The Face of Law Supremacy: A Media Content Analysis on Artalyta’s Luxurious Prison Case on The Jakarta Globe Newspaper

Rino Febri

STIKOM the London School of Public Relations-Jakarta

Ariesa Lie A professional

Abstract This research looks at the potrayal of the Indonesian government, particularly the law en- forcement institution that was responsible for the luxurious prison case of Artalyta and some other wealthy inmates. This issue came to surface when a sudden inspection was conducted by a newly established Judicial Mafia Eradication Task Force on Sunday, 10 January 2010 at Pondok Bambu Penitentiary. The discovery of the inspection was actually no big sudden as it has become a public secret. However, it still disgraced the image of the government since the media blew this issue up and eventually gained public’s attention. This research used a quantitative media content analysis method. This method used numbers as the basis of data interpretation and elaboration to the rel- evant theories. Precisely 53% of the total articles written contained unfavorable impressions of the Indonesian government. Government’s dishonest and corrupt were impressions appeared in the news. Nonetheless, some articles appeared favorable toward the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights as a result of strict action taken against corrupted officials.

Introduction sudden inspection to a women’s penitentiary in Life in a jail has always been projected Pondok Bambu, East Jakarta. as a nightmare by common people and mass The task force discovered Artalyta, the media. The smell, the dirt and even the room- convict of the bribery to Urip Tri Gunawan case, mates are always told to be awful. The jail even the prosecutor of BLBI case for BDNI (Bank might represent the image of the world hell. How- Dagang Negara Indonesia), was on her facial ever, on January 2010, the mass media reported treatment with a private dermatologist. But ap- shocking news about a tycoon’s life in prison. In parently Artalyta was not the only convict that contrary to the old belief about living in a jail, a received the special privileges in the penitentiary. tycoon is able to transform a filthy cage into a There were Liem Marita (also known as Aling), palace. As a wizard flicks his wand to transform Darmawati Dareho, Ines Wulandari, Eri Fuad something, the tycoon can do the same thing by and Lidya Pratiwi. Four of the six special-privi- swishing his money to the officers in the prison. leged convicts were related to graft and bribery Thus they can turn the jail into their second castle. cases, which mean they were the Corruption This ironic fact was revealed when the Judicial Eradication Commission’s (KPK) patients. Mafia Eradication Task Force (Satuan Tugas The newly unveiled truth eventually led Pemberantasan Mafia Hukum) conducted a to another discovery of aberration conducted by the wardens of penitentiaries. The media even investigated and reported more on the “transac- Email: [email protected] tions” conducted under the penitentiary’s roof.

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The media even aggressively exposed the ‘pub- can be bought with money. This fact is like a slap lic secrets’ which often happen in Indonesia’s on the face especially for a law enforcement in- penitentiaries such as: when a convict gets a visi- stitution under a president authority. tor, the guest will have to ‘pay’ some amount of The Jakarta Globe is an English news- money to the wardens and officers inside the paper, published in Indonesia, especially Jakarta. penitentiaries. There are even more fees when This paper is commonly read by foreigners who the guest and the convict want to have a private reside in Jakarta. Since the circulation is mostly meeting. around Jakarta’s business area, the researcher The most disturbing fact is that the assumed that it is also mostly read by foreigner wealthy and powerful can enjoy special privi- business people in Jakarta. Thus what the paper leges and treatments in radical contrast to the says about one issue might grab their attention average inmates (The Jakarta Globe online, 15/ and affect the readers’ point of view, especially 01/2010). They can enjoy a luxury life even in- how the foreigners see the credibility of the In- side the jail. When the common convicts (such donesian government. Through the content of the as a thief) have to be crammed inside a 2mx2.5m news, people can judge whether the government to 3mx4m cell, the wealthy convict like Artalyta is strict about the regulation or on the contrary, dwelled in an 8mx8m private room with luxuri- can easily be bought with money. Then it might ous facilities. The Artalyta’s luxurious-cell case determine the foreigners’ attitude towards Indo- had disgraced the credibility of the Pondok nesian law and regulations. The research prob- Bambu chief warden, Sarju Wibowo, and re- lems of this research are: How is the image of sulted to the suspension of the chief warden. the Indonesian government projected by The This sudden inspection was actually Jakarta Globe? And what attributes are used by started by an investigation team of Tempo The Jakarta Globe in describing the governmen- Interaktif media. They previously did the pre- tal institutions related to this case? liminary investigation, visit and interview with Artalyta at her cell. However, what they saw on Conceptual Framework the scheduled interview day was different from Government and Politics what they had seen previously in the investiga- Every group or organization needs a tion. They found Artalyta had arranged her pri- leader to unite, drive and coordinate the group vate luxurious cell to be a workshop room for members to achieve their mutual goals. Without the inmates before the journalists from Tempo a leader, the members will not be united and work came for the interview. Thus, before the publi- together as one to achieve their mutual purpose. cation day of the investigation report, Tempo They will work as individuals to achieve their in- advertised its special edition and eventually at- dividual goals and might also compete against tracted the Judicial Mafia Eradication Task Force. each other. Thus when a nation decides to build The Task Force immediately contacted the press its country, they must choose a leader, to whom from various media and assembled them for the they can trust the future of their country. A leader sudden inspection. “We were afraid that the peni- to whom people pay respect and look up to be tentiary officers would re-arrange their cells af- a role model. ter the investigation report published”, said Denny Literally, the word ‘government’ means Indrayana, the secretary of the Task Force a person who drives the ship or sees forward (Tempointeraktif.com, 11/01/2010). The dis- (the future). Then, ‘govern’ means looking for- covery of this inconvenient truth would not have ward, deciding policies in order to achieve soci- been this shocking without the interference of the ety-national goals, estimating the national devel- media in the sudden inspection with the Judicial opment in the future, organizing and directing the Mafia Eradication Task Force. However, most society to the determined goals” (Nurtjahjo, of the Indonesian people might have known 2005, p.4). According to the above definition about the issue about justice, in Indonesia, that and explanation, the researcher conducted a re-

