Human Spaceflight: Phobos Base
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Machine Learning Regression for Estimating Characteristics of Low-Thrust Transfers
MACHINE LEARNING REGRESSION FOR ESTIMATING CHARACTERISTICS OF LOW-THRUST TRANSFERS A Thesis Presented to The Academic Faculty By Gene L. Chen In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the School of Aerospace Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology May 2019 Copyright c Gene L. Chen 2019 MACHINE LEARNING REGRESSION FOR ESTIMATING CHARACTERISTICS OF LOW-THRUST TRANSFERS Approved by: Dr. Dimitri Mavris, Advisor Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Alicia Sudol Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Michael Steffens Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Date Approved: April 15, 2019 To my parents, thanks for the support. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would like to thank Dr. Dimitri Mavris for giving me the opportunity to pursue a Master’s degree at the Aerospace Systems Design Laboratory. It has been quite the experience. Also, many thanks to my committee members — Dr. Alicia Sudol and Dr. Michael Steffens — for taking the time to review my work and give suggestions on how to improve - it means a lot to me. Additionally, thanks to Dr. Patel and Dr. Antony for helping me understand their work in trajectory optimization. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments . iv List of Tables . vii List of Figures . viii Chapter 1: Introduction and Motivation . 1 1.1 Thesis Overview . 4 Chapter 2: Background . 5 Chapter 3: Approach . 17 3.1 Scenario Definition . 17 3.2 Spacecraft Dynamics . 18 3.3 Choice Between Direct and Indirect Method . 19 3.3.1 Chebyshev polynomial method . 20 3.3.2 Sims-Flanagan method . -
In-Depth Review of Satellite Imagery / Earth Observation Technology in Official Statistics Prepared by Canada and Mexico
In-depth review of satellite imagery / earth observation technology in official statistics Prepared by Canada and Mexico Julio A. Santaella Conference of European Statisticians 67th plenary session Paris, France June 28, 2019 Earth observation (EO) EO is the gathering of information about planet Earth’s physical, chemical and biological systems. It involves monitoring and assessing the status of, and changes in, the natural and man-made environment Measurements taken by a thermometer, wind gauge, ocean buoy, altimeter or seismograph Photographs and satellite imagery Radar and sonar images Analyses of water or soil samples EO examples EO Processed information such as maps or forecasts Source: Group on Earth Observations (GEO) In-depth review of satellite imagery / earth observation technology in official statistics 2 Introduction Satellite imagery uses have expanded over time Satellite imagery provide generalized data for large areas at relatively low cost: Aligned with NSOs needs to produce more information at lower costs NSOs are starting to consider EO technology as a data collection instrument for purposes beyond agricultural statistics In-depth review of satellite imagery / earth observation technology in official statistics 3 Scope and definition of the review To survey how various types of satellite data and the techniques used to process or analyze them support the GSBPM To improve coordination of statistical activities in the UNECE region, identify gaps or duplication of work, and address emerging issues In-depth review of satellite imagery / earth observation technology in official statistics 4 Overview of recent activities • EO technology has developed progressively, encouraging the identification of new applications of this infrastructure data. -
Astrodynamics
Politecnico di Torino SEEDS SpacE Exploration and Development Systems Astrodynamics II Edition 2006 - 07 - Ver. 2.0.1 Author: Guido Colasurdo Dipartimento di Energetica Teacher: Giulio Avanzini Dipartimento di Ingegneria Aeronautica e Spaziale e-mail: [email protected] Contents 1 Two–Body Orbital Mechanics 1 1.1 BirthofAstrodynamics: Kepler’sLaws. ......... 1 1.2 Newton’sLawsofMotion ............................ ... 2 1.3 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation . ......... 3 1.4 The n–BodyProblem ................................. 4 1.5 Equation of Motion in the Two-Body Problem . ....... 5 1.6 PotentialEnergy ................................. ... 6 1.7 ConstantsoftheMotion . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... 7 1.8 TrajectoryEquation .............................. .... 8 1.9 ConicSections ................................... 8 1.10 Relating Energy and Semi-major Axis . ........ 9 2 Two-Dimensional Analysis of Motion 11 2.1 ReferenceFrames................................. 11 2.2 Velocity and acceleration components . ......... 12 2.3 First-Order Scalar Equations of Motion . ......... 12 2.4 PerifocalReferenceFrame . ...... 13 2.5 FlightPathAngle ................................. 14 2.6 EllipticalOrbits................................ ..... 15 2.6.1 Geometry of an Elliptical Orbit . ..... 15 2.6.2 Period of an Elliptical Orbit . ..... 16 2.7 Time–of–Flight on the Elliptical Orbit . .......... 16 2.8 Extensiontohyperbolaandparabola. ........ 18 2.9 Circular and Escape Velocity, Hyperbolic Excess Speed . .............. 18 2.10 CosmicVelocities -
