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Internet and Intranet Lecture by: Jalauddin Mansur August 2015 1 Chapter 7: Internet and Intranet Applications Topics : • General Applications: Email, WWW, Gopher, Online Systems • Multimedia and Digital Video/Audio Broadcasting: Video/Audio Conferencing, Internet Relay Chat (IRC) • Broadband Communications, Policy, xDSL and Cable Internet • VoIP, FoIP and IP Interconnection • Data Centers and Data Warehousing, Packet Clearing House • Unified Messaging Systems • Fundamental e-commerce • Concept of Grid and Cloud Computing 2 Gopher • The Gopher protocol is a TCP/IP application layer protocol designed for distributing, searching, and retrieving documents over the Internet. • Strongly oriented towards a menu-document design, the Gopher protocol presented an attractive alternative to the World Wide Web in its early stages, but ultimately failed to achieve popularity. • The protocol offers some features not natively supported by the Web and imposes a much stronger hierarchy on information stored on it. • More recent Gopher revisions and graphical clients added support for multimedia. 3 • Gopher was preferred by many network administrators for using fewer network resources than Web services. • With its hierarchical structure, Gopher provided a useful platform for the first large-scale electronic library connections. • Gopher users remember the system as being faster and more efficient and so much more organized than today's Web services. • Example: . Veronica is a search engine system for the Gopher protocol, developed in 1992 by Steven Foster and Fred Barrie at the University of Nevada, Reno. Veronica is a constantly updated database of the names of almost every menu item on thousands of Gopher servers. The Veronica database can be searched from most major Gopher menus. 4 Multimedia Networking Definition: Any kind of system that supports more than one kind of media Multimedia means integration of continuous media (e.g. audio, video) and discrete media (e.g. text graphics , images ) through which digital information can be conveyed to the user in appropriate way. 5 MM Networking Applications • Classes of MM applications: . stored streaming . live streaming . interactive, real-time • Fundamental characteristics: . typically delay sensitive • end-to-end delay • delay jitter . loss tolerant: infrequent losses cause minor glitches . antithesis of data, which are loss intolerant but delay tolerant. 6 Streaming Stored Multimedia • Stored streaming: . media stored at source . transmitted to client . streaming: client playout begins before all data has arrived • timing constraint for still-to-be transmitted data: in time for playout • Interactivity . VCR-like functionality: client can pause, rewind, FF, push slider bar • 10 sec initial delay OK • 1-2 sec until command effect OK . timing constraint for still-to-be transmitted data: in time for playout Streaming Stored Multimedia: What is it? 8 Streaming Live Multimedia • Examples: . Internet radio talk show . live sporting event • Streaming (as with streaming stored multimedia) . playback buffer . playback can lag tens of seconds after transmission . still have timing constraint • Interactivity . fast forward impossible . rewind, pause possible! Real-Time Interactive Multimedia • applications: IP telephony, video conference, distributed interactive worlds • end-end delay requirements: . audio: < 150 msec good, < 400 msec OK • includes application-level (packetization) and network delays • higher delays noticeable, impair interactivity • session initialization • How should the Internet evolve to better support multimedia? . Integrated services philosophy: • fundamental changes in Internet so that apps can reserve end-to-end bandwidth • requires new, complex software in hosts & routers . Laissez-faire • no major changes • more bandwidth when needed • content distribution, application-layer multicast . Differentiated services philosophy: • fewer changes to Internet infrastructure, yet provide 1st and 2nd class service. 11 Internet multimedia: simplest approach • audio or video stored in file • files transferred as HTTP object . received in entirety at client . then passed to player • audio, video not streamed: . no, “pipelining,” long delays until playout! 12 Streaming from a streaming server • allows for non-HTTP protocol between server, media player. 13 Streaming Multimedia: Client Buffering • client-side buffering, playout delay compensate for network-added delay, delay jitter 14 Streaming Multimedia: UDP or TCP? UDP • server sends at rate appropriate for client (oblivious to network congestion !) . often send rate = encoding rate = constant rate . then, fill rate = constant rate - packet loss • short playout delay (2-5 seconds) to remove network jitter • error recover: time permitting TCP • send at maximum possible rate under TCP • fill rate fluctuates due to TCP congestion control • larger playout delay: smooth TCP delivery rate • HTTP/TCP passes more easily through firewalls 15 Streaming Multimedia: client rate(s) • Q: how to handle different client receive rate capabilities? . 