Monthly Briefing from Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station Volume 7, Issue 1 September 2012 Yield Expectations for Mixed Stand, Small-Scale Agriculture Jack Rabin, Associate Director – Farm Programs, Gladis Zinati, Ph.D., Research Manager – Sustainable Soil Science and Peter Nitzsche, County Agricultural Agent, Morris County

Horticultural row crop yield expectations from Realistic yield expectations: commercial fields are well confirmed by multiple studies. Agricultural professionals use these target • Matter the moment participants sell crops, i.e., yields to assist them in predicting cost and return advance from gardening lifestyle activities to budgets, number of seeds or plants needed, commercial market gardening or small-scale fertilizer and other inputs, packaging supplies, and agriculture enterprises. estimating revenues. • Enable individuals unfamiliar with farm Yield expectations are an equally important productivity to estimate food garden output planning tool for mixed stands of vegetables and based on parcel size when preparing grants and small fruit crops grown in community gardens and community garden project proposals. small-scale agriculture enterprises. Yet, few yield studies are available for these operations. • Enable quick estimates of “food security” production required for calculating daily Knowledge for Non-Agriculturalists fruit and vegetable servings generated from a particular parcel of land. This report makes mixed stand yield expectations available to non-agriculture professionals: • Enable cost-benefit analysis of public or private community economic development sociologists, investments in urban market garden projects. urban policy planning professionals, and professionals preparing grant proposals. • Give guidance in determining which crops to grow efficiently and economically in small spaces; estimating how much there may be to sell; and estimating profitability. As a General Guideline, a Yield Expectation of
0.5 lb/square foot* is a realistic value for Mixed Stand, Small-Scale Agriculture

*Fifty-three yield values were encountered in preparing this report. Fifty were individual crop yield reports and three were yields reported from 2,608 mixed stand community or home food gardens under a variety of settings and reporting methods. For example, some reports included non-cropped alleyways in measurements while others excluded Wide rows on a u-pick farm provide space for people to them; some were self reported by gardeners, while others weighed yield samples. Across this wide range of settings, 0.5 lb/ft2 was the mode (most frequently occurring yield make multiple harvests. Plant spacing affects yield. value), occurring 13/53 times. While an extreme range of yields from 0.09 to 4.50 lb/ft2 were Lee Turkey Farm, East Windsor, NJ encountered in these reports, the most common yield range was 0.20 to 1.3 lbs./ft2. Sustaining Farming on the Urban Fringe 2 Existing Resources In 2009, the National Gardening Association polled 2,559 households. Respondents with an Rutgers NJAES Ag Agent, Norm Smith, and his average of 12 years of food gardening experience colleague Al Stoner at USDA, presented yields and an average garden size 600 ft2 reported 300 during a historical period in agriculture when lb yield mixed vegetables. They concluded a well smaller-scale commercial market gardening was maintained food garden can yield 0.5 lb/ft2 common in the US (Table 1). produce over a growing season. Times were different. Smith and Stoner presented Also in 2009, Penn Center Public Health their data using 100 foot row units – typical for Initiatives collected yields from 48 gardens in market gardens of the day. It’s unlikely they would Camden, NJ. An aggregate of 60,621 ft2 yielded have imagined the small size of land parcels 30,836 lb of diversified produce, or 0.5 lb/ft2. proposed today could be economically viable. Their recommendations for seed amounts (higher, Summary probably because seed was relatively cheap) and spacing (too narrow for some crops) are not what Realistic yield expectations are an important we recommend today. Parcel sizes proposed today factor when planning mixed stand, small-scale often are limited to hand weeding and harvesting, agricultural endeavors. which requires wider row spacing for human movement; growing areas are often in raised bed Comparing reported historical market garden frames which produce edge shading. These factors yields with recent small-scale operation yields affect yield. Nevertheless, their work provides us under modern conditions, and yields from with pertinent information. current community gardens, give insight into yield expectations. We conclude that yields When converted to yield per square foot (column ranging from a low of approximately 0.25 lb/ 5 of Table 1), it’s remarkable how similar yield ft2 to a high of approximately 1.25 lb/ft2 may be ranges are for a diverse variety of crops. Space expected. As a general guideline, when factoring consuming crops that don’t work in small parcels in yield expectations for mixed stand small-scale become obvious: vine crops such as melon or agriculture ventures, 0.5 lb/ft2 is an acceptable winter squash may be nutritious and desirable and realistic value. to grow, but unless trellised, require wide rows; asparagus yields a few spears per square foot. References

