DOCSLIB.ORG

Effective Power/Ground Plane Decoupling for PCB

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Effective Power/Ground Plane Decoupling for PCB Effective Power/Ground Plane Decoupling for PCB Dr. Bruce Archambeault IBM Research Triangle Park, NC [email protected] Power/Ground-Reference Plane Noise • Must consider TWO Major Factors – Functionality -- Provide IC with sufficient charge – EMC -- Reduce noise along edge of board from IC somewhere else • Decoupling strategies are FULL of Myths Source of Power/Ground-Reference Plane Noise • Power requirements from IC during switching • Critical Net currents routed through via Power Bus Spectrum Clock Driver I DT74FCT807 Noise Injected between Planes Due to Critical Net Through Via (0,100)(Unit: mm) (150,100) y z x Edge voltage test point 1 (40,30) (112.5,25) (150,33.3) signal via I/O line via (0,0) (50,0) (150,0) Edge voltage test point 2 Zs=50 60 10 mils Vs GND + t signal line I/O line Vedge PWR _ 10 mils 60 Zant = 100 Transfer function from Via to I/O Pin -20 TM40 TM TM02 TM31 -25 TM10 11 TM01 -30 -35 -40 -45 -50 -55 Voltage Ratios (dB) Voltage -60 10 mils thickness 20 mils thickness -65 30 mils thickness 45 mils thickness -70 100 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Frequency (MHz) Decoupling Must be Analyzed in Different Ways for Different Functions •EMC – Resonance big concern – Requires STEADY-STATE analysis • Frequency Domain – Transfer function analysis • Eliminate noise along edge of board due to ASIC/IC located far away Decoupling Must be Analyzed in Different Ways for Different Functions • Provide Charge to ASIC/IC – Requires TRANSIENT analysis – Charge will NOT travel from far corners of the board fast enough – Local decoupling capacitors dominate – Impedance at ASIC/IS pins important Steady-State Analysis • Measurements and Simulations • Test Board with Decoupling capacitors every 1” square Test Board Ports 12” 11” #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 10” 9” #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 5” #11 #12 #13 #14 #15 1” 1” 3” Figure 1 6” 9” S21 Used for Decoupling “Goodness” • Ratio of Power ‘out’ to power ‘in’ • Better Indicator of EMI noise transmission across board • Also used to validate simulations Measured S21 for 12" x 10" PC Board Between Power/Ground Planes with No Decoupling Capacitors (Measured Center to Corner) 0 Board -10 Capacitance Dominates -20 -30 -40 S21 (dB) -50 -60 -70 Physical Board Size Resonances Dominate -80 0.0E+00 1.0E+08 2.0E+08 3.0E+08 4.0E+08 5.0E+08 6.0E+08 7.0E+08 8.0E+08 9.0E+08 1.0E+09 Frequency (Hz) Test Board Decoupling Capacitor Placement for 25 .01 uf Caps Possible Cap Location Populated Cap Locations Test Board Decoupling Capacitor Placement for 51 .01 uf Caps Possible Cap Location Populated Cap Locations S21 Between Port #8 and Port #1 on Test Board With Various Amounts of .01 uf Decoupling Capacitors 0 -20 -40 -60 S21 (dB) No Caps -80 25 Caps 51 Caps -100 99 Caps -120 0.0E+00 2.0E+08 4.0E+08 6.0E+08 8.0E+08 1.0E+09 1.2E+09 1.4E+09 1.6E+09 1.8E+09 Frequency (Hz) S21 Between Port #8 and Port #1 on Test Board With Various Amounts of .01 uf Decoupling Capacitors 0 No Caps -10 25 Caps 51 Caps -20 99 Caps -30 S21 (dB) -40 -50 -60 0.0E+00 2.0E+08 4.0E+08 6.0E+08 8.0E+08 1.0E+09 1.2E+09 1.4E+09 1.6E+09 1.8E+09 Frequency (Hz) 0.01uF Cap Impedance 22pF 0.01uF in parallel with 22pF 10000 1000 100 10 |Z| (Ohms) 1 0.1 1.00E+6 1.00E+7 1.00E+8 1.00E+9 1.00E+10 Freq (Hz) Test Board Decoupling Capacitor Placement for 41 22pf Caps (In Addition to 99 .01uf Caps) Possible Cap Location Populated Cap Locations S21 Between Port #8 and Port #1 on Test Board With 99 .01 uf Decoupling Capacitors and Various Amounts of 22pf Capacitors Added 0 -10 9 22pf Caps -20 17 22pf Caps 