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search about the ‘government image’ which cov- In order to realize the law supremacy in ers the President; the House of Representative; Indonesia, the government has put a strong fun- government’s law and justice enforcement insti- dament of policy to fight against corruption. All tutions that established by the national constitu- policies are included in the constitutions. Thus, tions (Ministry of Justice and Human Rights, the Corruption Eradication Commission or Corruption Eradication Commission, the Direc- Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (KPK) was torate General of Penitentiary and the officials) established based on Undang-Undang no. 30/ or by the President’s mandate (the Judicial Ma- 2002 Tentang Komisi Pemberantasan Tindak fia Eradication Task Force); the government’s Pidana Korupsi. KPK has the authority to con- activities, actions or efforts in order to accom- duct the investigation, prosecution, coordination plish its duties in enforcing the law and justice and supervision with other law enforcement in- towards the ‘luxurious prison case’. stitutions. The formation of the organizational structure, working procedures and authority of Indonesian Law Enforcement Institutions each member are regulated by the constitution. Attorney General The vision of the KPK is to become an institu- “Attorney general is a functional govern- tion that is capable to realize Indonesia as a cor- ment that is given the authority to act as a gen- ruption free country. In order to achieve that vi- eral prosecutor and executor of the final sentence. sion, the mission of the KPK is to lead the The attorney general who acts as the prosecutor changes that can eventually bring Indonesia out has to be independent and uninfluenced by an- of corruption. other party. He or she must not be under influ- ence of government officials. The attorney gen- Imprisonment eral, as the law enforcer, must uphold the law Prison is a specially-built place for the supremacy; protect the public interest and hu- convicts to do their punishment during a deten- man rights, and eradicate corruption, graft, and tion period according to the verdict. Prison con- nepotism” (Hartanti, 2005, p. 32). sists of cage-like cells that limit the inmates from An attorney, as the prosecutor in a crimi- communicating with each other. This way, the nal case, must know every activity that has to be convicts are isolated from society, thus they are conducted by the investigators, from the begin- expected to regret their own mistakes and pre- ning to the end, all must be done based on con- vent themselves to do more crimes in the future. stitution. The prosecutor will be responsible for However, lately the prisons are considered to all treatments to the convict, from the prelimi- give psychologically negative impacts towards the nary investigation to the session of the court, un- prisoners, so that the Indonesian government til the imprisonment period. changed the main idea of the prison into a peni- tentiary. Investigator What is the objective of penitentiary? “The investigator is the police officer or Basically a penitentiary period is a preparation certain civil official whom is given a special au- time before the convicts return to the society. “In thority by the constitutions to conduct an investi- a penitentiary, the convicts are put together into gation. The investigation itself is a series of in- workshops, social and spiritual development vestigator activity, in constitutional procedures, activities inside the penitentiary with certain in order to find and collect evidence to reveal a schedules. From the punishment period and ac- criminal case and find the suspect. In Indonesia, tivities in the penitentiary, the government expects the institution that acts as the investigator is the convicts to return to the society with better Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia, also behavior and ability to get a proper employment. known as POLRI (Hartanti, 2005, p. 38). The imprisonment periods are various from one day to a life time, according to how significant Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK)

The Indonesian Journal of Communication Studies (IJCS) 17 The Face of Law Supremacy Rino Febri and Ariesa Lie the crime that they have done and the verdict of Frank Jefkins (1998, p. 13) classifies the judge” (Djamali, 2006, p. 189). image into five categories: Having seen the above explanation, the 1. The Mirror image: This image is the one people researcher can infer that: when a convict lose their in an organization, especially its leaders, believe rights to be employed at any company, then they to be the impression outsiders have of the orga- are also not allowed to run their own business nization. inside the penitentiary; if a convict lose their rights 2. The current image: This is what is actually held to be in a marriage bond or rights to get married, by people outside the organization and it may be then they are also not allowed to get any conju- based on experience or on poor information and gal visits nor get intimate; when a convict lose understanding. This image is usually a negative their rights to obtain certain permissions, this one, because public opinions are full of preju- should include the rights to enter and exit the dice, hostility, apathy and ignorance. The cur- penitentiary without any guards. rent image depends on how much or how little people know, thus their knowledge will be less Political Communication perfect than those people within the organiza- Practically, the main actor in political tion. The mirror and current image can be very communication is the government, especially the different. executive institution (the president and his/her 3. The wish image: This is the desired image, the assistants: vice president and board of ministry, one management wish to achieve. who govern the country). Communication itself 4. The corporate image: The image of the orga- is a part of governance management. There are nization, not of the products or services. four functions of the management: planning, or- 5. The multiple images: A number of individuals, ganizing, leading and controlling. Communication branches or other representations can each cre- is the attached instrument to all functions of the ate a particular image for the total organization. management. A good result will be obtained when This research will talk about the current the right decision is taken. The person who makes image of the government, especially those related the decision is the leader (Nimmo, 1999, p. 32). to the law enforcement. After the sudden inspec- The government is responsible not only tion, the Indonesian law enforcement institutions in making the right decision, but also in commu- of course, have to deal with public outrage on nicating the decision towards the society. When their unfair treatment towards inmates at the peni- communicating with the society, the government tentiary. They might have lost their credibility and cannot do an interpersonal communication. Oth- degraded their reputation as law enforcers. erwise, it has to do a mass communication Hence, it is a big duty for the government’s pub- through mass media since it is objected to het- lic relations to shape the current image to be the erogeneous people in widespread area. Through best representation of the organization. Before mass media, it is possible for the government to doing so, it is sure necessary to figure out what reach its target audience. people think about the Indonesian government, Corruption is a depraved action that can because it is important that people’s impression affect many aspects of life in the society. It does about the government is correct. The image is an not only deprive other people’s rights but also impression received by public; it can be created threaten social welfare. In the Artalyta’s sudden intentionally in order to be liked or disliked by inspection case, the corruption took place in the the public. prison. The officers in the penitentiary might have taken the bribe so they gave a special treatment Political Image towards Artalyta and some other convicts in the Regarding an old belief that people of- penitentiary. ten judge a book by its cover, the impression of a politician could determine whether people could Image build trust on that person. If the image of the