In small-scale agriculture studies, Lewis Jett, Fermont, A. and T. Benson. 2011. Estimating Yield of Food Crops West Virginia University, measured yields in Grown by Smallholder Farmers, A Review in the Uganda Context. high tunnel production (Table 2). The yields are International Food Policy Research Institute, Discussion Paper. 68 pp. based only on the cultivated bed areas in high tunnels, representing about 70% of the usable Gilroy, A. and Beth Sanders. 2011. Urban Food Zoning: Health, space. Jett’s yield findings are similar to some Environmental and Economic Considerations. Oregon Public Health crop yields published a generation ago by Smith Institute and City of Portland Bureau of Planning and Sustainability. and Stoner. For broccoli, kale, and similar greens, the yield estimates/ft2 from both studies are in a Jett, L. W. Personal Communication. Yield of Selected Vegetable narrow range of about 0.3-0.75 lb/ft2. Expected and Small Fruit High Tunnel Crops. West Virginia University, 2102 bush bean average yields are nearly identical. As Agriculture Bldg., Morgantown, WV. 1 page. expected, hybrid pepper and tomato yields under best practices, protected in a high tunnel, have National Gardening Association. 2009. The Impact of Home and advanced to 1.2 to 2 lb/ft2, about three times Community Gardening in America. 17 pp. more than what was achieved a generation ago. Stoner, A. and Norman J. Smith. 1978. Vegetables Are Appealing If Mixed Stand Experiences You Don’t Mind the Work. In: Living on a Few Acres. USDA Yearbook of Agriculture. Pages 199-209. Yields reported by Smith and Stoner back in 1978 and more recently by Jett, are confirmed by the Vitiello, D., et al. 2010. Community Gardening in Camden, NJ Harvest experiences of home and community market Report: Summer 2009. 2010. University of Pennsylvania Center for garden analyses. Public Health Initiatives. 51 pp. )) )))))) )) )))))))))))))))))))

Table 1. Suggested plant spacing, number of seeds or plants required, and average yield of common vegetables. Table modified from Stoner and Smith (1978) to include square foot conversion. Spacing (inches) Plants or seed Average yield Average Yield Vegetable Rows Plants per 100 feet expected 100 feet Expected/ft2 Asparagus 36-48 18 66 plants or 1 oz 30 lb 0.08-0.1 lb Beans, snap bush 24-36 3-4 ½ lb 120 lb 0.4-0.6 lb Beans, snap pole 36-48 4-6 ½ lb 150 lb 0.38-0.5 lb Beans, lima bush 30-36 3-4 ½ lb 25 lb shelled 0.08-0.1 lb Beans, lima pole 36-48 12-18 ¼ lb 50 lb shelled 0.13-0.17 lb Beets 15-24 2 1 oz 150 lb 0.75-1.2 lb Broccoli 24-36 14-24 50-60 plts or ¼ oz 100 lb 0.33-0.5 lb Brussels Sprouts 24-36 14-24 50-60 plts or ¼ oz 75 lb 0.25-0.38 lb Cabbage 24-36 14-24 50-60 plts or ¼ oz 150 lb 0.5-0.75 lb Cabbage, Chinese 18-30 8-12 60-70 plts or ¼ oz 80 heads n/a Carrots 15-24 2 ½ oz 100 lb 0.5-0.8 lb Cauliflower 24-36 14-24 50-60 plts or ¼ oz 100 lb 0.33-0.5 lb Celery 30-36 6 200 plants 180 stalks n/a Collards & Kale 18-36 8-16 ¼ oz 100 lb 0.33-0.67 lb Corn, sweet 24-36 12-18 3-4 oz 10 doz n/a Cucumbers 48-72 24-48 ½ oz 120 lb 0.2-0.3 lb Eggplant 24-36 18-24 50 plts or 1/8 oz 100 lb 0.33-0.5 lb Kohlrabi 15-24 4-6 ½ oz 75 lb 0.38-0.6 lb Lettuce, head 18-24 6-10 ¼ oz 100 heads n/a Lettuce, leaf 15-18 2-3 ¼ oz 50 lb 0.33-0.4 lb Muskmelon, 60-96 24-36 50 plts or ½ oz 100 fruit n/a cantaloupe Okra 36-42 12-24 2 oz 100 lb 0.29-0.33 lb Onions 15-24 3-4 400-600 sets or 1 oz 100 lb 0.5-0.8 lb Parsley 15-24 6-8 ¼ oz 30 lb 0.15-0.24 lb Parsnips 18-30 3-4 ½ oz 100 lb 0.4-0.67 lb Peas, English 18-36 1 1 lb 20 lb 0.07-0.13 lb Peas, Southern 24-36 4-6 ½ lb 40 lb 0.13-0.2 lb Peppers 24-36 18-24 50 plts or 1/8 oz 60 lb 0.2-0.3 lb Potatoes, Irish 30-36 10-15 6-10 lb of seed tubers 100 lb 0.33-0.4 lb Potatoes, sweet 36-48 12-16 75-100 plts 100 lb 0.25-0.33 lb Pumpkins 60-96 36-48 ½ oz 100 lb n/a Radishes 14-24 1 1 oz 100 bunches n/a Spinach 14-24 3-4 1 oz 40-50 lb 0.23-0.36 lb Squash, summer 36-60 18-36 1 oz 150 lb 0.3-0.5 lb Squash, winter 60-96 24-48 ½ oz 100 lb 0.13-0.2 lb Tomatoes 24-48 18-36 50 plts or 1/8 oz 100 lb 0.25-0.5 lb Turnip, greens 14-24 2-3 ½ oz 50-100 lb 0.38-0.6 lb Turnip, roots 14-24 2-3 ½ oz 50-100 lb 0.38-0.6 lb Watermelon 72-96 36-72 1 oz 40 fruit n/a

