Grounding & Bonding
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Analysis of a Floating Vs. Grounded Output Associated Power Technologies
To Float or Not to Float? Analysis of a floating vs. grounded output Associated Power Technologies Introduction In electrical circuits, voltage is always measured between two points: a point of high potential and a point of low or zero potential. The term “reference point” denotes the point of low potential because it is the point to which the voltage is referenced. An example of a voltage measurement is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: Voltage measurement between line (high) and neutral (low) with the neutral tied to a ground reference point. The voltage at the low reference point is often referred to as a “ground” or “earth ground” because it is tied directly to the earth. Grounding electrical circuits is necessary for safety in the event that a fault occurs within the system. Without a good ground, there could be potential shock hazards on any piece of electronic equipment. Grounded systems can present their own set of problems. Small differences in potential within a grounding system can cause ground loops and these loops can have adverse effects ranging from data loss to presenting a severe safety hazard. As a result, it is beneficial to utilize a power source that gives the operator the flexibility of choosing either a grounded or floating output reference. This article will briefly outline the concept of grounding, discuss issues with grounding systems, and provide details about how Associated Power Technologies (APT) power sources can solve common issues with safety and grounding. Earth Ground and Chassis Ground Earth and Ground are perhaps the most misunderstood terms in electronics. -
Conductors/Insulators Conductors & Insulators
Conductors/InsulatorsConductors & Insulators 1 Conductors and insulators are all around us. Those pictured here are easy to identify. Can you describe why each is either a conductor or an insulator? 2 Photo B shows how air and distance can be good insulators. Why is air a good insulator? Why is distance a good insulator? 3 It’s not always easy to tell if something is a good conductor of electricity. Which of the items pictured are good conductors? Why? 4 Which of the items pictured are good insulators? Why? 5 Explain how the items pictured could create an electrical hazard to you. Never fly a kite near power lines. Visit tampaelectric.com/safety to learn more about electrical safety. Electromagnets 1 Electromagnets are used every day to perform large and small tasks. They make it possible for a crane to pick up large pieces of metal or a pad-mounted transformer to power your home. They can even make it possible for your doorbell to ring when you have a visitor. 2 The crane magnet, pad-mounted transformer and doorbell all contain a wire-wrapped electromagnet just like the one you created in class. However, a crane magnet and pad-mounted transformer use much more electricity. 3 Which one of the photographs shows an electromagnet? 4 Which one of the photographs does not show an electromagnet? 5 How could a pad-mounted transformer be dangerous to you? 6 If you see a pad-mounted transformer that has been damaged or its door is open, how is this dangerous and what should you do? Visit tampaelectric.com/safety to learn more about electrical safety. -
Wireless Power Transfer: a Developers Guide
WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER: A DEVELOPERS GUIDE APEC2017 Industry Session 26-30 March 2017 Tampa, FL Dr. John M. Miller Sr. Technical Advisor to Momentum Dynamics Contributions From: Mr. Andy Daga CEO, Momentum Dynamics Corp. Dr. Bruce Long Sr. Scientist, Momentum Dynamics Corp. Dr. Peter Schrafel Principal Power Scientist, Momentum Dynamics Outline PART I Momentum Dynamics Perspective – Commercialization markets – Installation – Safety and standards – Heavy duty vehicle focus PART II FAQ’s about WPT – Communications, alignment – HD vs LD charging, FCC – LOD, FOD, EMF PART III Understanding the Physics – Coupler design for high k – Performance attributes, k, V, f, h – Thermal performance of coupler PART IV What Happens IF? – Loss of communications, contactor trips Wrap Up APEC 2017 Industry Session 2 AGENDA PART I Momentum Dynamics Perspective APEC 2017 Industry Session 3 MOMENTUM DYNAMICS World-Leading Wireless Power Transmission Technology for Vehicle Electrification • We provide the essential connection between the vehicle and the electric supply grid. • Our technology is enabling and transformative. • Fundamentally benefits transportation and material logistics across multiple vertical markets. • It removes technical impediments which would slow the advancement of major industries (automotive, material handling, defense, others). Momentum Dynamics has been developing high Fast Wireless Charging for all classes of vehicles power WPT systems since 2009 APEC 2017 Industry Session 4 Commercialization Markets Low Speed Vehicles Utility Vehicles – golf cars, airports, parks, campuses, police, neighborhood EV’s Industrial Lift Trucks Many types, existing EV market, +$16B in vehicle sales/yr Commercial Vehicles Multiple classes, must save fuel, 33 million registered in US Buses Essential Precursors Essential Mandated to go to alternative fuel, must save fuel costs WPT is commercial this year. -
Commercial and Industrial Wiring. INSTITUTION Mid-America Vocational Curriculum Consortium, Stillwater, Okla
