A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS IN SOUTH AFRICA

1961

Compiled by

L HORREL L MURIE

Research Officer South African Institute of Race Rclalions

SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF RACE RELATIONS P.O. Box 97 . JOHANNESBURG 1 962 D AN C REPUBLI A S BECOME A AFRIC H SOUT H COMMONWEALT E TH S LEAVE

S EVENT E THES F O E SIGNIFICANC Early in 1961 South Africa became a republic and withdrew J from the Commonwealth. These events are likely to have far- s it n o d an , country e th n i s attitude l g effectpolitica n o s reachin ! . well-being c economi 1 , REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA CONSTITUTION ACT / (No. 32 of 1961)

" Representations by certain Provincial Councils " It was reported in our last Survey™ that, after the referendum e vot o t d entitle e thos f o y majorit a n whe , 1960 r Octobe 5 n o |i a f o t establishmen e th f o r favou n i e wer y the t tha d indicate ] republic, the Natal Provincial Council decided to request that the d entrenche e fiv e includ d shoul n constitutio n republica w ne j ] "fundamental rights", and should preserve and extend the powers e Prim e th y b d rejecte e wer s request e Thes . councils l provincia f o j | Minister; as were somewhat similar representations made by the s Councillor l Provincia y Part d Unite d an l Counci l Provincia e Cap I i in the Transvaal. l Bil e th f o n introductio e th o t n Oppositio • .; d move d Verwoer . Dr ° 1961 y Januar 3 2 n o y Assembl e th n I I { for leave to introduce the Republic of South Africa Constitution j Bill. Sir de Villicrs Graaff, leader of the United Party, moved, I as an amendment^, that such leave should not be granted unless and until: c republi d propose e th t tha d establishe y unequivocall s i t i ) "(a will remain in the Commonwealth; and (b) the Government gives an assurance that provision is or will be made in such legislation for guaranteeing such basic . Africa" h Sout n i y unit l nationa e advanc l wil s a s right \ j A counter-amendment was moved by the leader of the Pro- - per t tha d . SteytlerA n propose va e (4). H J . . Dr , Party e gressiv i ! mission to introduce the measure should not be granted unless and

{ (1) Pare 9. I (2) Hansard 1 col. 16. f (') Col. 17 . Col> . 4 ( 24 . \

•j 2 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS: 1961 3 - pro n contai d woul t i t tha s assurance e gav t Governmen e th l unti continue to be a member of the Commonwealth, which was so alia: inter , visions . people g English-speakin e th y b d desire y ardentl (a) for a rigid constitution and the protection of minority rights; Sir de Villiers Graalf maintained0'' that the Government could not claim the support of the majority of the people of (b) for adequate decentralization of power to the provinces; South Africa for the republic. Registered Coloured voters had (c) for the participation of all responsible citizens in the govern- not been allowed to vote in the referendum, and no attempt had . colour r o e rac f o e irrespectiv y countr e th f o t men t cen r pe 8 4 , so n Eve . Africans f o s view e th n obtai o t e mad n bee . defeated e wer s amendment h Bot of the electorate had voted against a republic, fearing that rela- a t tha d an d endangere e b d woul h Commonwealt e th h wit s tion Terme s th o f o th t e Act endorsemen n a s a d interprete e b d woul r favou n i e vot d Secon s it r afte e Committe t Selec a o t d referre s wa l Bil e Th Government's rigid and negative policies. From its inception the Reading. In its final form, (Act 32 of 1961) the measure pro- republic would be sectional. The onus rested on the Government vided that South Africa would become a republic on 31 May, whether it would ever become a truly South African republic. The leader of the United Party in Natal, Mr. D. E. Mitchcll, s country' e th s a n Quee e th g replacin t Presiden e Stat a h wit , 1961 (7) l Governor-Genera f o e offic e Th . state f o d hea l constitutiona e W . .. . republic e th t accep t no o d e "W , said e H . further t wen y b d electe e b d woul t Presiden e Stat e Th . away l fal s thu d woul t proposno o d o livt e e permanentl e wilW yl . seeunde.. k. it r an electora- oppor l e collegth f I e . consistin.. . laws g on f ow th r e memberou e mak s o t of y the Senateopportunit ant dfirs e th the House of Assembly at a meeting presided over by the Chief tunity present s n Natai itsel e w lf will grasn boti t i hp hands". Justice or a Judgd e stan o fe Appeath m lfro designatey Part e d by himProgressiv e . th Th d e Presidendissociate r t Steytlc . Dr

will normally hold office for a >pcriod of seven years, but can be taken by Mr. Mitchell. He said that despite deep differences