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government is not well established, people might through mass media, or the mass media can write not believe in its capability in doing such a great about bad attitude or dark past of a politician. task. If a negative image is already drawn in Therefore, a politician should really build strong people’s minds, they will always hesitate and dis- relationships with mass media so that hopefully agree to whatever the government decides and they will not write too many bad stories about sets as policies. Thus the public could become him or her. very disobedient to the law and the government. In the modern political democracy, im- Agenda Setting Theory age is reality. Communication is the most effec- This theory was invented by McComb tive tool in establishing and destructing someone’s and Donald L. Shaw in around 1968. They be- image. Any publicity about former Indonesian lieve that the mass media have the ability to trans- government had a big impact on their political fer the salience of items on their news agendas career (Dwidjowijoto, 2004, p. 60). In Popular to the public agenda (Griffin, 1997, p. 376). This Images of Politics, written by D. Nimmo (1999, theory has been developed by conducting re- p. 27), “creating a political imagery is mentioned searches to prove the hypothesis of the theory, to be the most crucial thing for a politician. When and the results have proven that the articles in a political imagery is well-established, then the the media have indeed become determining vari- social trust will be founded.” This is very impor- ables that influence the talk of the people. tant for the government in order to accomplish There are broad-scope and narrow- its duties effectively. scope definitions of agenda setting theory (Miller, Therefore in conducting governmental 2005, p. 270). “The broad-scope definition of actions, it is important to give attention to some agenda setting involves the consideration of three points (Dwidjowijoto, 2004, p. 62): related agendas: the media agenda, the public 1. The image will determine the outcome in po- agenda, and the policy agenda.” Each agenda litical actions, more than the reality itself. consists of topics that are considered important: 2. Communication is the core aspect of creation 1. The media agenda: the set of topics addressed of an image. by media sources (newspapers, radio, television). 3. In the creation of image process, mass media 2. The public agenda: the set of topics that mem- has the most significant role. bers of the public believe is important. 4. “News” as the core of mass communication 3. The policy agenda: represents issues that de- media is full of misleading illusion. cision makers (legislators, government) believe 5. The particular reality is shaped from the illu- are particularly salient. sion games played by the politicians, journalists Each of these three agendas can be seen (and editors) and on behalf of the media busi- as dependent variable in a causal equation. The ness itself. media agenda can affect the public agenda then 6. In the future, the government’s role in the battle the public agenda brings impact to the policy. of image on media will be seen more distinctly; The narrow-scope definition of agenda setting, therefore the media management will have to be stated by Zhu & blood, is “the process whereby the main issue in the government’s management. the news media lead the public in assigning rela- Since mass media play the most signifi- tive importance to various public issues” (Miller, cant role in building an image, it is essential for a 2005, p. 271). In conclusion, agenda setting of politician, especially the government, to check the media takes a significant role in building its and analyze publicities on mass media. By look- public agenda. Stanley J. Baran even mentioned ing at what the media write and publish, it is easy that this especially occurs in political communi- to figure out the public opinion about certain sub- cation through printed media. The previous stud- ject. The existence of mass media, can either ies and research of agenda setting have proven strengthen or destruct the reputation of a politi- the agenda setting of the printed media impact cian. A politician can speak his or her ideas towards its public agenda (2009, p. 188).

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At the second level, agenda settings do come according to the data found and relevant not only suggest people what to think about, but theories. also influence how people should think about the issue. This is where the framing concept takes Hypothesis of research the role. In the context of agenda setting, fram- In relevance to the background case of ing is a process through which the media em- the research, and the theories of communications, phasize some aspects of reality and downplay a hypothesis can be pulled out as: Ho: the major other aspects (Miller, 2005, p. 275). This is the tone of the sentences/quotation related to the reason why one similar event can be narrated in government institutions is neutral. H1: the major different ways and presented in positive, nega- tone of the sentences/quotation of the govern- tive or neutral tone. According to Winter and ment institutions is either favorable or unfavor- Eyal, the strongest correlation between the me- able. dia agenda and the public agenda occurs between the fourth to sixth week. In addition, Stone and Research Framework McCombs stated that it takes 2 to 6 months for Research Methodology the media agenda to result the intended public

Surprise inspection at Pd. Bambu (10th January 2010)

The projected im Indonesian Gov favorable, unfav neutral agenda (Gerbner et al., 1969, p. 47). However, This research was conducted by since the first report on the sudden inspection analysing the articles published in The Jakarta was on 12th January 2010, and the researcher Globe newspaper from 12-27 January 2010, could not find any more news reports relevant to since the publications of the relevant issue were the analysed case after 27 January 2010, so the published within this period. Content analysis is research period would be from 12th January (one one of the most common research methodolo- day after the sudden inspection) to 27th January gies used when dealing with the media. 2010. Straubhaar and LaRose explained that content Through content analysis, the researcher analysis quantifies the content of the media. Re- expected to find the actual numbers that indicate searchers begin with systematic samples of me- the image of the Indonesian government related dia content and apply objective definitions to clas- to this case. The analysis was also related to the sify its words, images, and themes (2004, p. 366). quantitative numbers to the theories of commu- Regarding the fact that every nications and Indonesian law in order to seek organization has to build a good relationship with for a proof to the theories and explain the out- its customers or common people, they also need to create a good image through a mass commu-

