1 What Is a Mineral? Critical Thinking
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Characterization of Sulfide Minerals from Gabbroic and Ultramafic Rocks by Electron Microscopy1 D.J
Blackman, D.K., Ildefonse, B., John, B.E., Ohara, Y., Miller, D.J., MacLeod, C.J., and the Expedition 304/305 Scientists Proceedings of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, Volume 304/305 Data report: characterization of sulfide minerals from gabbroic and ultramafic rocks by electron microscopy1 D.J. Miller,2 T. Eisenbach,2 and Z.P. Luo3 Chapter contents Abstract Abstract . 1 This objective of this research was to investigate the potential of using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to determine sul- Introduction . 1 fide mineral speciation in gabbroic rocks from Atlantis Massif, the Geologic background . 2 site of Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 304/305. Method development . 2 The method takes advantage of TEM analysis techniques and Results . 2 proved successful in sulfide mineral identification. TEM can pro- Discussion . 3 vide imaging of the sample morphology, crystal structure through Acknowledgments. 4 the electron diffraction, and chemical compositional information References . 4 through X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy. Electron probe mi- Figures . 5 croanalysis was also used to determine the chemical composition. Table . 11 Introduction Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 304/305 at Atlantis Massif, 30°N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) (Fig. F1) comprised a coordinated, dual-expedition drilling program aimed at investigating oceanic core complex (OCC) formation and the exposure of ultramafic rocks in young oceanic lithosphere. One of the scientific objectives of this drilling program is to investigate the role of magmatism in the development of OCCs. Whereas precruise submersible and geophysical surveys suggested the po- tential of recovering substantial amounts of serpentinized perido- tite and possibly fresh residual mantle, coring on the central dome of the massif returned a 1.4 km thick section of plutonic mafic rock with only a thin (<150 m) interval of ultramafic or near-ultramafic composition rocks of indeterminate origin. -
A Vibrational Spectroscopic Study of the Silicate Mineral Harmotome Â
Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 137 (2015) 70–74 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/saa A vibrational spectroscopic study of the silicate mineral harmotome – (Ba,Na,K)1-2(Si,Al)8O16Á6H2O – A natural zeolite ⇑ Ray L. Frost a, , Andrés López a, Lina Wang a,b, Antônio Wilson Romano c, Ricardo Scholz d a School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia b School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, No. 391, Bin Shui West Road, Xi Qing District, Tianjin, PR China c Geology Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil d Geology Department, School of Mines, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-00, Brazil highlights graphical abstract We have studied the mineral harmotome (Ba,Na,K)1- 2(Si,Al)8O16Á6H2O. It is a natural zeolite. Raman and infrared bands are attributed to siloxane stretching and bending vibrations. A sharp infrared band at 3731 cmÀ1 is assigned to the OH stretching vibration of SiOH units. article info abstract Article history: The mineral harmotome (Ba,Na,K)1-2(Si,Al)8O16Á6H2O is a crystalline sodium calcium silicate which has Received 31 March 2014 the potential to be used in plaster boards and other industrial applications. It is a natural zeolite with cat- Received in revised form 7 July 2014 alytic potential. Raman bands at 1020 and 1102 cmÀ1 are assigned to the SiO stretching vibrations of Accepted 28 July 2014 three dimensional siloxane units. -
16 /75 / 7 ~ -% in +~ In
