DOCSLIB.ORG

The Birth of a Mathematical Theory of Computation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Birth of a Mathematical Theory of Computation The Standard Model for Programming Languages: The Birth of a Mathematical Theory of Computation Simone Martini Universit`adi Bologna and INRIA Sophia-Antipolis Bologna, 27 November 2020 Happy birthday, Maurizio! 1 / 58 This workshop: Recent Developments of the Design and Implementation of Programming Languages Well, not so recent: we go back exactly 60 years! It's more a revisionist's tale. 2 / 58 This workshop: Recent Developments of the Design and Implementation of Programming Languages Well, not so recent: we go back exactly 60 years! It's more a revisionist's tale. 3 / 58 viewpoints VDOI:10.1145/2542504 Thomas Haigh Historical Reflections HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF LOGIC, 2015 Actually, Turing Vol. 36, No. 3, 205–228, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01445340.2015.1082050 Did Not Invent Edgar G. Daylight the Computer Separating the origins of computer science and technology.Towards a Historical Notion of ‘Turing—the Father of Computer Science’ viewpoints HE 100TH ANNIVERSARY of the birth of Alan Turing was cel- EDGAR G. DAYLIGHT ebrated in 2012. The com- viewpointsputing community threw its Utrecht University, The Netherlands biggest ever birthday party. [email protected]:10.1145/2658985V TMajor events were organized around the world, including conferences or festi- vals in Princeton, Cambridge, Manches- Viewpoint Received 14 January 2015 Accepted 3 March 2015 ter, and Israel. There was a concert in Seattle and an opera in Finland. Dutch In the popular imagination, the relevance of Turing’s theoretical ideas to people producing actual machines was and French researchers built small Tur- Why Did Computer ing Machines out of Lego Mindstorms significant and appreciated by everybody involved in computing from the moment he published his 1936 paper kits. Newspaper and magazine articles ‘On Computable Numbers’. Careful historians are aware that this popular conception is deeply misleading. We by the thousands brought Turing’s life know from previous work by Campbell-Kelly, Aspray,Science Akera, Olley, Priestley, Make Daylight, Mounier-Kuhn, a Hero Haigh, story to the public. ACM assembled 33 and others that several computing pioneers, including Aiken, Eckert, Mauchly, and Zuse, did not depend on (let winners of its A.M. Turing Award to dis- alone were they aware of) Turing’s 1936 universal-machine concept. Furthermore, it is not clear whether any - ’S cuss Turing’s ideas and their relation- Out ofE Turing? substance in von Neumann’s celebrated 1945 ‘First Draft Report on the EDVAC’ is influenced in any identifiable - ship to the futureDOI:10.1145/2629499 of computing. Various way by Turing’s work. This raises the questions:Comparing (i) When the does legacy Turing of enterAlan theTuring field? in (ii) computer Why did science the Association written - HRISTI Maarten Bullynck, Edgar G. Daylight, and Liesbeth De Mol buildings, several roads, and at least for Computing Machinery- (ACM) honorwith Turing that by of associating Carl FriedrichC his name Gauss to ACM’sin mathematics. most prestigious award, the one bridge have been named after him. SY OF V E - Turing Award? Previous authors have been rather vague about these questions, suggesting some date between Dozens of books with Turing’s Viewpoint 1950 and the early 1960s as the point at which Turing is retroactively COURT integrated into the foundations of computing name in the title were published or re- Alan Turing (left); the cover page of Turing’s paper “On computable numbers, with E MAG issued. Turing was so ubiquitous that an application to theand Entscheidungsproblem” associating him in (right). some way with the movement to developI something that people call computer science. In UCH HAS BEEN R PE A Turing Talethis paper, based on detailed examination of hithertoVERY DISCIPLINE overlooked THAT primary sources, attempts are made to reconstruct BETHGE THOMAS BY PHOTOGRAPH even George Dyson’s book about John about Alan Turing dur von Neumann was titled Turing’sAssessing Ca -the accuracyStill, as of ingthis popular the floodnetworks past descriptions ofdecades Turing-related of and scholars andpoints ideas of prevalent Turing’s inactualof the age 