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Edgar Munyarari Kamusoko (Bsc (Hons) Eng; MBA; MA International Studies)

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Edgar Munyarari Kamusoko (Bsc (Hons) Eng; MBA; MA International Studies) Rethinking the African Economic Ethic of Indigenisation in the Light of the Expansion of Global Neo-liberal Capitalistic Practices: A Critical Study on the Prospects for Purposeful Regional Economic Integration in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Edgar Munyarari Kamusoko (Bsc (Hons) Eng; MBA; MA International Studies) Supervisor: Prof Munyaradzi Felix Murove Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the academic requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Subject of Ethics at the School of Religion Philosophy and Classics, College of Humanities, University of KwaZulu– Natal, Pietermaritzburg, in March 2019. DECLARATION I, Edgar Munyarari Kamusoko declare that: i. The research presented in this thesis except where otherwise indicated, is my original work. ii. The thesis has not been submitted for any degree or examination at any other university. iii. This thesis does not contain another person’s data, pictures, graphics or other information, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other persons. iv. This thesis does not contain another person’s writing unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other researchers. Where other written sources have been quoted: a. Their words have been rewritten but the general information attributed to them has been referenced. b. Where their exact words have been used, their exact words have been placed inside quotation marks and referenced. v. This thesis does not contain text graphics or tables copied and pasted from the internet unless specifically acknowledged and the source being detailed in the thesis and in the reference sections. 23 August 2019 __________________________________ ________________________ Candidate: Edgar Munyarari Kamusoko Date __________________________________ ________________________ Supervisor: Prof Munyaradzi Felix Murove Date i DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my father Mr Kenneth Taonangwere Kamusoko, a great man, for his enduring guidance, abundant and never-ending love, prayers, support and encouragement. I will always remember the sacrifices he made and how hard he worked to make sure I receive good education which was meant to give me a firm academic foundation on which this academic achievement was built. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to the Lord for the good health and well-being that were necessary to complete this thesis. For this thesis to be completed there was essential and great guidance, support and encouragement from my supervisor, Prof Munyaradzi Felix Murove. I will forever remain indebted to him for his professionalism, meticulous guidance and positive criticism he gave me throughout the study. He utilised a lot of his scarce and valuable time to attend to my work and meet me to give guidance. I would like to express my profound gratitude and appreciation for his dedication and support which led to the successful completion of this thesis. I am equally greatly thankful to the Vice President of the Republic of Zimbabwe, Honourable, General (Dr) Constantino Guveya Dominic Nyikadzino Chiwenga, (Retired), whose personal support was critical to the successful completion of this academic programme. His personally encouraged me and showed interest in my welfare and academic progress and motivated me to settle for nothing less than success in this programme. I would also like to thank the Commander Zimbabwe Defence Forces General Philip Valerio Sibanda for having continued to support my degree programme after he took over as the Commander Zimbabwe Defence Forces. I would also like to thank the Zimbabwean Minister of Lands, Agriculture and Rural Resettlement in Zimbabwe, Honourable Air Chief Marshal Perrance Shiri, (Retired), the Commander of the Air Force of Zimbabwe Air Marshal Elson Moyo and Air Vice Marshal (Dr) Mike Tedzani Moyo Commandant/Interim Vice-Chancellor of the Zimbabwe National Defence University who allowed me to attend to the demanding academic schedules and visits to University of KwaZulu-Natal for consultations with my supervisor and use of the library at a time when my services were required at work. I would also like to acknowledge Lieutenant Colonel (Dr) Sadiki Maeresera, a Post-Doctoral Research Fellow at the University of KwaZulu-Natal who encouraged me to take-up this programme and his support throughout my studies. iii The study could not have been successful without the professionalism and dedication to duty by my office staff who worked hard during odd hours in putting together the various pieces of the research report. Mr Elvis Chifamba and Mrs Winnie Mandenga were outstanding with their clerical and editing contributions. Last but not least I wish to express my profound appreciation for the patience and moral support I received from my wife Lucia Kamusoko and children Rumbidzai, Tapiwa and Ruvimbo. I also wish to express my appreciation to my extended family for their encouragement and support. iv ABSTRACT During the Cold War, the world order was bi-polar and largely divided between liberalism and communism. The end of the Cold War saw global neo-liberal capitalism emerging to dominate the world as the only economic system available for development. However, that development is yet to be seen in Africa despite pursuing neo-liberal policies for many years. The failure of neo- liberalism in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region to stimulate economic development has been attributed partly to the failure by the region to domesticate capitalism. In response to the challenges of neo-liberalism, SADC states went into a regional integration with an overarching objective of eradicating poverty and improving the economic well-being of the people. The regional economic integration has had its own challenges. One of the reasons for the failure of the SADC regional economic integration was because of the absence of regional capitalism to promote intra-regional trade and investment. Another response by the post-colonial SADC states to global neo-liberal capitalism was the African economic ethic of indigenisation. This was also an effort to address economic inequalities introduced by colonial and apartheid systems. Indigenisation sought to promote fair participation in economic activities by deliberately empowering the majority previously marginalised people. The economic policy of indigenisation was popular and implemented at the national level by most of the SADC states, but at the regional level it seems there was no clear expression of the same policy. The indigenisation policy has been a controversial policy with its own ethical challenges regarding its fairness and consequences. This research attempts to explore ways in which the SADC region can come-up with a purposeful regional economic integration which can help reduce poverty and domesticate capitalism for the greatest benefit to the greatest number of people as argued by utilitarianism. The study also investigates why there was no regional SADC policy on indigenisation if the policy was popular at the national level. The research used a qualitative analytical case study desk research design which analysed SADC policies and the theories and concepts that inform global-neo-liberal capitalism and regional integration. The research established that, the African economic ethic of indigenisation can be ethically justified from a utilitarianism perspective as it sought to deliver the greatest good to the greatest number of local people. It also came out from the research that the African economic ethic of indigenisation was a response to unethical discriminative colonial and apartheid v practices which were viewed as sources to poverty and economic inequality. The research also observed that the SADC through the Common Agenda of the treaty sought to eradicate poverty and improve the well-being of the people of SADC. These objectives were well aligned to those of the African economic ethic of indigenisation. However, the pressures of global neo-liberal capitalism have seen the SADC region failing to explicitly express the African economic ethic of indigenisation in any of its policies and initiatives. The other reason for the failure by SADC as a region to express indigenisation explicitly in its policies was that the political elite sought to maintain unchallenged authority and unethical benefits from indigenisation in their own countries free of the regional oversight. The research however, found it ethically beneficial for the SADC region to embrace neo-liberalism but at the same time promoting the development of regional capitalism; which I would call ‘SADCapitalism’. Developing capitalism in SADC would help domesticate capitalism for the benefit of the majority of the SADC people. To domesticate capitalism at the regional level, there is a need to come up with a regional integration which promotes regional indigenous entrepreneurs or capitalists. This would be in the form of a regional indigenisation policy which promotes SADC citizens to invest and migrate within the region enjoying preferential treatment ahead of non-SADC citizens. In the rethinking, there is need to redefine the people who should be regarded as regional indigenous people include at least fourth generation descendants of former colonial or apartheid white rulers, Indians and coloureds. vi KEY TERMS Indigenisation, black economic empowerment, affirmative action, global neo-liberal capitalism, poverty, wealth redistribution, domestication of capitalism, regional economic integration. vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ADBG African Development
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