) removed from office on a resolution passed by both Houses of with the Government on the exclusiots n of Non-Whites from the e b d shoul s thi t tha g declarin n Sessio e sam e th g durin t Parliamen referendum and on cardinal principles of the constitution, his s hi m perfor o t y inabilit f o r o t misconduc f o d groun e th n o e don party regarded the result of the referendum as a mandate for the . efficiently s dutie n rc-opc d woul s thi t accep o t l Refusa . republic a f o t establishmen e th e b l wil n Unio e th f o g fla e th t tha n dow d lai t Ac e Th a dispute which had clouded South Africa's public life for fifty nationag l flagrantin g f oo f t the Republicobjec e th s , and Diethemselve t Steinse d ha van s Suul-AjrikaProgressive e Th th e. years national anthem. rights to persons of all colours who deserved them, and would t Ac a Afric h Sout e th n i d containe n declaratio e th d repeate t I strive to achieve that object whether under a monarchy or a e b t mus d an s language l officia e th e ar s Afrikaan d an h Englis t tha republic. They regarded the establishment of a republic as a t canno n provisio s thi , before s A . equality f o g footin a n o d treate mistake, however. s two-third a f o n decisio e th y b s unles d altere r o d repeale e b At the conclusion of the Second Reading debate, Mr. majority at a joint sitting of both Houses. J. D. du P. Basson of the National Union voted with the Govern- d Coloure e th d an s Partie e Progressiv d an d Unite e th t bu , ment Parliamentary debate representatives opposed the measure. d sai r Ministe Reading*"'d e Prim Secon e e th th , g movin n Whe n ambitio d long-cherishe a s wa c republi a f o t attainmen e th t tha Election of first President e th f o s section s variou e th t tha r orde n I . people r Afrikane e th f o - Governor s previou e th , Swart . R . C . Mr 1 196 y Ma 0 1 n O populations vote ,9 despit13 g e formereceivin , r strife, mighPresident e t Stal b t e weldefirs e th d intd o onelecte es natiowa , n General within the republic, the Afrikaners had made several concessions. to the 71 cast for the Opposition's candidate, Mr. II. A. Fagan'"'. While many republicans, for example, would have preferred a As is reported in the next chapter. Mr. Fagan subsequently e th f o d hea e th d an e Stat f o d hea e th h bot s wa o wh t Presiden . Party n Unio l Nationa e th f o d hea e becam Government, the traditions of the "other section of the popula- tion" had been kept in mind, and the two offices would be kept separate. The Nationalists had accepted, too, that the republic should (f-1 Cols. 353-62. C) Cote. 453-4. (») Cols. 463-7. ) Assembly(! Januar0 3 . y 1961. Hansar 2 colsd . 324-7. . 1961 y Ma 0 1 , rcnorl ('Slur ) 4 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS: 1961 5 SOUTH AFRICA'S WITHDRAWAL FROM THE COMMONWEALTH he was prepared to answer criticism, but did not wish this to be . meetings e futur t a e procedur r fo t preceden a s a d regarde d Venvoer . Dr y b t statemen r Prio Strong disapproval of South Africa's racial policies was unani- Iny b a e speciamad lg broadcasbein s t madattack g e durinscathin g y January, particularl Dr , . Verwoerdisplayed dy mousl said thad tan ad t the CommonwealtZealan w Ne . h Canada Primy b d e Ministersbacke s ' conferenccountrie n e in Afro-Asia e th t tha e ensur o t r endeavou y sincerel d woul e h h Marc n i n Londo Nigeria took the line that all the citizens of the country should South . AfricMr . a remaineattitude s d a memberGovernment' . g Howeverexistin ,e hth e r addedfo d , "It muscondemne te b t no y pa o t d prepare e b t no l wil a Afric h Sout t tha d understoo n remai R. G. Menzics of Australia tried, with Britain and South Africa, the pricd e sai fo t r thibu , s of allowinseparate s g issue interferenc p e imembershi n hed ran domestid c aparthei policies e th p , kee o t of sacrificing principles on which her Government has been that in his opinion apartheid would not work and its continuation repeatedly