DOCSLIB.ORG

Eastern Ravine & Beaches

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Eastern Ravine & Beaches GETTING THERE AND BACK Follow ravine footpaths and a beach This Plant was once known as “the palace of purity” You can reach the suggested starting point on public boardwalk. Experience a Great Lake because of its beautiful brass and marble interior. transit, by taking the 64 MAIN bus south from Main DISCOVERY WALKS shoreline, gardens and wooded Street Station on the BLOOR/DANFORTH subway ❹LAKE and get off at Kingston Road. The 501 QUEEN ravine parklands. Lake Ontario is part of the largest freshwater system streetcar east from Queen Station on the YONGE in the world. Look for evidence of the lake’s energies subway also provides service into the area including the in the continually shifting beach alignment and the suggested tour end point. THE ROUTE shoreline protection methods. Wind and water are Although you can begin this Discovery Walk at any slowly eroding the nearby Scarborough Bluffs. Sand EASTERNEASTERN point along the route, a good starting point is the deposits from the bluffs have helped form the Beaches northern end of the enchanting Glen Stewart Ravine waterfront and Toronto Islands. The lakeshore and RAVINERAVINE && (see top of map). Follow this ravine down to the Lake nearby Glen Stewart Ravine are important migratory Ontario shore and explore the Eastern Beaches and its stopovers for a significant boardwalk. Along the way, you’ll visit an Art Deco BEACHESBEACHES water treatment plant and a charming Beaches neighbourhood. One In A Series of Self-Guided Walks ❶GLEN STEWART RAVINE Photo by Gera Dillon Gera by Photo Visit the 8.5-hectare ravine and park, Gardener’s House, Kew Gardens which contains many native plants, including many species rare in FOR MORE INFO Toronto. Ames Creek, which flows For more information on Discovery Walks, including through the ravine, is one of the few brochures, please call Parks and Recreation remaining natural streams in the city. Information at (416) 392-1111. For more Archaeologists have found artifacts near information on area history, inquire at the Beaches here that date from about 4000 years ago. Branch of the Toronto Public Library. Today, municipal by-laws protect this ravine and the City is restoring much of the vegetation. number of Discovery Walks is a program of self-guided walks birds as well as ❷ Neighbourhood that links City ravines, parks, gardens, beaches and BEACHES NEIGHBOURHOOD tree-lined street monarch butterflies. neighbourhoods. Other Discovery Walks include: During the late 1800s and early 1900s, the Beaches Year-round, the shoreline is home to Central Ravines, Belt Line and Gardens; Don Valley was one of the most popular beach resorts in the waterfowl such as ducks, gulls and geese. Hills and Dales; Western Ravines and Beaches; region with several amusement parks. Exploring the Northern Ravines and Gardens; and Garrison Creek. tree-lined streets today, the architecture, ❺ASHBRIDGE’S BAY PARK atmosphere and attitude of this community still This park was created in the 1970s by filling in the WORKING IN PARTNERSHIP resemble a small lakeside resort town. lake with excavated material from development sites. The City of Toronto would like to thank the The force of Lake Ontario’s waves is evident where Toronto Public Library, Toronto District School Beaches Park ❸BOARDWALK large boulders protect the constructed shoreline. Board, Toronto Field Naturalists, Toronto Transit Boardwalks have existed along this shoreline Commission, Heritage Toronto, Royal Ontario since 1850. Today’s Boardwalk connects beaches, ❄ Enjoy this Discovery Walk Museum, Toronto Public Health and the lakeside parks and open spaces. The Boardwalk at different times of the year. Community History Project for their support. leads to the City’s architecturally impressive Art You’ll be surprised how it changes Deco style R.C. Harris Water Filtration Plant. from season to season. b Discovery Walks name and logo are official marks of the City of Toronto. # POINTS OF INTEREST “More than half the body’s muscles are ❶ Glen Stewart Ravine designed for walking; it is a natural movement ❷ Beaches Neighbourhood that is virtually injury-free.” ❸ 1 ACCESSIBILITY: The 3.5km (approximate) beach boardwalk Boardwalk Active Living Canada and S E section of this walk has level access, a hard-paved surface T Toronto Public Health U and accessible park washrooms. ❹ Lake MIN 25 ❺ Ashbridge’s Bay Park 2 # 10 MINUTES 2 15 MINUTES 15 15 MINUTES TES MINU ES 20 INUT 3 10 M 3 8 minutes walking distance (approximate) 1 3 4 /2km (approximate) THE HIKERS’ CODE REMEMBER • Stay on the trails • All walks involve LEGEND • Do not disturb wildlife stairs and/or slopes • Keep dogs on a leash Discovery Walk Path Flower Garden • Walking surfaces vary • Be cautious when and can include hard 3 5 M S