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Table 2. Yield of selected vegetable and small fruit high tunnel crops. Lewis Jett. Personal Communication.

Average yield/sq ft Estimated Total Yield per Crop (no. or lb) High Tunnel (no. or lb) Beans, snap bush 0.5 lb 1,000 lb Beets 5 beets 1,600 bunches Broccoli 0.4 lb 670 bunches Carrots 16 carrots 2,600 bunches Cucumbers 3.5 lb 7,000 lb Eggplant 1.6 lb 3,200 lb Kale (full size) 3 bunches 6,500 bunches Kale (as baby salad greens) 0.5 lb 1,000 lb Lettuce (as baby salad greens) 0.5 lb 1,000 lb Lettuce (full size head) 1.2 lb 2,400 lb Muskmelon, cantaloupe 1.5 lb 3,000 lb Onions 0.6 lb 1,200 lb Onions (green bunching scallions) 15 scallions 4,200 bunches Potatoes (Irish) 1.5 lb 3,000 lb Peas (Sugar snap) 0.5 lb 1,000 lb Raspberries (primocane) 0.4 lb 800 lb Spinach (full size leaves) 0.5 lb 1,000 lb Strawberries (June-bearer) 0.8 lb 1,600 lb Squash (summer, early) 1.3 lb 2,600 lb Squash (summer, full season) 4.5 lb 9,000 lb Swiss Chard 2.9 bunches 5,800 bunches Tomatoes (red round, slicing) 1.8 lb 3,600 lb Tomatoes (grape, cherry, salad) 1.2 lb 2,400 lb Peppers, sweet bell 2.0 lb 4,000 lb Turnips 4 turnips 1,300 bunches

88 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8525 848.932.3610

KSU HORTICULTURE REPORT VEGETABLE GARDEN PLANTING GUIDE Vegetable Gardens

By Charles Marr Extension Specialist

A well–planned, properly tended vegetable garden can desire to assist nature in plant growth, anyone can be a provide not only an excellent source of fresh, nutritious successful home gardener. This publication is a brief vegetables, but also relaxation and enjoyment for the guide to vegetable gardening planting information. entire family. With a few simple tools, a little space, and a

