The Standard Model for Programming Languages: the Birth of A
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1 Oral History Interview with Brian Randell January 7, 2021 Via Zoom
Oral History Interview with Brian Randell January 7, 2021 Via Zoom Conducted by William Aspray Charles Babbage Institute 1 Abstract Brian Randell tells about his upbringing and his work at English Electric, IBM, and Newcastle University. The primary topic of the interview is his work in the history of computing. He discusses his discovery of the Irish computer pioneer Percy Ludgate, the preparation of his edited volume The Origins of Digital Computers, various lectures he has given on the history of computing, his PhD supervision of Martin Campbell-Kelly, the Computer History Museum, his contribution to the second edition of A Computer Perspective, and his involvement in making public the World War 2 Bletchley Park Colossus code- breaking machines, among other topics. This interview is part of a series of interviews on the early history of the history of computing. Keywords: English Electric, IBM, Newcastle University, Bletchley Park, Martin Campbell-Kelly, Computer History Museum, Jim Horning, Gwen Bell, Gordon Bell, Enigma machine, Curta (calculating device), Charles and Ray Eames, I. Bernard Cohen, Charles Babbage, Percy Ludgate. 2 Aspray: This is an interview on the 7th of January 2021 with Brian Randell. The interviewer is William Aspray. We’re doing this interview via Zoom. Brian, could you briefly talk about when and where you were born, a little bit about your growing up and your interests during that time, all the way through your formal education? Randell: Ok. I was born in 1936 in Cardiff, Wales. Went to school, high school, there. In retrospect, one of the things I missed out then was learning or being taught Welsh. -
Edsger Dijkstra: the Man Who Carried Computer Science on His Shoulders
INFERENCE / Vol. 5, No. 3 Edsger Dijkstra The Man Who Carried Computer Science on His Shoulders Krzysztof Apt s it turned out, the train I had taken from dsger dijkstra was born in Rotterdam in 1930. Nijmegen to Eindhoven arrived late. To make He described his father, at one time the president matters worse, I was then unable to find the right of the Dutch Chemical Society, as “an excellent Aoffice in the university building. When I eventually arrived Echemist,” and his mother as “a brilliant mathematician for my appointment, I was more than half an hour behind who had no job.”1 In 1948, Dijkstra achieved remarkable schedule. The professor completely ignored my profuse results when he completed secondary school at the famous apologies and proceeded to take a full hour for the meet- Erasmiaans Gymnasium in Rotterdam. His school diploma ing. It was the first time I met Edsger Wybe Dijkstra. shows that he earned the highest possible grade in no less At the time of our meeting in 1975, Dijkstra was 45 than six out of thirteen subjects. He then enrolled at the years old. The most prestigious award in computer sci- University of Leiden to study physics. ence, the ACM Turing Award, had been conferred on In September 1951, Dijkstra’s father suggested he attend him three years earlier. Almost twenty years his junior, I a three-week course on programming in Cambridge. It knew very little about the field—I had only learned what turned out to be an idea with far-reaching consequences. a flowchart was a couple of weeks earlier. -
A Networked Robotic System and Its Use in an Oil Spill Monitoring Exercise
A Networked Robotic System and its Use in an Oil Spill Monitoring Exercise El´oiPereira∗† Co-authors: Pedro Silvay, Clemens Krainerz, Christoph Kirschz, Jos´eMorgadoy, and Raja Sengupta∗ cpcc.berkeley.edu, eloipereira.com [email protected] Swarm at the Edge of the Could - ESWeek'13, Montreal, Canada September 29, 2013 ∗ - Systems Engineering, UC Berkeley y - Research Center, Portuguese Air Force Academy z - Computer Science Dept., University of Salzburg Programming the Ubiquitous World • In networked mobile systems (e.g. teams of robots, smartphones, etc.) the location and connectivity of \machines" may vary during the execution of its \programs" (computation specifications) • We investigate models