence of refractive error among Malay primary school children in suburban area of Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia Annals Academy of Medicine Singapore 2008; 37: 940-946 (Publication)

33. Dr. Asokumaran Thanaraj Vision screening among preschool children aged 4 Nov 2006 Prevalence of refractive error and visual impairment to 6 years in Kota Bharu, Kelantan among preschool children aged 4 to 6 years in Kota Bharu World Ophthalmology Congress, Sao Paolo, Brazil, 16 February 2006 (Poster Presentation)

34. Dr. Wan Norliza Wan A comparative study of accommodative potential May 2007 A comparative study of accommodative potential after Muda after intraocular lens implantation intraocular lens implantation 22th Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology (APAO) Congress, Lahore, Pakistan, 24-28 February 2007 (Oral Presentation)

35. Dr. Adil Hussein Cross sectional study to determine visual May 2007 Visual impairment and anterior segment abnormality among impairment and anterior segment abnormality preschool children in Kota Bharu, Kelantan: A kindergarten among pre-school children in Kota Bharu, Kelantan based screening 18th SNEC Anniversary Meeting, Singapore, 14-17 March 2008 (Poster Presentation)

36. Dr. Nor Fadzillah Abd Jalil A study on the capability of frequency doubling May 2007 Visual field abnormalities detection by Frequency Doubling perimetry in the detection of visual field Perimetry versus Humphrey Field Analyzer in primary open abnormalities in primary open angle glaucoma angle glaucoma patients 2nd World Glaucoma Congress, Singapore, 18-21 July 2007 (Poster Presentation)

The use of Humphrey Matrix FDP versus Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer among POAG patients 23rd Malaysia-Singapore Ophthalmic Congress Kota Kinabalu Sabah, 1-3 June 2007 (Poster Presentation)

Detection of visual field abnormalities using Humphrey Matrix Frequency Doubling Perimetry among POAG patients 23rd Malaysia-Singapore Ophthalmic Congress Kota Kinabalu Sabah, 1-3 June 2007 (Poster Presentation)

Sensitivity and specificity of Humphrey matrix frequency doubling perimetry in the detection of visual field abnormalities among POAG patients 23rd Malaysia-Singapore Ophthalmic Congress Kota Kinabalu Sabah, 1-3 June 2007 (Poster Presentation)

37. Dr. Nor’aini Ramlee A study of single nucleotide polymorphism at May 2007 Nucleotide 153,104 (A toG) RB1 SNP among Malaysian nucleotide 153, 104 among Malaysian children with retinoblastoma children and their parents: distribution and retinoblastoma and their parents association 7th National Congress on Genetics, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, 5-7 May 2007 (Oral Presentation)

A study of single nucleotide polymorphism at nucleotide 153, 104 among Malaysian children with retinoblastoma and their parents ASIA ARVO Meeting on Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Singapore, 3-5 March 2007 (Poster Presentation)

Distribution of nucleotide 153 104 (A to G) RB1 SNP among Malaysian children with retinoblastoma and its association with clinical presentation 7th Human Genome Organization (HUGO) – Asia Pacific Meeting (8th Asia Pacific Conference on Human Genetics) Cebu, Phillipines, 2-5 May 2008 (Poster Presentation)

Identification of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 153 104 (A to G) of RB1 gene in Malaysian retinoblastoma children and its association with laterality and staging of the disease International Medical Journal 2010:17(2):129-133 (Publication)

38. Dr. Cheong Min Tet A study on the expression of HLA-DR on May 2007 The expression of HLA-DR on conjunctival epithelial cells in conjunctival epithelial cell in patients treated with patients treated with topical latanoprost as adjunctive topical latanoprost as adjunctive therapy and its therapy association with prostanoid (FP) receptor ASIA ARVO Meeting on Research in Vision and polymorphisms Ophthalmology, Singapore, 3-5 March 2007 (Poster Presentation)

The role of prostanoid receptor (PTGFR) polymorphism in the expression of HLA-DR on conjunctival epithelial cells in patients treated with topical latanoprost as adjunctive therapy 2nd World Glaucoma Congress, Singapore, 18-21 July 2007 Glaucoma Societies Top Poster

A study on the possible association of prostaglandin F2α receptor gene polymorphism with expression of HLA-DR on conjunctival epithelial cells of patients on topical latanoprost 7th Human Genome Organization (HUGO) – Asia Pacific Meeting (8th Asia Pacific Conference on Human Genetics), Cebu, Phillipines, 2-5 May 2008 (Poster Presentation)

39. Dr. Azhany Yaakub The prevalence of refractive error among Malay school May 2007 Refractive error screening among Malay teenagers, children, ages 13-16 year old in Kota Bharu, Kelantan. aged 13-16 years old in Kota Bharu, Kelantan ASIA ARVO Meeting on Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Singapore, 3-5 March 2007 (Oral Presentation)

Refractive error screening among Malay teenagers, aged 13-16 years old in Kota Bharu, Kelantan Persidangan Kesihatan Kebangsaan Ke V USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 25-26 July 2007 (Oral Presentation)

Myopia study among Malay teenagers in Kota Bharu, Kelantan 4th USM Ophthalmology Symposium (4th USM-UM- UKM Ophthalmology Meeting) Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, 26-27 July 2008 (Poster Presentation)

40. Dr. Tengku Norina Tuan The study of refractive error and ocular biometry in low Nov 2007 A comparison study of ocular biometry in low versus Jaffar birth weight children aged 9 to 12 years old in Kota Bharu normal birth weight malay children in kota Bharu, Kelantan 16th National Conference on Medical and Health Sciences, Kelantan, Malaysia, 22 – 23 June 2011 (Poster Presentation)

The refractive error comparison study in normal and low birth weight Malay children aged 9 to 12 years old in Kota Bharu, Kelantan 27th Malaysia-Singapore Joint Ophthalmic Congress Penang, Malaysia, 24-26 June 2011 (Poster Presentation)