Vegetable Yields Vegetable Yields Average Approximately Average Approximately crop expected planting crop expected planting Vegetables per 100 feet per person Vegetables per 100 feet per person Asparagus 30 lb. 10–15 plants Muskmelon (cantaloupe) 100 fruits 3–5 hills Beans, snap bush 120 lb. 15–16 feet Mustard 100 lb. 5–10 feet Beans, snap pole 150 lb. 5–6 feet Okra 100 lb. 4–6 feet Beans, Lima bush 25 lb. shelled 10–15 feet Onions (plants or sets) 100 lb. 3–5 feet Beans, Lima pole 50 lb. shelled 5–6 feet Onions (seed) 100 lb. 3–5 feet Beets 150 lb. 5–10 feet Parsley 30 lb. 1–3 feet Broccoli 100 lb. 3–5 plants Parsnips 100 lb. 5 feet Brussels sprouts 75 lb. 2–5 plants Peas, English 20 lb. 15–20 feet Cabbage 150 lb. 3–4 plants Peas, southern 40 lb. 10–15 feet Cabbage, Chinese 80 heads 3–10 feet Peppers 60 lb. 3–5 plants Carrots 100 lb. 5–10 feet Potatoes, Irish 100 lb. 50–100 feet Cauliflower 100 lb. 3–5 plants Potatoes, Sweet 100 lb. 5–10 plants Celeriac 60 lb. 5 feet Pumpkins 100 lb. 1–2 hills Celery 180 stalks 10 stalks Radishes 100 bunches 3–5 feet Chard, Swiss 75 lb. 3–5 plants Salsify 100 lb. 5 feet Collards and kale 100 lb. 5–10 feet Soybeans 20 lb. 50 feet Corn, sweet 10 dozen 10–15 feet Spinach 40–50 lb. 5–10 feet Cucumbers 120 lb. 1–2 hills Squash, summer 150 lb. 2–3 hills Eggplant 100 lb. 2–3 plants Squash, winter 100 lb. 1–3 hills Garlic 40 lb. 1–5 feet Tomatoes 100 lb. 3–5 plants Kohlrabi 75 lb. 3–5 feet Turnip greens 50–100 lb. 5–10 feet Lettuce, head 100 heads 10 feet Turnip roots 50–100 lb. 5–10 feet Lettuce, leaf 50 lb. 10 feet Watermelon 40 fruits 2–4 hills

KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AND COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE 2–4 18 Half-Hardy 18–24 36 Hardy 12–18 36 Hardy

12-18 36 Hardy 10–12 36 Hardy 2–3 18 Half-Hardy

18–24 36 Half-Hardy

2–4 36 Hardy

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18–24 36 Tender

2–4 18–24 Half-Hardy 3–4 18–24 Half-Hardy

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2–3 12–18 Hardy 4–6 18–24 Hardy 2–3 12–18 Half-Hardy

24–48 36–42 Tender 6–824–483–4 18–24 36–48 12–18 Half-Tender Tender Hardy

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Type of Days to Plants or Seeds Days to Temperature Planting Within Row Between Rows Frost

Seed or Transplant

Seeded 80–90

Seeded 50–55 1 oz. 7–10 75–85 1 36–48 48–72 Very Tender Seeded 50–55 1 oz. 7–10 75–85 1 60–72 96 Very Tender

Crop Planting First Harvest Per 100' Row Germinate (F) (In.) (In.) (In.) Resistance Vegetable Crop Information

Asparagus Perennial (Crowns) Asparagus Seed (Transplant) Rhubarb Perennial (Crowns) Beans SnapBeans—Lima Seeded Seeded 50–60 65–75 Beets Seeded 55 –65 2 oz. 7–10 50–60 Broccoli Seed or Transplant Brussels Sprouts Cabbage Seed or Transplant

Chinese Cabbage Carrots Seeded 70–80 1 oz. 10–12 55–70 Cauliflower Seed or Transplant

Cucumbers Seed or Plants 60–65

Eggplant Transplants 75–90* 50 plants (8–12) (75–85) — 18–24 36 Very Tender Garlic Sets 140–160 3 lbs. — — 1 4–6 18–36 Hardy Horseradish Roots Fall 75–100 roots — — 3–4 12–18 36 Hardy KaleKohlrabi Seed or Transplant Seeded 60–90 1 oz. 6–9 50–60

Lettuce (Seed)Lettuce (Plants) Seeded Transplants 35–45 45–50 100–200 plants (6–8) (50–70) ( Head Lettuce Seed or Transplants Muskmelon Seed or Plants 80–90 Mustard Seeded 50–60 Onion (Sets) Sets 100–120 2 qts. — — 1