21 22pf Caps 33 22pf Caps -30 41 22pf Caps S21 (dB) 99 22pf Caps -40 99 Caps -50 -60 0.0E+00 2.0E+08 4.0E+08 6.0E+08 8.0E+08 1.0E+09 1.2E+09 1.4E+09 1.6E+09 1.8E+09 Frequency (Hz) Comparison of Model and Measured Data for 10" x 12" Board 0.0 99 caps -- alternating .01uF and 330pF -10.0 -20.0 -30.0 -40.0 -50.0 S21 (dB) -60.0 CIAO - .01uF & 330 pF Measured -70.0 -80.0 -90.0 -100.0 0.0E+00 1.0E+08 2.0E+08 3.0E+08 4.0E+08 5.0E+08 6.0E+08 7.0E+08 8.0E+08 9.0E+08 1.0E+09 Frequency (Hz) S21 Transfer Function for Different Value Capacitors Center-to-Corner 0 10" x 12" Board -10 -20 -30 -40 S21 (dB) -50 99 .01uF caps 99 0.1uF caps -60 99 0.33uF caps 99 Caps (0.01uF and 330pF) -70 99 2nh shorts -80 0.0E+00 1.0E+08 2.0E+08 3.0E+08 4.0E+08 5.0E+08 6.0E+08 7.0E+08 8.0E+08 9.0E+08 1.0E+09 Frequency (Hz) Voltage Distribution @ 350 MHz .01uF and 330pF Case (Source in Center) Voltage Distribution @ 750 MHz .01uF and 330pF Case (Source in Center) Voltage Distribution @ 950 MHz .01uF and 330pF Case (Source in Center) Voltage and Gradient 99 caps @ 800 MHz .01 uF Capacitor Impedance with 5/8” Trace 1000 pF Capacitor Impedance with 5/8” Trace 22 pF Capacitor Impedance with 5/8” Trace Other Design Possibilities • So-called Buried Capacitance – Reduces high frequency transfer function – Allows less capacitors to be used – Really should be called ‘increased distributed capacitance’ • Lossy decoupling – Reduces high frequency transfer function – Allows less capacitors to be used Buried Capacitance • Planes very close together (2 mils) • Only effective for the power/ground plane pair !!! • Other sets of Planes must still be decoupled the traditional way Buried Capacitance ONLY Applies to Plane Pairs Still Needs Decoupling Buried Capacitance Plane Pairs Transfer function for Decoupling Board 10" x 12" with Various Power/Ground Plane Separation and No Capacitors 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 Transfer function (dB) -70 2 mil - No Caps -80 10 mil - No Caps 20 mil - No Caps -90 35 mil - No Caps -100 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Frequency (Ghz) Transfer function for Decoupling Board 10" x 12" with Various Power/Ground Plane Separation 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 Transfer function (dB) -70 2 mil - No Caps 10 mil - No Caps -80 20 mil - No Caps -90 35 mil - No Caps 35 mil w/99 caps -100 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Frequency (Ghz) Lossy Decoupling • New technique • Series resistance and capacitance in same SMT package • Need to use both low ESR capacitors and lossy capacitors – fewer total parts Cause of Failure above 400 - 500 MHz? • Inductance is limiting factor for capacitors • Board size cause resonances which causes problems • Need to reduce resonance effects by lowering Q-factor – add resistive loss Modelled S21 Transfer Function 10"x12" Board R&C Decoupling (Port 8-to-1) -20.0 -30.0 -40.0 -50.0 Transfer Function (dB) -60.0 99 RC Terminations 99 .01uF caps Edge Term, 20 caps, 45 RCs -70.0 Edge Term, 35 caps, 30 RCs Edge Term, 49 caps, 14 RCs -80.0 0.0E+00 1.0E+08 2.0E+08 3.0E+08 4.0E+08 5.0E+08 6.0E+08 7.0E+08 8.0E+08 9.0E+08 1.0E+09 Frequency (Hz) Transfer Function with Resistive Caps Port 8 to Port 1 (Resistive Caps with ~10 ohms and 0.01 uF) 0 -10 all 0.1 uF caps RC on outer edge only RC on two rows -20 RC on three rows RC alternating everywhere -30 -40 -50 Transfer Function (dB) -60 -70 -80 0.0E+00 2.0E+08 4.0E+08 6.0E+08 8.0E+08 1.0E+09 1.2E+09 1.4E+09 1.6E+09 1.8E+09 2.0E+09 Frequency (Hz) Comparison of Impedance of SMT Capacitors Lossy and Normal Capacitor (0805 size) 100 Standard 0.01uF Capacitor Resistive 0.01uF capacitor 10 1 Impedance Magnitude (ohms) 0 1.0E+05 1.0E+06 1.0E+07 1.0E+08 1.0E+09 1.0E+10 Frequency (Hz) Transient Analysis • Provide charge to ASIC/IC • Inductance dominates impedance – Loop area 1st order effect • Traditional analysis not accurate enough Traditional Analysis #1 • Use impedance of capacitors in parallel ESR1 ESR2 ESR3 ESR4 ESL1 ESL2 ESL3 ESL4 1uF 0. 