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Calendar of Roman Events
Introduction Steve Worboys and I began this calendar in 1980 or 1981 when we discovered that the exact dates of many events survive from Roman antiquity, the most famous being the ides of March murder of Caesar. Flipping through a few books on Roman history revealed a handful of dates, and we believed that to fill every day of the year would certainly be impossible. From 1981 until 1989 I kept the calendar, adding dates as I ran across them. In 1989 I typed the list into the computer and we began again to plunder books and journals for dates, this time recording sources. Since then I have worked and reworked the Calendar, revising old entries and adding many, many more. The Roman Calendar The calendar was reformed twice, once by Caesar in 46 BC and later by Augustus in 8 BC. Each of these reforms is described in A. K. Michels’ book The Calendar of the Roman Republic. In an ordinary pre-Julian year, the number of days in each month was as follows: 29 January 31 May 29 September 28 February 29 June 31 October 31 March 31 Quintilis (July) 29 November 29 April 29 Sextilis (August) 29 December. The Romans did not number the days of the months consecutively. They reckoned backwards from three fixed points: The kalends, the nones, and the ides. The kalends is the first day of the month. For months with 31 days the nones fall on the 7th and the ides the 15th. For other months the nones fall on the 5th and the ides on the 13th. -
GLADIATOR by David Franzoni Revisions by John Logan SECOND
GLADIATOR by David Franzoni Revisions by John Logan SECOND DRAFT October 22, 1998 FADE IN: EXT. FOREST - DAY Germania. The far reaches of the Roman Empire. Winter 180 A.D. Incongruously enough, the first sound we hear is a beautiful tenor voice. Singing. A boy's voice. CREDITS as we hear the haunting song float through dense forests. We finally come to a rough, muddy road slashing through the forest. On the road a GERMAN PEASANT FATHER is herding along three sickly looking cows. His two SONS are with him. His youngest son sits on one of the cows and sings a soft, plaintive song. They become aware of another sound behind them on the road -- the creak of wood, the slap of metal on leather. The Father immediately leads his cattle and his sons off the road. They stand-still, eyes down: the familiar posture of subjugated peoples throughout history. A wagon train rumbles past them. Three ornate wagons followed by a mounted cohort of fifty heavily-armed PRAETORIAN GUARDS. The young boy dares to glance up at the passing Romans. His eyes burn with hatred. INT. WAGON - DAY Mist momentarily obscures a man's face. Frozen breath. The man is in his 20's, imperious and handsome. He is swathed in fur, only his face exposed. He is COMMODUS. He glances up. COMMODUS Do you think he's really dying? The woman across from him returns his gaze evenly. She is slightly older, beautiful and patrician. A formidable woman. She is LUCILLA. LUCILLA He's been dying for ten years. -
Emperor Bios.Cwk (WP)
Augustus reign: 31 BCE - 14 CE 1st Emperor of Rome Established Pax Romana Nephew of Julius Caesar -Battled Marc Antony for power after the death of Caesar Helped Rome recover after about 100 years of Civil War: -meritocratic when it came to giving out high- paying jobs -started having a census (for tax purposes) -put unemployed men on public works projects -reign marked the beginning of the Pax Romana -issued new coins to make trade easier -set up a postal service -created law enforcement (police) Death: Natural causes. The next emperor was already taking power a year before his death. Tiberius Reign: 14 CE - 37 CE 2nd Emperor of Rome Stepson of Augustus after his parents divorced. Augustus eventually adopted him after his own natural sons died. -Emperor who Pontius Pilate worked for -Generally hired good governors for the provinces -Had a poor relationship w/the Senate -By end of his reign he was hated by patricians & plebs -Spent final years on Capri, depressed by betrayals from those closest to him. Communicated w/Senate via letters Death: natural causes (though some believe Caligula had something to do with it) -When he died, people in the streets were saying “To the Tiber with Tiberius!” Gaius (Caligula) Reign: 37 CE - 41 CE Crazy/Punky Young Emperor Nephew & adopted son of Tiberius, whose own son was murdered. Tiberius had given his power to both Caligula & a cousin. Caligula had his cousin killed. When he became Emperor, age 25, everyone loved him: -gave money to high ranking officials & military -burned Tiberius’ papers publicly -
Patricians and Plebeians Under Etruscan Rule the Patricians Create a Republic Between 616 and 509 B.C.E., the Over Time, the Etruscans Ruled Rome