elected since 1948 or of submitting to any reflection could cause trouble which could inflame the whole of Africa, n withi s problem e Rac . honour" l nationa r he r o y sovereignt r he n o bringing bloodshed and misery'14'. the Union's bordert s were createdevelopmen e d byseparat f a o situatioy polic ns hi whic d h requireexplaine d d Verwoer . Dr its own solution(10). (which he called "co-existence"), gave figures showing that South f himsel e mad e h f i t tha t though y apparentl d Verwoer . Dr Africa spent more on educational, health and welfare services for available in person at the conference to explain South Africa's Africans than did other territories on the continent, and pointed peculiae rth problemn i k wor s o ht e y could annuall correc e tcam whas t heAfrican regardef o s d as thousand th t e tha t ou outside world's mistaken ideas about his policy of separate Union from outside its borders. But he failed to convince the r membe a n remai o t t reques s Africa' h Sout t tha d an , development others that the apartheid policy was a just one. of the Commonwealtt "Wha h , afteabove r d she becamquote h e speec a e republith n i r c late would sai dn be Macmilla . Mr , Pakistan , India f o s case e th n i e don s wa s a , automatically d grante 01 h Sout t presen e th f o y polic e th t tha s wa e conferenc e th d shocke . ' Nigeria d an a Ghan , Ceylon d regar d shoul e w t wha p u t se o t d appeare t Governmen n Africa as an unhappy practice—inherited from the past, perhaps—as a e conferenc ' Ministers e Prim h Commonwealt e th t a s Event philosophy of action for the future". Hardly any country could The British Prime Minister, Mr. H. Macmillan, hoped to stand blameless, he added. All kinds of discrimination had been, keep n separatbetwee e e the issuedifferenc s l of South Africa'fundamenta e th s t racia"Bu . l policiepractised s l andstil , of were r o h speec a n I . Commonwealth e th f o p membershi d continue r he ours and the South African philosophy is that we are trying . . . y m n "I , said e h s Common f o e Hous e th n i e mad y subsequentl , not s wa t I . .. m for y an n i t concep e th m fro y awa e mov o t <12) view thers a et werfel e e w ver t ytha stron n si gt argumentwithou e s fower rs u takin f o gl al th ee coursbecaus e , of therefore l constitutiona n o a Afric h Sout f o n applicatio e th g allowin strongly, but because this theory of apartheid transposes what we grounds". He was not satisfied that he. r exclusioright" a o n int woul g d beswron a t hels a pd regar , apartheid f o e doctrin e th t accep t no d di o wh e ther s White e th l al m fro s concession e som g wrin o t d trie s Minister e Prim r Othe nor the millionPrim e th s t of "Bu Africans , said y . "But at subsequentl th en same timMacmilla e. I Mr fel . t it was Verwoerd . Dr right that there should be expressed strong disapproval of her Minister of South Africa, with an honesty which one must raciale h policies t tha , " whicdoubt l hal "werd e beyon eve , n threateninclear y g tabundantl o t i damag e mad e , the recognize concept of the Commonwealth itself as a multi-racial association". would not think it right to relax, in any form, the extreme rigidity "Although it is an established convention with these meetings of his dogma, either now or in the future". Dr. Verwoerd later n opinio f Assembly o s e hi n i t Hous n tha '' Africa h Sout e th d tol that we do not discuss the domestic affairs of a 0member country without the consent of that country", Mr. Macmillan continued, the request for small concessions was made with the ultimate "the Prime Minister of South Africa agreed that on this occasion object of undermining his policy 'and creating the prospect of full . discussed" e b d shoul t Governmen n Unio e th f o y polic l racia e th equality, full and equal political rights, for White and Black. The e h e whil t tha r clea t i e mad e s reportedi hav d o t Verwoer . Dr Leader of the Opposition described this as an attitude of "granite