1950s,career. consecrates andIn to RY; PA its identify own a specific group of ACM actors interested LLE of Alan Turing’s influencesby aand variety legacy. of people, in A thedral, becoming the first book on the material begins into recede theorizing it is time about to computations1936, just two in years computers afterroots completing in andthe process. attracted his InG to foot the idea of language as a frame in which to cluding historians, phi Eoccasions arenotes, found anecdotes, to remember and and names history of information technology to clean up some ofunderstand the rather bad computation. smell- undergraduate By going back degree, to Turing’she introduced 1936 paper and, more importantly, to re-cast versions of words meant exactly the same to every 8 reach a broad audience since the one ing historical claims left in our meta- thecelebrate concept nowpersonalitiesof called- departmental the andTuring ideas buildings,Ma that- Turing’s work published during the 1950s (Rosenbloom, Kleene, PORTRAIT Markov), I identify the factors that made thishistorical actor. In this Viewpoint, they a discipline considers its own. A dis L - about Nazis with punched card ma- phorical basement. Column space is chine in a paper called “On comput- refer to a large store inside the com group of scholars particularlycipline needs interested heroes into- help Turing’s create work a and providedcomes the original vector by which Turing chines. Publishers are well aware there short, so I will focus here on the idea able numbers, with an application to ATIONA 3 puter, containing both numbers and became to be appreciated in retrospect as the father of computerN science. is a strong audience for books about that Turing invented the computer.narrative the Entscheidungsproblem.” that legitimizes and fortifies This has instructions. According to the current SY OF Nazis. The public’s hunger for books Very shortlosophers, version: and it logicians. is wrong. Becomingits a ownsince identity. become Such the a mainnarrative abstract hard- mod- E state of the art in the history of comput about mathematicians and computer MIn caseTuring you scholarspent today2012 not in onlya maxi lyrequires reflects- el of the computation complexity usedof histori by computer- ing, the words “stored program” were archival research but also the study Com - introduced in 1949 by IBM engineers scientists is less acute, making Tur- mum-security prison or meditatingcal reality. scientists. Rather, itDuring echoes the the Secondset of World Martin Davis pre of several secondary sources. Doing 5,12 4 —two in Poughkeepsie,Although all NY. three Turing scholars preferences and programmatic choic ing’s newfound commercial clout both in a Tibetan monastery,the latter leads let meto the briefly observation War that Turing made several vital contri- es of those in charge of a discipline 1.at Introduction COURT URING PHOTO unlikely and heartening. summarize the computer-relatedmany Intexts this contain Viewpoint, highflaws. I comparebutions asand part of the British team try- - T have their own unique narrative thrust, In Augusta given moment 1965, Anthony in a given place. Oettinger Each and the rest- of the Program Committee of the ACM I will discuss Hodges’s 1983 biography 36 COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM | JANUARY 2014 | VOL. 57 | NO. 1 contrastname some that key gets arguments integrated put forth into an of metficialized andby three proposed genealogy Turing scholars—Andrewthat is the anresult annual of dis ‘National Lecture- be called the Allen [sic] M. Turing cussionsHodges,1 and negotiations,Martin Davis, and of politicsJack Co The Universal Computer: Lecture’. peland—highlightingThe decision the was conceptual also made that the ACM shouldinvariant have meaning.Computability an awards and Unsolvability program. and propaganda. Historical Reflections col difference between a “universal7 Tur - - sented a modern definition in his 1958 The ACM Awardsing machine” Committee and a “stored was program” formed in November 1965 (Associationbook of Computing giesMachinery Toof physicsthe general and1966a public,mathematicscomputer.). the After Mygenealo arefindings having complement collected - information on the awardand a procedures definition for the ‘in layman other in his Thomas Haigh’s January 2014 recent book probably more familiar than that of prints