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Laurence Douglas Taylor Hansen Secuencia (2002), 53, mayo-agosto, 49-77 SECOENClfi Revistadehistorjaycienciassociales ISSN: 0186-0348, ISSN electrónico: 2395-8464 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18234/secuencia.v0i53.775 Laurence Douglas Taylor Hansen lnvestigador del Departamento de Estudios Culturales de El Colegio de la Frontera Norte. Es doctor en Historia por El Colegio de Mexico (1990). Sus areas de interes en la investigaci6n tratan de la histo­ ria de la region fronteriza entre Mexico y Estados Unidos, asf como de las relaciones culturales trans­ fronterizas. Es autor de los libros Revoluci6n mexicana: gu{a de archivos y bibliotecas: Mexico-Estados Uni- dos, Institute Nacional de Estudios Historicos de la Revoluci6n Mexicana, Mexico, 1987; La campana magonista de 1911 en Baja California, COLEF, Tijuana, 1992; La gran aventura en Mexico: el papel de los voluntarios extranjeros en los ejircitos reuolucionariosmexicanos , Consejo Nacional para la Culrura y las Ar­ tes, Mexico, 1993, 2 vols.; Gufa general de las [uentes de la region Ciudadjudrez-El Paso para la investi- gaci6n de la historia de Chihuahua, Direcci6n General de Investigaci6n y Posgrados­Universidad Aut6­ noma de Ciudad Juarez, Ciudad Juarez, 1996, y El nuevo norteamericano:la integraci6n continental y s11 impacto sabre la r:ultura y la identidad nacional en la ipoca de/ TLCAN, CISAN/COLEF, Mexico, 2001. Re sum.en Abstract Se analiza el viaje de exploraci6n que John The article deals with the exploration mission Ross Browne, agente de la Lower California in Baja California undertaken by John Ross Company de Nueva York, realiz6 en Baja Ca­ Browne, as agent for the Lower California lifornia durante los primeros meses de 1867. Company of New York, during the early En particular, se examina la cuesti6n del irn­ months of 1867. The article particularly fo­ pacto de las observacionesde Browne, asf como cuses on questions related to the impact of de la influencia del informe en que presence Browne's observations, as well as the influ­ las resultados de su viaje, sabre el desarrollo ence of the report in which he presented the posterior de la polftica estadunidense con res­ results of his journey, on the later develop­ pecco a la region. ment of U.S. policy with regards to the re­ gion. Palabras clave: Key words: John Ross Browne, expansionismo estaduni­ John Ross Browne, expansionism of the USA, dense, Lower California Company, Baja Ca­ Lower California Company, Lower California, lifornia, viajeros en Mexico, siglo XIX. travelers, XIX century, Mexico. Fecha de recepci6n: mayo de 2001 Pecha de aceptaci6n: enero de 2002 Secuencia (2002), 53, mayo-agosto, 49-77 ISSN: 0186-0348, ISSN electrónico: 2395-8464 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18234/secuencia.v0i53.775 El viaje de exploraci6n de John Ross Browne a Baja California en 1867 Lawrence Douglas Taylor Hansen partir de la decada de 1860, va­ Iitoral, estimul6 todavfa mas el interes rias empresas se formaron en Es­ de los extranjeros en la zona.1 A tados U nidos con el prop6sito Durante la guerra entre Mexico y Es­ de conseguir concesiones del gobierno tados Unidos (1846­1848), varios esta­ de Mexico para la colonizaci6n y la ex­ dunidenses propusieron que Baja Ca­ plotacion de los recursos de Baja Cali­ lifornia fuera incluida en la cesi6n de fornia. Los capiralistas estadunidenses, territorio que serfa irnpuesta a Mexico quienes tenfan interes en invertir en la como parte del acuerdo de paz para po­ region, crefan que esra tenfa ciertas posi­ ner fin al conflicto. El gobierno de Me­ bilidades para la agricultura ­particu­ xico, al considerar que la peninsula era larrnente con respecto al cultivo de fru­ vital para la defensa del pafs y creer que tas tropicales­, asf como abundantes contaba con recursos valiosos que to­ recursos minerales. Tambien se contern­ davfa no habfan sido explotados, rehus6 plaba la construcci6n de un ferrocarril acceder a su cesi6n. Por tanto, no fue in­ a lo largo de la peninsula por la costa oc­ cluida como parte de los territorios cedi­ cidental del golfo de California. Dicho dos a Estados U nidos por el Tratado de ferrocarril transpeninsular, al facilitar el Guadalupe­Hidalgo firmado el 2 de fe­ transporte de personas y bienes, servirfa brero de 1848.2 para ligar a la region mas estrecharnente con los mercados en Estados U nidos y 1 Bancroft, History, 1967, vol. II, p. 707; Hen­ el resto del mundo. derson, Men, 1972, pp. 88­95; Zepeda, "Historia", El interes de los estadunidenses en 1988, pp. 137­149; Carifio Olvera, "Concesiones", Baja California se remonta al periodo 1996, pp. 35­37. del virreinato. Hacia finales del siglo 2 United States, Congress, Senate, Senate, 1847, XVIII algunos comerciantes y cazadores p. 337; Instrucciones del presidenteJames K. Polk estadunidenses y britanicos fueron atraf­ a Nicholas P. Trist, el funcionario del Departamento dos a la region de la peninsula por el des­ de Estado encargado de