41. Dr. Hah Yun Khean Central corneal thickness and corneal curvature in normal Nov 2007 Central corneal thickness in normal tension glaucoma tension glaucoma 23rd Malaysia-Singapore Ophthalmic Congress Kota Kinabalu Sabah, 1-3 June 2007 (Poster Presentation)

42. Dr. Azreen Redzal Anuar The study of correlation of quality of life assessment with May 2008 The study of correlation of quality of life assessment visual function among Malaysian glaucomatous patients with visual function among Kelantan glaucomatous patients 13th National Institutes of Health Scientific Meeting and the 4th National Conference for Clinical Research Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2-4 June 2010 (Poster Presentation)

43. Dr. Che Mahiran Che An experimental study on intrastromal injection May 2008 An experimental study on intrastromal injection of Daud Amphotericin B in Fusarium Solani keratitis in rabbits Amphotericin B in rabbits with Fusarium solani keratitis 13th National Conference of Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 22-23 May 2008 (Oral Presentation)

Effectiveness and toxicity of intrastromal Amphotericin B Injection in treating Fusarium solani keratitis: animal experimental study International Medical Journal 2016;23(3):262–266 (Publication)

44. Dr. Kodiswary Maharajah The prevalence of prostanaoid receptor gene (PTGFR) May 2008 The possible role of PTGFR gene polymorphism in polymorphism and its association with anterior segment predicting acute attack (AAC) of primary angle biometry in primary angle closure closure (PAC) 13th National Conference of Medical Sciences, USM Kelantan, Malaysia, 22-23 May 2008 3rd Best Oral Presentation

The role of prostanoid receptor gene (PTGFR) polymorphisms and anterior segment biometry in primary angle-closure and acute angle-closure patients 5th Congress of the South East Asia Glaucoma Interest Group (6th Meeting of the Asian Angle- Closure Glaucoma Club) Seoul, Korea, 25-27 September 2008 (Oral Presentation)

Association of ocular biometry and PTGFR Gene in Primary Angle Closure International Medical Journal 2015; 22(6):478–483 (Publication)

45. Dr. Shawarinin Jusoh A study on optic disc parameters among Malay students May 2008 Optic disc parameters among Malay students of in Health Campus, USM by Heidelberg Retinal Health Campus, USM by Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph II Tomograph II 2nd USM Penang International Postgraduate Convention 2008 (2nd Health & Medical Sciences Conference), Penang, Malaysia, 18-20 June 2008 (Oral Presentation)

Optic disc parameters among Malay students of Health Campus, USM by Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph II Asia-Pacific Association of Cataract & Refractive Surgeons Congress, Bangkok, Thailand, 27-29 November 2008 (Oral Presentation)

Assessment of optic disc parameters among healthy adult Malays by Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph II Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology 2011:39(1): 15-22 (Publication)

46. Dr. Siti Raihan Ishak A study on Malaysian children with retinoblastoma: May 2008 Distribution of nucleotide 153 104 (A to G) RB1 SNP Clinical presentation and pocket BE1A domain mutation of among Malaysian children with retinoblastoma and Its RB1 gene association with clinical presentation 7th Human Genome Organization (HUGO) – Asia Pacific Meeting (8th Asia Pacific Conference on Human Genetics), Cebu, Phillipines, 2-5 May 2008 (Poster Presentation)

RB1 gene mutations at pocket B of E1A domain and clinical presentation of retinoblastoma children in Malaysia 13th National Conference of Medical Sciences, USM Kelantan, Malaysia, 22-23 May 2008 2nd Best Oral Presentation

Detection of novel mutations in pocket B E1A domain of Rb1 gene and clinical presentation of retinoblastoma children In Malaysia Asia ARVO Meeting, India, 15-18 January 2009 (Oral Presentation)

RB pocket domain B mutation frequency in Malaysia Ophthalmic Genetics. 2010:31(3):159-61 (Publication)

47. Dr. Amelah Mohamed A study on the association of serum lipid profile with Nov 2008 The association of serum lipid profile with retinal Abdul Qader Al-Ariqi retinal hard exudates among patients with type II diabetes exudates among type II diabetes mellitus patients mellitus in Hospital USM International Ophthalmology Congress NHG Eye Institute, Singapore, 23-25 October 2008 (Oral Presentation)

Association of dyslipidemia with retinal hard exudates among type II Diabetes Mellitus patients 24th Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology (APAO) Congress, Bali, Indonesia, 16-19 May 2009 (Poster Presentation)

Association of serum lipid profile with retinal hard exudates among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus International Journal of Ophthalmology 2009; 9(4):627-30 (Publication)

48. Dr. Azlyn Azwa bt Jasman A preliminary study to compare the prediction error of Nov 2008 The predictability of postoperative refraction in postoperative refraction in paediatric cataract surgery paediatric cataract surgery between SRK II® and between two different intraocular lens power calculation modified formula for paediatric IOL calculation formulas International Ophthalmology Congress NHG Eye Institute, Singapore, 23-25 October 2008 (Oral Presentation)

Comparison of the predictive error and the accuracy of predictability of intraocular lens power calculation in paediatric patient between SRK II And modified Formula 25th Malaysia-Singapore Joint Ophthalmic Congress Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 20-22 Nov 2009 (Poster Presentation)

Prediction error and accuracy of intraocular lens power calculation in pediatric patient comparing SRK II and Pediatric IOL Calculator BMC Ophthalmology 2010;10:20 (Publication)

49. Dr. Norlaili Mustafa The efficacy of intravitreal triamcenolone versus laser Nov 2008 Intravitreal triamcenolone acetonide Injection versus photocoagulation in the primary treatment of diabetic laser photocoagulation in diabetic macular oedema macular oedema International Ophthalmology Congress NHG Eye Institute, Singapore, 23-25 October 2008 (Oral Presentation)

Intravitreal triamcinolone versus laser photocoagulation in the primary treatment of diabetic macular oedema 24th Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology (APAO) Congress, Bali, Indonesia, 16-19 May 2009 (Poster Presentation)

Macula oedema index and visual outcome post intravitreal triamcinolone in the primary treatment of diabetic macular oedema 25th Malaysia-Singapore Joint Ophthalmic Congress Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 20-22 Nov 2009 (Poster Presentation)