Connecting/Side Trails Caution crossing roads I NUTE pavement, woodchips, when crossing • Leave flowers and plants Information Signs grass, limestones fines, for others to enjoy This walk is approximately 9.1km long Views sand and/or bare earth Washrooms • Wear suitable clothing with a walking time of about 3 hours Public Library • Steps and paths are not 5 Telephone • Walk with a someone — (minimum). If you walk this route Public Transit it’s safer and more fun lighted and not cleared at a brisk pace, you will burn Stairs • Be aware of other of ice and snow # Suggested starting approximately 600 calories! Steep Incline/Decline and/or ending points trail users. • Use at your own risk N Please note that park washrooms are open from May to October..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 3. Description of the Potentially Affected Environment
    ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 3. Description of the Potentially Affected Environment The purpose of Chapter 3 is to present an overview of the environment potentially affected by the SWP to create familiarity with issues to be addressed and the complexity of the environment likely to be affected by the Project. All aspects of the environment within the Project Study Area (see Figure 2- 1 in Chapter 2) relevant to the Project and its potential effects have been described in this chapter. The chapter is divided into three sections which capture different components of the environment: 1. Physical environment: describes the coastal and geotechnical processes acting on the Project Study Area; 2. Natural environment: describes terrestrial and aquatic habitat and species; and, 3. Socio-economic environment: describes existing and planned land use, land ownership, recreation, archaeology, cultural heritage, and Aboriginal interests. The description of the existing environment is based on the information from a number of studies, which have been referenced in the relevant sections. Additional field surveys were undertaken where appropriate. Where applicable, future environmental conditions are also discussed. For most components of the environment, existing conditions within the Project Area or Project Study Area are described. Where appropriate, conditions within the broader Regional Study Area are also described. 3.1 Physical Environment Structures and property within slopes, valleys and shorelines may be susceptible to damage from natural processes such as erosion, slope failures and dynamic beaches. These processes become natural hazards when people and property locate in areas where they normally occur (MNR, 2001). Therefore, understanding physical natural processes is vital to developing locally-appropriate Alternatives in order to meet Project Objectives.
    [Show full text]
  • Meadowcliffe Drive Erosion Control Project
    Meadowcliffe Drive Erosion Control Project Toronto and Region Conservation Authority Environmental Study Report March 1, 2010 5 Shoreham Drive, Downsview, Ontario M3N 1S4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Toronto and Region Conservation Authority gratefully acknowledges the efforts and contributions of the following people participating in the planning and design phases of the Meadowcliffe Drive Erosion Control Project: Al Sinclair Meadowcliffe Drive Resident Barbara Heidenreich Ontario Heritage Trust Beth McEwen City of Toronto Bruce Pinchin Shoreplan Engineering Limited Councilor Brian Ashton City of Toronto Councillor Paul Ainslie City of Toronto Daphne Webster Meadowcliffe Drive Resident David Argue iTransConsulting Limited Don Snider Meadowcliffe Drive resident Janet Sinclair Meadowcliffe Drive Resident Jason Crowder Terraprobe Limited Jim Berry Toronto and Region Conservation Authority Joe Delle Fave Toronto and Region Conservation Authority Joseph Palmissano iTransConsulting Limited Larry Field Toronto and Region Conservation Authority Laura Stephenson Toronto and Region Conservation Authority Lindsay Prihoda Toronto and Region Conservation Authority Lori Metcalfe Guildwood Village Community Association Mark Preston Toronto and Region Conservation Authority Mike Tanos Terraprobe Limited Moranne McDonnell Toronto and Region Conservation Authority Nancy Lowes City of Toronto Nick Saccone Toronto and Region Conservation Authority Patricia Newland Toronto and Region Conservation Authority Paul Albanese City of Toronto Peter Xiarchos M.P.P Lorenzo Berardinetti’s Office Susan Scinocca Meadowcliffe Drive Resident Sushaliya Ragunathan M.P.P Lorenzo Berardinetti’s Office Timo Puhakka Guildwood Village Community Association Trevor Harris Meadowcliffe Drive Resident Tudor Botzan Toronto and Region Conservation Authority II EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) continues to work towards ensuring healthy rivers and shorelines, greenspace and biodiversity, and sustainable communities.