7-'<16_ /75_ / 7 ~ R.6l3. Wolframite concentration, Scamander Mining Corporation N.L. A chip sample for the determination of the maximum recoverable amount of wolframite was supplied by the Scamander Mining Corporation and stated to be from their Scamander Tier lease. Special consideration was to be given to the production of a high grade wolframite concentrate and the rejection of the coarsest possible tailing. The chip sample was given the registered number 700174. • The chip sample was initially c rushed to -\ in and found to contain 0.82\ W03' The sample consisted mainly of quartz plus some dolerite with minor amounts of an iron oxide mineral. Large slivers of wolframite up to • 5/16 in were present. SAMPLE PREPARATION The -\ in ore was stage crushed to %" in in a laboratory Chipmunk jaw crusher, mixed, then riffled into four identical parts. One part was further riffled to supply samples for a siie analysis and a further head assay. The second part was wet, then dry screened to provide the following fractions for concentration: Size Range Concentrating Operation -% in +~ in 1 -\ in +10. 2 -10* +22. 3 • -22. +52# 4 -52. +100. 5 -100. +200# 6 • - 200. 7 The remaining two identical parts were retained for possible further work. PROCEDURE The sized fractions of the ore were gravity and magnetically concen t trated (Table 1). II Jig Concentration Jig conditions are shown in Table 2. As the jig concentration operat ions were not continuous , each fraction was fed through its respective jig ~ three times. Table Concentration Minimum amounts of water and l ow feed rates were used to obtain quartz free concentrates from each fraction. -
Carbonation and Decarbonation Reactions: Implications for Planetary Habitability K
American Mineralogist, Volume 104, pages 1369–1380, 2019 Carbonation and decarbonation reactions: Implications for planetary habitability k E.M. STEWART1,*,†, JAY J. AGUE1, JOHN M. FERRY2, CRAIG M. SCHIFFRIES3, REN-BIAO TAO4, TERRY T. ISSON1,5, AND NOAH J. PLANAVSKY1 1Department of Geology & Geophysics, Yale University, P.O. Box 208109, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8109, U.S.A. 2Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, U.S.A. 3Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, 5251 Broad Branch Road NW, Washington, D.C. 20015, U.S.A. 4School of Earth and Space Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belt and Crustal Evolution, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China 5School of Science, University of Waikato, 101-121 Durham Street, Tauranga 3110, New Zealand ABSTRACT The geologic carbon cycle plays a fundamental role in controlling Earth’s climate and habitability. For billions of years, stabilizing feedbacks inherent in the cycle have maintained a surface environ- ment that could sustain life. Carbonation/decarbonation reactions are the primary mechanisms for transferring carbon between the solid Earth and the ocean–atmosphere system. These processes can be broadly represented by the reaction: CaSiO3 (wollastonite) + CO2 (gas) ↔ CaCO3 (calcite) + SiO2 (quartz). This class of reactions is therefore critical to Earth’s past and future habitability. Here, we summarize their significance as part of the Deep Carbon Obsevatory’s “Earth in Five Reactions” project. In the forward direction, carbonation reactions like the one above describe silicate weathering and carbonate formation on Earth’s surface. Recent work aims to resolve the balance between silicate weathering in terrestrial and marine settings both in the modern Earth system and through Earth’s history. -
Carbonation and Decarbonation Reactions: Implications for Planetary Habitability K
American Mineralogist, Volume 104, pages 1369–1380, 2019 Carbonation and decarbonation reactions: Implications for planetary habitability k E.M. STEWART1,*,†, JAY J. AGUE1, JOHN M. FERRY2, CRAIG M. SCHIFFRIES3, REN-BIAO TAO4, TERRY T. ISSON1,5, AND NOAH J. PLANAVSKY1 1Department of Geology & Geophysics, Yale University, P.O. Box 208109, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8109, U.S.A. 2Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, U.S.A. 3Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, 5251 Broad Branch Road NW, Washington, D.C. 20015, U.S.A. 4School of Earth and Space Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belt and Crustal Evolution, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China 5School of Science, University of Waikato, 101-121 Durham Street, Tauranga 3110, New Zealand ABSTRACT The geologic carbon cycle plays a fundamental role in controlling Earth’s climate and habitability. For billions of years, stabilizing feedbacks inherent in the cycle have maintained a surface environ- ment that could sustain life. Carbonation/decarbonation reactions are the primary mechanisms for transferring carbon between the solid Earth