for bridging \programs" and \machines" with dynamic structure (location and connectivity) • BigActors [PKSBdS13, PPKS13, PS13] are actors [Agh86] hosted by entities of the physical structure denoted as bigraph nodes [Mil09] E. Pereira, C. M. Kirsch, R. Sengupta, and J. B. de Sousa, \Bigactors - A Model for Structure-aware Computation," in ACM/IEEE 4th International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems, 2013, pp. 199-208. Case study: Oil spill monitoring scenario • \Bilge dumping" is an environmental problem of great relevance for countries with large area of jurisdictional waters • EC created the European Maritime Safety Agency to \...prevent and respond to pollution by ships within the EU" • How to use networked robotics to monitor and take evidences of \bilge dumping" Figure: Portuguese Jurisdiction waters and evidences of \Bilge dumping". -
Simula Mother Tongue for a Generation of Nordic Programmers
Simula! Mother Tongue! for a Generation of! Nordic Programmers! Yngve Sundblad HCI, CSC, KTH! ! KTH - CSC (School of Computer Science and Communication) Yngve Sundblad – Simula OctoberYngve 2010Sundblad! Inspired by Ole-Johan Dahl, 1931-2002, and Kristen Nygaard, 1926-2002" “From the cold waters of Norway comes Object-Oriented Programming” " (first line in Bertrand Meyer#s widely used text book Object Oriented Software Construction) ! ! KTH - CSC (School of Computer Science and Communication) Yngve Sundblad – Simula OctoberYngve 2010Sundblad! Simula concepts 1967" •# Class of similar Objects (in Simula declaration of CLASS with data and actions)! •# Objects created as Instances of a Class (in Simula NEW object of class)! •# Data attributes of a class (in Simula type declared as parameters or internal)! •# Method attributes are patterns of action (PROCEDURE)! •# Message passing, calls of methods (in Simula dot-notation)! •# Subclasses that inherit from superclasses! •# Polymorphism with several subclasses to a superclass! •# Co-routines (in Simula Detach – Resume)! •# Encapsulation of data supporting abstractions! ! KTH - CSC (School of Computer Science and Communication) Yngve Sundblad – Simula OctoberYngve 2010Sundblad! Simula example BEGIN! REF(taxi) t;" CLASS taxi(n); INTEGER n;! BEGIN ! INTEGER pax;" PROCEDURE book;" IF pax<n THEN pax:=pax+1;! pax:=n;" END of taxi;! t:-NEW taxi(5);" t.book; t.book;" print(t.pax)" END! Output: 7 ! ! KTH - CSC (School of Computer Science and Communication) Yngve Sundblad – Simula OctoberYngve 2010Sundblad! -
Submission Data for 2020-2021 CORE Conference Ranking Process International Symposium on Formal Methods (Was Formal Methods Europe FME)
Submission Data for 2020-2021 CORE conference Ranking process International Symposium on Formal Methods (was Formal Methods Europe FME) Ana Cavalcanti, Stefania Gnesi, Lars-Henrik Eriksson, Nico Plat, Einar Broch Johnsen, Maurice ter Beek Conference Details Conference Title: International Symposium on Formal Methods (was Formal Methods Europe FME) Acronym : FM Rank: A Data and Metrics Google Scholar Metrics sub-category url: https://scholar.google.com.au/citations?view_op=top_venues&hl=en&vq=eng_theoreticalcomputerscienceposition in sub-category: 20+Image of top 20: ACM Metrics Not Sponsored by ACM Aminer Rank 1 Aminer Rank: 28Name in Aminer: World Congress on Formal MethodsAcronym or Shorthand: FMh-5 Index: 17CCF: BTHU: âĂŞ Top Aminer Cites: http://portal.core.edu.au/core/media/conf_submissions_citations/extra_info1804_aminer_top_cite.png Other Rankings Not aware of any other Rankings Conferences in area: 1. Formal Methods Symposium (FM) 2. Software Engineering and Formal Methods (SEFM), Integrated Formal Methods (IFM) 3. Fundamental Approaches to Software Engineering (FASE), NASA Formal Methods (NFM), Runtime Verification (RV) 4. Formal Aspects of Component Software (FACS), Automated Technology for Verification and Analysis (ATVA) 5. International Conference on Formal Engineering Methods (ICFEM), FormaliSE, Formal Methods in Computer-Aided Design (FMCAD), Formal Methods for Industrial Critical Systems (FMICS) 6. Brazilian Symposium on Formal Methods (SBMF), Theoretical Aspects of Software Engineering (TASE) 7. International Symposium On Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods, Verification and Validation (ISoLA) Top People Publishing Here name: Frank de Boer justification: h-index: 42 ( https://www.cwi.nl/people/frank-de-boer) Frank S. de Boer is senior researcher at the CWI, where he leads the research group on Formal Methods, and Professor of Software Correctness at Leiden University, The Netherlands. -