    [Show full text]
  • Toronto Has No History!’
    ‘TORONTO HAS NO HISTORY!’ INDIGENEITY, SETTLER COLONIALISM AND HISTORICAL MEMORY IN CANADA’S LARGEST CITY By Victoria Jane Freeman A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Toronto ©Copyright by Victoria Jane Freeman 2010 ABSTRACT ‘TORONTO HAS NO HISTORY!’ ABSTRACT ‘TORONTO HAS NO HISTORY!’ INDIGENEITY, SETTLER COLONIALISM AND HISTORICAL MEMORY IN CANADA’S LARGEST CITY Doctor of Philosophy 2010 Victoria Jane Freeman Graduate Department of History University of Toronto The Indigenous past is largely absent from settler representations of the history of the city of Toronto, Canada. Nineteenth and twentieth century historical chroniclers often downplayed the historic presence of the Mississaugas and their Indigenous predecessors by drawing on doctrines of terra nullius , ignoring the significance of the Toronto Purchase, and changing the city’s foundational story from the establishment of York in 1793 to the incorporation of the City of Toronto in 1834. These chroniclers usually assumed that “real Indians” and urban life were inimical. Often their representations implied that local Indigenous peoples had no significant history and thus the region had little or no history before the arrival of Europeans. Alternatively, narratives of ethical settler indigenization positioned the Indigenous past as the uncivilized starting point in a monological European theory of historical development. i i iii In many civic discourses, the city stood in for the nation as a symbol of its future, and national history stood in for the region’s local history. The national replaced ‘the Indigenous’ in an ideological process that peaked between the 1880s and the 1930s.
    [Show full text]
  • AECOM Report 1.Dot
    Environmental Assessment chapter 3. description of the potentially affected environment 3. Description of the Potentially Affected Environment This chapter is divided into four different sections which describe different components of the baseline or existing environmental conditions. The first section describes the river characteristics which will influence the development of alternatives. This information has been separated from the remaining description of the natural environment such that some emphasis can be given to those aspects of the existing environment that are driving the development of alternatives for the DMNP. The second section describes the remaining components of the natural environment: fish and fish habitat, terrestrial vegetation, and wildlife. The third section addresses components related to soils and groundwater contamination. The final section describes socio-economic components: land use, air quality and noise, archaeology, aboriginal interests, and built heritage. 3.1 River Characteristics in the Project and Impact Assessment Study Areas The Don Watershed possesses a dendretic drainage pattern that flows southward for 38 kilometres (as the crow flies) from the Oak Ridges Moraine (ORM) to the Inner Harbour of Toronto. The Don possesses two major branches (the East and West Don), each consisting of many smaller sub-watershed systems, such as but not limited to Taylor Massey Creek, Wilket Creek, Patterson Creek and Pomona Creek. The confluence of the East and West Branches occurs approximately 6 kilometres upstream of the Impact Assessment Study Area. Downstream from the confluence, the sub-watershed is known as the Lower Don and includes all of the Don Narrows until reaching the Keating Channel. The entire watershed area or drainage basin of the Don River is approximately 360 square kilometres (Figure 3−1).