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 319 912 CE 054 850 AUTHOR Kaltwasser, Stan; Flowers, Gary TITLE Commercial and Industrial Wiring. INSTITUTION Mid-America Vocational Curriculum Consortium, Stillwater, Okla. PUB DATE 88 NOTE 710p.; For related documents, see CE 054 849 and CE 055 217. Printed on colored paper. AVAILABLE FROM Mid-America Vocational Curriculum Consortium, 1500 West Seventh Avenue, Stillwater, OK 74074 (order no. 801401: $19.00). PUB TYPE Guides - Classroom Use Guides (For Teachers)(052) EDRS PRICE MF04 Plus Postage. PC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS Classroom Techniques; Construction (Process); Course Content; Curriculum Guides; Electrical Occupations; Electrical Systems; *Electric Circuits; *Electricity; *Entry Workers; *Job Skills; *Learning Activities; Learning Modules; Lesson Plans; Postsecondary Education; Secondary Education; Skill Development; Teaching Methods; Test Items; Units of Study IDENTIFIERS *Electrical Wiring ABSTRACT This module is the third in a series of three wiring publications, includes additional technical knowledge and applications required for job entry in the commercial and industrial wiring trade. The module contains 15 instructional units that cover the following topics: blueprint reading and load calculations; tools and equipment; service; transformers; rough-in; lighting; motors and controllers; electrical diagrams and symbols; two and three wire controls; separate control circuits; sequence control circuits; jogging controls; reversing starters; special control circuits; and programmable controls. A special supplement of practice situations is also provided. Each instructional unit follows a standard format that includes some or all of these eight basic components: performance objectives, suggested activities or teachers and students, information sheets, assignment sheets, job sheets, visual aids, tests, and answers to tests and assignment sheets. All of the unit components focus on measurable and observable learning outcomes and are designed for use for more than one lesson or class period. -
Xpole Pfim-X
Eaton.com Protective Devices Residual Current Devices PFIM-X Catalog Protective Devices General 1.1 Residual Current Devices - General Data Short description of the most important RCD types Symbol Description Eaton standard. Suitable for outdoor installation (distribution boxes for outdoor installation and building sites) up to -25° C. Conditionally surge-current proof (>250 A, 8/20 µs) for general application. Type AC: AC current sensitive RCCB Type A: AC and pulsating DC current sensitive RCCB, not affected by smooth DC fault currents up to 6 mA Type F: AC and pulsating DC current sensitive RCCB, trips also at frequency mixtures (10 Hz, 50 Hz, 1000 Hz), min. 10 ms time-delayed, min. 3 kA surge current proof, higher load capacity with smooth DC fault currents up to 10 mA Frequency range up to 20 kHz Trips also at frequency mixtures (10 Hz, 50 Hz, 1000 Hz) Type B: All-current sensitive RCD switchgear for applications where DC fault currents may occur. Non-selective, non- delayed. Protection against all kinds of fault currents. Type B+: All-current sensitive RCD switchgear for applications where DC fault currents may occur. Non-selective, non-delayed. Protection against all kinds of fault currents. Provides enhanced fire safety. RCD of type G (min 10 ms time delay) surge current-proof up to 3 kA. For system components where protection G against unwanted tripping is needed to avoid personal injury and damage to property. Also for systems involving ÖVE E 8601 long lines with high capacitive reactance. Some versions are sensitive to pulsating DC. Some versions are available in all-current sensitive design. -
Resonant Wireless Power Transfer to Ground Sensors from a UAV
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Computer Science and Engineering, Department CSE Conference and Workshop Papers of 5-2012 Resonant Wireless Power Transfer to Ground Sensors from a UAV Brent Griffin University of Nebraska–Lincoln, [email protected] Carrick Detweiler University of Nebraska–Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cseconfwork Part of the Computer Sciences Commons Griffin, entBr and Detweiler, Carrick, "Resonant Wireless Power Transfer to Ground Sensors from a UAV" (2012). CSE Conference and Workshop Papers. 191. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cseconfwork/191 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Computer Science and Engineering, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in CSE Conference and Workshop Papers by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. 2012 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation RiverCentre, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA May 14-18, 2012 Resonant Wireless Power Transfer to Ground Sensors from a UAV Brent Griffin and Carrick Detweiler Abstract— Wireless magnetic resonant power transfer is an emerging technology that has many advantages over other wireless power transfer methods due to its safety, lack of interference, and efficiency at medium ranges. In this paper, we develop a wireless magnetic resonant power transfer system that enables unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to provide power to, and recharge batteries of wireless sensors and other electronics far removed from the electric grid. We address the difficulties of implementing and outfitting this system on a UAV with limited payload capabilities and develop a controller that maximizes the received power as the UAV moves into and out of range. -
Connecting to the Grid – Alberta's New Micro-Generation Regulations
