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The United States and Russian Governments Involvement in the Syrian Crisis and the United Nations’ Kofi Annan Peace Process
ISSN 2039-2117 (online) Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol 5 No 27 ISSN 2039-9340 (print) MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy December 2014 The United States and Russian Governments Involvement in the Syrian Crisis and the United Nations’ Kofi Annan Peace Process Ken Ifesinachi Ph.D Professor of Political Science, University of Nigeria [email protected] Raymond Adibe Department of Political Science, University of Nigeria [email protected] Doi:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n27p1154 Abstract The inability of the Syrian government to internally manage the popular uprising in the country have increased international pressure on Syria as well as deepen international efforts to resolve the crisis that has developed into a full scale civil war. It was the need to end the violent conflict in Syria that informed the appointment of Kofi Annan as the U.N-Arab League Special Envoy to Syria on February 23, 2012. This study investigates the U.S and Russian governments’ involvement in the Syrian crisis and the UN Kofi Annan peace process. The two persons’ Zero-sum model of the game theory is used as our framework of analysis. Our findings showed that the divergence on financial and military support by the U.S and Russian governments to the rival parties in the Syrian conflict contradicted the mandate of the U.N Security Council that sanctioned the Annan plan and compromised the ceasefire agreement contained in the plan which resulted in the escalation of violent conflict in Syria during the period the peace deal was supposed to be in effect. The implication of the study is that the success of any U.N brokered peace deal is highly dependent on the ability of its key members to have a consensus, hence, there is need to galvanize a comprehensive international consensus on how to tackle the Syrian crisis that would accommodate all crucial international actors. -
Should the Un Intervene Into to Oppressive Regimes?
NEAR EAST UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF LAW MASTER’S PROGRAM MASTER’S THESIS SHOULD THE UN INTERVENE INTO TO OPPRESSIVE REGIMES? A COMPARATIVE EXAMINATIONS OF THE LEGAL OF HUMAN RIGHT JUSTIFICATIONS FOR INTERVENING IN AFGHANISTAN AND LIBYA AND THE INACTION IN SYRIA Hadi Abdullah MAWLOOD NICOSIA 2016 NEAR EAST UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF LAW MASTER’S PROGRAM MASTER’S THESIS SHOULD THE UN INTERVENE INTO TO OPPRESSIVE REGIMES? A COMPARATIVE EXAMINATIONS OF THE LEGAL OF HUMAN RIGHT JUSTIFICATIONS FOR INTERVENING IN AFGHANISTAN AND LIBYA AND THE INACTION IN SYRIA PREPARED BY Hadi Abdullah MAWLOOD 20135446 Supervisor Asst. Prof. Dr Resat Volkan GUNEL NICOSIA 2016 NEAR EAST UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Department of Law Master’s Program Thesis Defence Thesis Title: Should The UN Intervene Into To Oppressive Regimes? A Comparative Examinations of The Legal Of Human Right Justifications For Intervening In Afghanistan And Libya And The Inaction In Syria We certify the thesis is satisfactory for the award of degree of Master of Law Prepared By: Hadi Abdullah MAWLOOD Examining Committee in charge Asst. Prof. Dr. Reşat Volkan Günel Near East University Thesis Supervisor Head of Law Department Dr. Tutku Tugyan Near East University Law Department ….………………… Near East University ………… Department Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Assoc. Prof. Dr. MUSTAFA SAĞSAN Acting Director iii ABSTRACT The establishment of the United Nations is for the sole reason of protecting the entire peace and for the entire human race. The protection and advancement of Human Rights as innate and enforceable rights are the known tenets behind the establishment of the United Nations. -
The Houla Massacre Revisited: “Official Truth” in the Dirty War on Syria
The Houla Massacre Revisited: “Official Truth” in the Dirty War on Syria By Prof. Tim Anderson Region: Middle East & North Africa Global Research, March 24, 2015 Theme: Crimes against Humanity, Media Disinformation, United Nations, US NATO War Agenda In-depth Report: SYRIA This article examines and documents the Houla massacre of May 2012, a terrible incident in the Syrian Crisis which came closest to attracting UN intervention. The analysis here seeks to include all relevant evidence, both from witnesses and on the UN processes. A series of appalling civilian massacres during the conflict helped set the tone for another round of ‘humanitarian intervention’ or ‘responsibility to protect’ debates. The killings at Houla deserve close attention. However, because of NATO’s abuse of the ‘no fly zone’ authorisation for Libya and the wider geo-politics of Syria, Russia and China would not allow a similar UN Security Council authorisation of force. Big power intervention therefore remained indirect, through proxy militias. While the Syrian army attacked those militias and many Islamist groups carried out public executions, attempts to blame the Syrian Army for attacks on civilians remained hotly contested. The context to this was two very different narratives. Western propaganda attacked Syrian President Bashar al Assad, claiming that he, through the Syrian Arab Army, was repeatedly ‘killing his own people’. From the Syrian side this was always a proxy war against Syria, with NATO and allied Gulf monarchies backing sectarian terrorist gangs, with the aim of ‘regime change’. The western line maintained that a peaceful protest movement, after many months of ‘regime brutality’, transformed into a secular (later ‘moderate Islamist’) ‘revolution’. -
Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law
Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law Volume 45 Fall 2012 Issues 1 & 2 Preventing Mass Atrocity Crimes: The Responsibility to Protect and the Syria Crisis Paul R. Williams, J. Trevor Ulbrick & Jonathan Worboys Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2174768 CASE WESTERN RESERVE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW·VOL. 45·2012 Preventing Mass Atrocity Crimes: The Responsibility to Protect and the Syria Crisis Paul R. Williams,* J. Trevor Ulbrick,† & Jonathan Worboys‡ CONTENTS I. Introduction................................................................................ 474 II. Background to the Responsibility to Protect Doctrine ........ 477 A. Kosovo ....................................................................................... 478 B. The Right of Humanitarian Intervention......................................... 479 III. Emergence of the Responsibility to Protect Doctrine .......... 481 A. Content of the ICISS Report ......................................................... 481 B. UN Evolution of R2P ................................................................... 483 IV. R2P’s Third Pillar and the Use of Force ............................... 486 A. Pillar Three of the Responsibility to Protect ................................... 486 B. Libya.......................................................................................... 487 V. R2P and the Syria Crisis ........................................................... 488 A. Preventing and Halting Atrocity Crimes When the Security Council Fails to -
General Assembly Distr.: General 26 June 2012 English
United Nations A/HRC/20/G/6 General Assembly Distr.: General 26 June 2012 English Original: Arabic Human Rights Council Twentieth session Agenda item 4 Human rights situations that require the Council’s attention Note verbale dated 6 June 2012 from the Permanent Mission of the Syrian Arab Republic to the United Nations Office and Other International Organizations in Geneva addressed to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights* The Permanent Mission of the Syrian Arab Republic to the United Nations Office and Other International Organizations in Geneva presents its compliments to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Further to its previous notes verbales regarding the prevailing situation in the Syrian Arab Republic and in keeping with the transparent and credible approach that the State has taken to laying out the facts about what is happening in Syria, the Mission has the honour to present herewith the preliminary findings of the national committee that investigated the horrific and despicable massacre in Houla. The investigation is being conducted openly and transparently and the Government has provided full cooperation. The witnesses from whom the information is drawn come from the region in question. Syria has made the preliminary findings public in keeping with its self-imposed pledge to establish a national committee of investigation and, within three days, to present its preliminary findings. Testimony from eyewitnesses who saw the massacre is also provided, but the Government has not disclosed the witnesses’ identities for fear of reprisals by armed terrorist groups. According to the preliminary findings of the report by the judicial committee of investigation into the Houla massacre, all the victims came from law-abiding families that refused to rise up against the State, had never once participated in demonstrations or taken up arms and were in disagreement with armed terrorist groups. -
“I Lost My Dignity”: Sexual and Gender-Based Violence in the Syrian Arab Republic
A/HRC/37/CRP.3 Distr.: Restricted 8 March 2018 English and Arabic only Human Rights Council Thirty-seventh session 26 February – 23 March 2018 Agenda item 4 Human rights situations that require the Council’s attention. “I lost my dignity”: Sexual and gender-based violence in the Syrian Arab Republic Conference room paper of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic Summary Sexual and gender-based violence against women, girls, men, and boys has been a persistent issue in Syria since the uprising in 2011. Parties to the conflict resort to sexual violence as a tool to instil fear, humiliate and punish or, in the case of terrorist groups, as part of their enforced social order. While the immense suffering induced by these practices impacts Syrians from all backgrounds, women and girls have been disproportionally affected, victimised on multiple grounds, irrespective of perpetrator or geographical area. Government forces and associated militias have perpetrated rape and sexual abuse of women and girls and occasionally men during ground operations, house raids to arrest protestors and perceived opposition supporters, and at checkpoints. In detention, women and girls were subjected to invasive and humiliating searches and raped, sometimes gang- raped, while male detainees were most commonly raped with objects and sometimes subjected to genital mutilation. Rape of women and girls was documented in 20 Government political and military intelligence branches, and rape of men and boys was documented in 15 branches. Sexual violence against females and males is used to force confessions, to extract information, as punishment, as well as to terrorise opposition communities. -