Parsley Seeded 60–70 Onion (Plants) Transplants 100–120* 300 plants — — 1 Parsnip Seeded Fall OkraPeas Seeded Seeded 50–60 60–80 2 oz. 1 Ib. 6–12 7–10 75–85 50–65 2 1–2 12–24 Hardy Peppers Transplants 65–80* 50 plants (10–14) (75–85) (

Potatoes Tuber Pieces 70–90 10 Ibs. — 50–60 2–3 8–12 36 Half-Hardy Pumpkin Seeded 110–130 1 oz. 7–10 75–85 1 72–90 72–90 Half-Tender RadishRutabaga Seeded Seeded 25–30 90–120 1 oz. 4–6 50–60 Salsify Seeded 140–150 1 oz. 8–12 55–70 Spinach Seeded 40–45 2 oz. 9–12 55–70 1 2–3 12–18 Half-Hardy Squash—Summer Squash—Winter Sweet Corn Seeded 80–100 Sweetpotatoes Plants 130–140 75–100 plants — — — 12–16 36–48 Very Tender Swiss Chard Seeded 50–60 1 oz. 9–12 55–70

Turnips Seeded 45–65 1 oz. 5–10 60–70 TomatoTomatoWatermelon Transplants Direct Seeded Seeded 70–85 80–95 80–90 30–60 plants (7–10) 1 oz. (75–85) 8–12 ( 80–90 1–2 72–90 72–90 Very Tender ( ) = Seeding information for hotbed; allow 6–8 weeks in hotbed or greenhouse. * From date of transplanting.

2 Vegetable Garden Calendar Plant Harvest

MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV Beans (Snap) Beans (Snap) Beans (Snap) Beans (Snap) Beans (Lima) Beans (LimaÐBush) Beans (Lima) Beans (LimaÐPole) Cabbage Cabbage Cabbage Cabbage Collards Collards Chard Chard Cucumbers Cucumbers Carrots Carrots Carrots Carrots Broccoli Broccoli Broccoli Broccoli Endive Endive Endive Endive Cauliflower Cauliflower Cauliflower Cauliflower Eggplant Eggplant Kale Kale Melons Melons Lettuce Lettuce Lettuce Lettuce Lettuce Lettuce Peppers Peppers Potatoes Potatoes Potatoes Potatoes Okra Okra Radish Radish Radish Radish Pumpkins Pumpkins Salsify Salsify Onions Onions Onion Sets Green Onions Peas Peas Spinach Spinach Spinach Spinach Sweet Potatoes Sweet Potatoes Sweet Corn Sweet Corn Squash W. Squash Squash Winter Squash Tomatoes Tomatoes Turnips Turnips Turnips Turnips Beets Beets Beets Beets