0

) (13 would tolerate no interference in South Africa's domestic affairs, stubbornness" ''. One of the turning-points of the conference was on the . London , Information f o r Directo . S.A y b d publishe Africa, ) Modern (10 South question of diplomatic representation between South Africa and Januarv 1961. (11) statement made by Dr. Verwoerd after the Prime Ministers' conference, as reported in the Cape Times, 15 March. . March 0 2 d nn 4 1 Times, Cape ) (» (12) As reported in the Rand Dally Mail, 23 March. O5) 23 March. Hansard 9 col. 3492. (U) Cape Times. 14 March. (i«) Col. 3522. 6 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS: 1961 7

the Asian and African slates. Dr. Verwoerd said that he could Dr. Vcrwocrd's application for continued membership had not

) e th f I . countries y unfriendl h wit s relation h suc h establis t no e thos o int s colleague s hi d divide e hav d woul (IT e h , withdrawn n bee unfriendly attitude of Ghana and other countries changed, then who would continue to want to be rid of him, and those who s countrie h bot n i c publi e th s a d an , follow d woul s visit y friendl would continue to want to have South Africa as a member of the became used to this changed attitude the exchange of missions Commonwealth. s basi e th f i t Ru . concerned s countrie e th n betwee d raise e b d coul of friendship wan s absenLondo n i t d on 'hel th e e part of conferenc othe s r Pres slates e th t ,a and d istate f d they Vcrwocr . Dr threatened to incite the people of South Africa, then diplomatic that the proceedings which had obliged him to take "this missions could not be accepted. regrettable step" in his opinion marked the beginning of the dis- e apprehensiv s wa s 0 Menzie . Mr . Commonwealth e th f o n integratio Mry . Menzievirtuall h s said later 'Commonwealt ' thae th tf ho e r thoughmembe ta tha e t hav thi o s "T statemen , said e h t : too >;i had a bad psychological effect. "It seemed to be carrying it excluded ... on a matter of domestic policy presents, in my pirllye far"th r . fo Mr s . Oimcapossibilitie n Sandysf o a , vist th ee British Secretardisagreeabl r y rathe fo ra Com , - opinion s thi n o e altitud s Vcrwocrd' . Dr t tha d stale , Relations h monwealt future"'"'. Hut Mr. Macmillan regarded Soulh Africa's case as r othe e th l al o int y deepl y ver t bi h whic g "somelhin s wa r matle an exceptional one. He told the House of Commons, "I do not members"0"'. accept that this means the Commonwealth will, in future, turn t lha a formul a r fo g searchin n o t spen s wa e tim e Considerabl itself into a body for passing judgment on the internal affairs- of would satisfy honour all round. In the statement quoted above member countries". Mr. Menzies said, "For some lime it looked as if we could evolve a form of communique which would confirm South Africa's membership while th e am t thfro e l same time withdrawa containin s Africa' g h a faiSoul r f summarizeo s d Consequence f o d an , policy l racia s Africa' h Sout f o m criticis e th f o t statemen Commonwealth l severa y b d tol s wa . . . n Macmilla . Mr . . . y repl s Vcrwocrd' . Dr On his return to South Africa, Dr. Verwoerd gave the of the Prime Ministers thai it was nol good enough. One or two impression that South Africa's relationship with Britain would . (Dr s hi t accep t no d di y the i tha y plainl e quit d indicate m the f o . Mr , earlier d quote h speec e th n i , but ; unchanged y largel n remai - neces e becam t i f i i tha d an , membership d continue ) Verwoerd's Sandys said, "We must be careful not to destroy the value of sary to move the expulsion of South Africa they would do so. Al Commonwealth membership by giving to those who arc not d woul y the t lha r clea l i e mad e Iher s Minister e Prim e th f hal t leas members all the privileges of those who are". n betwee d an g meetin a s wa e ther e tim y ever r matte s thi e pursu . opporlunily" l convcnien y ever n o s meeting Some of the immediate economic clfccts arc described in ihc 50 e lim e considerabl a e b l wil t i t bu ; "Employment" d entitle r chapte d reserve s . Verwoerd'Dr member o t n g "cerlai ', Accordin before the full consequences of South Africa's withdrawal become the righc t to Republi themselve a d spasse tt o reconsiderGovernmen theim r ownKingdo positiod nUnite ie n regarTh . d evident to membership if South Africa should remain a member". of South Africa Act which was designed to maintain unchanged r fo t reques s Africa' h Sout w withdre d Verwoer . Dr , e Finally th e whil s countrie o tw e th n betwee p relationshi e th r yea a r fo conlinued membership. He slaled at a Pres. mil s d conference'"worke e wer 1's , "J. am implication l wil y countr y m f o e peopl e th f o y majorit t grea e th t lha e sur appreciate that in the circumstances no other course was open to Shortly afterwards the Commonwealth Relations (Tem- n sovereig y an f o s allribute e ar t self-respec d an e prid l Naliona . us porary Provision) Act, No. 41 of 1961, was passed in South independent state". South Africa wished to remain friendly with Africa. This stated that the provisions of any law relating to n bee d ha n decisio s hi : Commonwealth e th f o s member r olde e th - imme n Unio e th n i e forc n i e wer t tha s relation h Commonwealt o l g havin f o n posilio s invidiou e Ih n i m the t pu o t t no s a o s n take e th y b d affecte e b t no d woul 1 196 y Ma 1 3 o t r prio y diatel . Afro-Asians e th d an a Afric h Sout n bclwce e choos establishment of a republic, nor by the fact that South Africa - Governor e th n i , however , If . Commonwealth e th t lef d ha Tn his statement on the matter Mr. Menzies said thai, if General's opinion any corresponding law in any other Common- , mentioned e dat e th r afte d repeale r o d amende s wa y countr h wealt O?) As rcnoncd by him in ihc House ot Assembly, Hansards 9 and 12. cols. 3492. -1303. he would be entitled by proclamation to suspend or amend pro- (i») As reported in the Cane Times, 20 March 1961. visions of any South African law that related to the country (19) Star report. 