Sectarian Conflict in Syria
Sectarian Conflict in Syria BY M. ZUHDI JASSER yria’s civil war is now well into its third year. The international community, including the United Nations, the International Committee of the Red Cross and many non-governmen- Stal organizations, largely agree that the Assad regime has committed wide-ranging human rights abuses during the conflict. This includes violating its obligations under the 1949 Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocol I, a 1977 amendment that added provisions that the gov- ernment has clearly violated, including indiscriminate attacks on civilian populations, and destruction of food, water, and other materials needed for survival. In addition, extrajudicial killings, rape, and torture have been well documented. Most recently, U.S. President Obama confirmed that the Syrian regime has unleashed chemical weapons. There are also groups associ- ated with the opposition who have committed crimes against humanity including extrajudicial punishments as well as targeting Christian clergy. With human suffering and risks to regional stability rising, there is a growing urgency to end the strife and plot a course to ensure stability for all Syrians. As the son of Syrian-American immigrants and a member of the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF), the violence in Syria is personal. My immediate and extended family in Aleppo and Damascus deal with this war and humanitarian disaster every day. Healing ethno-sectarian divisions is necessary for ending hostilities and transitioning to a democracy where the rule of law protects fundamental civil and religious liberties. Both current President Bashar al-Assad and his late father, former President Hafez al-Assad, have manipulated inter-communal divisions to maintain power, routinely selecting for favor individual Syrians based on their identity, in addition to their fealty to the national socialist Ba’ath Party. -
Syria and the UN Security Council Dr
Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect Occasional Paper Series No. 5, March 2015 Failure to Protect: Syria and the UN Security Council Dr. Simon Adams The Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect was established in February 2008 as a catalyst to promote and apply the norm of the “Responsibility to Protect” populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. Through its programs and publications, the Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect is a resource for governments, international institutions and civil society on prevention and early action to halt mass atrocity crimes. ABOUT THE AUTHOR: Dr. Simon Adams is Executive Director of the Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect. Dr. Adams has worked extensively with governments and civil society organizations in South Africa, East Timor, Rwanda and elsewhere. Between 1994 and 2002 Dr. Adams worked with Sinn Féin and former IRA prisoners in support of the Northern Ireland peace process. He is also a former anti-apartheid activist and member of the African National Congress. Dr. Adams has written on the Responsibility to Protect as well as the ongoing conflict in Syria for the New York Times, International Herald Tribune and many other publications. Dr. Adams has also appeared as an expert commentator on Al-Jazeera, BBC, ARD (Germany), Chinese Central Television and numerous other media. He has written four books and numerous articles on issues of political conflict and mass atrocity prevention. Dr. Adams previously served as Pro Vice Chancellor at Monash University in Australia and as Vice President of its South African campus. -
A Report on 2012'S Most Notable Massacres
SNHR is an independent, non-governmental, nonprofit, human rights organization that was founded in June 2011. SNHR is a Tuesday 1 January 2013 certified source for the United Nation in all of its statistics. A Report on 2012’s Most Notable Massacres These are the massacres that SNHR team was able to document over the course of the year. However, it should be noted that there are tens of massacres, where we couldn’t contact residents or visit the site where the crime took place. The overall death toll of these massacres is 2469 victims. A large portion of those victims were killed in extremely brutal field-execution such as slaughter using knives, shooting inside the mouth, or burning to death. - Esheira neighborhood massacre Date: March 9, 2012 – March 11, 2012 Victim count: 224 The massacre took place in Homs governorate, and was carried out through shell- ing, field-executions, and slaughters by the Syrian army. - Al Rastan massacre Date: April 4, 2012 Victim count: 11 The massacre took place in Homs governorate, and was carried out using phosphor- ic and chemical shells by the Syrian army. - Al Bayyada massacre Date: April 12, 2012 Victim count: 8 This massacre took place in Homs governorate, and was carried out using guns by the Syrian army - Al Shammas neighborhood massacre Date: May 5, 2012 – June 16, 2012 Victim count: 14 This massacre took place in Homs governorate, and was carried out through arrests and field-executions by the Syrian army 1 www.sn4hr.org - [email protected] - Al Houla massacre Date: May 26, 2012 Victim count: 109 This massacre took place in Homs governorate, where Shabiha from pro-regime villages raided al Houla city, with the support of the Syrian army, and killed civil- ians and disfigured their dead bodies inside their houses. -