The Road from Leibniz to Turing computerprofessional science. Forsocieties’, physicsmunications we go Lewis Clapp—chairman- of the). ForACM ¼exam Awards Committee—wrote in umn, “Actually, Turing Did Not Invent ¼ definitions I abide with here and with from Galileo via Newton to Einstein. August 1966 that the Computer.”In his 1936 paper, “On Computable - which modern textbooks in computer For mathematics we begin with Euclid and scienceThe comply. meaning attached to the words - π and progress over Descartes,[a]n awards Leibniz, programNumbers,” [ Turing]wouldbeafittingactivityfortheAssociationasit introduced his au - - NO. 10 Euler and Gauss up to Hilbert. Com tomatic··· machines, which do not con “stored program”| also changed in the post-war years and it is unlikely those puter science by contrast enhancesis a relatively its own imagetain asa finite a professional output (nor an input) society. as is [ ][I]twouldservetoaccentuate- the case with the later-devised “Turing ··· young discipline. Nevertheless,new it software is techniques and theoretical
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Edsger Dijkstra: the Man Who Carried Computer Science on His Shoulders
    INFERENCE / Vol. 5, No. 3 Edsger Dijkstra The Man Who Carried Computer Science on His Shoulders Krzysztof Apt s it turned out, the train I had taken from dsger dijkstra was born in Rotterdam in 1930. Nijmegen to Eindhoven arrived late. To make He described his father, at one time the president matters worse, I was then unable to find the right of the Dutch Chemical Society, as “an excellent Aoffice in the university building. When I eventually arrived Echemist,” and his mother as “a brilliant mathematician for my appointment, I was more than half an hour behind who had no job.”1 In 1948, Dijkstra achieved remarkable schedule. The professor completely ignored my profuse results when he completed secondary school at the famous apologies and proceeded to take a full hour for the meet- Erasmiaans Gymnasium in Rotterdam. His school diploma ing. It was the first time I met Edsger Wybe Dijkstra. shows that he earned the highest possible grade in no less At the time of our meeting in 1975, Dijkstra was 45 than six out of thirteen subjects. He then enrolled at the years old. The most prestigious award in computer sci- University of Leiden to study physics. ence, the ACM Turing Award, had been conferred on In September 1951, Dijkstra’s father suggested he attend him three years earlier. Almost twenty years his junior, I a three-week course on programming in Cambridge. It knew very little about the field—I had only learned what turned out to be an idea with far-reaching consequences. a flowchart was a couple of weeks earlier.
    [Show full text]
  • Simula Mother Tongue for a Generation of Nordic Programmers
    Simula! Mother Tongue! for a Generation of! Nordic Programmers! Yngve Sundblad HCI, CSC, KTH! ! KTH - CSC (School of Computer Science and Communication) Yngve Sundblad – Simula OctoberYngve 2010Sundblad! Inspired by Ole-Johan Dahl, 1931-2002, and Kristen Nygaard, 1926-2002" “From the cold waters of Norway comes Object-Oriented Programming” " (first line in Bertrand Meyer#s widely used text book Object Oriented Software Construction) ! ! KTH - CSC (School of Computer Science and Communication) Yngve Sundblad – Simula OctoberYngve 2010Sundblad! Simula concepts 1967" •# Class of similar Objects (in Simula declaration of CLASS with data and actions)! •# Objects created as Instances of a Class (in Simula NEW object of class)! •# Data attributes of a class (in Simula type declared as parameters or internal)! •# Method attributes are patterns of action (PROCEDURE)! •# Message passing, calls of methods (in Simula dot-notation)! •# Subclasses that inherit from superclasses! •# Polymorphism with several subclasses to a superclass! •# Co-routines (in Simula Detach – Resume)! •# Encapsulation of data supporting abstractions! ! KTH - CSC (School of Computer Science and Communication) Yngve Sundblad – Simula OctoberYngve 2010Sundblad! Simula example BEGIN! REF(taxi) t;" CLASS taxi(n); INTEGER n;! BEGIN ! INTEGER pax;" PROCEDURE book;" IF pax<n THEN pax:=pax+1;! pax:=n;" END of taxi;! t:-NEW taxi(5);" t.book; t.book;" print(t.pax)" END! Output: 7 ! ! KTH - CSC (School of Computer Science and Communication) Yngve Sundblad – Simula OctoberYngve 2010Sundblad!