23 March. <2i>) Assembly. Hansard 9 col. 3336. <2t> Cane. Time.! reports. 15 and 16 March. . March 0 2 . report Timfx Cape ) (22 8 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS: 1961 9 8 e b o t e hav d woul s proclamation h suc y an f o s Copie . concerned g capturin f o e hop e th n i y Part n Unio l Nationa ) (ex-Nationalist . Parliament n i d table the votes of dissatisfied Nationalists. At its conference held in . area g sterlin e th n i n remai l wil a Afric h Sout Bloemfontein during August 1961 the United Party passed a y appl d woul t i , power d regaine t i f i e eflec, th that o tt n resolutio REACTIONS IN SOUTH AFRICA for readmission to the Commonwealth only if this was "in South e th t tha t fac e th s wa y noteworth y Particularl . interests" s Africa' e disguis t no d di y Part t Nationalis e th f o s member y y Man onl o wh , Natal f o l Mitchcl . E . D . Mr y b d introduce s wa o provis . Commonwealth e th t lef d ha a Afric h Sout t tha e pleasur r thei d mentione , speech t defian e th e mad d ha y previousl s month n seve Dr. Verwoerd was addressing these people when he said, at the on page 3, rejecting the republic. In this same earlier speech , Town e Cap o t n retur s hi n o d arrange e welcom f o n receptio Mr. Mitchell said(SB), "He (the Prime Minister) is placing us in "What happened is nothing less than a miracle. So many nations t bu . .. e struggl d arme y b m freedo e complet r thei t ge o t d ha e hav jeopardy, where we could have remained completely secure in the r expected"'"'neve e w h . whic g somethin d reache e hav e w e her Commonwealth". e th d equale a Afric h Sout f o s citizen e Non-Whit y Man - Certain Common section e th s m of fro th k e Nonbrea -e Whitth d e an populatio s statu n were gladrepublica o ,t too e , chang d behin h Commonwealt e th d ha y the t fel y the t tha n reaso e th r fo wealth with an assumption of power by the Afrikaner; but this them in their opposition to discriminatory laws. If Dr. Verwoerd in itself did not cause any particular disquietude, for they con- ,< had n i bee e n ablchang e l to retairadica y n earl membershi y an e b o t p y he woulunlikel s d wa hav e e ther receive t tha d d sidere h Sout n withi t suppor d increase , possibly , and m acclai t grea e wors o n e b d coul y the h whic f o e absenc e th n i , attitudes e Whit n bee e hav y thereb d woul s progres l racia f o e caus e Th . Africa off in a republic than under the monarchy. The view was vvidcly set backn bee . d ha s Power n Wester r othe e th d an n Britai t tha d expresse Among the rest of the people there was initially anger over more concerned with preserving their trade with South Africa Dr. l Verwoerd'fee s s handlinAfrican y Man g o. f thethere situation me k n —Blac hie sth decisio f o s n right to e proclaith h wit m n tha s Thi . conference e th t a s event e th d precipitate h whic , republic a , whole e th n o , would y the : plausible d an y wil e ar h Englis e th t tha feelind gan wa t s coupledblun e ,mor s oe fath r h as wit numerou s matter s Whitel s politica wer n i e l concerneddea o t r , prefe y largel d occurre d ha s event e thes t tha t resentmen n certai a h wit downright Afrikaner, for 'then they know exactly where they because of Afro-Asian hostility and "interference". A period of stand. These attitudes may, of course, change if the Non-Whites bewildermenn situatio t c and confusioeconomi e th nn i on f thought followeddeterioratio a y b d . Manaffecte yy Whitesadversel e ar l partia a o t d tie s wa p membershi h Commonwealt t tha d realize .as a result of the loss of Commonwealth membership. o t g clin o t d wante y the d an , bar r colou e th f o t leas t a g sheddin e th g stressin y B . dominance f o n positio d an s privilege r thei n Afro-Asia e th f o s member y b e mad a Afric h Sout f o m criticis group, Dr. Verwoerd had succeeded in increasing fears amongst Whites of eventual Black domination. POLITICAL PARTY DEVELOPMENTS As will be described in the next chapter, during the months NATIONALIST TARTY that followed, with a general election pending, Dr. Verwoerd tried s White l al f o e hom l spiritua e th s a l appea s party' s hi n broade o t n suppressio y temporar s it d an , ranks y Part e th n withi n Dissensio who were dedicated to the defence of White interests as such. During the past year there has been a ferment of agonized h Commonwealt e th m fro e departur s Africa' h Sout d represente e H y especiall , intellectuals r Afrikane t amongs s policie f o l reappraisa as a positive achievement. South Africa was better-of! outside a in the Cape and particularly in regard to the Coloured people. body that was coming to be dominated by the Afro-Asian coun- It was mentioned in our last Survey1''' that in July 1960 tries- . Icom t woull d bepolitica unrealistie th , c an"Dawie" d y foolisb s hthi too t thin n k draw of s returningwa n , attentio n whe , Market n Commo e th n joi o t e wer n Britai f i y especiall mentator for Die Burger, who wrote, "The drive to a forward t disappear*"'migh s . preference h Commonwealt g becomin s i s Colourcd e th r fo y polic t Nationalis n i t movemen y discernibl d move y Part d Unite e th d perio e sam e th g . Durin .. s i e cours f o a ide c dramati t mos e Th . strong e mor d an e mor e th h wit t agreemen g electioneerin n a o int d entere d an , right e th o t r o e whit t clce o t d permitte e b t mus s voter d Coloure e th t lha

