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Kirwan Thesis Final.Pdf UCC Library and UCC researchers have made this item openly available. Please let us know how this has helped you. Thanks! Title Cork’s international trade during the first industrial revolution Author(s) Kirwan, Luke Publication date 2016 Original citation Kirwan, L. 2016. Cork’s international trade during the first industrial revolution. PhD Thesis, University College Cork. Type of publication Doctoral thesis Rights © 2016, Luke Patrick Kirwan. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Item downloaded http://hdl.handle.net/10468/2736 from Downloaded on 2021-10-05T11:23:25Z Cork’s International Trade during the First Industrial Revolution Luke Patrick Kirwan Submitted as required for the fulfilment of Doctoral Degree National University of Ireland, Cork School of History April 2016 Head of Department: Professor David Ryan Supervisor: Dr. Mike Cosgrave Contents Declaration ................................................................................................ i Abstract ................................................................................................... ii Accessing the Database ........................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ................................................................................. iv Figures ..................................................................................................... v Tables...................................................................................................... vi Maps ....................................................................................................... vi Images .................................................................................................... vi Abbreviations ......................................................................................... vii Introduction ............................................................................................. 1 Context and historiography .......................................................................... 2 The Committee of Merchants................................................................... 8 A Relational Database of Cork’s Trade ....................................................... 11 Database Design ..................................................................................... 14 Transcription Issues ................................................................................ 17 Website Design ....................................................................................... 19 Chapter 1 Trans-Atlantic Trade ............................................................... 25 Cork’s Trade with the Americas ................................................................. 27 The ‘Jay Treaty’ (1794) and Cork Merchants .......................................... 29 Caribbean Trade ......................................................................................... 42 Imports .................................................................................................... 44 Exports and Provisioning ........................................................................ 49 Conclusion ............................................................................................... 60 America ....................................................................................................... 61 Trade with the United States .................................................................. 61 South America......................................................................................... 66 Cork’s Trade and the Atlantic System ........................................................ 69 Conclusion .................................................................................................. 75 Chapter 2 Trade with Continental Europe ............................................... 79 Portugal ...................................................................................................... 82 Treaties ................................................................................................... 87 Imports .................................................................................................. 101 Exports .................................................................................................. 115 Conclusion ............................................................................................. 123 France ....................................................................................................... 124 Conclusion ................................................................................................ 132 Chapter 3 British Trade ......................................................................... 136 Scotland and Colonial Transhipment ....................................................... 140 Scottish Trade ....................................................................................... 140 East Indies ............................................................................................. 144 Legislative Restrictions, Free Trade and the Union .................................. 148 Eighteenth Century Restrictions ........................................................... 148 Free Trade ............................................................................................. 151 Commercial Propositions ...................................................................... 155 Act of Union .......................................................................................... 161 Trade Patterns .......................................................................................... 169 Imports .................................................................................................. 176 Exports .................................................................................................. 189 Conclusion ................................................................................................ 203 Chapter 4 Development in Cork ............................................................ 207 The Committee of Merchants .................................................................. 210 Political Influence ................................................................................. 210 Butter Regulation .................................................................................. 216 Discord .................................................................................................. 222 Transportation .......................................................................................... 231 Quays and waterways ........................................................................... 237 Steam Packets ....................................................................................... 244 Rail ........................................................................................................ 249 Conclusion ................................................................................................ 254 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 257 Appendices ........................................................................................... 267 Appendix 1 ................................................................................................ 267 Appendix 2 ................................................................................................ 268 Appendix 3 ................................................................................................ 269 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 270 Declaration This is to certify that the work I am submitting is my own and has not been submitted for another degree, either at University College Cork or elsewhere. All external references and sources are clearly acknowledged and identified within the contents. I have read and understood the regulations of University College Cork concerning plagiarism. i Abstract This thesis explores the impact international trade and commercial agreements had on the economic and industrial development of Cork during the first industrial revolution. From the Act of Union onwards Cork moved from a region where trade became increasingly reliant on Britain at the expense of trade that had been cultivated over the eighteenth century with the Americas and Europe. The legislative underpinnings of Cork’s trade is the focus of this research and how this changed after the Act of Union. It begins by examining the transatlantic trade of Cork city and the issues faced in the West Indies trade due to the growth of the United States. It will also consider the impact of the Napoleonic Wars on Cork’s trade with both the Americas and continental Europe. The conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars saw the United Kingdom negotiate treaties and agreements that would have a direct impact upon Cork’s merchants. This thesis will address the degree to which the mercantile community in Cork were able to influence policy that directly impacted upon their trade networks. It will then examine the trade between Cork and the United Kingdom and assess the impact of the Union on the ability of Cork’s merchants to affect political change. The operation of the Committee of Merchants in Cork is detailed and their responses to the changing nature of international trade. The thesis finishes by examining the underdevelopment of Cork’s transportation
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