Connecting to the Grid – Alberta’s New Micro-Generation Regulations Solar Energy Society of Canada – Northern Alberta Chapter MacEwan College 2009 April 21 www.macewan.ca www.solaralberta.ca Gordon Howell, P.Eng. E-mail: [email protected] (download this presentation from www.hme.ca/presentations) Solar Energy Development Specialists 1 Alberta’s Micro-Generation Regulations 5.6 kW solar PV system Riverdale NetZero energy house Edmonton z What does this mean to us? www.riverdalenetzero.ca Connected to EPCOR D&T z How do we use the regulations? z Who can use the regulations? z Are the regulations as easy as they sound? z Will they allow us to generate all our own electricity? z What price will we get paid for our electricity? z Can we make money at it? 8.4 kW solar PV system Laebon Homes net zero energy house z What will our electricity bill look like? Red Deer www.laebon.com Connected to Red Deer Electric Light and Power z What do you do if your electricity delivery company says “no”? 8.4 kW solar PV system Avalon Central Alberta net zero energy house Red Deer Solar Energywww.avaloncentralalberta.com Development Specialists 2 Connected to Red Deer Electric Light and Power Intro: The Prime Focus of this Presentation Prime Focus Not Covered z House-sized micropower systems z Business-sized micropower systems z Inverter-based micropower systems z Synchronous or induction generators using solar or microwind z Systems grid-connected to EPCOR z Systems grid-connected to other and FortisAlberta in the Edmonton electricity deliver companies not in the area Edmonton area z Regulatory paperwork process for z How micropower systems work, getting your micropower system how to design or size them, approved how to find suppliers, what are the costs and economics (these subjects are covered in other presentations) You must skate to where the puck is going 3 …not to where it is now.Solar Energy Development Specialists Wayne Gretzky Three points to take away… 1. -
The IT Earthing System (Unearthed Neutral) in LV
Collection Technique .......................................................................... Cahier technique no. 178 The IT earthing system (unearthed neutral) in LV F. Jullien I. Héritier “Cahiers Techniques” is a collection of documents intended for engineers and technicians, people in the industry who are looking for more in-depth information in order to complement that given in product catalogues. Furthermore, these “Cahiers Techniques” are often considered as helpful “tools” for training courses. They provide knowledge on new technical and technological developments in the electrotechnical field and electronics. They also provide better understanding of various phenomena observed in electrical installations, systems and equipments. Each “Cahier Technique” provides an in-depth study of a precise subject in the fields of electrical networks, protection devices, monitoring and control and industrial automation systems. The latest publications can be downloaded from the Schneider Electric internet web site. Code: http://www.schneider-electric.com Section: Experts’ place Please contact your Schneider Electric representative if you want either a “Cahier Technique” or the list of available titles. The “Cahiers Techniques” collection is part of the Schneider Electric’s “Collection technique”. Foreword The author disclaims all responsibility subsequent to incorrect use of information or diagrams reproduced in this document, and cannot be held responsible for any errors or oversights, or for the consequences of using information and diagrams contained in this document. Reproduction of all or part of a “Cahier Technique” is authorised with the prior consent of the Scientific and Technical Division. The statement “Extracted from Schneider Electric “Cahier Technique” no. .....” (please specify) is compulsory. no. 178 The IT earthing system (unearthed neutral) in LV François JULLIEN Joined Schneider Electric’s Low Voltage activity in 1987. -
Electrical – Wiring Methods, Components and Equipment for General Use
Electrical – Wiring Methods, Components and Equipment for General Use Approved for Public Release; Further Dissemination Unlimited At the completion of this unit you shall be able to: 1. Utilize section Z of the Safety and Health Hazard Inspection Program Checklist to identify compliant and non-compliant safety behaviors. 2. Identify areas of concern requiring immediate action to mitigate or prevent a possible injury. Please use “Slide Show” to properly view this presentation! • Let’s start with a discussion of Electrical Safety. Whenever you work with electrical devices there is a risk of electrical hazards, especially electrical shock. Risks are increased at maintenance and construction sites because many jobs involve electric power tools. Coming in contact with an electrical voltage can cause current to flow through the body, resulting in electrical shock and burns. Serious injury or even death may occur. Electricity has long been recognized as a serious workplace hazard, exposing employees to electric shock, electrocution, burns, fires, and explosions. In 1999, for example, 278 workers died from electrocutions at work, accounting for almost 5 percent of all on-the-job fatalities that year, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. What makes these statistics more tragic is that most of these fatalities could have been easily avoided. • When an electrical shock enters the body it may produce different types of injuries. Electrocution results in internal and external injury to body parts or the entire body – often resulting in death. After receiving a “jolt” of electricity all or part of the body may be temporarily paralyzed and this may cause loss of grip or stability. -