Intravitreal triamcinolone versus laser photocoagulation as a primary treatment for diabetic macular oedema – a comparative pilot study BMC Ophthalmology 2011;11:36 (Publication)

50. Dr. Rohana Ab. Rashid A study of contrast sensitivity and quality of life Nov 2008 Contrast sensitivity and quality of life assessment assessment following phacoemulsification with two following phacoemulsification with two different types different types of aspheric lenses of aspheric lenses International Ophthalmology Congress NHG Eye Institute, Singapore, 23-25 October 2008 (Oral Presentation)

Contrast sensitivity and quality of life assessment following phacoemulsification with two different types of aspheric lenses Asia-Pacific Association of Cataract & Refractive Surgeons Congress Bangkok, Thailand, 27-29 November 2008 (Poster Presentation)

Vision-related quality of life after phacoemulsification with Akreos Adapt Advanced Optics and Tecnis ZA9003 intraocular lenses International Medical Journal 2012;19:55-58 (Publication)

51. Dr. Wahid Abdullah Salem A comparative study on the outcomes of orbital floor Nov 2008 Surgical outcome of orbital floor reconstruction by Wajih reconstruction with autogenous grafts versus porous autogenous grafts versus medpor® polyethylene (Medpor®) in Hospital Universiti Sains International Ophthalmology Congress NHG Eye Malaysia from 2004-2007 Institute, Singapore, 23-25 October 2008 (Oral Presentation)

Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia experience in orbital floor reconstruction: autogenous graft versus Medpor Journal of Oral Maxillofacial Surg 2011:69(6):1740-4 (Publication)

52. Dr. Tan Soo Ken Cornea endothelial cell morphology in cornea arcus May 2009 A study on corneal endothelial cell morphology of patients in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia corneal arcus patients in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia 14th National Conference on Medical and Health Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 21-22 May 2009 (Oral Presentation)

A study on corneal endothelial cell morphology of corneal arcus patients in Universiti Sains Malaysia Hospital NHG Eye Institute 2nd International Ophthalmology Congress, Singapore, 15-17 October 2009 (Poster Presentation)

53. Dr. Ali Hassan Abdullah An experimental study on the use of fibrin glue in corneal Nov 2009 Fibrin glue in corneal wound repair in rabbits Al-Ashwal wound repair in rabbits 14th National Conference on Medical and Health Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 21-22 May 2009 Best Oral Presentation

54. Dr. Omar M.S. Ismaeel Evaluation of 8-OHdG enzyme and microscopic features Nov 2009 Detection of 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine enzyme (8- in primary and recurrent pterygia OhdG) in recurrent pterygium raising a question on its role on recurrence The 1st World Congress on Controversies in Ophthalmology, Prague, Czech Republic 4-7 March 2010 (Poster Presentation)

55. Dr. Lee Kok Foo A pilot study of ultrasonography of retinopathy of May 2010 Ultrasonography findings in retinopathy of prematurity prematurity – a pilot study 15th National Conference on Medical and Health Sciences, Kelantan, Malaysia, 21-22 July 2010 (Oral Presentation)

Ultrasonographic Findings in Eyes with Retinopathy of Prematurity in Malaysia Medical Journal of Malaysia 2013;68:39-43 (Publication)

56. Dr. Tan Hui Ken A comparative study of central corneal thickness in May 2010 A study on the relationship between central corneal primary angle closure glaucoma and narrow angle thickness and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, patients mean cup depth and visual field progression in primary angle closure and primary angle closure glaucoma 15th National Conference on Medical and Health Sciences, Kelantan, Malaysia, 21-22 July 2010 (Oral Presentation)

A study on the central corneal thickness of primary angle closure and primary angle closure glaucoma and its effect on visual field progression Asia Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology 2015;3:161- 165 (Publication)

57. Dr. Rasdi Abdul Rashid Retinopathy and visual outcome in hypertensive disorders Nov 2010 Prevalence, visual outcome and retinopathy changes in pregnancy in hypertensive disorders in pregnancy 5th Congress of the Asia Pacific Vitreo-Retina Society in conjunction with 26th Singapore-Malaysia Joint Meeting, Singapore, 19-21 November 2010 (Poster Presentation)

Ophthalmic changes in hypertensive disorders in pregnancy Medical Journal of Malaysia 2011;1(66):42-47 (Publication)

58. Dr. Muzaliha Mohamed Visual acuity and visual skills among slow learners in Nov 2010 Visual acuity and visual skills among poor readers in Nor primary school In Kota Bharu, Kelantan primary schools in Malaysia Asia Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology Sydney, Australia, 20-24 March 2011 (Oral Presentation)

Visual acuity and visual skills in Malaysian children with learning disabilities Clinical Ophthalmology 2012;6:1527-1533 (Publication)

59. Dr. Roslinah bt Muji Clinical and histopathological reaction between porous Nov 2010 Clinical and histopathological comparison between polyethelene and bovine hydroxyapetite in rabbits bovine bone derived hydroxyapatite and porous polyethylene implants in rabbit eye Asia ARVO Meeting on research in vision and ophthalmology, Singapore, 20-23 January 2011 (Poster Presentation)

Comparison of clinical results and pathological examinations between locally synthesized bone- derived hydroxyapatite and Medpor® orbital implants in animal models Cureus 2019;11(1):e3954 (Publication)

60. Dr. Bashkaran Antioxidant status, ascorbic acid level and lipid Nov 2010 Antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects of tualang Karuppannan peroxidation products in aqueous humour, vitreous honey in alkali chemical injury on the eyes of rabbits humour and serum of rabbits following oral Asia Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology supplementation of tualang honey Sydney, Australia, 20-24 March 2011 (Poster Presentation)

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Tualang honey in alkali injury on the eyes of rabbits: Experimental animal study BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011;11:90 (Publication)

61. Dr. Gan Eng Hui Peripapillary RNFL thickness variation in patients with May 2011 A study on the variation of peripapillary retinal nerve myopia fiber layer thickness in myopic patients using Optical Coherence Tomography 16th National Conference on Medical and Health Sciences, Kelantan, Malaysia, 22-23 Jun 2011 2nd Best Oral Presentation