1uF 0.01uF .001uF Impedance to IC power/gnd pins No Effect of Distance to IC Included! Traditional Impedance Calculation for Four Decoupling Capacitor Values 1000 100 .1uF .01uF .001uF .0001uF 10 All in Parallel 1 Impedance (ohms) 0.1 0.01 1.00E+07 1.00E+08 1.00E+09 Frequency (Hz) Traditional Analysis #2 • Calculate loop area – Traditional loop Inductance formulas – Which loop area? Which size conductor ESR1 ESR2 ESR3 ESR4 ESL1+Ld1 ESL2+Ld2 ESL3+Ld3 ESL4+Ld4 1uF 0. 1uF 0.01uF .001uF Impedance to IC power/gnd pins Over Estimates L and Ignores Distributed Capacitance More Accurate Model Includes Distributed Capacitance Intentional Decoupling Capacitors IC Power Pin Distributed capacitors Distributed Capacitance Schematic Intentional Capacitor Distributed Capacitance ESR Loop L Note: L increases Capacitance as distance from source increases Source Effect of Distributed Capacitance • Can NOT be calculated/estimated using traditional capacitance equation • Displacement current amplitude changes with position and distance from the source Displacement Current 500 MHz via @40 mils from Source Displacement Current 500 MHz via @40 mils from Source Displacement Current 500 MHz via @450 mils from Source Displacement Current 500 MHz via @450 mils from Source Displacement Current 800 MHz via @40 mils from Source Displacement Current 800 MHz via @40 mils from Source Displacement Current 800 MHz via @450 mils from Source Displacement Current 800 MHz via @450 mils from Source Need to Find the Real Effect of Decoupling Capacitor Distance • Perfect decoupling capacitor is a via between planes • FDTD simulation to find the effect of shorting via distance from source • Vary spacing between planes, distance to via, frequency, etc Impedance of Shorting Via vs.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Analysis of a Floating Vs. Grounded Output Associated Power Technologies
    To Float or Not to Float? Analysis of a floating vs. grounded output Associated Power Technologies Introduction In electrical circuits, voltage is always measured between two points: a point of high potential and a point of low or zero potential. The term “reference point” denotes the point of low potential because it is the point to which the voltage is referenced. An example of a voltage measurement is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: Voltage measurement between line (high) and neutral (low) with the neutral tied to a ground reference point. The voltage at the low reference point is often referred to as a “ground” or “earth ground” because it is tied directly to the earth. Grounding electrical circuits is necessary for safety in the event that a fault occurs within the system. Without a good ground, there could be potential shock hazards on any piece of electronic equipment. Grounded systems can present their own set of problems. Small differences in potential within a grounding system can cause ground loops and these loops can have adverse effects ranging from data loss to presenting a severe safety hazard. As a result, it is beneficial to utilize a power source that gives the operator the flexibility of choosing either a grounded or floating output reference. This article will briefly outline the concept of grounding, discuss issues with grounding systems, and provide details about how Associated Power Technologies (APT) power sources can solve common issues with safety and grounding. Earth Ground and Chassis Ground Earth and Ground are perhaps the most misunderstood terms in electronics.
