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DETERMINATION of SEEDING RATE in the BLUE MELILOT (Melilotus Caeruleus (L.) Desr.) for FORAGE YIELD and SOME QUALITY FEATURES UNDER SUBTROPICAL CONDITIONS

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DETERMINATION of SEEDING RATE in the BLUE MELILOT (Melilotus Caeruleus (L.) Desr.) for FORAGE YIELD and SOME QUALITY FEATURES UNDER SUBTROPICAL CONDITIONS Turk J Field Crops 2020, 25(2), 161-167 DOI: 10.17557/tjfc.831970 DETERMINATION OF SEEDING RATE IN THE BLUE MELILOT (Melilotus caeruleus (L.) Desr.) FOR FORAGE YIELD AND SOME QUALITY FEATURES UNDER SUBTROPICAL CONDITIONS Hazim Serkan TENIKECIER, Ertan ATES* Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, Suleymanpasa- Tekirdag, TURKEY Corresponding author: [email protected] Received: 21.08.2020 ABSTRACT The aim of this research was to determine to blue melilot yield and quality properties sown at different rates of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 1 and 40 on November 4, 2015, on November 7, 2016 and on October 30, 2017. Investigated properties showed significantly differences. The lowest number of branches per plant (1.47), main stem diameter (3.20 mm) and leaflet width (1.44 cm) values were measured from blue melilot genotype 'BG-4' with 40 kg ha-1 seeding rate. The maximum main stem diameter (4.96-5.04 mm) and leaflet length (4.50-4.88 cm) were found from 5 to 15 kg ha-1 seeding rates. Highest plant height (84.48 cm), number of branches per plant (4.27), leaf length (7.12 cm), main stem diameter (4.41 mm), leaf/stem ratio (0.82), leaflet length (4.38 cm) and width (2.22 cm) were observed for BG-3 blue melilot genotype compared to other genotypes. Increasing seed rates resulted with an increase in crude protein, fresh fodder and dry matter yields. However, increasing seed rates caused decrease in crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and acid detergent lignin contents. The K, Ca, P and Mg contents of blue melilot genotypes ranging from 2.40-2.55 %, 1.48-1.56 %, 0.60-0.68 % and 0.40-0.45 %, respectively. According to results, blue melilot can be sown at a seeding rate of 30 kg ha-1 similar regions. Keywords: Dry matter yield, fresh fodder yield, Melilotus caeruleus (L.) Desr., morphological characters, quality traits INTRODUCTION an important source of nutrients for livestock and these are grown throughout the world because of these high yield, On the world, a wide array of animal production forage quality and wide climatic and soil adaptation. system based on the judicious use of forage legumes, Melilots are a reliable and economical protein source for sown in monoculture or forage legume/grass or other the ruminant and non-ruminant animals because they are species mixtures, is practiced grassland farming. The independent of soil nitrogen. Intakes of melilots are superior nutritive values of forage legumes over forage usually greater than that of grasses of equal digestibility. grasses at similar stages of digestibility, either fresh or However, high concentrations of a secondary plant conserved, has been demonstrated in many studies. For compound, coumarin, is a major limiting factor of the use example, better dairy-cow performance, in terms of higher of melilots in the world (Ates, 2015). yields of milk, milk protein and lactose, was achieved from red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) silage than from The origin of blue melilot (M. caeruleus (L.) Desr.) is perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) silage compared at the Caucasus on the border between Asia and Europe, the similar digestibility levels (Thomas et al., 1985; Frame et mountains of central, eastern and south eastern Europe. It al., 1998). For this reason, forage legumes [alfalfa is an annual, winter annual legume normally growing 20 (Medicago sativa L.), clovers (Trifolium sp.), peas (Pisum to 120 cm tall and can survive at -5 °C (Ates, 2011). Blue sp.), vetches (Vicia sp.), melilots (Melilotus sp.) and etc.] melilot is adapted to a wide range of soil types, but it is play a very important role in the livestock. best suited on low-lying areas, with well-drained, chernozem, vertisol and airy textured soils of pH from 6 to Melilots are clasified in the tribe Trifolieae of the sub 8. It has been successfully grown in areas that receive family Faboideae, family Fabaceae. It contains between 450 and 1200 mm annual rainfall. It is used as approximately 20 species and about 2/3 of the melilot forage, soil improvement, food for bees (Apis sp.), species are biennial, the remainders are annuals (Tekeli aromatic, medical and culinary plants (Ates, 2016). For and Ates, 2011). The genus show considerable variations in botanical and agricultural characters. Some melilots are 161 medical and culinary, it is collected from nature in the et al., 2003). Measurements of width and length of leaflet Balkan countries. were concluded on the middle leaflet. Samples were hand separated into leaf (including leaf sheath and Seeding rate optimization is important to achieve inflorescence) and stem components to calculate leaf/stem efficient fresh