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University of Huddersfield Repository Christmann, Kris 'Leave Them No Space': Checkmating Political Dissent in the Policing of Two UK International Summits Original Citation Christmann, Kris (2019) 'Leave Them No Space': Checkmating Political Dissent in the Policing of Two UK International Summits. Doctoral thesis, University of Huddersfield. This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/34949/ The University Repository is a digital collection of the research output of the University, available on Open Access. Copyright and Moral Rights for the items on this site are retained by the individual author and/or other copyright owners. 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For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/ 'Leave Them No Space': Checkmating Political Dissent in the Policing of Two UK International Summits Kris Christmann A thesis submitted to the University of Huddersfield in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2017 Acknowledgements I am extremely grateful to both of my supervisors, Professor Jim McAuley and Dr Shaun McDaid for their time, thoughtful guidance and support throughout. Their patience and good humour is much appreciated and allowed me to reach the final furlong. The other individuals that made this research possible I shall not name, but include countless activists in London and South Wales that I shared time with, stood beside whilst we faced violent police repression or intrusive surveillance, sat with in convergence centres, and marched with, often to nowhere of any importance. Page 2 of 407 Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................ 4 1. Introduction: Incapacitating Political Protest ......................................................... 5 1.2 Research Aims and Objectives ................................................................................. 7 1.3 Analytic Approach.................................................................................................. 8 1.4 Plan of the Thesis..................................................................................................11 2. Literature Review: Protest, control and policing - trends and patterns ................... 14 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 14 2.2 " Who's Calling the Shots? ..................................................................................... 17 2.21 The Relative Autonomy of the Police ........................................................................... 17 2.22 Parking Tickets, Public Order and Class Repression .................................................... 22 2.23 The Relative Autonomy of the State ............................................................................ 24 2.24 Bringing Other Players In; Political Policing and the Secret State .............................. 27 2.3 Transnational protest: the story of a movement ..................................................... 34 2.3.1 Seattle and the Spectre of Global Dissent....................................................................... 36 2.4 Police Violence and Wrongdoing ........................................................................... 39 2.5 The Multifaceted Nature of Dissent ....................................................................... 40 2.6 Violence, law and the exception ............................................................................ 48 2.7 Defining and Operationalising Repression .............................................................. 49 2.8 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 55 3. Methodology ..................................................................................................... 59 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 59 3.2 Contribution of the Research Design to the Research Study ........................................ 61 3.2.1 The Benefits of an Ethnographic Orientation to the Research Study ...................... 63 3.3 Data Sources........................................................................................................... 65 3.4 Primary Data Sources ........................................................................................... 70 3.4.1 Ethnographic Data ........................................................................................................... 70 3.4.2 Pre-field Preparation ....................................................................................................... 70 3.4.3 Gaining Access ................................................................................................... 71 3.4.4 Entering the field. .............................................................................................. 73 3.4.5 The Fieldwork and Field Relations ....................................................................... 73 3.4.6 Leaving the field ............................................................................................... 75 3.4.7 Limitations of Ethnography ................................................................................ 75 Page 3 of 407 3.4.8 Photography and video recording ........................................................................ 75 3.4.9 Interviewing ...................................................................................................... 77 3.4.10 Freedom of Information Requests .................................................................... 78 3.5 Secondary Data Sources .......................................................................................... 80 3.5.1 NHS Data ......................................................................................................... 80 3.5.2 Complaints Procedures .................................................................................................... 80 3.5.3 Media Footage ................................................................................................................. 81 3.5.4 Documents and Newspapers ........................................................................................... 81 3.6 Data Analysis and Integration Strategy ................................................................. 82 3.6.1 Ethnographic data analysis ................................................................................ 82 3.6.2 Interview analysis ............................................................................................................ 83 3.7 Ethical issues .......................................................................................................... 83 3.7.1 Informed consent ............................................................................................................. 83 3.7.2 Privacy .............................................................................................................................. 84 3.7.3 Harms ............................................................................................................................... 84 3.7.4 Exploitation ...................................................................................................................... 85 3.7.5 Ethical Guidelines ............................................................................................................. 85 3.7.6 Researcher Safety ........................................................................................................... 86 3.7.7 Future research ................................................................................................................. 88 3.8 Researching the Policing of Contentious Protest Groups ............................................ 88 3.8.1 Researching Violence and Disorder ................................................................................. 88 3.8.2 Saying What Happened or Choosing Sides? ................................................................... 89 3.8.3 Are you a spy? .................................................................................................................. 91 3.8.4 The Limitations of Direct Observation ............................................................................ 92 3.8.5 Covert Research ............................................................................................................... 93 3.9 Summary ............................................................................................................... 93 4. CHAPTER FOUR: The Lead up to the G20 Summit Protests ................................... 96 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 96 4.2 An Overview and Timeline of the G20 Protest: Selecting Defensible
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