    [Show full text]
  • Conductors/Insulators Conductors & Insulators
    Conductors/InsulatorsConductors & Insulators 1 Conductors and insulators are all around us. Those pictured here are easy to identify. Can you describe why each is either a conductor or an insulator? 2 Photo B shows how air and distance can be good insulators. Why is air a good insulator? Why is distance a good insulator? 3 It’s not always easy to tell if something is a good conductor of electricity. Which of the items pictured are good conductors? Why? 4 Which of the items pictured are good insulators? Why? 5 Explain how the items pictured could create an electrical hazard to you. Never fly a kite near power lines. Visit tampaelectric.com/safety to learn more about electrical safety. Electromagnets 1 Electromagnets are used every day to perform large and small tasks. They make it possible for a crane to pick up large pieces of metal or a pad-mounted transformer to power your home. They can even make it possible for your doorbell to ring when you have a visitor. 2 The crane magnet, pad-mounted transformer and doorbell all contain a wire-wrapped electromagnet just like the one you created in class. However, a crane magnet and pad-mounted transformer use much more electricity. 3 Which one of the photographs shows an electromagnet? 4 Which one of the photographs does not show an electromagnet? 5 How could a pad-mounted transformer be dangerous to you? 6 If you see a pad-mounted transformer that has been damaged or its door is open, how is this dangerous and what should you do? Visit tampaelectric.com/safety to learn more about electrical safety.
    [Show full text]
  • Wireless Power Transfer: a Developers Guide
    WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER: A DEVELOPERS GUIDE APEC2017 Industry Session 26-30 March 2017 Tampa, FL Dr. John M. Miller Sr. Technical Advisor to Momentum Dynamics Contributions From: Mr. Andy Daga CEO, Momentum Dynamics Corp. Dr. Bruce Long Sr. Scientist, Momentum Dynamics Corp. Dr. Peter Schrafel Principal Power Scientist, Momentum Dynamics Outline PART I Momentum Dynamics Perspective – Commercialization markets – Installation – Safety and standards – Heavy duty vehicle focus PART II FAQ’s about WPT – Communications, alignment – HD vs LD charging, FCC – LOD, FOD, EMF PART III Understanding the Physics – Coupler design for high k – Performance attributes, k, V, f, h – Thermal performance of coupler PART IV What Happens IF? – Loss of communications, contactor trips Wrap Up APEC 2017 Industry Session 2 AGENDA PART I Momentum Dynamics Perspective APEC 2017 Industry Session 3 MOMENTUM DYNAMICS World-Leading Wireless Power Transmission Technology for Vehicle Electrification • We provide the essential connection between the vehicle and the electric supply grid. • Our technology is enabling and transformative. • Fundamentally benefits transportation and material logistics across multiple vertical markets. • It removes technical impediments which would slow the advancement of major industries (automotive, material handling, defense, others). Momentum Dynamics has been developing high Fast Wireless Charging for all classes of vehicles power WPT systems since 2009 APEC 2017 Industry Session 4 Commercialization Markets Low Speed Vehicles Utility Vehicles – golf cars, airports, parks, campuses, police, neighborhood EV’s Industrial Lift Trucks Many types, existing EV market, +$16B in vehicle sales/yr Commercial Vehicles Multiple classes, must save fuel, 33 million registered in US Buses Essential Precursors Essential Mandated to go to alternative fuel, must save fuel costs WPT is commercial this year.