    [Show full text]
  • 90Ab-The-Beaches-Route-Map.Pdf
    THE BEACHESUrban pleasures, natural beauty MAP ONE N Kenilworth Ave Lee Avenue Coxw Dixon Ave Bell Brookmount Rd Wheeler Ave Wheeler Waverley Rd Waverley Ashland Ave Herbert Ave Boardwalk Dr Lockwood Rd Elmer Ave efair Ave efair O r c h ell A ell a r d Lark St Park Blvd Penny Ln venu Battenberg Ave 8 ingston Road K e 1 6 9 Queen Street East Queen Street East Woodbine Avenue 11 Kenilworth Ave Lee Avenue Kippendavie Ave Kippendavie Ave Waverley Rd Waverley Sarah Ashbridge Ave Northen Dancer Blvd Eastern Avenue Joseph Duggan Rd 7 Boardwalk Dr Winners Cir 10 2 Buller Ave V 12 Boardwalk Dr Kew Beach Ave Al 5 Lake Shore Blvd East W 4 3 Lake Ontario S .com _ gd Legend n: www.ns Beach Front Municipal Parking Corpus Christi Beaches Park/Balmy Bellefair United Church g 1 5 9 Catholic Church Beach Park 10 Kew Gardens . Desi Boardwalk One-way Street d 2 Woodbine Park 6 No. 17 Firehall her 11 The Beaches Library p Bus, Streetcar Architectural/ he Ashbridge’s Bay Park Beach Hebrew Institute S 3 7 Route Historical Interest 12 Kew Williams Cottage 4 Woodbine Beach 8 Waverley Road : Diana Greenspace Recreation & Leisure g Baptist Church Writin Paved Pathway BEACH_0106 THE BEACHESUrban pleasures, natural beauty MAP TWO N H W Victoria Park Avenue Nevi a S ineva m Spruc ca Lee Avenue Kin b Wheeler Ave Wheeler Balsam Ave ly ll rbo Beech Ave Willow Ave Av Ave e P e Crown Park Rd gs Gle e Hill e r Isleworth Ave w o ark ark ug n Manor Dr o o d R d h R h Rd Apricot Ln Ed Evans Ln Blvd Duart Park Rd d d d 15 16 18 Queen Street East 11 19 Balsam Ave Beech Ave Willow Ave Leuty Ave Nevi Hammersmith Ave Hammersmith Ave Scarboro Beach Blvd Maclean Ave N Lee Avenue Wineva Ave Glen Manor Dr Silver Birch Ave Munro Park Ave u Avion Ave Hazel Ave r sew ll Fernwood Park Ave Balmy Ave e P 20 ood R ark ark Bonfield Ave Blvd d 0 Park Ave Glenfern Ave Violet Ave Selwood Ave Fir Ave 17 12 Hubbard Blvd Silver Birch Ave Alfresco Lawn 14 13 E Lake Ontario S .com _ gd Legend n: www.ns Beach Front Municipal Parking g 13 Leuty Lifesaving Station 17 Balmy Beach Club .
    [Show full text]
  • The People of Scarborough
    ~THE SCARf>OROUGH PuBLIC LIBF{\RY I BOARP THE PEOPLE OF SCARBOROUGH Map of Scarborough ,.; .; .,; ::. .,; .,; .,; "'""- :;, -< "" -< "" "" 'ti "" "" S.teele~ Ave. V IV Finch Avenue III Sileppail.d Ave. 11 D St. REFERENCE POINTS 1. Thomson Park Z. Bluffer's Park J 3. civic Centre 4. Kennedy Subway 5. Metro Zoo Ikml 6. Guild Inn 1 mile! Map of Scarborough courtesy of Rick Schofield, Heritage Scarborough THE PEOPLE OF SCARBOROUGH The City of Scarborough Public Library Board Copyright© The City of Scarborough Public Library Board 1997 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by photocopying, recording or otherwise for purposes of resale. Published by The City of Scarborough Public Library Board Grenville Printing 25 Scarsdale Rd. Don Mills, Ontario M3B 2R2 Raku ceramic Bicentennial Collector Plate and cover photo by Tom McMaken, 1996. Courtesy of The City of Scarborough. Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Myrvold, Barbara The People of Scarborough: a history Includes index. ISBN 0-9683086-0-0 1. Scarborough (Ont.) - History. I. Fahey, Curtis, 1951- . II Scarborough Public Library Board. III. Title. FC3099.S33M97 1997 971.3'541 C97-932612-5 F1059.5.T686S35 1997 iv Greetings from the Mayor As Mayor of the City of Scarborough, and on behalf of Members of Council, I am pleased that The People of Scarborough: A History, has been produced. This book provides a chronological overview of the many diverse peoples and cultures that have contributed to the city's economic, cultural and social fabric.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 Year in Review