62. Dr. Chiang Wai Seng The relationship of lens thickness and anterior chamber Nov 2011 - depth with intraocular pressure during hemodialysis

63. Dr. Yanti Muslikhan A pilot study of intrastromal injection of amphotericin Nov 2011 - 0.005% in fungal keratitis

64. Dr. Khairy Shamel b. Validity and reliability of a micro-acuity chart Nov 2011 - Sonny Teo

65. Dr. Hayati Abdul Aziz The correlation of IL4 level in tears and IGE level in serum May 2012 The association of total IgE in serum with specific IgE between allergic conjunctivitis and allergic rhinitis patients in tears and skin prick test in allergic conjunctivitis patients

2nd Conjoint (MOH-UKM-USM-UM) Ophthalmology Scientific Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 14-16 September 2012 (Oral Presentation)

66. Dr. Chua Chui Yin Evaluation of optic nerve functions and topography after a May 2012 Evaluation of optic nerve functions and optic nerve unilateral optic neuritis head parameters after a unilateral optic neuritis 17th National Conferences on Medical and Health

Sciences, Kelantan, Malaysia, 27-28 May 2012 (Oral Presentation)

67. Dr. Ng Guan Fook A prospective cohort study of the percentage of TGF beta May 2012 The role of TGF Beta in the success of augmented 2 on impression cytology of glaucoma patient post primary trabeculectomy in Asians 27th Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology, Busan, augmented trabeculectomy surgery Korea, 13-16 April 2012 (Oral Presentation)

Conjunctival TGF-β level in primary augmented trabeculectomy The Open Ophthalmology Journal 2015;9:61-67 (Publication)

68. Dr. Juanarita Jaafar Evaluation of visual acuity and quality of life in predicted May 2012 Evaluation of visual acuity in predicted emmetropia emmetropia and low myopia group following and low myopia groups following phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation 17th National Conferences on Medical and Health Sciences, Kelantan, Malaysia, 27-28 May 2012 (Oral Presentation)

Evaluation of visual acuity and quality of life in predicted emmetropia and low myopia groups following phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation 2nd Conjoint (MOH-UKM-USM-UM) Ophthalmology Scientific Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 14-16 September 2012 (Oral Presentation)

Evaluation of visual acuity and quality of life in predicted emmetropia and low myopia groups following phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation 28th Asia Pacific Association of Cataract & Refractive Surgeons, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 5-8 August 2015 (Oral Presentation)

69. Dr. Suresh Association between fundus fluorescein angiography May 2012 Association between FFA leaking status with edema Subramaniam leaking status with edema features of Heidelberg retina features of HRT III and OCT in diabetic macula edema patient tomography II and ocular coherence tomography in Malaysian Society of Ophthalmology 3rd Annual diabetic patient with clinically significant macular edema Meeting, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 24-25 March 2012 (Oral Presentation)

A study on the sensitivity and specificity of HRT and OCT for the diagnosis of diabetic macular edema 17th National Conferences on Medical and Health Sciences, Kelantan, Malaysia, 27-28 May 2012 3rd Best Oral Presentation

Sensitivity and specificity of HRT and OCT to detect diabetic macular edema Journal Diabetes Metabolism 2012;S:3 (Publication)

70. Dr. Krishnalatha a/p Macular thickness measurement post phacoemulsification Nov 2012 Macular thickness measurement post Buandasan surgery using Heidelberg Retinal Tomography II and its phacoemulsification surgery using Heidelberg Retina association with cystoids macular oedema tomography III 2nd Conjoint (MOH-UKM-USM-UM) Ophthalmology Scientific Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 14-16 September 2012 (Oral Presentation)

71. Dr. Adlina binti Abdul An assessment of optic nerve parameters among malay Nov 2012 Comparison of optic nerve head parameters between Rahim normotensive glaucoma and high tension glaucoma Malay patients with NTG and POAG patients 2nd Conjoint (MOH-UKM-USM-UM) Ophthalmology Scientific Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 14-16 September 2012 (Poster Presentation)

Optic disc topography of normal tension glaucoma patients in Malaysia Medical Journal of Malaysia 2013:68: 339-342 (Publication)

Optic disc topography in Malay patients with normal tension glaucoma and primary open angle glaucoma Clinical Ophthalmology 2014;8: 2533-2539 (Publication)

72. Dr. Hemalatha a/p A study of the effect of macrovascular arterial stiffness in Nov 2012 Macrovascular arterial stiffness in age related M.Chandrakanthan age related macular degeneration macular degeneration 2nd Conjoint (MOH-UKM-USM-UM) Ophthalmology Scientific Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 14-16 September 2012 2nd Best Oral Presentation

73. Dr. Lim Ching Wei Detection of Epstein Barr virus in primary pterygium Nov 2012 -

74. Dr. Normasniwati binti Evaluation of visual function, macular thickness and Nov 2012 Evaluation of visual acuity and macular thickness pre Saidin quality of life in pre and post focal laser photocoagulation and post focal laser photocoagulation in diabetic in diabetic macular oedema macular oedema 2nd Conjoint (MOH-UKM-USM-UM) Ophthalmology Scientific Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 14-16 September 2012 (Poster Presentation)

Evaluation of visual acuity, macular thickness and quality of life pre and post focal laser photocoagulation in diabetic macular oedema 29th Malaysia-Singapore Joint Ophthalmology Congress, Malaysia, 8-10 March 2013 (Poster Presentation)

75. Dr. Nor Sharina binti Evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in different Nov 2012 Association of retinal nerve fibre layer thickness with Yusof types of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy and its HbA1c and oxidized LDL among Type 2 DM association with level of diabetic control and serum 17th National Conferences on Medical and Health oxidized LDL in type 2 diabetes mellitus Sciences, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia 27-28 May 2012 (Oral Presentation)

Correlation of retinal nerve fibre layer thickness with HbA1c and oxidised LDL in NPDR Journal Diabetes Metabolism 2013; 4: 298. (Publication)