    [Show full text]
  • Resonant Wireless Power Transfer to Ground Sensors from a UAV
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Computer Science and Engineering, Department CSE Conference and Workshop Papers of 5-2012 Resonant Wireless Power Transfer to Ground Sensors from a UAV Brent Griffin University of Nebraska–Lincoln, [email protected] Carrick Detweiler University of Nebraska–Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cseconfwork Part of the Computer Sciences Commons Griffin, entBr and Detweiler, Carrick, "Resonant Wireless Power Transfer to Ground Sensors from a UAV" (2012). CSE Conference and Workshop Papers. 191. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cseconfwork/191 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Computer Science and Engineering, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in CSE Conference and Workshop Papers by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. 2012 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation RiverCentre, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA May 14-18, 2012 Resonant Wireless Power Transfer to Ground Sensors from a UAV Brent Griffin and Carrick Detweiler Abstract— Wireless magnetic resonant power transfer is an emerging technology that has many advantages over other wireless power transfer methods due to its safety, lack of interference, and efficiency at medium ranges. In this paper, we develop a wireless magnetic resonant power transfer system that enables unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to provide power to, and recharge batteries of wireless sensors and other electronics far removed from the electric grid. We address the difficulties of implementing and outfitting this system on a UAV with limited payload capabilities and develop a controller that maximizes the received power as the UAV moves into and out of range.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydraulics Manual Glossary G - 3
    Glossary G - 1 GLOSSARY OF HIGHWAY-RELATED DRAINAGE TERMS (Reprinted from the 1999 edition of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Model Drainage Manual) G.1 Introduction This Glossary is divided into three parts: · Introduction, · Glossary, and · References. It is not intended that all the terms in this Glossary be rigorously accurate or complete. Realistically, this is impossible. Depending on the circumstance, a particular term may have several meanings; this can never change. The primary purpose of this Glossary is to define the terms found in the Highway Drainage Guidelines and Model Drainage Manual in a manner that makes them easier to interpret and understand. A lesser purpose is to provide a compendium of terms that will be useful for both the novice as well as the more experienced hydraulics engineer. This Glossary may also help those who are unfamiliar with highway drainage design to become more understanding and appreciative of this complex science as well as facilitate communication between the highway hydraulics engineer and others. Where readily available, the source of a definition has been referenced. For clarity or format purposes, cited definitions may have some additional verbiage contained in double brackets [ ]. Conversely, three “dots” (...) are used to indicate where some parts of a cited definition were eliminated. Also, as might be expected, different sources were found to use different hyphenation and terminology practices for the same words. Insignificant changes in this regard were made to some cited references and elsewhere to gain uniformity for the terms contained in this Glossary: as an example, “groundwater” vice “ground-water” or “ground water,” and “cross section area” vice “cross-sectional area.” Cited definitions were taken primarily from two sources: W.B.
    [Show full text]
  • Electrical Power Distribution Through Single Wire Earth Return (Swer) System
    International Journal of Engineering and Technology Research Vol. 18 No.5 March, 2020. Published by Cambridge Research and Publications ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION THROUGH SINGLE WIRE EARTH RETURN (SWER) SYSTEM. ARIYANNINUOLA, ANTHONY, ALE OLUWAFEMI SOLOMON & APONJOLOSUN JOHNSON KAYODE Dept of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Nigeria. ABSTRACT The principle of implementing Single Wire Earth Return System in power distribution was explained in this paper. The conditions which favour the use of this distribution system were discussed. The basic electrical equipment necessary for implementing this system were mentioned. The features of the transformers needed for this type of distribution were discussed. A detailed circuit diagram of single wire earth return system was illustrated and explained. The advantages and set backs of this system of power distribution were enumerated. The author emphases the need for employing Single Wire Earth Return System in the developing countries as its aids fast connection of the rural communities to the grid. The comparion between the conventional grid and single wire earth return system was carried out which revealed that single wire earth return system uses lesser electrical conductor for its transmission hence less expensive. The author also found out that Single Wire Earth Return System is a means of improving socio-economic activities in the rural communities where the conventional grid system cannot be reached. The author concluded by stating the need to embrace the use of Single Wire Earth Return System. Apart from rural electrification, the author stated other areas where Single Wire Earth Return System is useful. Recommendation were giving on the nature of soil where the earth electrode should be installed and how best to improve Single Wire Earth Return System [SWER] output voltage.
    [Show full text]
  • A Novel Single-Wire Power Transfer Method for Wireless Sensor Networks
    energies Article A Novel Single-Wire Power Transfer Method for Wireless Sensor Networks Yang Li, Rui Wang * , Yu-Jie Zhai , Yao Li, Xin Ni, Jingnan Ma and Jiaming Liu Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Electrical Engineering and Energy Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; [email protected] (Y.L.); [email protected] (Y.-J.Z.); [email protected] (Y.L.); [email protected] (X.N.); [email protected] (J.M.); [email protected] (J.L.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-152-0222-1822 Received: 8 September 2020; Accepted: 1 October 2020; Published: 5 October 2020 Abstract: Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have broad application prospects due to having the characteristics of low power, low cost, wide distribution and self-organization. At present, most the WSNs are battery powered, but batteries must be changed frequently in this method. If the changes are not on time, the energy of sensors will be insufficient, leading to node faults or even networks interruptions. In order to solve the problem of poor power supply reliability in WSNs, a novel power supply method, the single-wire power transfer method, is utilized in this paper. This method uses only one wire to connect source and load. According to the characteristics of WSNs, a single-wire power transfer system for WSNs was designed. The characteristics of directivity and multi-loads were analyzed by simulations and experiments to verify the feasibility of this method. The results show that the total efficiency of the multi-load system can reach more than 70% and there is no directivity. Additionally, the efficiencies are higher than wireless power transfer (WPT) systems under the same conductions.