    [Show full text]
  • Submission Data for 2020-2021 CORE Conference Ranking Process International Symposium on Formal Methods (Was Formal Methods Europe FME)
    Submission Data for 2020-2021 CORE conference Ranking process International Symposium on Formal Methods (was Formal Methods Europe FME) Ana Cavalcanti, Stefania Gnesi, Lars-Henrik Eriksson, Nico Plat, Einar Broch Johnsen, Maurice ter Beek Conference Details Conference Title: International Symposium on Formal Methods (was Formal Methods Europe FME) Acronym : FM Rank: A Data and Metrics Google Scholar Metrics sub-category url: https://scholar.google.com.au/citations?view_op=top_venues&hl=en&vq=eng_theoreticalcomputerscienceposition in sub-category: 20+Image of top 20: ACM Metrics Not Sponsored by ACM Aminer Rank 1 Aminer Rank: 28Name in Aminer: World Congress on Formal MethodsAcronym or Shorthand: FMh-5 Index: 17CCF: BTHU: âĂŞ Top Aminer Cites: http://portal.core.edu.au/core/media/conf_submissions_citations/extra_info1804_aminer_top_cite.png Other Rankings Not aware of any other Rankings Conferences in area: 1. Formal Methods Symposium (FM) 2. Software Engineering and Formal Methods (SEFM), Integrated Formal Methods (IFM) 3. Fundamental Approaches to Software Engineering (FASE), NASA Formal Methods (NFM), Runtime Verification (RV) 4. Formal Aspects of Component Software (FACS), Automated Technology for Verification and Analysis (ATVA) 5. International Conference on Formal Engineering Methods (ICFEM), FormaliSE, Formal Methods in Computer-Aided Design (FMCAD), Formal Methods for Industrial Critical Systems (FMICS) 6. Brazilian Symposium on Formal Methods (SBMF), Theoretical Aspects of Software Engineering (TASE) 7. International Symposium On Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods, Verification and Validation (ISoLA) Top People Publishing Here name: Frank de Boer justification: h-index: 42 ( https://www.cwi.nl/people/frank-de-boer) Frank S. de Boer is senior researcher at the CWI, where he leads the research group on Formal Methods, and Professor of Software Correctness at Leiden University, The Netherlands.
    [Show full text]
  • Part I Background
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19746-5 - Transitions and Trees: An Introduction to Structural Operational Semantics Hans Huttel Excerpt More information PART I BACKGROUND © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19746-5 - Transitions and Trees: An Introduction to Structural Operational Semantics Hans Huttel Excerpt More information 1 A question of semantics The goal of this chapter is to give the reader a glimpse of the applications and problem areas that have motivated and to this day continue to inspire research in the important area of computer science known as programming language semantics. 1.1 Semantics is the study of meaning Programming language semantics is the study of mathematical models of and methods for describing and reasoning about the behaviour of programs. The word semantics has Greek roots1 and was first used in linguistics. Here, one distinguishes among syntax, the study of the structure of lan- guages, semantics, the study of meaning, and pragmatics, the study of the use of language. In computer science we make a similar distinction between syntax and se- mantics. The languages that we are interested in are programming languages in a very general sense. The ‘meaning’ of a program is its behaviour, and for this reason programming language semantics is the part of programming language theory devoted to the study of program behaviour. Programming language semantics is concerned only with purely internal aspects of program behaviour, namely what happens within a running pro- gram. Program semantics does not claim to be able to address other aspects of program behaviour – e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • The Standard Model for Programming Languages: the Birth of A