and the ocean–atmosphere system. These processes can be broadly represented by the reaction: CaSiO3 (wollastonite) + CO2 (gas) ↔ CaCO3 (calcite) + SiO2 (quartz). This class of reactions is therefore critical to Earth’s past and future habitability. Here, we summarize their signifcance as part of the Deep Carbon Obsevatory’s “Earth in Five Reactions” project. In the forward direction, carbonation reactions like the one above describe silicate weathering and carbonate formation on Earth’s surface. Recent work aims to resolve the balance between silicate weathering in terrestrial and marine settings both in the modern Earth system and through Earth’s history. -
Nature of Interlayer Material in Silicate Clays of Selected Oregon Soils
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF PAUL C, SINGLETON for the Ph.D. in Soils (Name) (Degree) (Major) Date thesis is presented July 28, 1965 Title NATURE OF INTERLAYER MATERIAL IN SILICATE CLAYS OF SELECTED OREGON SOILS - Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved = ajor professor) Ç A study was conducted to investigate the nature of hydroxy interlayers in the chlorite -like intergrade clays of three Oregon soils with respect to kind, amount, stability, and conditions of formation. The clays of the Hembre, Wren, and Lookout soils, selected to represent weathering products originating from basaltic materials under humid, subhumid, and semi -arid climatic conditions respectively, were subjected to a series of progressive treatments designed to effect a differential dissolution of the materials intimately asso- ciated with them. The treatments, chosen to represent a range of increasing severity of dissolution, were (1) distilled water plus mechanical stirring, (2) boiling 2% sodium carbonate, (3) buffered sodium citrate -dithionite, (4) boiling sodium hydroxide, and (5) preheating to 400 °C for 4 hours plus boiling sodium hydroxide. Extracts from the various steps of the dissolution procedure were chemically analyzed in order to identify the materials removed from the clays. X -ray diffraction analysis and cation exchange capacity determinations were made on the clays after each step, and any differences noted in the measured values were attributed to the removal of hydroxy interlayers from the clays. Hydroxy interlayers were found to occur more in the Hembre and Wren soils than in the Lookout soil, with the most stable interlayers occurring in the Wren. Soil reaction was one of the major differences between these soils. -
Moon Minerals a Visual Guide
Moon Minerals a visual guide A.G. Tindle and M. Anand Preliminaries Section 1 Preface Virtual microscope work at the Open University began in 1993 meteorites, Martian meteorites and most recently over 500 virtual and has culminated in the on-line collection of over 1000 microscopes of Apollo samples. samples available via the virtual microscope website (here). Early days were spent using LEGO robots to automate a rotating microscope stage thanks to the efforts of our colleague Peter Whalley (now deceased). This automation speeded up image capture and allowed us to take the thousands of photographs needed to make sizeable (Earth-based) virtual microscope collections. Virtual microscope methods are ideal for bringing rare and often unique samples to a wide audience so we were not surprised when 10 years ago we were approached by the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council who asked us to prepare a virtual collection of the 12 Moon rocks they loaned out to schools and universities. This would turn out to be one of many collections built using extra-terrestrial material. The major part of our extra-terrestrial work is web-based and we The authors - Mahesh Anand (left) and Andy Tindle (middle) with colleague have build collections of Europlanet meteorites, UK and Irish Peter Whalley (right). Thank you Peter for your pioneering contribution to the Virtual Microscope project. We could not have produced this book without your earlier efforts. 2 Moon Minerals is our latest output. We see it as a companion volume to Moon Rocks. Members of staff -
Origin and Metal Content of Magmatic Sulfides in Cu-Au Mineralizing Silicic Magmas