    [Show full text]
  • Ground-To-Air Antennas and Antenna Line Products Information About KATHREIN Broadcast
    BROADCAST CATALOGUE Ground-to-Air Antennas and Antenna Line Products Information about KATHREIN Broadcast As of 1st June 2019, KATHREIN SE's (formerly KATHREIN-Werke KG) business unit "BROADCAST" will be transferred to KATHREIN Broadcast GmbH (limited liability company). From 1st June 2019, the new company data are: KATHREIN Broadcast GmbH Ing.-Anton-Kathrein-Str. 1, 3, 5, 7 83101 Rohrdorf, Germany Tax Payer's ID No.: 156/117/31113 VAT Reg. No.: DE 323 189 785 Commercial Register Traunstein: HRB 27745 Catalogue Issue 06/2019 All data published in previous catalogue issues hereby becomes invalid. We reserve the right to make alterations in accordance with the requirements of our customers, therefore for binding data please check valid data sheets on our homepage: www.kathrein.com Please also see additional information on inside back cover. Our quality assurance system and our Our products are compliant to the EU environmental management system apply Directive RoHS as well as to other to the entire company and are certified RoHS environmentally relevant regulations by TÜV according to EN ISO 9001 and (e.g. REACH). EN ISO 14001. Antennas for Communication Antennas for Communication Antennas for Navigation Antennas for Navigation Electrical Accessories Electrical Accessories Mechanical Accessories Mechanical Accessories Services Services Summary of Types The articles are listed by type number in numerical order. Type No. Page Type No. Page Type No. Page Type No. Page 711 ... 727 ... 792 ... K63 ... 711329 50, 51 727463 28, 29 792008 75 K637011 601825 73 727728 34, 35 792246 76 713 ... K64 ... 713316B 56, 57 729 ... 800 ... K6421351 601704 66, 67 713645 83 729803 28, 29 80010228 49 K6421361 601686 68, 69 K6421371 601687 68, 69 714 ..
    [Show full text]
  • Rectifier Troubleshooting
    TROUBLESHOOTING PRELIMINARY • To troubleshoot, one must first have a working knowledge of the individual parts and their relation to one another. • Must have adequate hand tools • Must have basic instrumentation: Accurate digital voltmeter with diode test mode for silicon units Clamp-on AC – DC ammeter Voltage detectors Cell phone very useful • Observe all safety precautions RECTIFIER COMPONENTS • Cabinet - protects the rectifier components from the elements • Circuit Breaker - serves as an on - off switch and overload protection • Transformer - reduces the line voltage to a useable level for the cathodic protection system and isolates the CP system from the incoming power • Rectifier Stack - used to change A.C. to D.C. (Silicon) or (Selenium) • Fuses - to protect the more expensive components (like Diodes, ACSS,etc. • Meters - used to indicate D.C. Voltage and D.C. Current • Shunts - used to accurately measure circuit current •Arrestors - protects the rectifier from voltage and lightning surges TROUBLESHOOTING - BASIC An adequate inspection and maintenance program will greatly reduce the possibility of rectifier failure. Rectifier failures do occur, however, and the field technician must know how to find and repair troubles quickly to reduce rectifier down time. MAJOR CAUSES OF RECTIFIER FAILURES 1. NEGLECT 2. AGE 3. LIGHTNING TROUBLESHOOTING PRECAUTIONS • Turn the RECTIFIER and the MAIN DISCONNECT OFF! • Be careful when testing a rectifier which is in operation. Safety first • Consult the rectifier wiring diagram before troubleshooting • Correct polarity must be observed when using DC instruments • Rectifier should be in the OFF position before using an OHMETER • Common sense prevails TROUBLESHOOTING PROCEDURES Most rectifier troubles are simple and do not require extensive detailed troubleshooting procedures.