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nication process. Here the mass media play a sis’. The researcher will use particular variables big role as a third party, which has influence to to measure the unit analysis. The variables used alter people’s minds. Thus the media content are based on the relevant theories written in part analysis is required to evaluate what message do before. Content analysis has to be conducted the media send to the audience. By evaluating objectively. It means there should be a very mini- and analysing the message communicated, a cer- mum different interpretation between coders. The tain public opinion can be figured out. measurement instruments applied to observations must be highly consistent over time, place and Analysis Unit circumstance. Therefore, the researcher has to The analysis unit is the research object define the concepts of each tone. The concept that is taken as a sample that will be analyzed. will be defined later on based on the theories of The analysis unit in this research therefore would the government, law and agenda setting. be the articles about the Indonesian government The inter coder for this research was related to the sudden inspection at Pondok Allen Onu-Njoku, one of foreign lecturers at Bambu Penitentiary on January 10th 2010, and STIKOM London School of Public Relations the luxury privileges given to wealthy inmates of Jakarta. He has a deep interest in governance the penitentiary. matter and lectures the communication theory The researcher used 2 sorts of unit in subject, therefore the researcher believed that this content analysis: he would be suitable to be the inter coder for 1. Physical unit: The measurement is based on this research. The researcher used the Holsti’s the sentence or quotation (in favorable/neutral/ formula to test the reliability of the measurement unfavorable tone, which will be interpreted by used in data coding (Eriyanto, 2006, p. 50). The the verbs, adverbs and adjectives used in the formula is as followed: paragraph), the length of the sentence (in line) Inter coder reliability= 2M : ( N1 + N2) and the positioning of the article (front page, back M represents similar sentences with simi- page or inside page). lar tone (agreed by both coders), N1 is the total 2. Referential unit: Series of paragraph which in- coding made by the first coder (the researcher) dicate certain meaning fits to a category. There and N2 is the total coding made by the second are 3 types of categories: the sudden inspection coder. The result will be presented in percent- report, the governmental institutions related to age. If all the coding result made by the re- the law enforcement and the actions taken to searcher is similar to the second coder, so the eradicate the judicial mafia. reliability value is 100%. The higher the percent- age, the more reliable the measurement is. “In Evaluation Criteria of Research order to be considered as a reliable measure- The primary data was used as the ob- ment, the minimum percentage of the reliability ject of the research, since all the analysed data test is 70%” (Eriyanto, 2006: 49). came from the newspaper, in the form of visual and textual elements. The secondary data was Sampling used as the basic theories of the research. These This research used the content analysis theories were the basis of the measurement and method with quantitative approach. The docu- determination during data collection. In this re- ments to be analysed are The Jakarta Globe search, the content validity was used. The con- and The Jakarta Post printed papers during 12th tent validity requires the measure to represent January 2010 to January 27th period. This pe- the conceptual definitions (Neuman, 2006, p. riod of time is determined since the news about 193). The concept of the government, particu- the sudden inspection and the reformation of the larly the law enforcement institutions, has been penitentiary’s official were also published during defined. Then the categories of the data sam- this period, there was no more news related to pling were defined in ‘Method of Data Analy- this issue after January 2010. So, the variables

The Indonesian Journal of Communication Studies (IJCS) 21 measured in this research are: the length of the found in the first section (section A), but excludes article (in line); the quoted or cited statements “International”, “Opinion & Letters” and “My from government officials, experts and other in- Jakarta” pages. It may include relevant features fluencing parties and all the sentences in the ar- produced by the staff reporters. ticle which represent favorable, unfavorable or 2. The Luxurious Penitentiary Issue: The issue neutral tone. In the way of presenting the issue, which is started by the discovery of the luxuri- researcher will also count the number of names ous penitentiaries and privileges given to certain or institution (that is related to the governmental inmates at Pondok Bambu Penitentiary. The is- institution) and major tones of presenting their sue involves the government institutions such as performance. Through this analysis method, we the Ministry of Justice, KPK, Directorate Gen- can find out which person or institution has a good eral and officials of the Penitentiary, and the Ju- image through the publication and which one is dicial Mafia Eradication Task Force. not and how the major tone of the news related 3. Source: Source is a person or organization, to who is behind The Jakarta Globe newspa- who gives information to news reporters. An per. expert source is one who does not take a side The articles to be analysed should be in but has credible knowledge about law and gov- one of these categories: ernance. Sources are explicitly identified when 1. Sudden inspection report: Report articles re- news reporters quote or paraphrase information lated to the 10th January 2010 sudden inspection from them in stories. When a reporter publicly at Pondok Bambu Penitentiary. credits an information source, it is called attribu- 2. Governmental institutions related to justice and tion. Such attribution is signaled when a person law enforcement: The Judicial Mafia Eradication or an organization’s name is linked in a story sen- Task Force, Directorate-General of Penitentia- tence with verbs denoting a person speaking such ries, Ministry of Law and Human Rights. Actions as said, claimed, stated and so forth. Attribution taken by the government to recover the credibil- might also be made by verbs denoting a source’s ity of the justice and law enforcement institutions state of mind, such as thinks, feels, wants and so in Indonesia: Efforts to eradicate the infringements forth. Story information not clearly attributed to conducted by the judicial mafia and plans on im- a source is assumed to originate from a provement and expansion of the penitentiaries. reporter’s direct observation of actions and After all the variables counted, the re- events. searcher will interpret the tone of the articles 4. Procedures : mostly presented and the governmental institu- a. Story identification tion that is mostly mentioned (in positive/favor- b. Story day (month and day) able, negative/unfavorable or neutral tone). From c. News prominence: the output, the researcher will explain the image The story locations are coded with these as- of the government as projected by the papers. sociated numbers: headline = 2; page one = 1; Inside page = 0. Coding protocol d. Story origin: The following definitions are important in A story can be originated from a news selecting and analyzing the content under study: reporter or editor, and other media as cited in 1. News Story: A scandal story about the luxuri- “Comment” section of the newspaper. It can be ous penitentiary of Artalyta and some other coded with these numbers: from the newspaper’s wealthy inmates at Pondok Bambu Penitentiary. own reporter/editor = 2; from other media = 1. The main subject of the story is the government e. Tables institutions responsible of the penitentiary and its There are two analysis tables per-article, residents. News story is defined as all non-ad- the first table consists of any sentence in the ar- vertising matter in a news product. In a newspa- ticle, while the second table quotes statements per, this includes all-staff produced news stories