Patricians and Plebeians under Etruscan Rule The Patricians Create a Republic Between 616 and 509 B.C.E., the Over time, the Etruscans ruled Rome. During this patricians began to time, Roman society was divided into resent Etruscan two classes, patricians and plebeians. rule. In 509 B.C.E., a group of patricians, Upper-class citizens, called led by Lucius Julius patricians, came from a small group Brutus, rebelled. of wealthy landowners. Patrician They drove out the comes from the Latin word pater, last Etruscan king. In which means “father”. The patricians place of a choose from among themselves the monarchy, they “fathers of the state”, the men who created a republic. advised the Etruscan king. Patricians In a republic, controlled the most valuable land. elected officials Patricians were the elite in They also held the important military govern for the Roman society and religious offices. Brutus denounced the Etruscan kings and was people. elected one of the first consuls in the new republic. Free non-patricians called plebeians were mostly peasants, laborers, craftspeople, and shopkeepers. To the patricians, “the people” meant themselves, not the plebeians. The word plebeian comes from plebs, The patricians put most of the power in the hands of the Senate. The which means ”the common people”. Senate was a group of 300 patricians elected by patricians. The Plebeians made up about 95 percent of senators served for life. They also appointed other government Rome’s population. They could not be officials and served as judges. priests or government officials. They had little voice in the government. -
Caesar IV Manual
TABLE OF CONTENTS WELCOME TO THE ROMAN EMPIRE . .3 Getting Started . .4 Installation . .4 System Requirements . .4 Starting a New Game . .4 The Control Panel . .5 ROMAN CITIES AND HOW TO BUILD THEM . .6 Controls . .6 Immigration . .6 Employment . .7 Social Classes . .7 Desirability . .8 Household Happiness & Evolution . .8 Crime . .9 Successful City Building: Advisors, Ratings & Overlays . .9 INFRASTRUCTURE . .12 Housing . .12 Water . .13 Roads . .14 Bridges . .15 Fire & Collapse . .16 Beautification and Decorative Items . .16 FOOD, FARMING & INDUSTRY . .17 Food . .17 Farms . .17 Raw Material Gathering & Farming . .18 Industry . .19 Warehouses & Granaries . .19 Mothballing . .20 MARKETS & TRADE . .20 Markets . .20 Trade . .22 Trade Depots & Ports . .22 CITY SERVICES . .23 Justice . .24 Education . .25 Religion . .25 Entertainment . .26 Healthcare . .27 GOVERNMENT . .28 Treasury & Wages . .28 Taxation . .28 Festivals . .29 Player Salary & Personal Savings . .29 MILITARY ACTIVITY . .30 Fortifications . .30 Military Buildings . .31 Solidiers . .32 CAESAR IV ONLINE . .34 THE SCENARIO EDITOR . .34 CREDITS . .35 2 WELCOME TO THE ROMAN EMPIRE Congratulations, Citizen! Caesar has called upon you to enter into service to Rome. The Emperor is eager to expand his settlements and is seeking qualified executors who can implement his will. The Roman Empire is so vast and growing so rapidly that even our divine Caesar cannot hope to rule it alone. He needs capable provincial governors, and that is where you come in. Your goal is to build a thriving Roman City—a bastion of culture and commerce that reflects the glory of Rome itself. As you begin your career, the lands you administer will be small, but Caesar rewards success with promotions and more challenging assignments. -
The Roman Republic S
P1: IML/SPH P2: IML/SPH QC: IML/SPH T1: IML CB598-FM CB598-Flower-v3 August 26, 2003 18:47 The Cambridge Companion to THE ROMAN REPUBLIC S Edited by Harriet I. Flower Princeton University iii P1: IML/SPH P2: IML/SPH QC: IML/SPH T1: IML CB598-FM CB598-Flower-v3 August 26, 2003 18:47 published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom cambridge university press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru,UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, ny 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, vic 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcon´ 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org C Cambridge University Press 2004 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2004 Printed in the United States of America Typeface Bembo 11/13 pt. System LATEX 2ε [tb] A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic / edited by Harriet I. Flower. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 0-521-80794-8 – isbn 0-521-00390-3 (pb.) 1. Rome – History – Republic, 510–30 b.c. I. Flower, Harriet I. dg235.c36 2003 937.02 – dc21 2003048572 isbn 0 521 80794 8 hardback isbn 0 521 00390 3 paperback iv P1: IML/SPH P2: IML/SPH QC: IML/SPH T1: IML CB598-FM CB598-Flower-v3 August 26, 2003 18:47 Contents S List of Illustrations and Maps page vii List of Contributors ix Preface xv Introduction 1 HARRIET I. -
Edwin Link 0 Mi E ,S
