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Cgiar - Cabi Cgiar - Cabi CGIAR - CABI CGIAR - CABI Crop Improvement, Adoption, and Impact of Improved Varieties in Food Crops in Sub-Saharan Africa CGIAR - CABI CGIAR - CABI Crop Improvement, Adoption, and Impact of Improved Varieties in Food Crops in Sub-Saharan Africa Edited by Thomas S. Walker Independent Researcher, Fletcher, North Carolina, USA and Jeffrey Alwang Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA Published by CGIAR and CAB International CGIARCABI is a trading name of- CAB CABIInternational CABI CABI Nosworthy Way 38 Chauncy Street Wallingford Suite 1002 Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Boston, MA 02111 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 800 552 3083 (toll free) Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org © CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers 2015. All rights reserved. CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers encourages reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Non-commercial uses will be authorized free of charge upon request. Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes, including educational purposes, may incur fees. Applications for permission to reproduce or disseminate CGIAR copyright materials and all other queries on rights and licences, should be addressed by e-mail to [email protected] or to the Office of the General Counsel CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, FRANCE. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Crop improvement, adoption and impact of improved varieties in food crops in Sub-Saharan Africa / edited by Thomas S. Walker, Jeffrey Alwang. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-78064-401-1 (hbk : alk. paper) 1. Food crops--Breeding-- Africa, Sub-Saharan. 2. Crop improvement--Africa, Sub-Saharan. 3. Agricultural productivity--Africa, Sub-Saharan. 4. Agriculture--Research--Africa, Sub-Saharan. I. Walker, T. S., editor. II. Alwang, Jeffrey R., editor. SB175.C75 2015 338.10967--dc23 2015025379 Published by CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers and CAB International ISBN-13: 978 1 78064 401 1 (CABI) The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by the CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centersin preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers. Commissioning editor: Joris Roulleau Editorial assistant: Emma McCann Production editor: James Bishop Typeset by SPi, Pondicherry, India Printed and bound in the UK by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY CGIAR - CABI Contents Contributors ix Acronyms and Abbreviations xi Foreword xv Preface xvii Acknowledgements xxv PART 1 BacKGROUND 1 The Importance of Generating and Documenting Varietal Change in Sub-Saharan Africa 1 T.S. Walker and J. Alwang 2 Investments in and Impacts of Crop Improvement Research in Africa 7 J. Alwang 3 Relevant Concepts and Hypotheses in Assessing the Performance of Food Crop Improvement in Sub-Saharan Africa 24 T.S. Walker 4 Coverage, Data and Methods in Assessing the Performance of Food Crop Improvement in Sub-Saharan Africa 35 T.S. Walker 5 Genetic Improvement of the Crops in the 1998 Initiative: Historical Context and Exploratory Analysis 44 T.S. Walker PART 2 ANALYSING VARIETAL GENERATION, ADOPTION AND TURNOVER IN FOOD CROPS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 6 The Effectiveness of Crop Improvement Programmes from the Perspectives of Varietal Output and Adoption: Cassava, Cowpea, Soybean and Yam in Sub-Saharan Arica and Maize in West and Central Africa 74 A.D. Alene, T. Abdoulaye, J. Rusike, V. Manyong and T.S. Walker v vi CGIARContents - CABI 7 Assessing the Effectiveness of Agricultural R&D for Groundnut, Pearl Millet, Pigeonpea and Sorghum in West and Central Africa and East and Southern Africa 123 J. Ndjeunga, K. Mausch and F. Simtowe 8 The Performance of Bean Improvement Programmes in Sub-Saharan Africa from the Perspectives of Varietal Output and Adoption 148 R.A. Muthoni and R. Andrade 9 The Effectiveness of Potato and Sweetpotato Improvement Programmes from the Perspectives of Varietal Output and Adoption in Sub-Saharan Africa 164 R. Labarta 10 Evaluating the Key Aspects of the Performance of Genetic Improvement in Priority Food Crops and Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of Rice 183 A. Diagne, F.M. Kinkingninhoun-Medagbe, E. Amovin-Assagba, T. Nakelse, K. Sanni and A. Toure 11 Assessing the Effectiveness of Maize and Wheat Improvement from the Perspectives of Varietal Output and Adoption in East and Southern Africa 206 H. De Groote, Z. Gitonga, S. Mugo and T.S. Walker 12 Varietal Output and Adoption in Barley, Chickpea, Faba Bean, Field Pea and Lentil in Ethiopia, Eritrea