Introduction Based on work by Keith et al. (1997) at the Bingham and Tintic mining districts in Utah, evidence from the Bajo de la Alumbrera complex, and preliminary evidence from other porphyry systems, Halter et al. (2002a) proposed that the destabilization of magmatic sulfides and dissolution temperature of sulfide metals into magmatic ore fluids is responsible for producing the characteristic Au/Cu ratios shared by both the magmatic sulfides and the bulk ore body. This study compares the copper, silver and gold content and ratios of magmatic sulfide inclusions related to the Cu±Mo porphyry system of Yerington, Nevada, USA, and the high-sulfidation epithermal Au- Cu system of Yanacocha, Peru. These two groups of magmatic rocks are compared with one another to test whether or not the metal contents and ratios of magmatic sulfides in each large mining district dictate the average metal content and metal ratios of bulk ores. Samples of volcanic rocks spanning around 4 Ma from pre-ore to syn- ore in the Yanacocha district were chosen to determine the variation of sulfide mineralogy and metal content, and correlate these with mineralizing events. Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) and electron microprobe analysis were used to directly determine the metal contents of magmatic sulfide inclusions. A methodology for LA-ICPMS analysis of sulfides was developed for the OSU instrumentation, and included standardization, lab protocols, and estimation of detection limits of relevant trace metals. 2 Geologic Setting and Background Information Where there is sufficient quantity of sulfide sulfur in a silicate melt, sulfide saturation may occur to produce immiscible sulfide and silicate liquids (Ebel and Naldrett, 1997). -
Adamsite-(Y), a New Sodium–Yttrium Carbonate Mineral
1457 The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 38, pp. 1457-1466 (2000) ADAMSITE-(Y), A NEW SODIUM–YTTRIUM CARBONATE MINERAL SPECIES FROM MONT SAINT-HILAIRE, QUEBEC JOEL D. GRICE§ and ROBERT A. GAULT Research Division, Canadian Museum of Nature, P.O. Box 3443, Station D, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6P4, Canada ANDREW C. ROBERTS Geological Survey of Canada, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E8, Canada MARK A. COOPER Department of Geological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada ABSTRACT Adamsite-(Y), ideally NaY(CO3)2•6H2O, is a newly identified mineral from the Poudrette quarry, Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec. It occurs as groups of colorless to white and pale pink, rarely pale purple, flat, acicular to fibrous crystals. These crystals are up to 2.5 cm in length and form spherical radiating aggregates. Associated minerals include aegirine, albite, analcime, ancylite-(Ce), calcite, catapleiite, dawsonite, donnayite-(Y), elpidite, epididymite, eudialyte, eudidymite, fluorite, franconite, gaidonnayite, galena, genthelvite, gmelinite, gonnardite, horváthite-(Y), kupletskite, leifite, microcline, molybdenite, narsarsukite, natrolite, nenadkevichite, petersenite-(Ce), polylithionite, pyrochlore, quartz, rhodochrosite, rutile, sabinaite, sérandite, siderite, sphalerite, thomasclarkite-(Y), zircon and an unidentified Na–REE carbonate (UK 91). The transparent to translucent mineral has a vitreous to pearly luster and a white streak. It is soft (Mohs hardness 3) and brittle with perfect {001} and good {100} and {010} cleav- ␣  ␥ ° ° ages. Adamsite-(Y) is biaxial positive, = V 1.480(4), = 1.498(2), = 1.571(4), 2Vmeas. = 53(3) , 2Vcalc. = 55 and is nonpleochroic. Optical orientation: X = [001], Y = b, Z a = 14° (in  obtuse). It is triclinic, space group P1,¯ with unit-cell parameters refined from powder data: a 6.262(2), b 13.047(6), c 13.220(5) Å, ␣ 91.17(4),  103.70(4), ␥ 89.99(4)°, V 1049.1(5) Å3 and Z = 4. -
Infrare D Transmission Spectra of Carbonate Minerals