ARCTOS ACTA PHILOLOGICA FENNICA NOVA SERIES · VOL.I. COMMENTATIONES IN HONOREJ\1 EDWIN LINK 0 MI E ,S S EXA GEN .LJ\RI I A.D. MCMLIV EDITAE OTAVA ~~ ~ ~ • 6 9 0 HELSINKI KUSTANNUSOSAI<EYHTIÖ OTAVA INDEX Y. M. Biese Zwei Beitrage zur Geschichte der rômischen Gram- matik 9 Gudmund Bjorck »Rhesos» Patrick Bruun The Consecration Coins of Constantine the Great Erich Burck Amor bei Plautus und Properz Ingemar Düring eLA..ristotle the Scholar A. Ernout Consensus --- concentHs - conJentaneus R. Hakamies Tïntinnabulutn et equitiu111 dans le latin finlandais du 1noyen ageA . 8o U. Knoche Der Gedanke der Freundschaft in Senecas Briefen an Lucilius . Heikki Koskenniemi Cicero über die Briefarten (genera epistularum) 97 J. Marouzeau Ordre des mots et realia 103 Eino Mikkola »Pluralis rarior» bei Isokrates . 108 Tauno F. Mustanoja I .. atin and French Proverbs in the Fourteenth-Century IVLS. LI. z. 12. of Sidney Sussex Colle ge, Cambridge . 12 3· Paivô Oksala Über die Fiinstellung Ciceros zum lexikalischen Pu- tlSffiUS 132 Gunnar Rudberg (t) Kuns~prosa und Hymnenstil Torsten Steinby 1/Istituto Finlandese a Roma . 145 Joh. Sundwall Parallelistno fra Grecia ed Italia nelle migrazioni preistoriche 210 Index J. Suolahti The Origin of the Poet Ca tullus . I 59 J. Svennung NtttJtero = Nr. Holger Thesleff <~1ç &À"'J'&wc; und Verwandtes Rolf W estman Observatio critica ad Procli in Platonis Rem publi- can1 co1nmentarios (Vol. II, p. 1 I 3, I o !(roll) . I 90 V eikko Vaarüinen Sur la préposition latine de n1arquant la notion parti tive Henrik Zilliacus The Stolen _l\nchor . THE ORIGIN OF THE POET CATUI_JIJUS ]. -
Orthography of Names and Epithets: Latinization of Personal Names Author(S): Dan H
Orthography of Names and Epithets: Latinization of Personal Names Author(s): Dan H. Nicolson Source: Taxon, Vol. 23, No. 4 (Aug., 1974), pp. 549-561 Published by: International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1218779 . Accessed: 13/04/2014 09:02 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Taxon. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 212.238.43.46 on Sun, 13 Apr 2014 09:02:03 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions TAXON 23(4): 549-561. AUGUST 1974 ORTHOGRAPHY OF NAMES AND EPITHETS:LATINIZATION OF PERSONAL NAMES Dan H. Nicolson* Summary There are two steps to the latinization of personal names: adding -i- to the stem of most names ending in consonants (stem augmentation) and determining the appropriate case ending to be added (inflection). A review of Roman personal nomenclature shows that Romans formed surnames from given names by stem augmentation (adding -i-) before inflection. Latinization of modern names with stem augmentation honors a person by according his name the same treatment originally accorded only to the surnames of patrician and noble Romans. -
Some Passionate Performances in Late Republican Rome
Balot: A Companion to the Roman Army 9781405151436_2_c20 Final Proof page 308 18.11.2008 10:06pm Compositor Name: PDjeapradaban CHAPTER 20 Some Passionate Performances in Late Republican Rome Robert A. Kaster No one who has witnessed the opening years of the twenty first century needs to be told that emotion is inseparable from political thought and political action. So many today – individuals, parties, sects, whole nations – ‘‘are full of passionate intensity,’’ and so thoroughly do their passions govern their deeds that we could fancy Yeats’s drafting ‘‘The Second Coming,’’ in January 1919, as an act of prophecy, not a retrospective meditation on the Easter Rising and the First World War. But of course no decade in no century has ever wanted for the like, including the decades and centuries of Rome’s Republic; nor is the enactment of political passion ever, quite, just a symptom of ‘‘mere anarchy . loosed upon the world.’’ Political passions serve multiple purposes – expressive, effective, and normative – in making ideology mani- fest and urgent. In this chapter we will survey a few of these purposes in the time of Cicero, the better to see how such passions illuminate the values that sustained the republican community and inspired people to gestures mimicking stable unanimity amidst the tumult of competing factions.1 We can organize the survey around a story that Cicero never tired of telling about himself, though it meant revisiting, again and again, a time of disfiguring disgrace. The story appears as the main structural element in no fewer than four extant speeches, delivered before quite diverse audiences, and significant elements of it reappear in several other orations and in the correspondence.2 The story goes like this: Late in 63 BCE Cicero, as consul, uncovered the plot of Catiline and his confederates to overthrow Rome’s civil regime. -
The Founding of the Republic Teaching Idea Talk with Students About the United States Government
