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Pitch Shifting with the Commercially Available Eventide Eclipse: Intended and Unintended Changes to the Speech Signal

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Pitch Shifting with the Commercially Available Eventide Eclipse: Intended and Unintended Changes to the Speech Signal JSLHR Research Note Pitch Shifting With the Commercially Available Eventide Eclipse: Intended and Unintended Changes to the Speech Signal Elizabeth S. Heller Murray,a Ashling A. Lupiani,a Katharine R. Kolin,a Roxanne K. Segina,a and Cara E. Steppa,b,c Purpose: This study details the intended and unintended 5.9% and 21.7% less than expected, based on the portion consequences of pitch shifting with the commercially of shift selected for measurement. The delay between input available Eventide Eclipse. and output signals was an average of 11.1 ms. Trials Method: Ten vocally healthy participants (M = 22.0 years; shifted +100 cents had a longer delay than trials shifted 6 cisgender females, 4 cisgender males) produced a sustained −100 or 0 cents. The first 2 formants (F1, F2) shifted in the /ɑ/, creating an input signal. This input signal was processed direction of the pitch shift, with F1 shifting 6.5% and F2 in near real time by the Eventide Eclipse to create an output shifting 6.0%. signal that was either not shifted (0 cents), shifted +100 cents, Conclusions: The Eventide Eclipse is an accurate pitch- or shifted −100 cents. Shifts occurred either throughout the shifting hardware that can be used to explore voice and entire vocalization or for a 200-ms period after vocal onset. vocal motor control. The pitch-shifting algorithm shifts all Results: Input signals were compared to output signals to frequencies, resulting in a subsequent change in F1 and F2 examine potential changes. Average pitch-shift magnitudes during pitch-shifted trials. Researchers using this device were within 1 cent of the intended pitch shift. Measured should be mindful of stimuli selection to avoid confusion pitch-shift length for intended 200-ms shifts was between during data interpretation. ocal motor control is often investigated by manip- Larson, & Hain, 1998; Hain et al., 2000; H. Liu & Larson, ulating an individual’s vocal fundamental frequency 2007) during a single utterance. Responses to this type of V (f0) in near real time, thereby changing the percep- experimental manipulation provide information on an indi- tion of its pitch. In order to examine the vocal response to vidual’s ability to detect errors and send corrective commands this manipulation, two experimental paradigms are frequently to inform the utterances being produced. The mechanism used. In the first type of experimental paradigm, the f0 is driving these responses is often described as the feedback altered after voice onset occurs, thereby auditorily present- system (Burnett et al., 1997, 1998). The second type of ex- ing the speaker with a sudden and unexpected change in perimental paradigm predictably shifts the f0 over time their pitch. This manipulation, often called a pitch shift, (Jones&Keough,2008;Jones&Munhall,2000).Responses typically occurs at a variable point in time after voice onset, to this often surreptitious shift in the perception of pitch and it happens either one time (e.g., Burnett, Senner, & provide information on the feedforward system, which Larson, 1997; Jones & Munhall, 2002; Larson, Burnett, allows an individual to produce fluent f0 changes by relying Kiran, & Hain, 2000) or multiple times (Burnett, Freedland, on stored motor programs (e.g., Jones & Munhall, 2000; Keough, Hawco, & Jones, 2013; Scheerer, Tumber, & Jones, 2016). This experimental paradigm is hypothesized to aDepartment of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Boston slowly change these stored motor programs over time, University, MA b thereby allowing for evaluation of how an individual updates Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, MA his or her feedforward system (Guenther, 2006; Guenther, cDepartment of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Boston Ghosh, & Tourville, 2006; Jones & Munhall, 2000; Keough University School of Medicine, MA et al., 2013; Scheerer et al., 2016). Correspondence to Elizabeth S. Heller Murray: [email protected] Experiments that use these two paradigms are typically Editor-in-Chief: Julie Liss evaluating one or more of the following aspects: direction, Editor: Jack Jiang magnitude, or timing of the vocal response. The direction Received October 8, 2018 Revision received December 30, 2018 Accepted January 14, 2019 Disclosure: The authors have declared that no competing interests existed at the time https://doi.org/10.1044/2019_JSLHR-S-18-0408 of publication. 