Quality and Reliability: APL's Key to Mission Success
W. L. EBERT AND E. J. HOFFMAN Quality and Reliability: APL’s Key to Mission Success Ward L. Ebert and Eric J. Hoffman APL’s Space Department has a long history of producing reliable spaceflight systems. Key to the success of these systems are the methods employed to ensure robust, failure-tolerant designs, to ensure a final product that faithfully embodies those designs, and to physically verify that launch and environmental stresses will indeed be well tolerated. These basic methods and practices have served well throughout the constantly changing scientific, engineering, and budgetary challenges of the first 40 years of the space age. The Space Department has demonstrated particular competence in addressing the country’s need for small exploratory missions that extend the envelope of technology. (Keywords: Quality assurance, Reliability, Spacecraft, Spaceflight.) INTRODUCTION The APL Space Department attempts to be at the and development is fundamentally an innovative en- high end of the quality and reliability scale for un- deavor, and any plan to carry out such work necessarily manned space missions. A track record of nearly 60 has steps with unknown outcomes. On the other hand, spacecraft and well over 100 instruments bears this out conventional management wisdom says that some de- as a success. Essentially, all of APL’s space missions are gree of risk and unpredictability exists in any major one-of-a-kind, so the challenge is to get it right the first undertaking, and the only element that differs in re- time, every time, by developing the necessary technol- search and development is the larger degree of risks. -
New Pad Constructed for Smaller Rocket Launches
PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS • JULY 2015 At NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, the Ground Systems Development and Operations (GSDO) Program Office is leading the center’s transfor- mation from a historically government-only launch complex to a spaceport bustling with activity involving government and commercial vehicles alike. GSDO is tasked with developing and using the complex equipment required to safely handle a variety of rockets and spacecraft during assembly, transport and launch. For more information about GSDO accomplishments happening around the center, visit http://go.nasa.gov/groundsystems. New Pad Constructed for Smaller Rocket Launches NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida took another step forward in its transformation to a 21st century multi-user spaceport with the completion of the new Small Class Vehicle Launch Pad, designated 39C, in the Launch Pad 39B area. This designated pad to test smaller rockets will make it more affordable for smaller aerospace companies to develop and launch from the center, and to break into the commercial spaceflight market. Kennedy Director Bob Cabana and representatives from the Ground Systems Development and Operations (GSDO) Program and the Center Planning and Development (CPD) and Engineering Directorates marked the completion of the new pad during a ribbon-cutting ceremony July 17. NASA Kennedy Space Center Director Bob Cabana, center, helps cut the ribbon on the new Small Class Vehicle Launch Pad, designated 39C, at Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Also helping to cut the ribbon are, from left, Pat Simpkins, director, Engineering and Technology Directorate; Rich Koller, senior vice president of design firm Jones Edmunds; Scott Col- loredo, director, Center Planning and Development; and Michelle Shoultz, president of Frazier Engineering. -
The Cassini Robot
THE CASSINI–HUYGENS MISSION LESSON The Cassini Robot 5 Students begin by examining their prior 3–4 hrs notions of robots and then consider the characteristics and capabilities of a robot like the Cassini–Huygens spacecraft that would be sent into space to explore another planet. Students compare robotic functions to human body functions. The lesson MEETS NATIONAL SCIENCE EDUCATION prepares students to design, build, diagram, STANDARDS: and explain their own models of robots for Unifying Concepts and Processes space exploration in the Saturn system. A computer-generated rendering of Cassini–Huygens. • Form and function PREREQUISITE SKILLS BACKGROUND INFORMATION Science and Drawing and labeling diagrams Background for Lesson Discussion, page 122 Technology • Abilities of Assembling a spacecraft model Questions, page 127 technological Some familiarity with the Saturn Answers in Appendix 1, page 225 design system (see Lesson 1) 56–63: The Cassini–Huygens Mission 64–69: The Spacecraft 70–76: The Science Instruments 81–94: Launch and Navigation 95–101: Communications and Science Data EQUIPMENT, MATERIALS, AND TOOLS For the teacher Materials to reproduce Photocopier (for transparencies & copies) Figures 1–6 are provided at the end of Overhead projector this lesson. Chart paper (18" × 22") FIGURE TRANSPARENCY COPIES Markers; clear adhesive tape 1 1 per group 21 For each group of 3 to 4 students 3 1 1 per student Chart paper (18" × 22") 4 1 per group Markers 51 Scissors 6 (for teacher only) Clear adhesive tape or glue Various household objects: egg cartons, yogurt cartons, film canisters, wire, aluminum foil, construction paper 121 Saturn Educator Guide • Cassini Program website — http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/cassini/educatorguide • EG-1998-12-008-JPL Background for Lesson Discussion LESSON craft components and those of human body 5 The definition of a robot parts. -