76. Dr. Nurhamiza binti Prevalence and causes of visual impairment among Nov 2012 Prevalence and causes of visual impairment in Buang children with learning difficulties in primary schools in Kota children with learning difficulties in primary schools in Bharu, Kelantan Kota Bharu, Kelantan 17th National Conferences on Medical and Health Sciences, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia 27-28 May 2012 (Oral Presentation)

77. Dr. Pan Shin Wei Evaluation of the efficacy of topical cyclosporine A 0.05% Nov 2012 Evaluation of the efficacy of topical cyclosporine A on dry eye post phacoemulsification 0.05% on dry eye post phacoemulsification 17th National Conferences on Medical and Health Sciences, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia 27-28 May 2012 2nd Best Oral Presentation

78. Dr. Abdul Salim bin Association of NDP gene mutations and environmental May 2013 NDP gene sequence variants in ROP among Malay Ismail risk factors in retinopathy of prematurity among Malay population Population 29th Malaysia Singapore Joint Ophthalmology Congress, Malaysia, 8-10 March 2013 (Oral Presentation)

Association of Systemic and Environmental Risk Factors in Retinopathy of Prematurity Among Malay Population International Conference on Medical & Health Science, Kelantan, Malaysia, 22-24 May 2013 (Poster Presentation)

Malay premature infants with retinopathy of prematurity: risk factors and screening of NDP gene mutation Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Science 2017:2(1):5-10 (Publication)

79. Dr. Ch’ng Tun Wang A prospective cohort study on the effect of inter-visit ocular May 2013 Preliminary data on ocular perfusion pressure in perfusion pressure on severity and progression on glaucoma patients glaucoma 1st Annual MOH-USM-UKM-UM Ophthalmology Scientific Conference, Kota Bharu, Kelantan 16 -17 July 2011 Best Oral Presentation

Ocular perfusion pressure as a predictor for glaucoma progression: A prospective observational study The 1st Asia-Pacific Glaucoma Congress Bali, Indonesia, 7 December 2012 (Poster Presentation)

Inter-visit ocular perfusion pressure and severity of glaucoma 29th Malaysia Singapore Joint Ophthalmology Congress, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 8-10 March 2013 (Oral Presentation)

80. Dr. Nor Idahriani binti Ocular manifestations and genetic variations of low density May 2013 Ocular manifestations and genetic variations of low Muhd Nor lipoprotein receptor gene in Malay with familial density lipoprotein receptor gene in Malays with hypercholesterolaemia familial hypercholesterolemia 3rd Conjoint Ophthalmology Scientific Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 13-15 Sept 2013 3rd Best Oral Presentation

Low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene and ocular manifestatio n in Malay patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia Malaysian Journal of Ophthalmology 2019; 1(2): 22- 37 (Publication)

81. Dr. Norazizah binti Mohd Optic nerve head parameters and retinal nerve fiber layer May 2013 Retinal nerve fibre layer thickness in Malay children Amin thickness in Malay amblyopic children with unilateral amblyopia 2nd Conjoint (MOH-UKM-USM-UM ) Ophthalmology Conference, Kuala Lumpur 14-16 Sept 2012 3rd Best Oral Presentation

Optic nerve parameters in Malay amblyopic children 29th Malaysia Singapore Joint Ophthalmology Congress, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 8-10 March 2013 (Poster Presentation)

82. Dr. Nurfahzura bt Mohd A study of visual evoked potential in traumatic optic May 2013 A study of VEP in traumatic optic neuropathy Jamil neuropathy patients patients 29th Malaysia Singapore Joint Ophthalmology Congress, Kuala Lumpur 8-10 March 2013 (Poster Presentation)

A study of visual evoked potentials in traumatic optic neuropathy patients International Conference on Medical & Health Science, Kelantan, Malaysia, 22-24 May 2013 (Poster Presentation)

83. Dr. Madhusudhan A/L Levels of cytokines in pre-corneal tear film in allergic Nov 2013 - Paramananda rhinitis patients

84. Dr. Fadzillah Mohd. Tahir Manifestations of dry eye disease following oral Nov 2013 The effect of oral Omega 3 on dry eye disease supplement of Omega 3 3rd Conjoint Ophthalmology Scientific Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 13-15 Sept 2013 Best Oral Presentation

85. Dr. Chen Chui Yain A comparative study on pain score, anxiety level and vital May 2014 - signs during phacoemulsification using combination of topical anaesthesia and cryonalgesia versus topical anaesthesia

86. Dr. Neoh Yee Ling Association of triple vessels coronary artery disease on May 2014 Coronary artery disease: Block the heart and bites retinal nerve fiber layer thickness the eye 5th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Malaysian Society of Ophthalmology, Perak, Malaysia 8-9 March 2014 (Oral Presentation)

Triple vessel coronary artery disease and retinal nerve fibre layer thickness Annals Academy of Medicine 2018:47(6):226-229 (Publication)

87. Dr. Jakiyah Daud A study of optic nerve function and visual evoked potential May 2014 - parameters in patients with optic neuritis

88. Dr. Munira Yusoff Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, contrast sensitivity and Nov 2014 - vision-related quality of life in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patient with proliferative diabetic retinopathy following pan- retinal photocoagulation

89. Dr. Tan Ee Ling Evaluation of the effects of topical pressure/lowering Nov 2014 Evaluation of effects of topical pressure lowering medication on ocular surface among Primary Angle agents on ocular surface among Angle Closure Closure Patients Glaucoma patient 9th UKM Ophthalmology Conference (in conjunction with 4th Conjoint Ophthalmology Scientific Conference), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 13-14 September 2014 (Oral Presentation)

The effects of topical pressure lowering drugs on ocular surface in primary angle closure glaucoma patients 2th Asia Pacific Glaucoma Congress (in conjunction with 10th International Symposium of Ophthalmology, Hong Kong 26-28 September 2014 (Oral presentation)

Evaluation of ocular surface disease in Asian patients with Primary Angle Closure The Open Ophthalmology Journal 2017;1131-39 (Publication)