2270 Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research • Vol. 62 • 2270–2279 • July 2019 • Copyright © 2019 American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Downloaded from: https://pubs.asha.org Boston University on 07/16/2019, Terms of Use: https://pubs.asha.org/pubs/rights_and_permissions of the response may vary between individuals, as individ- Heinks-Maldonado & Houde, 2005; Larson, Sun, & Hain, uals may shift f0 either (a) in the opposite direction of the 2007; H. Liu, Zhang, Xu, & Larson, 2007). Larson et al. pitch shift, called an opposing response;(b)inthesame (2007) noted that different vocal responses in f0 were pres- direction of the pitch shift, called a following response;or ent in paradigms in which both f0 and SPL were manipu- (c) in no direction, by not shifting f0, called a null or nonre- lated compared to paradigms where solely f0 was changed sponse. Opposing responses may be a compensatory action, (Burnett et al., 1998); changes in SPL can elicit a vocal that is, a corrective response for an error noted in an indi- response on their own (Bauer et al., 2006; Hafke, 2009; vidual’s own vocal production. The basis for following Heinks-Maldonado & Houde, 2005; Larson et al., 2007; responses is not as well understood; although some suggest H. Liu et al., 2007). Larson et al. (2007) noted that differ- these same-direction responses may result from an individ- ent vocal responses in f0 were present in paradigms in which ual perceiving the pitch-shifted production as an “external both f0 and SPL were manipulated compared to paradigms reference” rather than a shift in his or her own voice (Burnett where solely f0 was changed. They found that if both f0 and et al., 1997; Hain et al., 2000; H. Liu & Larson, 2007). In SPL were increased, the vocal response magnitude was addition to the direction of the response, the magnitude, smaller than if only f0 was increased, whereas the opposite timing, or variability of the response may provide informa- effect was found if both f0 and SPL were decreased. Fur- tion on aspects such as the stability, reliance, or maturity thermore, if f0 and SPL were shifted in opposite directions, of the vocal motor control system (Scheerer & Jones, 2012; the overall vocal response magnitude decreased, latency Scheerer, Liu, & Jones, 2013). increased, and the number of following responses increased. When designing experimental paradigms to examine Therefore, although f0 and SPL levels may be controlled vocal motor control, both the intended experimental ma- independently, SPL differences may impact the vocal response nipulations and the unintended consequences of these during a pitch-shift experiment. manipulations can impact the results. The intended manip- The second variable to consider is the potential ulations, set by the experimenter, include the magnitude changes in formant frequencies, which may be related to the and duration of the pitch shift. In addition, there can be method of pitch shifting used. Although a substantial por- unintended changes to the speech signal when performing tion of the pitch-shifting literature focuses on sustained a pitch shift. These include intensity changes accompanying vowels, pitch shifting can also be performed at the word a shift in pitch, formant frequency changes, and the delay or phrase level—where a change in formants could change time between the vocalization and the auditory presenta- the perception of the stimuli. One method involves a pitch tion of the manipulated speech signal. Therefore, it is shift that isolates and only shifts the f0 (often using a formant essential to have a clear understanding of both the accuracy frequency correction). However, another popular method of the intended experimental manipulations, as well as the involves shifting the entire frequency spectrum. This method presence of any unintended consequences, as both can have is both fast and less computationally intensive, as there is significant effects on the interpretation of the data collected. no need to identify and isolate the pitch in real time. In this The intended experimental manipulations of pitch- common scenario, both the f0 and formant frequencies will shift magnitude and pitch-shift length are known to affect be shifted up or down together. As a result, understanding the vocal response. Increased pitch-shift magnitude has the degree that the shift affects the formants is necessary been shown to result in increased response magnitude and for later data interpretation. One study found that a 200-cent decreased latency (Larson, Burnett, Bauer, Kiran, & Hain, pitch shift applied to the entire utterance resulted in positive 2001; H. Liu & Larson, 2007), as well as an increased correlations between changes in f0 and changes in both the number of following responses (Burnett et al., 1998). With first formant (F1) and second formant (F2) frequencies regard to the length of the pitch shift, both the magnitude (MacDonald & Munhall, 2012). Similarly, another study and the duration of the response have been shown to in- noted that during unexpected short duration shifts of crease with a longer pitch-shift duration (Burnett et al., 1998; 100 cents, F2 changes occurred in addition to changes in Kiran & Larson, 2001), whereas an increased number of f0 (Eckey & MacDonald, 2015). As F1 and F2 values following responses have been noted with a shorter shift define an individual’s vowel space (Hillenbrand, Getty, duration (Kiran & Larson, 2001). Therefore, the accuracy Clark, & Wheeler, 1995), a shift in these formant frequen- of the magnitude and length of the pitch shift is necessary cies may result in a perceptual difference between the for clear interpretation of the vocal response.
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