The Roots of Software Engineering*
THE ROOTS OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING* Michael S. Mahoney Princeton University (CWI Quarterly 3,4(1990), 325-334) At the International Conference on the History of Computing held in Los Alamos in 1976, R.W. Hamming placed his proposed agenda in the title of his paper: "We Would Know What They Thought When They Did It."1 He pleaded for a history of computing that pursued the contextual development of ideas, rather than merely listing names, dates, and places of "firsts". Moreover, he exhorted historians to go beyond the documents to "informed speculation" about the results of undocumented practice. What people actually did and what they thought they were doing may well not be accurately reflected in what they wrote and what they said they were thinking. His own experience had taught him that. Historians of science recognize in Hamming's point what they learned from Thomas Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions some time ago, namely that the practice of science and the literature of science do not necessarily coincide. Paradigms (or, if you prefer with Kuhn, disciplinary matrices) direct not so much what scientists say as what they do. Hence, to determine the paradigms of past science historians must watch scientists at work practicing their science. We have to reconstruct what they thought from the evidence of what they did, and that work of reconstruction in the history of science has often involved a certain amount of speculation informed by historians' own experience of science. That is all the more the case in the history of technology, where up to the present century the inventor and engineer have \*-as Derek Price once put it\*- "thought with their fingertips", leaving the record of their thinking in the artefacts they have designed rather than in texts they have written. -
The Standard Model for Programming Languages: the Birth of A
The Standard Model for Programming Languages: The Birth of a Mathematical Theory of Computation Simone Martini Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, Italy INRIA, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France http://www.cs.unibo.it/~martini [email protected] Abstract Despite the insight of some of the pioneers (Turing, von Neumann, Curry, Böhm), programming the early computers was a matter of fiddling with small architecture-dependent details. Only in the sixties some form of “mathematical program development” will be in the agenda of some of the most influential players of that time. A “Mathematical Theory of Computation” is the name chosen by John McCarthy for his approach, which uses a class of recursively computable functions as an (extensional) model of a class of programs. It is the beginning of that grand endeavour to present programming as a mathematical activity, and reasoning on programs as a form of mathematical logic. An important part of this process is the standard model of programming languages – the informal assumption that the meaning of programs should be understood on an abstract machine with unbounded resources, and with true arithmetic. We present some crucial moments of this story, concluding with the emergence, in the seventies, of the need of more “intensional” semantics, like the sequential algorithms on concrete data structures. The paper is a small step of a larger project – reflecting and tracing the interaction between mathematical logic and programming (languages), identifying some -
Compsci 6 Programming Design and Analysis