90. Dr. Siti Hajar Mat Abu Optic nerve head analysis and retinal nerve fiber layer Nov 2014 Optic nerve head topography and retinal nerve fibre thickness among different ethnics in Malaysia using layer thickness analysis among different ethnic in Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph III Malaysia using Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph 3 9th UKM Ophthalmology Conference (in conjunction with 4th Conjoint Ophthalmology Scientific Conference), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 13-14 September 2014 (Oral Presentation)

91. Dr. Ahmad Nurfahmi The correlation between electrophysiological test and Nov 2014 The correlation between Visual Electrophysiology Makhtar Ali mean retinal nerve fiber analysis, and Advance Glaucoma Test and glaucoma severity in Primary Angle Closure Intervention Study Score In Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma patients Glaucoma patients 9th UKM Ophthalmology Conference (in conjunction with 4th Conjoint Ophthalmology Scientific Conference), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 13-14 September 2014 (Oral Presentation)

92. Dr. Alisa Victoria Koh Comparison of retinal nerve fiber layer and macular Nov 2014 Retinal and macula thicknesses in Malay children thickness in Malay children with and without strabismus with alternating exotropia 12th Annual Meeting of the Korean Ophthalmological Society, Seoul, Korea 31 Oct-2 Nov 2014 (Oral Presentation)

93. Dr. Tan Jin Poi Comparison of two health related quality of life May 2015 New Malay version IXTQ And AS-20 Questionnaires questionnaires in Malay children with exotropia and Their and HRQOL effects of strabismus on Malay children Parents / Guardians with strabismus 6th USM Ophthalmology Conference, Kota Bharu, Kelantan 18-20 Sept 2016 2nd Best Oral Presentation

94. Dr. Haslinda Ab Rahim The effect of 24 hour intraocular pressure fluctuation on May 2015 - glaucoma progression in Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma patients

95. Dr. Noor Khairul Rasid A study of effectiveness and adherence of fixed May 2015 Comparison of effectiveness and adherence of fixed combination dorzolamide/ timolol meleate and non- fixed combination and non-fixed combination Dorzolamide dorzolamide and timolol XE in open angle glaucoma and Timolol in open angle glaucoma 6th USM Ophthalmology Conference, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia 18-20 Sept 2016 (Oral Presentation)

96. Dr. Nor Azimah Abd Aziz An animal experimental study on the intravitreal injection May 2015 An animal experimental study on the intravitreal of ranibizumab as an adjunctive treatment in injection of ranibizumab as an adjunctive treatment in retinoblastoma retinoblastoma 28th Asia Pacific Association of Cataract & Refractive Surgeons, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 5-8 August 2015 (Oral Presentation)

97. Dr. Chong Ying Jiun Macular and retinal nerve fiber layer analysis in main May 2015 Macular and retinal nerve fiber layer analysis in main Bumiputera adults in Sarawak Bumiputera adults in Sarawak 6th USM Ophthalmology Conference, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia 18-20 Sept 2016 (Poster Presentation)

98. Dr. Teh Wee Min Effect of systemic oxygen therapy on corneal epithelial May 2015 Effect of systemic oxygen as supplement therapy on wound healing in diabetic patients after pars plana corneal epithelial wound healing in diabetic patients vitrectomy after pars plana vitrectomy 6th USM Ophthalmology Conference, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia 18-20 Sept 2016 (Poster Presentation)

99. Dr. Chan Jan Bond Comparison between laser monotherapy and combination May 2015 Evaluation on efficacy of topical Nepafenac as of laser and topical nepafenac in the treatment of diabetic supplement therapy in diabetic macular oedema macular oedema 6th USM Ophthalmology Conference, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia 18-20 Sept 2016 (Poster Presentation)

100. Dr. Ho Hao Chi Evaluation of clinical, histopathological features and May 2015 - recurrence rate of pterygium following combination of sutureless pterygium surgery and intralesional ranibizumab injection – pilot study

101. Dr. Ng Hong Kee Evaluation of central corneal thickness and intraocular May 2015 Central corneal thickness and intraocular pressure pressure post phacoemulsification for senile cataract in changes post phacoemulsification surgery in patients with and without primary open angle glaucoma glaucoma patients with cataract 28th Asia Pacific Association of Cataract & Refractive Surgeons, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 5-8 August 2015 (Oral Presentation)

Correlation between ocular pulse amplitude and intraocular pressure post phacoemulsification surgery in glaucoma patients 6th USM Ophthalmology Conference, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia 18-20 Sept 2016 (Poster Presentation)

102. Dr. Kiu Kwang Yew The effect of macrovascular arterial stiffness on the May 2015 The effect of arterial stiffness on the severity and severity and progression of primary open angle glaucoma progression of primary open angle glaucoma in Malay patients 28th Asia Pacific Association of Cataract & Refractive Surgeons, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 5-8 August 2015 (Oral Presentation)

103. Dr. Faridah Mat Min Evaluation of optic nerve head parameters, retinal nerve Nov 2015 - fiber layer and macular thickness in metabolic and non- metabolic syndrome

104. Evaluation of visual electrophysiology and retina nerve Nov 2015 - Dr. Julieana Muhammed fiber layer analysis in patient with non-arteritic ischaemic

optic neuropathy

105. Dr. Norhayati Abdullah The effect of 24-hour intraocular pressure fluctuation on Nov 2015 - glaucoma progression in Primary Open Angle Glaucoma

106. Dr. Loo Wan Wei A randomized controlled trial of effects of contact and non- Nov 2015 Effects of contact and non-contact laser contact laser photocoagulation therapy on ocular surface photocoagulation therapy on ocular surface in in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy 6th USM Ophthalmology Conference, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia 18-20 Sept 2016 (Poster Presentation)

107. Dr. Vindhya A/P Prem A study on intraocular pressure and central corneal Nov 2015 Central corneal thickness and intraocular pressure in Kumar thickness in preterm Malay newborns preterm Malay newborns 6th USM Ophthalmology Conference, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia 18-20 Sept 2016 (Poster Presentation)