EWIS Practices Job Aid 2.0
Aircraft EWIS Practices Job Aid 2.0 Federal Aviation Administration Aircraft Electrical Wiring Interconnect System (EWIS) Best Practices Job Aid Revision: 2.0 This job aid covers applicable 14 CFR part 25 aircraft (although it is also widely acceptable for use with other types of aircraft such as military, small airplanes, and rotorcraft). This job aid addresses policy; industry EWIS practices; primary factors associated with EWIS degradation; information on TC/STC data package requirements; EWIS selection and protection; routing, splicing and termination practices; and EWIS maintenance concepts (including how to perform a EWIS general visual inspection). The job aid also includes numerous actual aircraft EWIS photos and examples. UNCONTROLLED COPY WHEN DOWNLOADED 1 Aircraft EWIS Practices Job Aid 2.0 Additional Notes • This presentation contains additional speaker notes for most slides • It’s advisable to read these notes while viewing the slide presentation Aircraft EWIS Best Practices Job Aid 2.0 Federal Aviation 2 Administration UNCONTROLLED COPY WHEN DOWNLOADED 2 Aircraft EWIS Practices Job Aid 2.0 Printing the Additional Notes To print the slides and accompanying speaker notes: – Navigate back to the FAA Aircraft Certification job aids web page – Open and print Printable Slides and Notes Aircraft EWIS Best Practices Job Aid 2.0 Federal Aviation 3 Administration UNCONTROLLED COPY WHEN DOWNLOADED 3 Aircraft EWIS Practices Job Aid 2.0 Background • Why the need for EWIS best practices Job Aid? – Accident/Incident Service History – Aging Transport Systems Rulemaking Advisory Committee (ATSRAC) – Enhanced Airworthiness Program for Airplane System (EAPAS) – EAPAS Rule Making Aircraft EWIS Best Practices Job Aid 2.0 Federal Aviation 4 Administration Historically, wiring and associated components were installed without much thought given to the aging aspects: • Fit and forget. -
ELCB Testers
Technical Catalogue 1904 Test & Measurement Hoyt ELCB Testers General ELCB Testers TEL1 ................................................................................................... 2 Analogue ELCB Testers 810 EL ................................................................................................ 3 1810 EL .............................................................................................. 4 Digital ELCB Testers 1112 EL .............................................................................................. 5 1113 EL .............................................................................................. 6 1612 EL .............................................................................................. 7 8012 EL .............................................................................................. 8 1811 EL .............................................................................................. 9 1812 EL .............................................................................................. 10 1813 EL .............................................................................................. 11 2712 EL .............................................................................................. 12 2820 EL .............................................................................................. 13 4112 EL .............................................................................................. 14 6220 EL ............................................................................................. -
Hydraulics Manual Glossary G - 3
Glossary G - 1 GLOSSARY OF HIGHWAY-RELATED DRAINAGE TERMS (Reprinted from the 1999 edition of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Model Drainage Manual) G.1 Introduction This Glossary is divided into three parts: · Introduction, · Glossary, and · References. It is not intended that all the terms in this Glossary be rigorously accurate or complete. Realistically, this is impossible. Depending on the circumstance, a particular term may have several meanings; this can never change. The primary purpose of this Glossary is to define the terms found in the Highway Drainage Guidelines and Model Drainage Manual in a manner that makes them easier to interpret and understand. A lesser purpose is to provide a compendium of terms that will be useful for both the novice as well as the more experienced hydraulics engineer. This Glossary may also help those who are unfamiliar with highway drainage design to become more understanding and appreciative of this complex science as well as facilitate communication between the highway hydraulics engineer and others. Where readily available, the source of a definition has been referenced. For clarity or format purposes, cited definitions may have some additional verbiage contained in double brackets [ ]. Conversely, three “dots” (...) are used to indicate where some parts of a cited definition were eliminated. Also, as might be expected, different sources were found to use different hyphenation and terminology practices for the same words. Insignificant changes in this regard were made to some cited references and elsewhere to gain uniformity for the terms contained in this Glossary: as an example, “groundwater” vice “ground-water” or “ground water,” and “cross section area” vice “cross-sectional area.” Cited definitions were taken primarily from two sources: W.B.