    The Standard Model for Programming Languages: The Birth of a Mathematical Theory of Computation Simone Martini Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, Italy INRIA, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France http://www.cs.unibo.it/~martini [email protected] Abstract Despite the insight of some of the pioneers (Turing, von Neumann, Curry, Böhm), programming the early computers was a matter of fiddling with small architecture-dependent details. Only in the sixties some form of “mathematical program development” will be in the agenda of some of the most influential players of that time. A “Mathematical Theory of Computation” is the name chosen by John McCarthy for his approach, which uses a class of recursively computable functions as an (extensional) model of a class of programs. It is the beginning of that grand endeavour to present programming as a mathematical activity, and reasoning on programs as a form of mathematical logic. An important part of this process is the standard model of programming languages – the informal assumption that the meaning of programs should be understood on an abstract machine with unbounded resources, and with true arithmetic. We present some crucial moments of this story, concluding with the emergence, in the seventies, of the need of more “intensional” semantics, like the sequential algorithms on concrete data structures. The paper is a small step of a larger project – reflecting and tracing the interaction between mathematical logic and programming (languages), identifying some
    [Show full text]
  • Compsci 6 Programming Design and Analysis
    CompSci 6 Programming Design and Analysis Robert C. Duvall http://www.cs.duke.edu/courses/cps006/fall04 http://www.cs.duke.edu/~rcd CompSci 6 : Spring 2005 1.1 What is Computer Science? Computer science is no more about computers than astronomy is about telescopes. Edsger Dijkstra Computer science is not as old as physics; it lags by a couple of hundred years. However, this does not mean that there is significantly less on the computer scientist's plate than on the physicist's: younger it may be, but it has had a far more intense upbringing! Richard Feynman http://www.wordiq.com CompSci 6 : Spring 2005 1.2 Scientists and Engineers Scientists build to learn, engineers learn to build – Fred Brooks CompSci 6 : Spring 2005 1.3 Computer Science and Programming Computer Science is more than programming The discipline is called informatics in many countries Elements of both science and engineering Elements of mathematics, physics, cognitive science, music, art, and many other fields Computer Science is a young discipline Fiftieth anniversary in 1997, but closer to forty years of research and development First graduate program at CMU (then Carnegie Tech) in 1965 To some programming is an art, to others a science, to others an engineering discipline CompSci 6 : Spring 2005 1.4 What is Computer Science? What is it that distinguishes it from the separate subjects with which it is related? What is the linking thread which gathers these disparate branches into a single discipline? My answer to these questions is simple --- it is the art of programming a computer.
    [Show full text]
  • Principles of Computer Science I
    Computer Science and Programming Principles of Computer Science is more than programming – The discipline is called informatics in many countries Computer Science I – Elements of both science and engineering • Scientists build to learn, engineers learn to build – Fred Brooks – Elements of mathematics, physics, cognitive science, music, art, and many other fields Computer Science is a young discipline – Fiftieth anniversary in 1997, but closer to forty years of Prof. Nadeem Abdul Hamid research and development CSC 120A - Fall 2004 – First graduate program at CMU (then Carnegie Tech) in Lecture Unit 1 1965 To some programming is an art, to others a science CSC 120A - Berry College - Fall 2004 2 What is Computer Science? CSC 120 - Course Mechanics Syllabus on Viking Web (Handouts section) What is it that distinguishes it from the Class Meetings separate subjects with which it is related? – Lectures: Mon/Wed/Fri, 10–10:50AM, SCI 107 What is the linking thread which gathers these – Labs: Thu, 2:45–4:45 PM, SCI 228 disparate branches into a single discipline? Contact My answer to these questions is simple --- it is – Office phone: (706) 368-5632 – Home phone: (706) 234-7211 the art of programming a computer. It is the art – Email: [email protected] of designing efficient and elegant methods of Office Hours: SCI 354B getting a computer to solve problems, – Mon 11-12:30, 2:30-4 theoretical or practical, small or large, simple – Tue 9-11, 2:30-4 or complex. – Wed 11-12:30 – Thu 9-11 C.A.R. (Tony) Hoare – (or by appt) CSC 120A - Berry College - Fall 2004 3 CSC 120A - Berry College - Fall 2004 4 CSC 120 – Keys to Success CSC 120 – Materials & Resources Start early; work steadily; don’t fall behind.