Dr. Kogilavaani A/P J. Central corneal thickness and intraocular pressure in full- Central corneal thickness and intraocular pressure in 108. Raman @ Jayaraman term Malay newborns Nov 2015 full-term Malay newborns 6th USM Ophthalmology Conference, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia 18-20 Sept 2016 (Poster Presentation)

109. Dr. Premala Devi A/P May 2016 - Comparison of macula thickness, nerve fiber layer Sivagurunathan thickness and optic nerve head parameters with and

without honey supplement in post-menopausal women

110. Dr. Raihan Abd. Rahim Evaluation of visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and macular May 2016 - thickness post focal laser with and without supplementary honey in diabetic macular oedema

111. Dr. Praveen A/L The evaluation of lifestyle as associated factor for primary May 2016 Association of cigarette smoking and physical activity Selvarajah open angle glaucoma in Malay patients in Malay patients with primary open angle glaucoma 3rd Asia-Pacific Glaucoma Congress, Chiang Mai, Thailand 14-16 July 2016. (Oral Presentation)

112. Dr. Khairuddin Othman Effect of smoking and physical activities on the severity of Nov 2016 Cigaratte smoking and severity of primary open primary open angle glaucoma in Chinese population angle glaucoma 32nd APAO Congress, Singapore 1- 5 March 2017 (Oral Presentation)

Association between physical activity and severity of primary open angle glaucoma in Malaysian Chinese patients 32nd APAO Congress, Singapore 1- 5 March 2017 (Oral Presentation)

113. Dr. Sai Dezhao Comparison of optic nerve head, retinal nerve fiber layer Nov 2016 - and macular thickness in HbE / beta thalassemia and control

114. Dr. Sangeetha A/P Quality of life and depression in patients with primary open Nov 2016 Depression in patients with primary open angle Tharmathurai angle glaucoma using malay version of glaucoma quality glaucoma using Malay version of Geriatric of life (GLAU-QOL 36) and geriatric depression scale Depression Scale 14 Questionnaire (GDS) questionnaires nd 32 APAO Congress, Singapore 1- 5 March 2017 (Oral Presentation)

Malay version of Glaucoma Quality Of Life 36 Questionnaire: assesing quality of life in patients with primary open angle glaucoma

32nd APAO Congress, Singapore

1- 5 March 2017 (Oral Presentation)

115. Dr. Vinuthinee Naidu A/P Correlation of retinal nerve fiber layer and macular Nov 2016 Correlation of retinal nerve fibre layer and macular Munisamy Naidu thickness with serum uric acid among Type 2 diabetes thickness with serum uric acid among type 2 mellitus diabetes mellitus BMC Ophthalmology 2017:14;17(1):91 (Publication)

116. Dr. Fhun Lai Chan Comparison of oxidative stress level among patients with Nov 2016 Comparison of oxidative stress levels among primary open angle glaucoma and primary angle closure patients with POAG and PACG glaucoma 32nd APAO Congress, Singapore 1- 5 March 2017 (Oral Presentation)

117. Dr. Wong Chee Kuen Comparison of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, macula Nov 2016 - thickness and optic nerve head parameters in opioid dependent and normal adult

118. Dr. Evelyn Tai Li Min Evaluation of retinal vascular caliber in Malay children Nov 2016 Effect of axial eye length on retinal vessel parameters in 6 to 12-year-old Malay girls. PLoS ONE 2017: DOI:10.1371 (Publication)

119. Dr. Ameilia Ahmad Optic nerve head and retinal nerve fiber layer analysis in Nov 2016 - emmetropic Malay Children

120. Dr. Suraida Abd Rashid Correlation of the anterior ocular segment biometry and Nov 2016 Correlation of the anterior ocular segment biometry Hba1c level in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with HbA1c level in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients. PLoS ONE 2018,13(1):e0191134.https://do i.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191134 (Publication)

121. Dr. Nurul Laila Salim The evaluation of lifestyle as associated factor for primary May 2017 Malay Glaucoma Eye Study (MaGES): Association of angle closure glaucoma in Malay patients cigarette smoking and physical activities with primary angle closure glaucoma 3rd Asean Ophthalmology Society Congress Jakarta, Indonesia, 19-21 July 2017 (Oral Presentation)

Malay Glaucoma Eye Study (MaGES): Cigarette smoking and primary angle closure glaucoma Malaysian Journal of Ophthalmology 2019;1 (1)17-19 (Publication)

122. Dr. Ng Seok Hui Evaluation of visual electrophysiological test in obstructive May 2017 Evaluation of visual electrophysiological test in sleep apnoea patients obstructive sleep apnoea International Eye Science 2017: 17(7) (Publication)

123. Dr. Punithan A/L S. Clinical and antibacterial effect of tualang honey in May 2017 Clinical and antibacterial effect of Tualang Honey in Rajendran pseudomonas keratitis in rabbit eyes pseudomonas keratitis in rabbit eyes 10th APVRS Congress held in conjunction with the 38th Annual Meeting of the Royal College of Ophthalmologists of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand 8-10 December 2016 (Poster Presentation)

Clinical and antibacterial effects of Tualang Honey on Pseudomonas-induced keratitis in rabbit eyes Cureus 2019;11(3): e4332. (Publication)

124. Dr. Haslinda binti Md. A comparison of the clinical and antibacterial effects May 2017 - Said between Tualang Honey and Manuka Honey as adjunctive treatments in pseudomonas keratitis in rabbit eyes

125. Dr. Niven Teh Chong The effect of lifestyle on the severity of primary angle May 2017 Effect of physical activity on severity of primary angle Seong closure glaucoma in Malay patients closure glaucoma in Malay patients 32nd APAO Congress, Singapore 1- 5 March 2017 (Oral Presentation)

Cigarette smoking on severity of primary angle closure glaucoma in Malay patients J Glaucoma 2019:28(1):7-13 (Publication)

126. Dr. Jessica Mani A/P A comparative study on optic nerve function, retinal nerve May 2017 Evaluation of anatomical and visual function for early Penny Tevaraj fiber layer thickness and VEP pre and 3 months post detection of ethambutol toxicity among tuberculosis treatment with ethambutol in tuberculosis patients patients International Eye Science 2016;11:2005-2009 (Publication)