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from the officials, experts and other influencing India, Britain and Malaysia, displaying a high parties. degree of English fluency. About 65% are lo- cated in and around Jakarta. After including Profile of The Jakarta Globe workers’ family members but considering only The Jakarta Globe was firstly launched those comfortable reading in English, the num- in November 2008. The Jakarta Globe’s lan- ber of potential English-language newspaper guage and international outlook also gives it a readers reaches 80,000" (The Jakarta Globe high-level of visibility to residents’ expatriates and Media Kit, 2010, p. 15). visitors from overseas, and the attendant deep “In 2007, Indonesia hosted 5.5 million well of spending power. The Jakarta Globe aims visitors who stayed an average of nine days each, to appeal to everyone, from teenagers to the according to Ministry of Culture and Tourism fig- long-retired. That is why they present news and ures. This length was affected by short-break visi- feature pages everyday that inform and update tors from Malaysia and Singapore entering the readers about issues that are relevant to all Sumatra and staying an average of just four days; their lives, from education, law and society, to by contrast, long-haul visitors from Australia, spirituality, health and the environment. As lei- Europe and North America stay for an average sure time is when urban people spend time to of more than two weeks. Almost a quarter of socialize, The Jakarta Globe also provides in- visitors arrive in Indonesia through Jakarta, and formation on entertainment, arts, sports and travel just over a quarter come to Bali. The potential to in order to fulfil urban people’s needs for lifestyle. reach English-literate readers among this num- Whatever the readers need, they can just turn to ber is huge: averaged over a year (total annual the paper or website to help them plan trips, learn visitor days divided by 365), it reaches a daily activities, search for bargains, tickets and so on. figure as high as 87,000” (The Jakarta Globe The Jakarta Globe present news and tips, lei- Media Kit, 2010, p. 15). The Jakarta Globe is sure and travel features, as well as entertainment a newspaper standing under the umbrella of reviews. Globe Media Group. The group also owns sev- Considering the price and the language eral other mass media such as: Suara Pembaruan, used by The Jakarta Globe, it certainly has a Campus Asia, Globe Asia and Investor Daily. specific target audience. “The Jakarta Globe’s Two of the media, Globe Asia and Campus Asia, readers are located around Indonesia, divided use English as the medium language while the in the following percentage: Indonesians (59%), others use bahasa Indonesia. visitors (22%) and Expatriates (19%). The pri- The Jakarta Globe is a paper for In- mary readers of The Jakarta Globe are: 60% donesia, with long-term plans to extend circula- are male; 53% live in households with monthly tion to cities with large Indonesians population, income of IDR 4.5 million or more; 24% are aged starting to launch in Singapore. English-speak- 15-24, 39% are 25-34 and 37% are above 35 ing readers are concentrated in Indonesia’s ur- years old; 52% are white-collar workers, 19% ban and resort industry areas, and The Jakarta are students and 7% are entrepreneurs; 88% Globe is continuing to publish in: Jakarta, have bank account, 69% use the internet, 98% Bandung, Surabaya, Bali, Pekanbaru, Medan, have a mobile phone and 41% have a car” (The Balikpapan and surrounded areas. Jakarta Globe Media Kit, 2010: 14). There are several reasons why The Presentation and Interpretation of data Jakarta Globe uses English as its medium lan- Data Analysis: Coding Instructions guage; despite the fact it is published in Indone- As previously mentioned, there are three sia. “There were 75,000 foreign workers in In- (3) tones used in classifying the tones of the mes- donesia in 2007. From this figure, there are about sage. They are: favorable (positive), unfavorable 15 nationalities represented with a majority, in (negative), and neutral tone. These are instruc- particular those from Australia, the United States,

The Indonesian Journal of Communication Studies (IJCS) 23 The Face of Law Supremacy Rino Febri and Ariesa Lie tions to put the sentence/quotation into the cod- c. It describes how there are contrasts in terms ing tables: of treatments and circumstance between the 1. A sentence/quotation is considered as favor- wealthy and average inmates, such as: the space able (positive) if: and the facilities inside the cells. a. It reports, mentions, explains or describes the d. It explains or describes how the officers and government’s efforts in taking strict actions (en- the wealthy inmates tried to cover or justify their forcing the law) toward the officers of the peni- faults by giving reasons upon the discovery, for tentiary. example: those special cells have changed after b. It reports, mentions, explains or describes the the sudden inspection. government’s actions in enforcing the law toward 3. A sentence/quotation is considered as neutral convicts, without giving any privileges to special if: or high-profile inmates. a. The sentence has both positive and negative c. It reports, mentions, explains or describes the tone aspects. government’s plans on improving current condi- b. The sentence has neither positive nor negative tions of law enforcement institutions and peni- tone aspects. tentiaries. Coding Sheets 2. A sentence/quotation is considered as unfa- In order to count all the sentences and vorable (negative) if: quotations in the articles, the researcher gath- ered all the sentences and classified them in cod-

