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Universidad Michoacana De San Nicolás De Hidalgo Programa Institucional De Doctorado En Historia Instituto De Investigaciones Históricas Facultad De Historia

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Universidad Michoacana De San Nicolás De Hidalgo Programa Institucional De Doctorado En Historia Instituto De Investigaciones Históricas Facultad De Historia UNIVERSIDAD MICHOACANA DE SAN NICOLÁS DE HIDALGO PROGRAMA INSTITUCIONAL DE DOCTORADO EN HISTORIA INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIONES HISTÓRICAS FACULTAD DE HISTORIA CONSULADOS Y AGENTES COMERCIALES ESTADOUNIDENSES EN EL PACÍFICO MEXICANO, 1820-1914 TESIS QUE PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE DOCTOR EN HISTORIA PRESENTA RODRIGO AKÉ VÉLEZ DIRECTORA DE TESIS DOCTORA EN ESTUDIOS LATINOAMERICANOS MARÍA DEL ROSARIO RODRÍGUEZ DÍAZ Morelia, Michoacán, agosto de 2020. Resumen En este trabajo se revisan el despliegue, las funciones y actividades de la red consular estadounidense en el Pacífico mexicano durante el último tercio del siglo XVIII hasta el comienzo de la Primera Guerra Mundial. En este periodo los Estados Unidos se erigen como un estado soberano en el continente americano, en el contexto de un sistema interestatal de ascendencia europea, por lo que desarrollaron un cuerpo de principios e instituciones en materia de política exterior para relacionarse con dicho sistema. Entre las instituciones que cumplieron esta finalidad se encontraban los aparatos diplomático y consular. A partir de ese momento, el naciente gobierno estadounidense adoptó las funciones consulares como un instrumento relevante en sus relaciones internacionales. Las redes consulares estadounidenses fueron establecidas en Europa y América durante los últimos años del siglo XVIII y la primera mitad del siglo XIX. En el Pacífico mexicano fueron desplegadas entre 1820 y 1830, durante la etapa final de los movimientos independentistas. Sus funciones originales fueron las de proteger la navegación y la marinería, pero gradualmente se le fueron agregando otra clase de deberes comerciales, políticos y estratégico-militares. Durante el siglo XIX, los consulados contribuyeron de diversas maneras en la expansión económica estadounidense en el Pacífico mexicano, especialmente tras la conformación del Gran Circuito, una región económica con núcleo en San Francisco, California. De manera simultánea, estas instituciones realizaron funciones de inteligencia que a la postre resultaron importantes en los proyectos de extraversión estadounidense en la región. Abstract This paper revieWs the deployment, functions and activities of the US consular netWork in the Mexican Pacific during the last third of the 18th century until the beginning of the First World War. In this period, the United States emerged as a sovereign state in the American continent, in the context of an interstate system of European descent, for Which it developed a body of principles and institutions in foreign policy matters to relate to that system. Among the institutions that fulfilled this purpose Were the diplomatic and consular apparatuses. From that moment on, the nascent US government adopted consular functions as a relevant instrument in its international relations. US consular netWorks Were established in Europe and America during the last years of the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century. They Were deployed in the Mexican Pacific betWeen 1820 and 1830, during the final stage of the independence movements. Its original functions Were to protect navigation and seamanship, but gradually another class of commercial, political and strategic-military duties Were added to it. During the 19th century, consulates contributed in various Ways to the US economic expansion in the Mexican Pacific, especially after the formation of the Grand Circuit, an economic region With a core in San Francisco, California. Simultaneously, these institutions performed intelligence functions that Were ultimately important in US extraversion projects in the region. Palabras clave Cónsules, Comercio, Pacífico, Estados Unidos, Inteligencia Para Karina, Sáasil, León y Liliana. Agradecimientos Este trabajo de investigación fue posible debido a la generosidad de varias personas e instituciones. En primer lugar, agradezco a la Dra. María del Rosario Rodríguez Díaz, sin cuya dirección, confianza y paciencia este trabajo no habría llegado a buen puerto. En segundo lugar, a los doctores Dení Trejo Barajas, Agustín Sánchez Andrés y Moisés Guzmán, por todo el apoyo otorgado en cada una de las etapas del posgrado. También, por supuesto, a la Dra. Edith González Cruz y el Dr. Marco Antonio Landavazo Arias por su inestimable generosidad para coordinar un grupo de estudios del Programa de Doctorado en Historia en la Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur. Va un reconocimiento a los atentos archivistas y bibliotecarios de los repositorios documentales consultados en Sonora, Sinaloa, Baja California Sur, Ciudad de México y Washington D.C. Agradezco también a la Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, al Programa Institucional de Posgrado en Historia y, desde luego, agradezco la asesoría y auxilio permanente en los asuntos administrativos de la Universidad a Ernesto Guillén Calderón. Índice Introducción …………………………...