Orion First Flight Test
National Aeronautics and Space Administration orion First Flight Test NASAfacts Orion, NASA’s new spacecraft Exploration Flight Test-1 built to send humans farther During Orion’s flight test, the spacecraft will launch atop a Delta IV Heavy, a rocket built than ever before, is launching and operated by United Launch Alliance. While into space for the first time in this launch vehicle will allow Orion to reach an altitude high enough to meet the objectives for December 2014. this test, a much larger, human-rated rocket An uncrewed test flight called Exploration will be needed for the vast distances of future Flight Test-1 will test Orion systems critical to exploration missions. To meet that need, NASA crew safety, such as heat shield performance, is developing the Space Launch System, which separation events, avionics and software will give Orion the capability to carry astronauts performance, attitude control and guidance, farther into the solar system than ever before. parachute deployment and recovery operations. During the uncrewed flight, Orion will orbit The data gathered during the flight will influence the Earth twice, reaching an altitude of design decisions and validate existing computer approximately 3,600 miles – about 15 times models and innovative new approaches to space farther into space than the International Space systems development, as well as reduce overall Station orbits. Sending Orion to such a high mission risks and costs. altitude will allow the spacecraft to return to Earth at speeds near 20,000 mph. Returning -
Proposal to Construct and Operate a Satellite Launching Facility on Christmas Island
Environment Assessment Report PROPOSAL TO CONSTRUCT AND OPERATE A SATELLITE LAUNCHING FACILITY ON CHRISTMAS ISLAND Environment Assessment Branch 2 May 2000 Christmas Island Satellite Launch Facility Proposal Environment Assessment Report - Environment Assessment Branch – May 2000 3 Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................6 1.1 GENERAL ...........................................................................................................6 1.2 ENVIRONMENT ASSESSMENT............................................................................7 1.3 THE ASSESSMENT PROCESS ...............................................................................7 1.4 MAJOR ISSUES RAISED DURING THE PUBLIC COMMENT PERIOD ON THE DRAFT EIS .................................................................................................................9 1.4.1 Socio-economic......................................................................................10 1.4.2 Biodiversity............................................................................................10 1.4.3 Roads and infrastructure .....................................................................11 1.4.4 Other.......................................................................................................12 2 NEED FOR THE PROJECT AND KEY ALTERNATIVES ......................14 2.1 NEED FOR THE PROJECT ..................................................................................14 2.2 KEY -
The Continuum of Space Architecture: from Earth to Orbit
42nd International Conference on Environmental Systems AIAA 2012-3575 15 - 19 July 2012, San Diego, California The Continuum of Space Architecture: From Earth to Orbit Marc M. Cohen1 Marc M. Cohen Architect P.C. – Astrotecture™, Palo Alto, CA, 94306 Space architects and engineers alike tend to see spacecraft and space habitat design as an entirely new departure, disconnected from the Earth. However, at least for Space Architecture, there is a continuum of development since the earliest formalizations of terrestrial architecture. Moving out from 1-G, Space Architecture enables the continuum from 1-G to other gravity regimes. The history of Architecture on Earth involves finding new ways to resist Gravity with non-orthogonal structures. Space Architecture represents a new milestone in this progression, in which gravity is reduced or altogether absent from the habitable environment. I. Introduction EOMETRY is Truth2. Gravity is the constant.3 Gravity G is the constant – perhaps the only constant – in the evolution of life on Earth and the human response to the Earth’s environment.4 The Continuum of Architecture arises from geometry in building as a primary human response to gravity. It leads to the development of fundamental components of construction on Earth: Column, Wall, Floor, and Roof. According to the theoretician Abbe Laugier, the column developed from trees; the column engendered the wall, as shown in FIGURE 1 his famous illustration of “The Primitive Hut.” The column aligns with the human bipedal posture, where the spine, pelvis, and legs are the gravity- resisting structure. Caryatids are the highly literal interpretation of this phenomenon of standing to resist gravity, shown in FIGURE 2. -