127. Dr. Tan Chai Lee Evaluation of optic nerve head parameters and May 2017 - electroretinography among breast cancer patients on tamoxifen

128. Dr. Chai Khai Siang Evalution of retinal vascular caliber in overweight and Nov 2017 Evaluation of retinal vascular caliber in overweight obese Malay children and obese Malay children Asia Pacific Strabismus and Paediatric Ophthalmology Society Congress, Hong Kong 11-12 Oct 2017 (Oral Presentation)

129. Dr. Kan Kok Wei Comparison of central corneal thickness and intraocular Nov 2017 - pressure in gestational diabetic and healthy pregnant

women

Comparison of oxidative stress markers level among Dr. Kiu Kwong Han - 130. patients with type II diabetes mellitus and its correlation Nov 2017

with HbA1c

Identification of susceptible genetic markers for 131. Dr. Lathalakshmi A/P Nov 2017 - progression of primary angle closure glaucoma In Malay Thangavelu patients

132. Dr. Nazihatul Fikriah Abd Evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and optic Nov 2017 - Halim nerve head parameters in obstructive sleep apnoea patients

133. Dr. Neoh Pei Fang Evaluation of anterior segment biometry parameters in Nov 2017 - progress and non-progress primary angle closure glaucoma among Malays and Chinese

134. Dr. Noorlaila Baharuddin Comparison of dry eyes parameters in postmenopousal Nov 2017 - women with and without honey supplement

135. Dr. Norhayaty Samsudin A comparison study on Aqueous Humor Transforming Nov 2017 A comparative study on the level of aqueous humour

Growth Factor Beta (TGF-B1) and Vascular Endothelial transforming growth factor–beta in primary Growth Factors (VGEF) level in primary glaucoma and Glaucoma controls 10th MSO Annual Scientific Meeting in conjunction

with the 34th Malaysia- Singapore Joint Ophthalmic

Congress, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

22 – 24 March 2019 2nd Best Oral Presentation

136. Dr. Tan Kok Leong The effect of cigarette smoking and physical activity on the Nov 2017 - severity of primary open angle glaucoma in Malay patients

137. Dr. Koh Yi Ni Evaluation of tears oxidative stress markers in Malay Age- May 2018 - Related Macular Degeneration patients

138. Dr. Tan Chai Keong Evaluation of optic nerve head and macula parameters pre May 2018 - and post external beam radiotherapy in patients with head and neck tumor

139. Dr. Ahmad Razif bin Evaluation of histopathological features of pterygium Nov 2018 - Omar tissue following preoperative intralesional ranibizumab injection and its correlation with preoperative size and recurrence rate

140. Dr. Ang Wen Jeat Evaluation of vascular endothelial growth factor levels in Nov 2018 - tear and serum among diabetic patients

141. Dr. Chong Soh Yee Evaluation of ocular biometry parameters before and after Nov 2018 - instillation of tropicamide 1.0%, phenylephrine 2.5% and combination of tropicamide 1%-Phenylephrine 2.5% eye drops

142. Dr. Farah binti Abu Evaluation of ocular manifestation and its predictors in Nov 2018 - Bakar dengue patients in Hospital Selayang

143. Dr. Jeyarine Monica Evaluation of psychological effect and vision related Nov 201 - Joan Poobal Royan quality of life in enucleated/eviscerated patients with prosthetic eyes

144. Dr. Ling Jiunn Loong A comparative study on pain score, anxiety level and vital Nov 2018 - signs of pre-and post-phacoemulsification using combination of topical anaesthesia and binaural beats audio versus topical anaesthesia

145. Dr. Ngoo Qi Zhe Evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, Nov 2018 - electroretinogram and visual evoked potential in patients with Alzheimer’s Disease

Evaluation of the macula and retinal nerve fiber layer May 2019 146. Dr. Logandran Vijaya - thickness in patients with connective tissue diseases on Kumar hydroxychloroquine

147. Dr. Maya Sapira Hanapi Evaluation of macular hole surgery; inverted internal May 2019 - limiting membrane flap versus conventional internal limiting membrane peeling

148. Dr. Norihan Ibrahim Evaluation of the effectiveness of hypertonic saline 5% as May 2019 - an adjunct treatment on anterior segment biometry post phacoemulsification surgery with corneal oedema

149. Dr. Abirami Shavani A/P Comparison of adherence of conjunctival autograft May 2019 - Sanmugam between autologous plasma glue and suture technique in primary pterygium surgery at 1 day, 1 week and 1 month post operation – a randomized controlled trial

150. Dr. Ahmad Kamal Analysis of optic nerve head and macular retinal nerve May 2019 - Ghanimi fiber layers in Helicobacter Pylori infection

Evaluation of VEGF level in tears post phacoemulsification 151. Dr. Azhan Bin Azman May 2019 - among non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy

152. Dr. Lam Mun Wei Evaluation of visual acuity, macular thickness and level of May 2019 Evaluation of visual acuity, macular thickness and proteinuria in children with acute nephrotic syndrome level of proteinuria in children with nephrotic syndrome 10th MSO Annual Scientific Meeting in conjunction with the 34th Malaysia- Singapore Joint Ophthalmic Congress, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia 22 – 24 March 2019 (Poster Presentation)

153. May 2019 Dr. Matthew Tong Jong Study of visual function in adult epileptic patient on sodium

Haw valproate and carbamazepine monotherapy

154. Dr. Michael Ngu Dau Evaluation of the optic nerve head parameters, retina May 2019 Evaluation of the optic nerve head parameters, retina Bing nerve fiber layer thickness, and ocular perfusion pressure nerve fiber layer thickness, and ocular perfusion in migraine patients pressure in migraine patients Cureus 2019:11(5): e4599 (Publication)

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156. Dr. Muhamad Amin Bin Evaluation of quality of life of patients with POAG using May 2019 Ramli - validated Bahasa Malaysia version of Glaucoma Item

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