and Sudan 228 Y.A. Yigezu, C. Yirga and A. Aw-Hassan 13 Scientific Strength in Rice Improvement Programmes, Varietal Outputs and Adoption of Improved Varieties in South Asia 239 S. Pandey, Ma. L. Velasco and T.S. Yamano 14 Analysing Scientific Strength and Varietal Generation, Adoption and Turnover in Peninsular India: The Case of Sorghum, Pearl Millet, Chickpea, Pigeonpea and Groundnut 265 D. Kumara Charyulu, M.C.S. Bantilan, A. Raja Laxmi and D. Shyam Moses PART 3 ASSESSING IMPACT 15 Maize Technologies and Rural Poverty Reduction in Ethiopia 294 D. Zeng, J. Alwang, G.W. Norton, B. Shiferaw, M. Jaleta and C. Yirga 16 Impacts of Improved Bean Varieties on Poverty and Food Security in Uganda and Rwanda 314 C. Larochelle, J. Alwang, G.W. Norton, E. Katungi and R.A. Labarta 17 The Diffusion and Impact of Improved Food Crop Varieties in Sub-Saharan Africa 338 K. Fuglie and J. Marder PART 4 SYNTHESES AND LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT HOW TO CARRY OUT FUTURE RESEARCH 18 Varietal Generation and Output 370 T.S. Walker, A. Alene, J. Ndjuenga, R. Labarta, Y. Yigezu, A. Diagne, R. Andrade, R. Muthoni Andriatsitohaina, H. De Groote, K. Mausch, C. Yirga, F. Simtowe, E. Katungi, W. Jogo, M. Jaleta, S. Pandey and D. Kumara Charyulu CGIARCont ents- CABI vii 19 Varietal Adoption, Outcomes and Impact 388 T.S. Walker, J. Alwang, A. Alene, J. Ndjuenga, R. Labarta, Y. Yigezu, A. Diagne, R. Andrade, R. Muthoni Andriatsitohaina, H. De Groote, K. Mausch, C. Yirga, F. Simtowe, E. Katungi, W. Jogo, M. Jaleta, S. Pandey and D. Kumara Charyulu 20 Validating Adoption Estimates Generated by Expert Opinion and Assessing the Reliability of Adoption Estimates with Different Methods 406 T.S. Walker 21 Implications for Monitoring Progress and Assessing Impacts 420 J. Alwang Index 437 CGIAR - CABI CGIAR - CABI Contributors Tahirou Abdoulaye, IITA, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. E-mail: [email protected] Arega D. Alene, IITA-Malawi, P.O. Box 30258, Lilongwe 3, Malawi. E-mail: [email protected] Jeffrey Alwang, Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Virginia Tech, 251-I Hutcheson Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Eyram Amovin-Assagba, Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice), 01 B.P. 2031, Cotonou, Benin. E-mail: [email protected] Robert Andrade, Department of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota (Formerly of CIAT), 248D Ruttan Hall 1994 Buford Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Aden Aw-Hassan, ICARDA, Social, Economic and Policy Research Program (SEPRP), International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), P.O. Box 950764, Amman 11195, Jordan. E-mail: [email protected] M.C.S. Bantilan, Research Program on Markets, Institutions, and Policy, ICRISAT Center, Patancheru 502 324, Telangana, India. E-mail: [email protected] Aliou Diagne, Universite Gaston Berger (formerly of AfricaRice), St Louis, Senegal. E-mail: aliouwork@ gmail.com Keith Fuglie, Resource and Rural Economics Division, Economic Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 355 E. Street, Southwest, Room 6-178, Washington, DC 20024-3221, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Zachary Gitonga, CIMMYT, PO Box 1041-00621, Nairobi, Kenya. E-mail: [email protected] Hugo De Groote, Socioeconomics Program CIMMYT, PO Box 1041-00621, Nairobi, Kenya. E-mail: [email protected] Moti Jaleta, CIMMYT, P. O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethopia. E-mail: [email protected] Wellington Jogo, Bioversity International, PO Box 24384, Kampala, Uganda. E-mail: [email protected] Enid Katungi, Pan Africa Bean Research Alliance, CIAT, PO Box 6247, Kampala, Uganda. E-mail: [email protected] Florent M. Kinkingninhoun-Medagbe, Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice), 01 B.P. 2031, Cotonou, Benin. E-mail: [email protected] Deevi Kumara Charyulu, Research Program on Markets, Institutions, and Policy, ICRISAT Center, Patancheru 502 324, Telangana, India. E-mail: [email protected] Ricardo A. Labarta, Decision & Policy Analysis Research Area, CIAT (formerly of CIP), Km 17, Recta Cali-Palmira, Cali, Colombia. E-mail: [email protected] Catherine Larochelle, Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Virginia Tech, 315 Hutcheson Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA. E-mail: [email protected] ix x CGIARContributors - CABI A. Raja Laxmi, Research Program on Markets, Institutions, and Policy, ICRISAT Center, Patancheru 502 324, Telangana, India. E-mail: [email protected] Victor Manyong, IITA, PO Box 34441, Dar es Saalam, Tanzania. E-mail: [email protected] Jacob Marder, Dept of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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