    [Show full text]
  • The London University Atlas
    The London University Atlas: A talk given at the Atlas 50th Anniversary Symposium on 5th December 2012. Dik Leatherdale. London >> Manchester London University was, indeed still is, a HUGE organisation even by the standards of this place. It’s a collegiate university the individual colleges spread across the capital from Queen Mary College in the east end to the baroque splendour of Royal Holloway in leafy Egham built, you may be interested to learn, upon the proceeds of Victorian patent medicines hardly any of which had any beneficial effect whatsoever. In the “build it yourself” era, two of the colleges took the plunge. At Imperial College, Keith Tocher, Sid Michaelson and Tony Brooker constructed the “Imperial College Computing Engine” using relays. With the benefit of hindsight, this looks like a dead end in development. But Imperial weren’t the only team to put their faith in relay technology. Neither were they the last. Yet amazingly, the legacy of ICCE lived on because of a chance lunchtime conversation years later between Tom Kilburn and Tony Brooker, the Atlas adder logical design was derived from that of ICCE. Over in the unlikely surroundings of Birkbeck College, Andrew Booth was building a series of low cost, low performance machines. His ambition was to build computers cheap enough for every college to be able to afford one. You might say he invented the minicomputer a decade before anybody noticed. His designs were taken up by the British Tabulating Machine company and became the ICT 1200 series; for a while the most popular computer in the UK.
    [Show full text]
  • Insight, Inspiration and Collaboration
    Chapter 1 Insight, inspiration and collaboration C. B. Jones, A. W. Roscoe Abstract Tony Hoare's many contributions to computing science are marked by insight that was grounded in practical programming. Many of his papers have had a profound impact on the evolution of our field; they have moreover provided a source of inspiration to several generations of researchers. We examine the development of his work through a review of the development of some of his most influential pieces of work such as Hoare logic, CSP and Unifying Theories. 1.1 Introduction To many who know Tony Hoare only through his publications, they must often look like polished gems that come from a mind that rarely makes false steps, nor even perhaps has to work at their creation. As so often, this impres- sion is a further compliment to someone who actually adds to very hard work and many discarded attempts the final polish that makes complex ideas rel- atively easy for the reader to comprehend. As indicated on page xi of [HJ89], his ideas typically go through many revisions. The two authors of the current paper each had the honour of Tony Hoare supervising their doctoral studies in Oxford. They know at first hand his kind and generous style and will count it as an achievement if this paper can convey something of the working style of someone big enough to eschew competition and point scoring. Indeed it will be apparent from the following sections how often, having started some new way of thinking or exciting ideas, he happily leaves their exploration and development to others.
    [Show full text]
  • Current Issue of FACS FACTS
    Issue 2021-2 July 2021 FACS A C T S The Newsletter of the Formal Aspects of Computing Science (FACS) Specialist Group ISSN 0950-1231 FACS FACTS Issue 2021-2 July 2021 About FACS FACTS FACS FACTS (ISSN: 0950-1231) is the newsletter of the BCS Specialist Group on Formal Aspects of Computing Science (FACS). FACS FACTS is distributed in electronic form to all FACS members. Submissions to FACS FACTS are always welcome. Please visit the newsletter area of the BCS FACS website for further details at: https://www.bcs.org/membership/member-communities/facs-formal-aspects- of-computing-science-group/newsletters/ Back issues of FACS FACTS are available for download from: https://www.bcs.org/membership/member-communities/facs-formal-aspects- of-computing-science-group/newsletters/back-issues-of-facs-facts/ The FACS FACTS Team Newsletter Editors Tim Denvir [email protected] Brian Monahan [email protected] Editorial Team: Jonathan Bowen, John Cooke, Tim Denvir, Brian Monahan, Margaret West. Contributors to this issue: Jonathan Bowen, Andrew Johnstone, Keith Lines, Brian Monahan, John Tucker, Glynn Winskel BCS-FACS websites BCS: http://www.bcs-facs.org LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/groups/2427579/ Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/pages/BCS-FACS/120243984688255 Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCS-FACS If you have any questions about BCS-FACS, please send these to Jonathan Bowen at [email protected]. 