la negociaci6n del trara­ do de paz, 15 de abril de 1847, en Manning, Di­ cubrimiento de colonias de nutrias de plomatic, 1932­1939, vol. VIII, pp. 205­206; Cham­ mar a lo largo del litoral del Pacifico. berlin, "Nicholas Trist'', 1963, pp. 49, 51 y 57­63; Posreriorrnenre, el descubrirnienro del Johnson, "Nicholas P. Trist", 1973, pp. 186­188; criadero de las ballenas grises, ubicado Terrazas y Basanre, "Colaboracion", 1999, pp. 28 cerca de la parte central de este mismo y 31­38. Secuencia, nueva epoca [49] nurn, 53, mayo-agosto 2002 El gobierno estadunidense mostr6 habfa sido nombrado ministro estadu­ inreres en la adquisici6n de la penfn­ nidense en Mexico, iniciar las discusio­ sula nuevamente en 1853, durante las nes sobre este asunto. El intento pron­ negociaciones para la compra del rerri­ to fracas6 debido a la siruacion de guerra torio de La Mesilla. Debido a las cornpli­ en Mexico, la inexistencia de un congre­ caciones potenciales que la cesi6n de la so para ratificar un tratado de cesi6n de penfnsula implicarfa, se content6 con rerritorio, y la demanda por parte del la compra del territorio que corresponde gobierno estadunidense de que Juarez a las partes del sur de los actuales esta­ diera su aceptaci6n personal antes de en­ dos de Nuevo Mexico y Arizona." En sep­ tregar cualquier pago ­de una cantidad tiembre de 18 5 7, cuando el presidente no especificada­ de dinero a los liberales. Ignacio Comonfort ofreci6 al gobierno En realidad no existfa ninguna posibi­ estadunidense el derecho de transito a lidad de concretar esre ripo de acuer­ traves del norre de Mexico, junto con do, dado que los jefes liberales sabfan grandes concesiones de tierras a las em­ que ningun gobierno podria sostenerse presas ferroviarias esradunidenses, Bu­ en el poder al acceder a la cesi6n de una chanan le hizo saber que estaba dispuesto porci6n del territorio nacional. 5 a pagar por esre derecho unicarnente si Durante el periodo de la inrerven­ hubiera a cambio alguna cesi6n de terri­ ci6n francesa y del imperio (1861.­1867), torio, o por lo menos Baja California.4 el secretario de Estado William Seward A lo largo de la lucha entre liberales intento que su gobierno adquiriera Baja y conservadores entre 1858 y 1867, el California a cambio de ayudar a Mexico gobierno estadunidense intento conse­ en su lucha contra los invasores extranje­ guir la compra o la cesi6n de la peninsu­ ros. En mayo de 1.861, Seward infor­ la a cambio de ofrecimientos de apoyo m6 a Juarez, a traves de Thomas Corwin, a Juarez y sus partidarios. el rninistro esradunidense en Mexico, Durante la guerra de la Reforma que su pafs comprarfa la peninsula en (1858­1860), William M. Churchwell, caso de que estuviera en peligro de ser el agente especial de Estados U nidos en conquistada por los Estados Confedera­ Mexico, acord6 con Melchor Ocampo, dos del Sur. Despues de poco tiernpo, ministro de Relaciones Exteriores del sin embargo, el gobierno estadunidense gobierno liberal en Veracruz, llevar a retir6 la propuesta. En 1866, Thaddeus cabo negociaciones sobre la adquisici6n Stevens, miembro de la Camara de Re­ de la peninsula por parte de Estados presentantes, hizo una propuesta a este Unidos. Lewis Cass, secretario de Estado cuerpo legislarivo para que fuera autori­ del gobierno del presidente James Bu­ chanan, orden6 a Robert Mclane, quien 5 Churchwell a Cass, 8 de diciembre de 1859; Mclane a Cass, 27 de agosto de 1859 en Manning, 3 Garber, Gadsden, 1923, pp. 90­97; Rippy, Diplomatic, 1932­1939, vol. IX, pp. 1024­1030 y United States, 1931, pp. 138­142; Olliff, Reforma, 1118­1121; Callahan, American, 1932, pp. 247­ 1981, p. 41. 248, 254 y 260­265; Chamberlin, "United States", 4Chamberlin, "United States", 1949,pp. 95­ 1949, pp. 112­126; Olliff, Reforma, 1981, pp. 103, 111; Olliff, Reforma, 1981, p. 127. 111­112 y 129­141. 50 LAWRENCE OOUGL.AS TAYLOR HANSEN zado un prestarno de 20 000 000 de d6­ concesiones a compafifas extranjeras. 7 lares al gobierno de] uarez con el pro­ En Baja California, este cambio ya se ha­ p6sito de ayudarlo en su lucha por ex­ bfa iniciado durance el periodo de la in­ pulsar a los franceses de Mexico. El tervenci6n. Los proyectos de coloniza­ gobierno estadunidense, a su vez, asu­ ci6n que se emprendieron en Baja mirfa el control de Baja California, o al­ California durance la decada de 1860 guna otra parte de Mexico, a manera de por parre de las empresas estadunidenses una especie de fianza. El proyecto nun­ organizadas con este prop6sito, fracasa­ ca se llev6 a cabo, dado que la facci6n ron en la tarea de asentar a colonos en la juarista logr6 derrotar a las fuerzas del region. La mayorfa de los concesionarios imperio de Maximiliano sin tener que eran hombres de negocios a quienes les recurrir a un apoyo financiero de este interesaba la promoci6n de la venta de tipo.6 acciones en sus empresas mas que el Con el triunfo de la causa liberal a desarrollo y el bienestar de la peninsu­ mediados de julio de 1867, Mexico en­ la.
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