State Propaganda in Syria from War Crimes to Pipelines
STATE PROPAGANDA IN SYRIA: FROM WAR CRIMES TO PIPELINES IN SYRIA: FROM WAR PROPAGANDA STATE Published by: International State Crime Initiative School of Law Queen Mary University of London State Propaganda in Syria ISBN: 978-0-9934574-8-7 From War Crimes to Pipelines Nafeez Ahmed An INSURGE intelligence investigation School of Law Nafeez Ahmed (CC) Nafeez Ahmed 2018 This publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International license: you may copy and distribute the document, only in its entirety, as long as it is attributed to the authors and used for non-commercial, educational, or public policy purposes. ISBN: 978-0-9934574-8-7 (Paperback) and 978-0-9934574-9-4 (eBook-PDF) Published with the support of Forum for Change by: International State Crime Initiative School of Law Queen Mary University of London Mile End Road London E1 4NS United Kingdom www.statecrime.org Author: Nafeez Ahmed Recommended citation: Ahmed, N.(2018) State Propaganda in Syria: From War Crimes to Pipelines. London: International State Crime Initiative. Cover image: ‘Return to Homs’, A Syrian refugee walks among severely damaged buildings in downtown Homs, Syria, on June 3, 2014. (Xinhua/Pan Chaoyue) Layout and design: Paul Jacobs, QMUL CopyShop Printing: QMUL CopyShop School of Law From War Crimes to Pipelines ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5 FOREWORD 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 11 1. INTRODUCTION 19 2. ESCALATION 23 2.1 OBSTRUCTION 24 2.2 JINGOISM 25 2.3 DUPLICITY 26 3. WHITE HELMETS 29 3.1 CAUGHT IN THE ACT 29 3.2 AID CONVOY CONTROVERSY 32 3.3 CHAIN OF CUSTODY 38 3.4 THE WHITE HELMETS AND PROPAGANDA: QUESTIONS 42 3.5 THE WHITE HELMETS AND PROPAGANDA: MYTHS 46 4. -
Syrian Crisis: from Kofi Annan to Lakhdar Brahimi
MARCH 2016 UN Mediation in the Syrian Crisis: From Kofi Annan to Lakhdar Brahimi RAYMOND HINNEBUSCH AND I. WILLIAM ZARTMAN WITH ELIZABETH PARKER-MAGYAR AND OMAR IMADY Cover Photo: Secretary-General Ban Ki- ABOUT THE AUTHORS moon (center) meets with Kofi Annan (left) and Lakhdar Brahimi (right), RAYMOND HINNEBUSCH is the Director of the Centre for September 4, 2012. UN Photo/Devra Syrian Studies and Professor of International Relations and Berkowitz. Middle East Studies at the University of St. Andrews. His Disclaimer: The views expressed in this recent research interests have included a project on Syrian- paper represent those of the authors Turkish relations, a book on international relations theory and not necessarily those of the and the Middle East, and a project on the Arab uprising, International Peace institute. IPI state formation, and the new struggle for power in the welcomes consideration of a wide range of perspectives in the pursuit of Middle East and North Africa. a well-informed debate on critical policies and issues in international I. WILLIAM ZARTMAN is the Jacob Blaustein Distinguished affairs. Professor Emeritus of International Organization and Conflict Resolution and former Director of the Conflict IPI Publications Adam Lupel, Director of Research and Management and African Studies Programs at the Paul H. Publications Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Albert Trithart, Assistant Editor Hopkins University. He is also a member of the Steering Committee of the Processes of International Negotiation Suggested Citation: Program at the Clingendael Institute in the Netherlands. Raymond Hinnebusch, I. William Zartman, et al., “UN Mediation in the Syrian Crisis: From Kofi Annan to Lakhdar Brahimi,” New York: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS International Peace Institute, March 2016. -
Regime Crackdown in Syria (2011–2017) - Unpacking Violence Against Civilians
FFI-RAPPORT 18/01990 Regime crackdown in Syria (2011–2017) - unpacking violence against civilians Eline Knarrum Bostad Regime crackdown in Syria (2011–2017) – unpacking violence against civilians Eline Knarrum Bostad Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI) 16 October 2018 FFI-RAPPORT 18/01990 1 Keywords Syria Krig Scenarioer FFI-rapport 18/01990 Prosjektnummer 134201 ISBN P: 978-82-464-3118-5 E: 978-82-464-3119-2 Approvers Alf Christian Hennum, Research Manager Iver Johansen, Principal Scientist The document is electronically approved and therefore has no handwritten signature. Copyright © Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI). The publication may be freely cited where the source is acknowledged. 2 FFI-RAPPORT 18/01990 Summary This report sets out to explore and explain the overwhelming violence against civilians in Syria carried out by the regime and its allies from the beginning of the uprisings in 2011 until the end of 2017. The report employs the scenario-based framework developed by the Norwegian Defense Research Establishment (FFI) in trying to better understand the type of threats civilians in Syria have been subject to at different times and in different places throughout the armed conflict. The report finds that violence against civilians in Syria can be divided into five phases, each representing an escalation in the regime’s violence, and each portraying qualitative differences in the ways in which civilians have been targeted. It concludes that the regime’s overarching motivation for targeting civilians throughout the conflict has been its own survival. Simultaneously, it shows how a number of overlapping motivations and a diversification of threats seem to have guided the regime’s targeting of civilians.