Detecting, Tracking and Imaging Space Debris
r bulletin 109 — february 2002 Detecting, Tracking and Imaging Space Debris D. Mehrholz, L. Leushacke FGAN Research Institute for High-Frequency Physics and Radar Techniques, Wachtberg, Germany W. Flury, R. Jehn, H. Klinkrad, M. Landgraf European Space Operations Centre (ESOC), Darmstadt, Germany Earth’s space-debris environment tracked, with estimates for the number of Today’s man-made space-debris environment objects larger than 1 cm ranging from 100 000 has been created by the space activities to 200 000. that have taken place since Sputnik’s launch in 1957. There have been more than 4000 The sources of this debris are normal launch rocket launches since then, as well as many operations (Fig. 2), certain operations in space, other related debris-generating occurrences fragmentations as a result of explosions and such as more than 150 in-orbit fragmentation collisions in space, firings of satellite solid- events. rocket motors, material ageing effects, and leaking thermal-control systems. Solid-rocket Among the more than 8700 objects larger than 10 cm in Earth orbits, motors use aluminium as a catalyst (about 15% only about 6% are operational satellites and the remainder is space by mass) and when burning they emit debris. Europe currently has no operational space surveillance aluminium-oxide particles typically 1 to 10 system, but a powerful radar facility for the detection and tracking of microns in size. In addition, centimetre-sized space debris and the imaging of space objects is available in the form objects are formed by metallic aluminium melts, of the 34 m dish radar at the Research Establishment for Applied called ‘slag’. -
Mars, the Nearest Habitable World – a Comprehensive Program for Future Mars Exploration
Mars, the Nearest Habitable World – A Comprehensive Program for Future Mars Exploration Report by the NASA Mars Architecture Strategy Working Group (MASWG) November 2020 Front Cover: Artist Concepts Top (Artist concepts, left to right): Early Mars1; Molecules in Space2; Astronaut and Rover on Mars1; Exo-Planet System1. Bottom: Pillinger Point, Endeavour Crater, as imaged by the Opportunity rover1. Credits: 1NASA; 2Discovery Magazine Citation: Mars Architecture Strategy Working Group (MASWG), Jakosky, B. M., et al. (2020). Mars, the Nearest Habitable World—A Comprehensive Program for Future Mars Exploration. MASWG Members • Bruce Jakosky, University of Colorado (chair) • Richard Zurek, Mars Program Office, JPL (co-chair) • Shane Byrne, University of Arizona • Wendy Calvin, University of Nevada, Reno • Shannon Curry, University of California, Berkeley • Bethany Ehlmann, California Institute of Technology • Jennifer Eigenbrode, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center • Tori Hoehler, NASA/Ames Research Center • Briony Horgan, Purdue University • Scott Hubbard, Stanford University • Tom McCollom, University of Colorado • John Mustard, Brown University • Nathaniel Putzig, Planetary Science Institute • Michelle Rucker, NASA/JSC • Michael Wolff, Space Science Institute • Robin Wordsworth, Harvard University Ex Officio • Michael Meyer, NASA Headquarters ii Mars, the Nearest Habitable World October 2020 MASWG Table of Contents Mars, the Nearest Habitable World – A Comprehensive Program for Future Mars Exploration Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................... -
The SKYLON Spaceplane
The SKYLON Spaceplane Borg K.⇤ and Matula E.⇤ University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA This report outlines the major technical aspects of the SKYLON spaceplane as a final project for the ASEN 5053 class. The SKYLON spaceplane is designed as a single stage to orbit vehicle capable of lifting 15 mT to LEO from a 5.5 km runway and returning to land at the same location. It is powered by a unique engine design that combines an air- breathing and rocket mode into a single engine. This is achieved through the use of a novel lightweight heat exchanger that has been demonstrated on a reduced scale. The program has received funding from the UK government and ESA to build a full scale prototype of the engine as it’s next step. The project is technically feasible but will need to overcome some manufacturing issues and high start-up costs. This report is not intended for publication or commercial use. Nomenclature SSTO Single Stage To Orbit REL Reaction Engines Ltd UK United Kingdom LEO Low Earth Orbit SABRE Synergetic Air-Breathing Rocket Engine SOMA SKYLON Orbital Maneuvering Assembly HOTOL Horizontal Take-O↵and Landing NASP National Aerospace Program GT OW Gross Take-O↵Weight MECO Main Engine Cut-O↵ LACE Liquid Air Cooled Engine RCS Reaction Control System MLI Multi-Layer Insulation mT Tonne I. Introduction The SKYLON spaceplane is a single stage to orbit concept vehicle being developed by Reaction Engines Ltd in the United Kingdom. It is designed to take o↵and land on a runway delivering 15 mT of payload into LEO, in the current D-1 configuration.