3 Common Garden Problems Symptom Possible Causes Corrective Measures Plants stunted in growth; yellow color Lack of soil fertility or soil pH abnormal Use fertilizer and correct pH according to soil test. Use 3 to 4 pounds of complete fertilizer per 100 square feet in absence of soil test. Plants growing in compacted, poorly- Modify soil with organic matter or drained soil. coarse sand. Insect or disease damage Use a regular spray or dust program. Poor-quality seed or plants Use high-quality seed or plants of recommended varieties. Plants stunted in growth; sickly, purplish Low temperature Plant at proper time. Don’t use light- color colored mulch too early in the season. Holes in leaves; leaves yellowish and Insect damage Use recommended insecticides. drooping, or distorted in shape Plant leaves with spots; dead, dried Plant disease Use resistant varieties, remove areas; or powdery or rusty areas diseased plants when they are noticed, and use a regular spray. Plants wilt even though water is present Soluble salts too high or root system Have soil tested. Use soil insecticides. damage Plants with weak root systems Poor drainage Use organic matter or sand in soil. Insect or nematode damage Use recommended varieties and soil insecticides. Plants tall, spindly and unproductive Excessive shade Relocate to sunny area. Keep weeds down. Excessive nitrogen Reduce applications of nitrogen Blossom drop Hot, dry periods Use mulch and water. Low night temperatures Avoid planting too early in spring. Overwatering or disease Stop watering or use regular spray program. Tomato leaf roll Excessive pruning or soil moisture Remove suckers when small. Use fluctuations mulches. Leathery, dry, brown blemish on the Blossom end rot Maintain a uniform soil moisture blossom end of tomato fruit supply. Avoid overwatering and excessive nitrogen. Steps to a More Successful Home Garden • Sample soil and have it tested every three to four • Use mulches to conserve moisture, control weeds years. and reduce rots. • Apply fertilizer to garden area in recommended • Keep plants free of insects and diseases. manner. • Examine plants often to keep ahead of potential • Thin when plants are small. problems. • Avoid excessive walking and working in the garden • Keep weeds out. when the foliage and soil are wet. • Remove tomato suckers as soon as they form (1 to 2 • Wash and clean sprayer well after each use. inches long). Brand names appearing in this publication are for product identification purposes only. No endorsement is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products not mentioned. Publications from Kansas State University are available on the World Wide Web at: http://www.oznet.ksu.edu Contents of this publication may be freely reproduced for educational purposes. All other rights reserved. In each case, credit Charles Marr, Vegetable Garden Planting Guide, Kansas State University, November 1992. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service MF-315 November 1992 It is the policy of Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service that all persons shall have equal opportunity and access to its educational programs, services, activities, and materials without regard to race, color, religion, national origin, sex, age or disability. Kansas State University is an equal opportunity organization. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension Work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, as amended. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and United States Department of Agriculture Cooperating, Marc A. Johnson, Director. File code: Horticulture & LandscapingÐ5 4 EXPECTED YIELDS

There can be very marked differences between yields of different plantings of a vegetable crop, depending on the cultivar selected, and on the environmental conditions prevailing during the growth of the crop. Even larger differences in yield between crops can be ascribed to the cultural practices applied, and to the relative expertise of the individual growers. Certain farmers consistently achieve good yields of good quality, while others produce poor crops. This difference in the ability of growers is of particular importance with horticultural crops, which are grown intensively.

Whether the causes of yield differences are environmental or managerial, a grower inexperienced in a particular vegetable crop needs to have some indication of potential yield as an aid when making decisions about growing the crop.

Expected yields from commercial plantings of some vegetable crops can be listed under three headings:

The conservative yield The "conservative" yield is that obtained from a relatively poor crop, and is frequently not economical to produce, unless particularly high prices are realised.

The likely yield The "likely" yield is that achieved from the majority of plantings by the average grower.

The target yield The "target" figures are those that a good grower could realistically achieve in practice. These are not considered to be the potential yields of the prospective crops. For example, the target figure for dwarf green beans is given as 10 to 15 tons per hectare. Yields of over 20 tons per hectare have been achieved by some growers, even from large plantings, and certain trial plots have yielded the equivalent of about 30 tons per hectare. Similarly, carrots could yield in excess of 70 tons per hectare, cabbage over 110 tons per hectare and tomatoes more than 100 tons per hectare, from specific commercial plantings. However, such yields are exceptional. Yields that a commercial grower may expect from the main vegetable crops grown, divided according to the above categories, are suggested in the following table.

Table 8. Commercial yields of vegetable crops.

Yield in tons per hectare Crop Conservative Likely Target

Artichoke, globe 3 5 7 - 8

Asparagus 1,5 2,5 4

Bean, broad 3 - 4 5 - 6 7 - 8

Bean, dwarf, green 5 7 - 8 10 - 15

Bean, lima 5 7 10

Bean, runner, green 7 10 15 - 20 Yield in tons per hectare Crop Conservative Likely Target

Beetroot 14 18 25

Broccoli 5 8 12

Brussels sprouts 7 10 15

Butternut 12 15 - 18 25 - 30

Cabbage 30 50 80 - 90

Carrot, large 20 30 40

Carrot, baby 10 15 20

Cauliflower 7 - 8 10 - 12 15 - 20

Celery 15 - 20 25 - 30 40

Chilli, green 7 10 15

Chilli, dry 1,5 2,5 4

Cucumber 12 15 - 18 25 - 30

Egg-fruit 12 - 15 20 25

Garlic 6 10 15

Gem squash 12 15 - 18 25 -30

Hubbard squash 12 - 15 18 - 20 30

Lettuce 12 - 15 20 - 25 30 - 40

Marrow, bush, large 12 15 - 18 25 - 30

Marrow, baby 7 - 8 12 15

Melon, musk 12 15 - 18 25

Melon, sweet 12 15 - 18 25

Melon, water 12 - 15 20 30

Onion, large 15 - 20 25 - 30 40

Paprika, dry 1,5 2,5 4 - 5

Parsley 2 3 4

Parsnip 10 - 12 15 - 18 20 - 25

Pea, green, in pods 4 6 8 - 10

Pea, edible podded 2 - 3 4 - 5 6 - 7

Pepper, sweet, bell 20 30 40 Yield in tons per hectare Crop Conservative Likely Target