CompSci 6 Programming Design and Analysis Robert C. Duvall http://www.cs.duke.edu/courses/cps006/fall04 http://www.cs.duke.edu/~rcd CompSci 6 : Spring 2005 1.1 What is Computer Science? Computer science is no more about computers than astronomy is about telescopes. Edsger Dijkstra Computer science is not as old as physics; it lags by a couple of hundred years. However, this does not mean that there is significantly less on the computer scientist's plate than on the physicist's: younger it may be, but it has had a far more intense upbringing! Richard Feynman http://www.wordiq.com CompSci 6 : Spring 2005 1.2 Scientists and Engineers Scientists build to learn, engineers learn to build – Fred Brooks CompSci 6 : Spring 2005 1.3 Computer Science and Programming Computer Science is more than programming The discipline is called informatics in many countries Elements of both science and engineering Elements of mathematics, physics, cognitive science, music, art, and many other fields Computer Science is a young discipline Fiftieth anniversary in 1997, but closer to forty years of research and development First graduate program at CMU (then Carnegie Tech) in 1965 To some programming is an art, to others a science, to others an engineering discipline CompSci 6 : Spring 2005 1.4 What is Computer Science? What is it that distinguishes it from the separate subjects with which it is related? What is the linking thread which gathers these disparate branches into a single discipline? My answer to these questions is simple --- it is the art of programming a computer. -
The Space and Motion of Communicating Agents
The space and motion of communicating agents Robin Milner December 1, 2008 ii to my family: Lucy, Barney, Chloe,¨ and in memory of Gabriel iv Contents Prologue vii Part I : Space 1 1 The idea of bigraphs 3 2 Defining bigraphs 15 2.1 Bigraphsandtheirassembly . 15 2.2 Mathematicalframework . 19 2.3 Bigraphicalcategories . 24 3 Algebra for bigraphs 27 3.1 Elementarybigraphsandnormalforms. 27 3.2 Derivedoperations ........................... 31 4 Relative and minimal bounds 37 5 Bigraphical structure 43 5.1 RPOsforbigraphs............................ 43 5.2 IPOsinbigraphs ............................ 48 5.3 AbstractbigraphslackRPOs . 53 6 Sorting 55 6.1 PlacesortingandCCS ......................... 55 6.2 Linksorting,arithmeticnetsandPetrinets . ..... 60 6.3 Theimpactofsorting .......................... 64 Part II : Motion 66 7 Reactions and transitions 67 7.1 Reactivesystems ............................ 68 7.2 Transitionsystems ........................... 71 7.3 Subtransitionsystems .. .... ... .... .... .... .... 76 v vi CONTENTS 7.4 Abstracttransitionsystems . 77 8 Bigraphical reactive systems 81 8.1 DynamicsforaBRS .......................... 82 8.2 DynamicsforaniceBRS.... ... .... .... .... ... .. 87 9 Behaviour in link graphs 93 9.1 Arithmeticnets ............................. 93 9.2 Condition-eventnets .. .... ... .... .... .... ... .. 95 10 Behavioural theory for CCS 103 10.1 SyntaxandreactionsforCCSinbigraphs . 103 10.2 TransitionsforCCSinbigraphs . 107 Part III : Development 113 11 Further topics 115 11.1Tracking................................ -
The Origins of Structural Operational Semantics
The Origins of Structural Operational Semantics Gordon D. Plotkin Laboratory for Foundations of Computer Science, School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, Scotland I am delighted to see my Aarhus notes [59] on SOS, Structural Operational Semantics, published as part of this special issue. The notes already contain some historical remarks, but the reader may be interested to know more of the personal intellectual context in which they arose. I must straightaway admit that at this distance in time I do not claim total accuracy or completeness: what I write should rather be considered as a reconstruction, based on (possibly faulty) memory, papers, old notes and consultations with colleagues. As a postgraduate I learnt the untyped λ-calculus from Rod Burstall. I was further deeply impressed by the work of Peter Landin on the semantics of pro- gramming languages [34–37] which includes his abstract SECD machine. One should also single out John McCarthy’s contributions [45–48], which include his 1962 introduction of abstract syntax, an essential tool, then and since, for all approaches to the semantics of programming languages. The IBM Vienna school [42, 41] were interested in specifying real programming languages, and, in particular, worked on an abstract interpreting machine for PL/I using VDL, their Vienna Definition Language; they were influenced by the ideas of McCarthy, Landin and Elgot [18]. I remember attending a seminar at Edinburgh where the intricacies of their PL/I abstract machine were explained. The states of these machines are tuples of various kinds of complex trees and there is also a stack of environments; the transition rules involve much tree traversal to access syntactical control points, handle jumps, and to manage concurrency. -