Table coding sheets summary

a. It reports, mentions, explains or describes the ing tables. The coding tables are divided by sen- penitentiary’s officers’ actions against the law, tences and quotations per article. There are such as: giving special privileges to certain in- eleven articles in The Jakarta Globe that rel- mates, the corrupt habit of the officers through evant to the issue. The following tables are the taking illegal fees from the inmates and their fami- coding sheet for the first article, “Prison Pam- lies. pers the Rich”, and the rest will be attached at b. It reports or describes the privileges and luxu- the end of the research. ries enjoyed by certain convicts inside their cells The coding sheet contains the required and how this infringement is actually a public se- data for the research analysis: type of article, day/ cret but there had been no legal handling to solve date, page, title, position of article, length of ar- the problem and punish the officers. ticle, story source, sentence table, source and

24 The Indonesian Journal of Communication Studies (IJCS) The Face of Law Supremacy Rino Febri and Ariesa Lie

attribution table, summaries of favorable, unfa- The minimum percentage of the reliabil- vorable and neutral tone, and finally the major ity test, based on Holsti’s formula is 70%. There- tone in the article. The sentence table contains fore, the data coding measurement from the re- all sentences, other than people’s statement, writ- searcher is considered reliable. ten in the article, while the source and attribution table contains all statements mentioned by a par- Discussion ticular party or person. All the sentences and According to the analyzed articles, the quotations are classified and put into the right articles published within the first week after the tone, based on the instructions given previously. inspection show mostly unfavorable tone (ac-

After all the sentences and quotations are classi- cepted the alternatives hypothesis/H1). From the fied, the total lines of the sentences in each tone total length of all analyzed articles, which consist are summarized. This shows the length of the of 1,002 lines, there are 534 lines of unfavorable sentences (unit analysis) of each tone. The tone quotations and sentences. It means, 53% of the with the lengthiest sentences is considered the total content of the news represents negative im- major tone in an article. The following page is a age of the government, particularly the officials sample of the coding table. The other tables will of penitentiaries in Indonesia. Mostly, the unfa- be put at the back as attachments. vorable sentences mention the corruption inside the penitentiaries, which involves the officers of Inter Coder Reliability Test the penitentiaries and the wealthy inmates. There There are three articles cross-coded by are 286 lines of sentences and quotations men- a second coder. The followings are the articles tioning the dark side of the penitentiaries across which have been coded by the second coder: Indonesia, and 131 lines particularly talking about 1. Inter coder agreement test I the Pondok Bambu Penitentiary’s officers includ- Prison Pampers the Rich (Padded Cells: ing Sarju Wibowo (ex-director of Pondok Wealthy Inmates Buy Creature Comforts). Bambu). Other government institutions men- Total number of sentences (units) for each tioned in negative tones are the House of Repre- coder (N1 = N2) = 24 sentences; total num- sentative (26 lines), the Ministry of Justice (and ber of tones agreed by both coders (M) = 14. the Minister himself, Patrialis Akbar), the Judi- Inter coder reliability = cial Mafia Eradication Task Force (21 lines), Mr. 2 (14) x 100% = 28 x 100% = 58.34% President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (15 lines), 48 48 and the Directorate General of Penitentiaries (14 2. Inter coder agreement test IIFor lines). Based on this statistics, the researcher can Rent: Prison Cells, Serviced and Luxuriously Ap- see indication of the paper to put responsibility pointed of this issue on the penitentiaries’ officials. The N1 = N2 = 26 sentences; M = 26. Jakarta Globe obviously stated that the peni- Inter coder reliability = tentiary system in Indonesia is such a mess and 2 (26) x 100% = 52 x 100% = 100% full of corruption. 52 52 From the very beginning, it is found that 3. Inter coder agreement test III the stories reported by The Jakarta Globe are Artalyta’s Days of Luxury Over mostly in unfavorable tone. Thus the negative N1 = N2 = 7 sentences; M = 7. image of the government is projected through the Inter coder reliability = news stories in the newspaper. The government institution that is mostly mentioned in negative tone 2 (7) x 100% = 14 x 100% = 100% is the penitentiaries officers, since they are mostly 14 14 mentioned giving special privileges to high-pro- Based on the coding agreement test, the file convicts. This can be seen through these ar- average reliability is: ticles: “Prison Pampers the Rich”, “For Rent: 58% + 100% + 100% = 258% : 3 = 86% Prison Cells, Serviced and Luxuriously Ap-