Potato, dryland or hot areas 10 17 28

Potato, irrigation 17 28 45

Pumpkin, boer 12 - 15 18 - 20 30

Spinach, true 7 - 8 10 - 12 15 - 20

Sweet-corn 7 - 8 10 15

Sweet potato 15 - 20 25 - 30 40

Swiss chard 20 30 40

Tomato 30 45 - 50 60 - 80 Direct Seeded Vegetable Crops Average Seeds Needed Per: Average Yield Per: Vegetable 100’ Row Acre 100’ Acres Weight: Seeds: (M=1,000) Beans, bush 800 85 lbs. 125M 80 lbs. 4,000 lbs. Beans, pole 400 49 lbs. 43.5M 150 lbs. 4,000 lbs. Beans, lima 400 145 lbs. 58M 12 lbs. 2,500 lbs. Beans, shell American & Italian 700 150 lbs. 120-128M 8 lbs. 1,800 lbs. French 700 65 lbs. 117M 8 lbs. 3,480 lbs. Beans, soy 800 80 lbs. 144M 20 lbs. fresh, 12 lbs. dry 3,480 lbs. Beets 1,500 9 lbs. 315M 40 lbs. greens, 100 lbs. roots 14,000 lbs. Broccoli 170 1/2-3/4 lbs. 50M 75 lbs. 10,500 lbs. Brussels sprouts 200 5 oz. 35M 60 lbs. 16,000 lbs. Burdock 1/2 oz. or 800 seeds 6 lbs. 183M 60 lbs. 13,000 lbs. Cabbage 300 51/4 oz. 37M 150 lbs.; 60 heads 31,500 lbs. Cabbage, Chinese 300 7 oz. 66M 60 heads 35,000 lbs. Carrot 3,000 21/2 lbs. 720M 100 lbs. 30,000 lbs. Cauliflower 200 4 oz. 32M 90 lbs.; 60 heads 12,000 lbs. Corn, sweet 200 111/2 lbs. 29M 8 dozen ears 1,200 dozen Corn, ornamental 6 oz. or 400 seeds 25-35 lbs. 20 lbs. fresh, 12 lbs. dry 2,900 lbs. Cucumber 600 21/2 lbs. 42.5M 120 lbs. 17,500 lbs. Endive 600 10 oz. 190M 80 heads 13,500 lbs. Greens, Mustard 1,500 11/3 lbs. 250M 100 lbs. 29,000 lbs. Kale/Collards 450 1 lb. 112M 75 lbs. 16,275 Kohlrabi 1,500 41/4 lbs. 436M 50 lbs. 14,500 lbs. Leeks 600 11 oz. 105M 150 stalks 32,550 stalks Lettuce (full size heads, 1 1 precision seeded) 400 seeds 5 /2 oz. 7 /4 oz. or 174M 50 lbs.; 100 heads 27,000 lbs. Melons 200 13 oz. 15M 100 Fruits 15,000 lbs. Onions, bulbing 2,000 51/2 lbs. 577.5M 100 lbs. 38,500 lbs. Onions, bunching 5,000 71/2 lbs. 1,500M 100 lbs. 29,000 lbs. Parsnips 1/2 oz. or 1,400 seeds 51/2 lbs. 539M 75 lbs. 12,600 lbs. Peas, fresh 1.3 lbs. or 2,600 seeds 270 lbs. 540M 20 lbs. 4,000 lbs. Pumpkin 135 31/2 lbs. 10M 300 lbs. 40,000 lbs. Radish, small 3,580 25 lbs. 1,000M 100 bunches 7,500 lbs. Radish, Daikon 600 7 lbs. 175M 200 roots 39,000 lbs. Rutabaga 600 seeds 151/2 oz. 150M 150 lbs. 40,000 lbs. Salsify 2,000 seeds 13 lbs. 437M 60 lbs. 17,400 lbs. Spinach, full size 1/2 oz. or 1,000 seeds 81/4 lbs. 290M 40 lbs. 12,500 lbs. Squash, Summer Zucchini 300 71/4 lbs. 22M 200 lbs. 30,000 lbs. Yellow Summer 300 5 lbs. 22.5M 200 lbs. 30,000 lbs. Patty Pan/Scallop 300 41/2 lbs. 