Curriculum Vitae Thomas A
Curriculum Vitae Thomas A. Henzinger February 6, 2021 Address IST Austria (Institute of Science and Technology Austria) Phone: +43 2243 9000 1033 Am Campus 1 Fax: +43 2243 9000 2000 A-3400 Klosterneuburg Email: [email protected] Austria Web: pub.ist.ac.at/~tah Research Mathematical logic, automata and game theory, models of computation. Analysis of reactive, stochastic, real-time, and hybrid systems. Formal software and hardware verification, especially model checking. Design and implementation of concurrent and embedded software. Executable modeling of biological systems. Education September 1991 Ph.D., Computer Science Stanford University July 1987 Dipl.-Ing., Computer Science Kepler University, Linz August 1986 M.S., Computer and Information Sciences University of Delaware Employment September 2009 President IST Austria April 2004 to Adjunct Professor, University of California, June 2011 Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences Berkeley April 2004 to Professor, EPFL August 2009 Computer and Communication Sciences January 1999 to Director Max-Planck Institute March 2000 for Computer Science, Saarbr¨ucken July 1998 to Professor, University of California, March 2004 Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences Berkeley July 1997 to Associate Professor, University of California, June 1998 Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences Berkeley January 1996 to Assistant Professor, University of California, June 1997 Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences Berkeley January 1992 to Assistant Professor, Cornell University December 1996 Computer Science October 1991 to Postdoctoral Scientist, Universit´eJoseph Fourier, December 1991 IMAG Laboratory Grenoble 1 Honors Member, US National Academy of Sciences, 2020. Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2020. ESWEEK (Embedded Systems Week) Test-of-Time Award, 2020. LICS (Logic in Computer Science) Test-of-Time Award, 2020. -
Principles of Computer Science I
Computer Science and Programming Principles of Computer Science is more than programming – The discipline is called informatics in many countries Computer Science I – Elements of both science and engineering • Scientists build to learn, engineers learn to build – Fred Brooks – Elements of mathematics, physics, cognitive science, music, art, and many other fields Computer Science is a young discipline – Fiftieth anniversary in 1997, but closer to forty years of Prof. Nadeem Abdul Hamid research and development CSC 120A - Fall 2004 – First graduate program at CMU (then Carnegie Tech) in Lecture Unit 1 1965 To some programming is an art, to others a science CSC 120A - Berry College - Fall 2004 2 What is Computer Science? CSC 120 - Course Mechanics Syllabus on Viking Web (Handouts section) What is it that distinguishes it from the Class Meetings separate subjects with which it is related? – Lectures: Mon/Wed/Fri, 10–10:50AM, SCI 107 What is the linking thread which gathers these – Labs: Thu, 2:45–4:45 PM, SCI 228 disparate branches into a single discipline? Contact My answer to these questions is simple --- it is – Office phone: (706) 368-5632 – Home phone: (706) 234-7211 the art of programming a computer. It is the art – Email: [email protected] of designing efficient and elegant methods of Office Hours: SCI 354B getting a computer to solve problems, – Mon 11-12:30, 2:30-4 theoretical or practical, small or large, simple – Tue 9-11, 2:30-4 or complex. – Wed 11-12:30 – Thu 9-11 C.A.R. (Tony) Hoare – (or by appt) CSC 120A - Berry College - Fall 2004 3 CSC 120A - Berry College - Fall 2004 4 CSC 120 – Keys to Success CSC 120 – Materials & Resources Start early; work steadily; don’t fall behind.