The Indonesian Journal of Communication Studies (IJCS) 25 The Face of Law Supremacy Rino Febri and Ariesa Lie pointed”, “Pondok Bambu Warden Suspended The negative impression of the govern- after Luxury Prison Expose”, “Artalyta Wakes ment got worse when the chief warden of Pondok up to Prison Reality” and “Extent of Prison Cor- Bambu Penitentiary, Sarju Wibowo, denied that ruption Suddens Task Force”. Here are the points there were infringements inside the penitentiary. in which the paper projected the negative image In the article “Prison Pampers the Rich”, Sarju of the government. gave some excuses, such as: the karaoke room As previously mentioned, there are some was dedicated for all inmates and used for rights that the convicts lose when they are im- karaoke practices, kasidah and Koranic recit- prisoned, such as: rights to be employed at any als. But the following day, all the karaoke equip- company and rights to be in a marriage bond. ments were removed and the room was emptied However, it was mentioned in one of the articles, for the inmates to make handicrafts on the floor. that Tommy Soeharto enjoyed long conjugal vis- There is an implication that Sarju, Aling and its in his private cell during his serving time at Muryani (an officer in charge of convicts’ activi- Nusa Kambangan penitentiary, and so did other ties) only made excuses and lied in order to jus- inmates who could just pay the guards to get in- tify or cover what they have done inside the peni- timate in the toilets. Another privilege was also tentiary. This also implies that this government given to Ricardo Gelael and also Artalyta, who institution is filled with dishonest members who have conducted several business meetings inside are irresponsible for their own mistakes and un- their cells. This shows the infringements con- reliable. ducted inside the prisons by the penitentiary of- The negative image of the government is ficers and those high-profile inmates. It also im- also projected through the description of the luxu- plies that the officers (one of the law enforce- rious rooms and facilities for certain convicts in ment institutions) do not obey the law. contrasts with the cells of average inmates. When someone is imprisoned, he or she Through the paragraphs, the paper shows how is isolated from the society. But it did not seem the officers make different treatments toward to happen to certain inmates like Bob Hasan, ‘high-class’ inmates and ‘low-class’ ones. In fact, Abdullah Puteh and Schapelle Corby (the Aus- those convicts are supposed to have similar rights tralian drug smuggler), who reportedly had ac- and duties inside the penitentiary. In the articles, cess to get in and out of their cells anytime. By the paper describes how the special cells were the articles published by The Jakarta Globe, it designed and furnished. In the other hand, the is obviously seen that they emphasize to the of- common cells were in poor condition. Through ficers of the penitentiaries, who have acted be- the descriptions, it implies that the penitentiary, yond limits of the law, by giving privileges to spe- the place where convicts get punishment for their cial convicts who are wealthy. This infringement crimes, can be changed into a palace full of ser- is associated with corruption since the paper also vice and comfort, as long as the inmates are will- explained how the bribery rules and procedures ing to pay for the “luxury charge”. inside the penitentiaries. The paper often men- The governmental institutions which are tioned that the officers (wardens and guards) often mentioned in negative tone in The Jakarta could be or have to be bribed with certain amount Globe are: the wardens/officers and Sarju of money, in order to give permission to the in- Wibowo, the chief officer of the Pondok Bambu mates’ families when they want to meet the pris- penitentiary and the officers of the penitentiaries oners. This habit has become rampant in peni- across the country. tentiaries across the country. The corrupt habit Some statements quoted in the articles is shown through articles “For Rent: Prison Cells, represent unfavourable tone. Those statements Serviced and Luxuriously Appointed”, which are mostly made by the officials of the Indonesia revealed the inner face of the Indonesian peni- Corruption Watch, KPK’s officials, senior law- tentiary system and thus disgraced the reputa- yer and investigative journalist. They often men- tion of the Indonesian government explicitly. tioned how the bribery has been rampant and

26 The Indonesian Journal of Communication Studies (IJCS) The Face of Law Supremacy Rino Febri and Ariesa Lie

often happen inside any prisons all over the coun- is struggling to revamp the country’s penitentiary try. It has become a public secret for a long time, system and the mechanism of the new peniten- but no one has taken a strict action against this tiary regulations for the officers. infringement. The KPK officials also blamed the As stated before, Wim Tangkilisan, the government (the House of Representatives) for president of The Jakarta Globe is the president having turned down their proposal to build a spe- Yudhoyono’s supporter. However, in one of the cial penitentiary for the corruption convicts, by quoted statement from the opponent party’s of- saying this actually happened because the gov- ficial (PDI-P), it mentioned that the president was ernment had not put attention to this matter be- only trying to distort the public’s attention on fore it was finally exposed through the media. Century’s case. The president was trying to build Based on the sentences written by the a positive image through the Judicial Mafia Eradi- paper’s journalists, the unfavourable tone is cation Task Force and the sudden inspection. mostly associated with the officials of the peni- The PDI-P official also said that if the president tentiaries (this includes the director of Pondok wanted to eradicate the corruption thoroughly Bambu Penitentiary, Sarju Wibowo, his subor- and seriously, he was not supposed to only do dinates and some other penitentiaries’ officers the sudden inspection in one prison and fail to across Indonesia). Based on the articles analysed clean the mess. The official also hesitated the by the researcher, the news report mostly con- quality of the Task Force’s members in accom- centrated on the negative issues about the peni- plishing the given tasks. He also said that the tentiary system and officers. The articles often government was only covering its embarrassment mentioned about how the wealthy inmates could on Century’s case. This implies that the presi- enjoy special privileges and live a lavish life in dent only wanted to show that he wasn’t doing jails if only they bribe the guards and prison offi- nothing at the back, watching the corruption go- cials in charge. This obviously shows how the ing rampant throughout the country, in fact that corrupt habit is rampant and the officials are dis- he was indeed doing nothing effective to eradi- obedient to the law when it comes to money. cate the corruption. Wim Tangkilisan, the chief editor and Besides the tone of the sentences in the president of The Jakarta Globe newspaper is articles, the researcher also analysed the impor- one of the President Yudhoyono’s supporters. tance of the issue based on the positioning in the This can be seen through his statement, “But if newspaper and the length of articles. From the you are looking for someone who has a track sampling taken, apparently this issue only made record at wielding soft power for Indonesia and the headline once. That was the first news report making the country a respected emerging right after the inspection took place. After that economy, it has to be Yudhoyono”, in one of his first report, the issue came out twice at the front articles in The Jakarta Globe online on last page, while the other eight articles were only put year’s June 29. It was published before the presi- on inside page. The major tone of the headline dential election (July 5, 2009), and it clearly was unfavourable, and the other front page ar- showed his support toward the president. Based ticles’ major tones were also unfavourable. The on this statement in “Which of the Presidential rest of the articles show either favourable or Candidates Gives Indonesia a ‘Soft Power’ unfavourable tone. Edge?” article, and the agenda setting theory, The From this evidence, the researcher could Jakarta Globe is supposed to give favourable conclude that this issue was only considered very tone in most sentences, implying that the new important at the very first report on the sudden government is improving its performance on en- inspection. Moreover, the title of the headline forcing the law and eradicating the judicial mafia. sounds very negative or unfavourable towards The Jakarta Globe did quoted the statements the government’s image, “Prison Pampers the from the Justice and Human Rights Minister, Rich (Padded Cells: Wealthy Inmates Buy Crea- Patrialis Akbar, mentioning that the government ture Comforts)”. The title explicitly implies unfair