CK_3_TH_HG_P091_145.QXD 4/11/05 10:56 AM Page 127 Mercury, the Roman messenger. Like the Greek deities, the Roman deities had human forms and characteristics and played certain roles in legends. Teaching Idea Here is a list of some other Roman gods, with the Greek equivalents in Students in Core Knowledge schools parentheses. should have studied Greek gods and goddesses in Grade 2. You may wish to review what they learned and build Apollo (Apollo) Diana (Artemis) on that foundation. A good way to Neptune (Poseidon) Minerva (Athena) learn about the gods and their char- Cupid (Eros) Vulcan (Hephaestus) acter traits is by reading aloud from Mars (Ares) Pluto (Hades) books of Greek and Roman mythology. Bacchus (Dionysius) The Founding of the Republic Teaching Idea Talk with students about the United States government. How is our repub- The Senate, Patricians, and Plebeians lic similar to or different from the For many years, Rome was ruled by Etruscan kings, but in 509 BCE, the peo- Roman Republic? How is our Senate ple rose up against a particularly cruel king named Tarquin and drove him out. In similar to and also different from the that same year, the Romans set up a republican government, a government in Roman Senate? which there was no king; rather, the people chose their own rulers to serve for fixed periods of time. At the time, this was a new type of government. It would later be imitated by many other countries, including the United States. In these earlier years, Roman society was divided into two classes, patricians and plebeians. -
Till.— on Two Gold Ornaments of the Time of Theodoric, Preserved in the Devinstitut; Hon. F.S.A. the City of Ravenna Possesses
Till.— On two Gold Ornaments of the time of Theodoric, preserved in the Museum at Ravenna. By COUNT FERDINAND DE LASTEYRJE, Membre deVInstitut; Hon. F.S.A. Read May 2, 1878. THE city of Ravenna possesses a museum adjoining the municipal library, and known by the name of " Museo Classense." It is not often visited by foreigners, whose attention is generally absorbed by the splendid ancient build- ings of which that town is still so full. The Museo Classense, it is true, is not to be compared with many others in Italy. It is not a large one; it contains however some very curious antiquities. One, among many others, especially arrested my attention when I visited the collection. It is a pair of gold ornaments, inlaid with very thin laminae of oriental garnet, the form of which would be very difficult to describe excepting by a drawing. It will however be seen from the drawing which accompanies this account (Plate VII.), that the two pieces are of irregular but symmetrical form. They are generally considered as being costly ornaments fastened on the fore- part of a cuirass or of some leather garment, some kind of lorica. It is said that a metallic cuirass was found in the same excavation. That would decide the question. But at the first moment of the discovery, some workmen, escaping the too remiss vigilance of the archseological committee appointed to watch over them, stole nearly all the valuable objects found in the sepulture, three of which only could be recovered, viz. the two above-mentioned ornaments and an irre- gular piece of similar work considered as having formerly belonged to the orna- ments of the same warrior's helmet. -
Ancient Rome and Early Christianity, 500 B.C.-A.D. 500
Ancient Rome and Early Christianity, 500 B.C.-A.D. 500 Previewing Main Ideas POWER AND AUTHORITY Rome began as a republic, a government in which elected officials represent the people. Eventually, absolute rulers called emperors seized power and expanded the empire. Geography About how many miles did the Roman Empire stretch from east to west? EMPIRE BUILDING At its height, the Roman Empire touched three continents—Europe, Asia, and Africa. For several centuries, Rome brought peace and prosperity to its empire before its eventual collapse. Geography Why was the Mediterranean Sea important to the Roman Empire? RELIGIOUS AND ETHICAL SYSTEMS Out of Judea rose a monotheistic, or single-god, religion known as Christianity. Based on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, it soon spread throughout Rome and beyond. Geography What geographic features might have helped or hindered the spread of Christianity throughout the Roman Empire? INTERNET RESOURCES • Interactive Maps Go to classzone.com for: • Interactive Visuals • Research Links • Maps • Interactive Primary Sources • Internet Activities • Test Practice • Primary Sources • Current Events • Chapter Quiz 152 153 What makes a successful leader? You are a member of the senate in ancient Rome. Soon you must decide whether to support or oppose a powerful leader who wants to become ruler. Many consider him a military genius for having gained vast territory and wealth for Rome. Others point out that he disobeyed orders and is both ruthless and devious. You wonder whether his ambition would lead to greater prosperity and order in the empire or to injustice and unrest. ▲ This 19th-century painting by Italian artist Cesare Maccari shows Cicero, one of ancient Rome’s greatest public speakers, addressing fellow members of the Roman Senate.