21.5M 200 lbs. 30,000 lbs. Squash, Winter 200 2-81/2 lbs. 15M 200 lbs. 40,000 lbs. Turnip 3,500 seeds 53/4 lbs. 702M -1,230M 100 lbs. greens; 50 lbs. roots 40,000 lbs. Watermelon 200 11/2 lbs. 15M 70 fruits 18,000 lbs. Transplanted Vegetable Crops Feet of Row Per Acre (1 acre=43,560 square feet) Plants to expect from: Days from setting Average Yield per 100’ Vegetable PKT 1 Oz. plants to mature crops Single Rows Number Rows/Bed on Number of Row beds spaced of Row Beets 175 1,100 35-45 40 lb. greens; 100 lb. roots Distance Apart Feet/Acre 6 ft. on cntr. Feet/Acre Broccoli 75 4,800 45-70 75 lbs. 12” 43,560 1 row 7,260 Brussels Sprouts 75 5,000 100-110 60 lbs. 16” 32,670 2 rows 14,520 18” 29,040 3 rows 21,780 Cabbage 75 4,500 50-150 150 lbs.; 60 heads 20” 26,136 4 rows 29,040 Cauliflower 75 5,600 45-80 90 lbs.; 60 heads 24” 21,780 5 rows 36,300 Celeriac 120 37,500 100-120 60 lbs. 28” 18,668 6 rows 43,560 30” 17,424 Celery 120 37,500 75-90 100 heads 32” 16,335 Eggplant 15 3,500 50-75 75 lbs. 36” 14,520 Kale 70 5,000 40-50 75 lbs. 40” 13,068 42” 12,445 Kohlrabi 60 4,000 30-40 50 lbs. 48” 10,890 Leeks 140 6,000 75-100 150 stalks 60” 8,712 Lettuce 400 20,000 35-65 100 heads; 50 lbs. 72” 7,260 Melons 25 800 70-85 100 fruits Number of seeds to plant/acre: Find your row spacing on the chart. Multiply the corresponding row feet per acre Onions, Bulbing 150 4,000 75-100 100 lbs. figure by the number of seeds (plants) you plan to sow Pepper 20 3,000 50-70 50 lbs. per foot to arrive at the number of seeds you will need per Tomato 30 7,400 50-85 150 lbs. acre. Example: You plan to sow 20 seeds per foot on Watermelon 20 400 70-85 70 fruits rows 24” apart; 20 x 21,780=435,600 seeds/acre. 2 Johnnyseeds.com 1- 877-564-6697 (Fax) 800-738-6314 APPROXIMATE VEGETABLE YIELDS

Vegetables Average crop expected per 100 feet Asparagus 30 lbs Beans, Bush 120-150 lbs Beans, Pole 150-200 lbs Beans, Lima 25-50 lbs Beets 150-200 lbs Broccoli 100 lbs Brussels Sprouts 75 lbs Cabbage 150 lbs Cantaloupe 100 fruits Carrots 150-200 lbs Cauliflower 100 lbs Celery 180 stalks Celeriac 60 lbs Chard, Swiss 75 lbs Corn, Sweet 50-70 lbs Cucumbers 120 lbs Eggplant 100 lbs Garlic 40 lbs Kohlrabi 75 lbs Lettuce, Head 100 heads Lettuce, Leaf 50 lbs Onions 150-200 lbs Parsnips 100 lbs Peas 20-40 lbs Peppers 60-150 lbs Potatoes 150-250 lbs Pumpkins 100-300 lbs Radishes 100 bunches Spinach 40-50 lbs Squash, Summer 300-450 lbs Squash, Winter 300-450 lbs Tomatoes 700-1000 lbs Watermelon 40 fruits