28.8 Kbps dialup . 100 Mbps Ethernet • A: server stores, transmits multiple copies of video, encoded at different rates 16 User Control of Streaming Media: RTSP HTTP • does not target multimedia content • no commands for fast forward, etc. RTSP: RFC 2326 • client-server application layer protocol • user control: rewind, fast forward, pause, resume, etc… What it doesn’t do: • doesn’t define how audio/video is encapsulated for streaming over network • doesn’t restrict how streamed media is transported (UDP or TCP possible) • doesn’t specify how media player buffers audio/video 17 RTSP: out of band control FTP uses an “out-of-band” control channel: • file transferred over one TCP connection. • control info (directory changes, file deletion, rename) sent over separate TCP connection • “out-of-band”, “in-band” channels use different port numbers RTSP messages also sent out-of-band: • RTSP control messages use different port numbers than media stream: out-of-band. • port 554 • media stream is considered “in-band”. 18 RTSP Example Scenario: • metafile communicated to web browser • browser launches player • player sets up an RTSP control connection, data connection to streaming server 19 RTSP Operation 20 Real-time interactive applications • PC-2-PC phone . Skype • PC-2-phone . Dialpad . Net2phone . Skype • videoconference with webcams . Skype . Polycom 21 Content distribution networks (CDNs) Content replication • challenging to stream large files (e.g., video) from single origin server in real time • solution: replicate content at hundreds of servers throughout Internet . content downloaded to CDN servers ahead of time . placing content “close” to user avoids impairments (loss, delay) of sending content over long paths . CDN server typically in edge/access network 22 Content replication • CDN (e.g., Akamai) customer is the content provider (e.g., CNN) • CDN replicates customers’ content in CDN servers. • when provider updates content, CDN updates servers 23 CDN example origin server (www.foo.com) • distributes HTML • replaces: http://www.foo.com/sports.ruth.gif With http://www.cdn.com/www.foo.com/sports/ruth.gif 24 CDN company (cdn.com) • distributes gif files • uses its authoritative DNS server to route redirect requests Routing requests • CDN creates a “map”, indicating distances from leaf ISPs and CDN nodes • when query arrives at authoritative DNS server: . server determines ISP from which query originates . uses “map” to determine best CDN server • CDN nodes create application-layer overlay network 25 Internet Relay Chat • Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is an application layer protocol that facilitates the transfer of messages in the form of text. • The chat process works on a client/server networking model. • IRC clients are computer programs that a user can install on their system. • These clients communicate with chat servers to transfer messages to other clients • IRC is mainly designed for group communication in discussion forums, called channels, but also allows one- on-one communication via private messages as well as chat and data transfer, including file sharing. 26 • IRC is an open protocol that uses TCP. • An IRC server can connect to other IRC servers to expand the IRC network. • Users access IRC networks by connecting a client to a server. • There are many client implementations, . mIRC, HexChat and irssi • Server implementations, . e.g. the original IRCd. • Microsoft made an extension for IRC in 1998 via the proprietary IRCX. • They later stopped distributing software supporting IRCX, instead developing the proprietary MSNP 27 Broadband Communications, Policy, xDSL and Cable Internet DSL(Digital Subscriber Line) • DSL technology provides high-speed, broadband network connections to homes and small businesses. • DSL utilizes the same cabling used for normal telephones, but it can offer higher data rates through use of the digital modem technology. • DSL modems comprise the heart of this technology and the lines themselves are actually just plain telephone lines. • It's possible for DSL subscribers to share the same line for their digital and analog traffic . play web + receive a call. 28 DSL Technology • Speed . DSL offers more than 100 times the network performance of a traditional analog modem. the precise speed of a connection depends on the variety of xDSL deployed. DSL is a distance-sensitive technology. • DSL works on the unused (high) frequencies of the telephone line. • DSL modems contain an
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