Infrare d Transmission Spectra of Carbonate Mineral s THE NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Infrare d Transmission Spectra of Carbonate Mineral s G. C. Jones Department of Mineralogy The Natural History Museum London, UK and B. Jackson Department of Geology Royal Museum of Scotland Edinburgh, UK A collaborative project of The Natural History Museum and National Museums of Scotland E3 SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. Firs t editio n 1 993 © 1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Chapman & Hall in 1993 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1993 Typese t at the Natura l Histor y Museu m ISBN 978-94-010-4940-5 ISBN 978-94-011-2120-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-2120-0 Apar t fro m any fair dealin g for the purpose s of researc h or privat e study , or criticis m or review , as permitte d unde r the UK Copyrigh t Design s and Patent s Act , 1988, thi s publicatio n may not be reproduced , stored , or transmitted , in any for m or by any means , withou t the prio r permissio n in writin g of the publishers , or in the case of reprographi c reproductio n onl y in accordanc e wit h the term s of the licence s issue d by the Copyrigh t Licensin g Agenc y in the UK, or in accordanc e wit h the term s of licence s issue d by the appropriat e Reproductio n Right s Organizatio n outsid e the UK. Enquirie s concernin g reproductio n outsid e the term s state d here shoul d be sent to the publisher s at the Londo n addres s printe d on thi s page. -
Technologic Tests of Turkey-Gordes Zeolite Minerals
Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, 2017, 5, 252-265 http://www.scirp.org/journal/jmmce ISSN Online: 2327-4085 ISSN Print: 2327-4077 Technologic Tests of Turkey-Gordes Zeolite Minerals Oyku Bilgin Department of Mining Engineering, Sirnak University, Sirnak, Turkey How to cite this paper: Bilgin, O. (2017) Abstract Technologic Tests of Turkey-Gordes Zeo- lite Minerals. Journal of Minerals and Ma- Natural zeolites are found at many points of the world in the form of miner- terials Characterization and Engineering, 5, als. As for Turkey, quite large volumes of zeolites reserves are available in the 252-265. following regions: Ankara (Nallihan, Beypazari, Polatli etc.), Kütahya-Sa- https://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2017.55021 phane, Manisa-Gördes, Manisa-Demirci, Izmir-Urla, Balıkesir-Bigadiç and Received: February 23, 2017 Cappadocia. By means of the works carried out only at the field in Balikesir- Accepted: August 11, 2017 Bigadiç region, one of the detected reserves in Turkey, it was understood that Published: August 14, 2017 an easily workable potential around 500 million ton is available. According to Copyright © 2017 by author and the very limited observations made until today, it is stated that the total re- Scientific Research Publishing Inc. serve in our country may be around 500 billion ton. In these regions, the types This work is licensed under the Creative of clinoptilolite, hoylandit, chabazite, analcime and erionite from the zeolite Commons Attribution International minerals exist. Zeolites are widely used in many sectors such as energy, envi- License (CC BY 4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ronment, construction, detergent, chemistry, medicine, mining, agriculture Open Access and livestock. -
Metamorphism
Title page INTRODUCING METAMORPHISM Ian Sanders DUNEDIN EDINBURGH LONDON Contents Contents v Preface ix Acknowledgements x 1 Introduction 1 1.1 What is metamorphism? 1 1.1.1 Protoliths 1 1.1.2 Changes to the minerals 1 1.1.3 Changes to the texture 3 1.1.4 Naming metamorphic rocks 3 1.2 Metamorphic rocks – made under mountains 3 1.2.1 Mountain building 3 1.2.2 Directed stress, pressure and temperature in a mountain’s roots 4 1.2.3 Exhumation of a mountain’s roots 6 1.3 Metamorphism in local settings 6 1.3.1 Contact metamorphism 7 1.3.2 Hydrothermal metamorphism 7 1.3.3 Dynamic metamorphism 9 1.3.4 Shock metamorphism 9 2 The petrography of metamorphic rocks 11 2.1 Quartzite and metapsammite 11 2.1.1 Quartzite 11 2.1.2 Metapsammite 13 2.2 Metapelite 13 2.2.1 Slate 14 2.2.2 Phyllite and low-grade schist 16 2.2.3 Minerals and textures of medium-grade schist 17 2.2.4 The regional distribution of minerals in low- and medium-grade schist 20 2.2.5 Pelitic gneiss and migmatite 22 2.2.6 Metapelite in a contact aureole 23 2.2.7 The significance of Al2SiO5 for inferring metamorphic conditions 23 2.3 Marble 24 2.3.1 Pure calcite marble 24 2.3.2 Impure marble 26 2.3.3 Metasediments with mixed compositions 29 CONTENTS 2.4 Metabasite 30 2.4.1 Six kinds of metabasite from regional metamorphic belts 31 2.4.2 The ACF triangle for minerals in metabasites 36 2.4.3 P–T stability of metabasites, and metamorphic facies 38 vi 2.4.4 A metabasite made by contact metamorphism 40 2.5 Metagranite 41 2.5.1 Granitic gneiss and orthogneiss 41 2.5.2 Dynamic metamorphism