……………………………………………….1 1. Neutralidad, comercio y seguridad continental, 1778-1838……….……….………42 1.1. La nación hipercomercial ……………………………………….………………...46 1.2. Frontera Pacífico: primeros arribos consulares ………..…….….………………...56 1.3. La institución consular ……………………………………………………………68 1.4. Los agentes de avanzada del “Imperio de la libertad”……...…………………..…73 1.5. La neutralidad y la rivalidad angloestadounidense ……………………………….78 2. Los cónsules-comerciantes y la frontera Pacífico, 1820-1848 ………………........102 2.1. La retícula comercial del Pacífico ……………………………………………….103 2.2. Los cónsules-comerciantes……………………………………..……...………...111 2.3. William y John Stuart Parrott……………………………………………………114 2.4. John Alfred Robinson……………………………………………………..……..130 3. Un contexto para las actividades consulares: el Gran Circuito, 1855-1880….....142 3.1. El Gran Circuito …………………………………………………………………142 3.2. La integración de los puertos mexicanos……………………………...…………144 3.3. Los gambusinos perdidos ……………………………...………………...………146 3.4. Navieros………………………………………………………………………….150 3.5. Comerciantes y estructura del comercio …………………………………...……155 3.6. Contrabando ……………………………………………………………………..161 4. Las bases normativas: la red consular de un imperio comercial, 1856- 1876…………………………………………………………………………………...165 4.1. El celo de los derechos comerciales …………………………………….……….172 4.2. La Reforma de 1856 ………………………………………………………….….190 4.3. El consulado general de la Costa Occidental de México ……………….……….201 5. La red consular en la política exterior de la posguerra…………….....…………..225 5.1. El enfoque hacia el Pacífico…………………………………………………...…226 5.2. Visiones de la posguerra: entre la retórica y la diplomacia pública…….………..230 5.3. La conexión china …………………………………………………………….…242 5.4. Los cónsules del Gran Circuito………………………..…………………………252 6. El “Volante de eQuilibrio”. Una metáfora de la reforma del sistema consular, 1880-1906 …………………………………………………....259 6.1. El “cónsul americano”…………………………………………………………...259 6.2. “Diplomacia en mangas de camisa”…………………………..………………....269 6.3. Transformaciones finiseculares …………………………………...…………….279 6.4. La generación del consenso ultramarino y la reforma consular………………....283 6.5. Imperio y reforma consular ……………………………………………………..300 7. En el umbral de la Gran Guerra: inteligencia y seguridad hemisféricas .……………………………………………………………………......319 7.1. Los consulados y las funciones de inteligencia en el siglo XIX .………..……...320 7.2. La red consular y las funciones de inteligencia en México ……………………..332 7.3. Las redes consulares interestatales y las redes consulares cerradas ………….....363 7.4. Las metáforas policiacas del imperio …………………………………………...370 Conclusiones …………………………………….………………………………….381 Anexos …………………………………………………………………….…...…. ..394 Bibliografía y hemerografía ………………………………..……………………...407 Abreviaturas National Archives and Record Administration, Complejo principal en Washington D.C. NAB National Archives and Record Administration II, College Park, Maryland. NACP Compilación de Registros de Servicio de Soldados y Voluntarios de la Unión Quienes Sirvieron en las Organizaciones del Estado de Missouri. Record Group: 94. M405. Complejo principal en Washington D.C. NAB. CRSSVU;M405;RG:94; NAB Correspondencia del Escuadrón del Pacífico y el secretario de Marina: M89, Record Group 45, Letters received by secretary of the navy from commanding officers of squadrons (squadrons letters) 1841-1886, Pacific Squadron, Roll 36-54. CEPSM 1841-1886; M89; RG.45; R.36-64; NAB. Despachos consulares de Guaymas: Despatches From United States Consuls in Guaymas, 1832-1896. Register, 1832-96 And Volumes 1-2, November 27, 1832-June 30, 1872 y Volumes 3-4 July 7, 1872-March 31, 1880 Volume 3 July 7, 1872-December 31, 1875 Volume 4 January 16, 1876-Mar. 31, 1880. General Records of the Department of State, Record Group 59. National Archives Microfilm Publications. Microcopy No. 284, Roll 1-2. DCG 1832-1896; RG 59; V.1-4; M 284;R1-2; NAMP. Despachos consulares de La Paz: Despatches from United States in La Paz, 1855-1906, 1832- 1896; Volume 1 July 14, 1855-December 29, 1869; Register, 1855-1906; General Records of the Department of State, Record Group 59; National Archives Microfilm Publication M282, roll 1. DCLP 1855-1906; RG 59; V.1-5; M282; R1-4; NAMP; DCLP 1855-1906; RG 59; V.6-7; M282; R5; NAMP. Despachos consulares de Mazatlán: Despatches from United States in Mazatlán, 1826-1906. Volume 1-4, January 30, 1854 November 20, 1869. General Records of the Department of State, Record Group 59; National Archives Microfilm Publication M159, roll 3-4. DCM 1826-1906; RG 59; V.1-7; M159; R1-4; NAMP. Despachos consulares de Manzanillo: Despatches from United States in Manzanillo,
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