The Indonesian Journal of Communication Studies (IJCS) 27 The Face of Law Supremacy Rino Febri and Ariesa Lie

treatment towards rich inmates and how the privi- From the position of the articles written leges inside the prison can be bought, which in- on the paper, it can be concluded that The directly means bribery. After the first news re- Jakarta Globe did not consider this issue as the port, the articles only came twice on the first pages most important issue, except for the first report and the rest were only put on inside pages. It of the sudden inspection. The articles were mostly means there were other issues considered more located in inside pages. There were 2 articles on important than the Artalyta’s prison issue. the first page and only 1 article made the head- Having seen the result of the research, it line. The rest 8 articles were on inside pages. could be seen that The Jakarta Globe does not The researcher also concluded that in this really take on one side in making news stories. It case, The Jakarta Globe did not take on the is proven through the unfavourable tone of the government’s side, although the president and the most sentences mentioning the government on chief editor of The Jakarta Globe, Wim this issue. Regardless the chief editor is a big sup- Tangkilisan, is a supporter of our present Presi- porter of the President; the government still get dent, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. In fact, the criticized from the media. This is actually a good chief editor has a significant role in setting the sign that such a media could be neutral in making media agenda and deciding which news can go news stories. public and which cannot, but apparently The Jakarta Globe does not make that personal Conclusion preference rule its news. Still it wrote and pub- From the total of 1,002 lines of articles, lished bad news and created bad image of the there are 532 lines of unfavourable sentences and government. quotations, or 53% of the total amount of article Also in order to fully comprehend the is written unfavourably. The Indonesian techniques of quantitative content analysis, it is government’s image is projected as corrupt and suggested that other research along the field of dishonest. Mostly the negative report is about quantitative content analysis are conducted in the the Pondok Bambu penitentiary officials and other future. To conduct more research on textual com- penitentiaries’ officers across the country. The munication articles of the government’s perfor- newspaper wrote a lot about the mechanism of mance issue in the future. As communication prac- the bribery inside the penitentiaries and how the titioners in the future, it is essential for students rich inmates are treated like kings inside their fur- of communication to understand all forms of nished and luxurious cells, in contrasts to the av- messages whether it is verbal or non-verbal. erage inmates. From this research using quantitative content However, the image of the Ministry of analysis approach to analyze the articles and un- Justice and Human Rights is rather positive, as derstanding the implicit meanings that are shown well as the image of the Minister, Patrialis Akbar. through the text and how it can create a certain This can be seen through the sentences and quo- image of a governmental institution. It is hoped tations that mention how the ministry was trying that it can be used as input towards public rela- to revamp the penitentiary system and started to tions practitioners, political parties, government, make good on his promise by moving the privi- advisors, or future government in the future to leged convicts to Tangerang Penitentiary, where understand the use of verbal and non-verbal signs those convicts would no longer enjoy luxuries that can be used to create a certain image and and privileges in their cells. The Ministry of Jus- send positive messages to the audience. tice and Human Rights also terminated the prison director, Sarju Wibowo, and planned to revamp Bibliography the penitentiary system. The new system is ex- Baran, S. J. (2009). Introduction to Mass Com- pected to minimize the possibility of the same munication: Media Literacy and Cul- case to happen again in the future. ture. New York: McGraw-Hill Interna- tional Edition.

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Bobbit, R & R. Sullivan. (2005). Developing & Technology. USA: Thomson the PR Campaign: a Team Based Ap- Wadsworth. proach. USA: Pearson Education, Inc. The Jakarta Globe Media Kit: Passionate Djamali, R. A. Pengantar Hukum Indonesia. Readers Choose Us. 2010. (2006). Jakarta: PT RajaGrafindo Persada. Internet: Dominick, J. R. (1993). The Dynamics of Mass http://thejakartaglobe.com/opinion/which-of-the- Communication. New York: McGraw- presidential-candidates-gives-indonesia- Hill Inc. a-soft-power-edge/ 23rd June 2009 Dwidjowijoto, R. N. (2004). Komunikasi www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/fokus/2010/ Pemerintahan: Sebuah Agenda bagi beginilah-skandal-penjara-mewah- Pemimpin Pemerintahan Indonesia. artalyta-terkuak/11 January 2010 Jakarta: Elex Media Komputindo. Eriyanto. Panduan Analisis Isi Media. (2006). Jakarta: Lingkaran Survey Indonesia. 2006. Gerbner et al. The Analysis of Communica- tion Content. (1969). USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Griffin, Em. (1997). A First Look at Commu- nication Theory. USA: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Hartanti, E. (2005). Tindak Pidana Korupsi. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika. Jefkins, F. & D. Yadin. (1998). Public Relations. UK: Pearson Education.. Miller, K. (2005). Communication Theories: Perspectives, Processes, and Con- texts. New York: McGraw-Hill Com- panies. Neuman, W. L. (2006). Social Research Meth- ods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. USA: Pearson Interna- tional. Nimmo, D. (1999). Komunikasi Politik: Komunikator, Pesan dan Media. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya. Nurtjahjo, H. (2005). Ilmu Negara: Pengembangan Teori Bernegara & Suplemen. (2005). Jakarta: Raja Grafindo. Riffe, Daniel et al. (2005). Analyzing Media Messages: Using Quantitative Con- tent Analysis in Research. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publish- ers. Straubhaar, J. & R. LaRose. (2004). Media Now: Understanding Media, Culture

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