    2020 Year in Review Ed Hore, Chair, Waterfront for All, February 10, 2021 Waterfront for All is an umbrella group of residents associations and other groups interested in the revitalization of the Toronto waterfront from the Rouge River in the east out to the Etobicoke boundary in the west. We love the waterfront and are interested in what happens to it. Here’s a brief run-down on things that happened in 2020. Water Levels Before the pandemic, a major concern along the waterfront was whether 2020 would bring flooding as happened in 2019 and 2017. There was a well-attended meeting about this at the Brigantine Room at Harbourfront on March 3, 2020, attended by politicians and hundreds of residents. This was the last crowded big meeting I went to before Covid shut-down public meetings. In early 2020, Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) carried out some quick projects on Toronto Island to alleviate the effects of future floods. For example, they built “beach curbs” east and west of the Ward’s Island ferry dock. These consist of rectangular stones weighing three to five tonnes laid end to end to provide some protection if the water rises. The beach curbs were in place by the end of March. TRCA also raised some sections of the roadway from Wards to Hanlans Point around six inches, so that emergency vehicles could get through in the event of a flood. But in fact no flood happened; the water level of Lake Ontario peaked on May 5, 2020, around 20 inches lower than the peak level in 2019.
    [Show full text]
  • Paradise Lost
    PARADISE LOST AFTER THE FLOOD; CAN TORONTO ISLANDS BE SAVED FROM THE NEXT DISASTER? The island flood of 2017 is a clear warning that we must do all we can to ­preserve the closest thing to wilderness that we have in Toronto BY RICHARD LONGLEY SEPTEMBER 13, 2017 IMAGES BY SEAN TAMBLYN NOW MAGAZINE Seneca­Pump The flood waters had only begun to subside, but over the August long weekend, the Ward’s Island Association annual Summer Gala was in full swing beside the Ward’s Island Clubhouse. The band played, and attendees wore T-shirts that read “I Survived the Flood of 2017.” “We laughed, we drank beer on the bowling green,” says long-time Island resident Jay Bascom. “We’d survived adversity in the past and we knew we could survive it again.”A veteran of the floods of 1952, 1973, 1993 and 2017 – as well as the “40 years war” waged by the former Metro Council to evict Island residents – Bascom is a living testament to the resilience of the Toronto Islanders. For the 20,000 people who visit them on sunny summer weekends, the Toronto Islands are a lotus land of meadows, woods, lagoons and sandy beaches (one of them clothing optional). But for the 800 residents, 30 businesses and two schools that call the islands home, it isn’t always paradise. The weather can blast, flood and ice them in from the mainland. The land they live on is nothing more than a bump in a watery sandbox that’s slowly sinking out from under itself.
    [Show full text]
  • 2013-05-TFN-Newsletter.Pdf
    Number 596 May 2013 Groundhog photographed by Moy Nahon in Edwards Gardens, May 2011 (see p 19) FEATURES REGULARS th Coming Events 25 90 Anniversary Event 17 Extracts from Outings Reports 14 Toronto’s Staff-Tree Shrubs 18 In the News 21 TFN Grants Report 20 Keeping in Touch 19 Monthly Meetings Notice 3 Arils of Staff-tree Shrubs 20 Monthly Meeting Report 13 Toronto’s Future Climate Study 22 President’s Report 12 The Global Warming Trend: TFN Outings 4 23 A view from Toronto Weather – This Time Last Year 22 Membership Renewal 27 TFN 596-2 May 2013 Toronto Field Naturalist is published by the Toronto Field BOARD OF DIRECTORS Naturalists, a charitable, non-profit organization, the aims of President & Outings Margaret McRae which are to stimulate public interest in natural history and Past President Bob Kortright to encourage the preservation of our natural heritage. Issued Vice President & monthly September to December and February to May. Monthly Lectures Nancy Dengler Views expressed in the Newsletter are not necessarily those Secretary-Treasurer Charles Crawford of the editor or Toronto Field Naturalists. The Newsletter is Communications Alexander Cappell printed on 100% recycled paper. Membership & Newsletter Judy Marshall ISSN 0820-636X Monthly Lectures Corinne McDonald Monthly Lectures Lavinia Mohr IT’S YOUR NEWSLETTER! Nature Reserves & Charles Bruce- We welcome contributions of original writing of observa- Outings Thompson tions on nature in and around Toronto (up to 500 words). Outreach Tom Brown We also welcome reports, reviews, poems, sketches, pain- Webmaster Lynn Miller tings and digital photographs. Please include “Newsletter” in the subject line when sending by email, or on the MEMBERSHIP FEES envelope if sent by mail.