fodder or dry matter production for forage ratio (Ates and Seren, 2020). The fresh fodder yield (t ha- crops. As plant populations increase within a field, the 1) was determined in 2.5 m2 at the full bloom (first year: biomass yield per plant decreases but the increased May 23, second year: June 3, third year: May 30) at 2 cm number of plants may be enough to offset the biomass height form ground level and later it was calculated per yield decrease per plant. However, at seeding rates greater hectare. One cut was made in each year. Approximately 1 than the optimum, the biomass yield increase from adding kg herbage samples were dried at 55 °C for 48 h and plants may be insufficient to offset the biomass yield loss stored for one day at room temperature for calculating dry per plant. The point at which biomass yield gained from matter (DM) yield (t ha-1) (Ates and Tekeli, 2007). All adding plants is offset by biomass yield lost from per plant dried fodder samples were ground to small (1 mm) pieces reduction is the agronomic optimum-sowing rate (Van and used for the analyses (Atis et al., 2019; Atis and Roekel and Coulter, 2011; Lindsey et al., 2015; Lindsey et Acikalin, 2020). The crude protein (CP) and crude fiber al., 2018). (CF) contents were determined by the micro-Kjeldahl and The aim of this research was to determine the seeding Weende methods (AOAC, 2019). Crude protein (CP) rate of blue melilot for forage yield and some quality content (%) was then calculated by multiplying the N features under subtropical conditions. content by 6.25. Plant fiber analysis was performed according to the methods of Van Soest et al. (1991), MATERIALS AND METHODS without sodium sulfite or amylase and data were not Location of Experiment corrected for residual ash. Samples were extracted individually in Berzelius beakers on a reflux rack and This research was conducted during 2015-2018 in filtered through coarse porosity Gooch crucibles for Malkara-Tekirdag (40.0 °N, 26.0 °E), western Turkey, neutral detergent fiber (NDF, %), acid detergent fiber located at about 243 m altitude above sea level, with a (ADF, %) and acid detergent lignin (ADL, %). The typical subtropical climate. The soil of the experimental samples were wet-fired with nitric-perchloric acid, and area was low in organic matter (1.06 %), moderate in phosphorus (P) content (%) was determined phosphorus content (58.7 kg ha-1), but rich in potassium -1 spectrophotometrically, potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and content (549.0 kg ha ). The total rainfall of experimental magnesium (Mg) contents (%) were found using an area was 689 mm. This location has approximately similar atomic absorption spectrophotometer (ICP–OES, overall temperature (12.7 °C) during vegetation period. Inductively Coupled Plazma-Optical Emission Experimental design and field applications Spectrometer) (Isaac and Johnson, 1998). All samples were analyzed in triplicate. Two hopefuls blue melilot genotypes 'BG-3' and 'BG- 4', were evaluated with mass selection, were planted in Statistical analysis two-factor factorial Randomized Complete Block Design The results were analyzed using the MSTAT-C with four replications. Each parcel was sown 10 rows, statistical computer package. Same program was used for with a spacing of 25 cm and 5 m in length (Demiroglu et the comparison test described by Steel and Torrie (1980) al., 2008). The seeds were sown at rates of 5, 10, 15, 20, -1 (Least Significant Difference, LSD) of the means over the 25, 30, 35 and 40 kg ha on November 4, 2015, on three years. November 7, 2016 and on October 30, 2017 with a hand seeder. Before sowing, seed viability was tested so that the RESULTS AND DISCUSSION seed density in the parcels (plants/m2) could be achieved. Morphological characters At each year, N and P (50 kg ha-1) was incorporated into the soil at the time of land preparation. The experimental A significant seeding rate, genotype and genotype x area was not irrigated after they were sown and harvested. seeding rate interaction were found statistically significant for morphological characters measured in research. Three Measurements and chemical analyses years averages of plant height, number of branches per The plant height (cm), number of branches per plant, plant, main stem diameter, leaf length, leaf/stem ratio, main stem diameter (mm), leaf length (cm), leaflet length leaflet length and width showed (Table 1) that the highest (cm) and width (cm) were determined on twenty-five plant height, leaflet length and leaf/stem ratio were plants, which were randomly chosen from all plots at full- obtained from blue melilot genotype 'BG-3' with 30, 35 bloom stage (Ates, 2016). The main stem diameter was and 40 kg ha-1 seeding rates, whereas the blue melilot measured between the second and third node (Tekeli and genotypes showed decreasing trend in number of branches Ates, 2003). The leaf length, leaflet length and width were per plant, main stem diameter, leaflet length and width measured on the leaf at the third node of the plants (Tekeli with increasing seeding rate.
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