2 FACS FACTS Issue 2021-2 July 2021 Editorial Dear readers, Welcome to the 2021-2 issue of the FACS FACTS Newsletter. A theme for this issue is suggested by the thought that it is just over 50 years since the birth of Domain Theory1.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. with Examples of Different Programming Languages Show How Programming Languages Are Organized Along the Given Rubrics: I
    AGBOOLA ABIOLA CSC302 17/SCI01/007 COMPUTER SCIENCE ASSIGNMENT ​ 1. With examples of different programming languages show how programming languages are organized along the given rubrics: i. Unstructured, structured, modular, object oriented, aspect oriented, activity oriented and event oriented programming requirement. ii. Based on domain requirements. iii. Based on requirements i and ii above. 2. Give brief preview of the evolution of programming languages in a chronological order. 3. Vividly distinguish between modular programming paradigm and object oriented programming paradigm. Answer 1i). UNSTRUCTURED LANGUAGE DEVELOPER DATE Assembly Language 1949 FORTRAN John Backus 1957 COBOL CODASYL, ANSI, ISO 1959 JOSS Cliff Shaw, RAND 1963 BASIC John G. Kemeny, Thomas E. Kurtz 1964 TELCOMP BBN 1965 MUMPS Neil Pappalardo 1966 FOCAL Richard Merrill, DEC 1968 STRUCTURED LANGUAGE DEVELOPER DATE ALGOL 58 Friedrich L. Bauer, and co. 1958 ALGOL 60 Backus, Bauer and co. 1960 ABC CWI 1980 Ada United States Department of Defence 1980 Accent R NIS 1980 Action! Optimized Systems Software 1983 Alef Phil Winterbottom 1992 DASL Sun Micro-systems Laboratories 1999-2003 MODULAR LANGUAGE DEVELOPER DATE ALGOL W Niklaus Wirth, Tony Hoare 1966 APL Larry Breed, Dick Lathwell and co. 1966 ALGOL 68 A. Van Wijngaarden and co. 1968 AMOS BASIC FranÇois Lionet anConstantin Stiropoulos 1990 Alice ML Saarland University 2000 Agda Ulf Norell;Catarina coquand(1.0) 2007 Arc Paul Graham, Robert Morris and co. 2008 Bosque Mark Marron 2019 OBJECT-ORIENTED LANGUAGE DEVELOPER DATE C* Thinking Machine 1987 Actor Charles Duff 1988 Aldor Thomas J. Watson Research Center 1990 Amiga E Wouter van Oortmerssen 1993 Action Script Macromedia 1998 BeanShell JCP 1999 AngelScript Andreas Jönsson 2003 Boo Rodrigo B.
    [Show full text]
  • The Soul of Computer Science
    The Soul of Computer Science Salvador Lucas DSIC, Universitat Polit`ecnicade Val`encia(UPV) Talk at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid 1 Salvador Lucas (UPV) UCM 2016 October 26, 2016 1 / 63 The Soul of Computer Science 80 years of Computer Science! 2 Salvador Lucas (UPV) UCM 2016 October 26, 2016 2 / 63 The Soul of Computer Science The soul of Computer Science is Logic Waves of Logic in the history of Computer Science (incomplete list): 0 Hilbert posses \the main problem of mathematical logic" (20's) 1 Church and Turing's logical devices as effective methods (1936) 2 Shannon's encoding of Boolean functions as circuits (1938) 3 von Neumann's logical design of an electronic computer (1946) 4 Floyd/Hoare's logical approach to program verification (1967-69) 5 Kowalski's predicate logic as programming language (1974) 6 Hoare's challenge of a verifying compiler (2003) 7 Berners-Lee's semantic web challenge (2006) Soul Distinguishing mark of living things (...) responsible for planning and practical thinking (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) We can say: Logic is the soul of Computer Science! 3 Salvador Lucas (UPV) UCM 2016 October 26, 2016 3 / 63 The Soul of Computer Science Hilbert and the Decision Problem David Hilbert (1862-1943) 4 Salvador Lucas (UPV) UCM 2016 October 26, 2016 4 / 63 There is no solution! In 1970, Yuri Matiyasevich proved it unsolvable, i.e., there is no such `process'. How could Matiyasevich reach such a conclusion? The Soul of Computer Science Hilbert and the Decision Problem In his \Mathematical Problems" address during the2 nd International Congress of Mathematicians (Paris, 1900), he proposed the following: 10th Hilbert's problem Given a diophantine equation with any number of unknown quantities and with rational integral numerical coefficients: To devise a process according to which it can be determined by a finite number of operations whether the equation is solvable in rational integers.
    [Show full text]