    [Show full text]
  • January 2013
    January 2013 Toronto Port Authority Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport (BBTCA) Lakefill Within Marine Exclusion Zone (Keep-Out-Area) - Toronto Harbour Environmental Assessment Report January 2013 Dillon Consulting Limited Toronto Port Authority - Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport Lakefill Within Marine Exclusion Zone (Keep-Out-Area) - Toronto Harbour Environmental Assessment Report TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 PROJECT ..............................................................................................................................1 1.1 Project Description ......................................................................................................1 1.2 Project Purpose ...........................................................................................................1 1.3 Project Location ...........................................................................................................2 2 PROJECT APPROVALS ..........................................................................................................4 3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT ......................................................................................................5 3.1 Project Components ....................................................................................................5 3.2 Project Activities ..........................................................................................................7 3.3 Scope of Assessment .................................................................................................10
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    Introduction canadian classical pianist Glenn Gould once said that Toronto was one of the few cities in the world in which he could live because it imposed no “cityness” upon him. This statement may seem somewhat curious, given that at the time of its utterance Toronto was a rapidly growing conurbation of over two million people, with suburbs that radiated out in all directions from a busy central core. Yet perhaps not. Perhaps Gould’s view was, in part, influenced by where he was raised, Toronto’s Beach, where within a short five or ten minute stroll down a hill, or through a leafy ravine, he could reach the limit of the city and stand along the shore of one of North America’s massive inland seas, Lake Ontario. Though Gould’s favourite place in the Beach was the water’s edge, he also roamed Toronto Bay, tracking the freighters from far-off exotic locales that cruised up the St. Lawrence from the Atlantic Ocean into Lake Ontario, finally arriving at Canada’s great interior maritime city, Toronto. Lieutenant Governor John Graves Simcoe, who visited Toronto Bay in May of 1793, was also attracted to the site but for different reasons: the sandy peninsula in front of the mainland made for a natural shel- tering harbour in the event of an anticipated American attack. Toronto also stood at the junction of two ancient aboriginal transpor- tation corridors: the relatively flat Lakeshore Trail and the Toronto Carrying Place, whose two branches, near the mouths of the Rouge and Humber Rivers, served as access points to the Upper Great Lakes and the interior regions of Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • West Toronto Pg
    What’s Out There? Toronto - 1 - What’s Out There - Toronto The Guide The Purpose “Cultural Landscapes provide a sense of place and identity; they map our relationship with the land over time; and they are part of our national heritage and each of our lives” (TCLF). These landscapes are important to a city because they reveal the influence that humans have had on the natural environment in addition to how they continue to interact with these land- scapes. It is significant to learn about and understand the cultural landscapes of a city because they are part of the city’s history. The purpose of this What’s Out There Guide-Toronto is to identify and raise public awareness of significant landscapes within the City of Toron- to. This guide sets out the details of a variety of cultural landscapes that are located within the City and offers readers with key information pertaining to landscape types, styles, designers, and the history of landscape, including how it has changed overtime. It will also provide basic information about the different landscape, the location of the sites within the City, colourful pic- tures and maps so that readers can gain a solid understanding of the area. In addition to educating readers about the cultural landscapes that have helped shape the City of Toronto, this guide will encourage residents and visitors of the City to travel to and experience these unique locations. The What’s Out There guide for Toronto also serves as a reminder of the im- portance of the protection, enhancement and conservation of these cultural landscapes so that we can preserve the City’s rich history and diversity and enjoy these landscapes for decades to come.
    [Show full text]