    [Show full text]
  • Recommendations for Transmitter Site Preparation
    RECOMMENDATIONS FOR TRANSMITTER SITE PREPARATION IS04011 Original Issue.................... 01 July 1998 Issue 2 ..............................11 May 2001 Issue 3 ................... 22 September 2004 Nautel Limited 10089 Peggy's Cove Road, Hackett's Cove, NS, Canada B3Z 3J4 T.+1.902.823.2233 F.+1.902.823.3183 [email protected] U.S. customers please contact: Nautel Maine, Inc. 201 Target Industrial Circle, Bangor ME 04401 T.+1.207.947.8200 F.+1.207.947.3693 [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] www.nautel.com Copyright 2003 NAUTEL. All rights reserved. THE INFORMATION PRESENTED IN THIS DOCUMENT IS BELIEVED TO BE ACCURATE AND RELIABLE. IT IS INTENDED TO AUGMENT COMPETENT SITE ENGINEERING. IF THERE IS A CONFLICT BETWEEN THE RECOMMENDATIONS OF THIS DOCUMENT AND LOCAL ELECTRICAL CODES, THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE LOCAL ELECTRICAL CODE SHALL HAVE PRECEDENCE. Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Potential Threats 1.2 Advantages 2 LIGHTNING THREATS 2.1 Air Spark Gap 2.2 Ground Rods 2.2.1 Ground Rod Depth 2.3 Static Drain Choke 2.4 Static Drain Resistors 2.5 Series Capacitors 2.6 Single Point Ground 2.7 Diversion of Transients on RF Feed Coaxial Cable 2.8 Diversion/Suppression of Transients on AC Power Wiring 2.9 Shielded Isolation Transformer 3 ELECTROMAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY 3.1 Shielded Building 3.2 Routing of RF Feed Coaxial Cable 3.3 Ferrites for Rejection of Common Mode Signals 3.4 EMI Filters 3.5 AC Power Sources Not Recommended for Use 4 HIGH VOLTAGE BREAKDOWN CONCERNS 4.1 RF Transmission Systems 4.2 High Voltage Feed Throughs 4.2.1 Insulator
    [Show full text]
  • Solutions for Electrical Power & Ground Connections
    Solutions for Electrical Power & Ground Connections North America • Insulators • Grounding Products • Busbar Supports • Cabling Sleeves • Connecting Clamps nVent.com/ERIFLEX | a b | nVent.com/ERIFLEX TABLE OF CONTENTS Advantages and Markets ..................................................................................................................................................................................................2 Certificates ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................4 Product Overview ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................5 Copper Busbars ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................6-7 Connecting Clamps and Accessories ........................................................................................................................................................................ 8-9 nVent ERIFLEX Connecting, Earthing and Neutral Busbars....................................................................................................................................10 Universal Connecting Bars .............................................................................................................................................................................................11
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines for Field Installation of Corrosion Monitoring and Cathodic Protection Systems
    Technical Memorandum No. MERL-2012-40 Guidelines for Field Installation of Corrosion Monitoring and Cathodic Protection Systems U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation December 2012 Mission Statements The U.S. Department of the Interior protects America’s natural resources and heritage, honors our cultures and tribal communities, and supplies the energy to power our future. The mission of the Bureau of Reclamation is to manage, develop, and protect water and related resources in an environmentally and economically sound manner in the interest of the American public. Technical Memorandum No. MERL-2012-40 Guidelines for Field Installation of Corrosion Monitoring and Cathodic Protection Systems U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation December 2012 BUREAU OF RECLAMATION Technical Service Center, Denver, Colorado Materials Engineering and Research Lab Group, 86-68180 Technical Memorandum No. MERL-2012-40 Guidelines for Field Installation of Corrosion Monitoring and Cathodic Protection Systems 8/2 --------Mfed:r Daryl A. Little Date "Materials Engineer, Materials Engineering and Research Lab Group, 86-68180 Z- Che1648: Jessica D. Tor� Date Materials Engineer, Mats Engineering and Research Lab Group, 86-68180 � Editorial Approval: Teri Manross Date Technical Writer-E 'tor, Client Support and Technical Presentations Office, 86-68010 ( Technic�oval: Lee E. Sears� Date Material ngineer, Materials Engineering and Research Lab Group, 86-68180 ///7 �- Peer Review: William F. Kepler, P.E. Date Civil Engineer, Materials Engineering and Research Lab Group, 86-68180 REVISIONS l l d Date Description d e ica va ke ar c ro iew hn c he Rev Prep Peer C Te App Contents Page Chapter I: Introduction........................................................................................1 Corrosion Monitoring and Cathodic Protection Systems ................................
    [Show full text]