(2« Cape Times. 21 March. (2?) Assembly Hansard 2 col. 452. 31 January 1961. (2*) Speec s reporteha e Randth n i d Dally Mail. 4 AUBUSI2 . (0 Page 133. 10 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS: 1961 II t par e on y onl s i e cours f o s Thi . Parliament) f (o s member n brow Verwoerd further clarified 'his policy. His statement will be set of the complex of plans which are being discussed by thinking out in greater detail later, but it is relevant to mention at this people . . ." stage that he said the Bantu would eventually be able to develop a n i d Verwoer . Dr y b d rejecte s wa " idea c "dramati e , Th independence l ful d grante g bein , states u Bant e separat o int Presso t statemen t righ e th t madd an e m on 24freedo Novembers hi n ma e . HeWhit ie s th reporte r fo g d to buyin hav y e "thereb e th f o n integratio e th r fo d springboar a e b d woul s thi , that d sai . country" s hi s i t wha n i n dominatio n retai e b d shoul y polic e Th . assimilation l biologica o t g leadin , races - develop f o s opportunitie n give e b d woul e peopl d Coloure . development l paralle f o e on ment in the "White stale", firstly by means of local government, d an s professor g leadin n eleve h mont e sam e th g Durin and secondly by way of managing affairs at present falling under a d publishe s Churche d Reforme h Dutc e thre e th f o s minister , course e du n i d an , Thirdly . Councils l Provincia f o l contro e th book called Delayed Action, in whicli they called for a new methods should be evolved to give them further rights of self- outloo. k on Soutconcerned e h Africa'wer s s raciainterest l l attitudesnationa r . thei Thi s a s r is fa describe o s t d in governmen moret detail in developmen a l subsequenpolitica c ih t t chapterBu . , as arIndians ee th eo t repercussiond applie e sam s e Th withil n the Dutcnationa a hn i Reforme n d Churcheparticipatio o t d s of thlimite e e b Cotteslo d woul e s consultagroup h - bot f o - member e th m fro s delegate n whe , December n i d hel , tions d Coloure e th l Unti . affairs ) Indian r (o d Coloure r fo l counci churches in South Africa of the World Council of Churches met council performed its functions fully, Coloured representation in n consultatio e Th . itself l Counci d Worl e th f o s representative h wit e Whit d electe r fou . (i.e s wa t i s a n remai d woul t Parliamen attacked certain major aspects of the Government's racial policies. representatives in the Assembly and one nominated White repre- a d tol d Verwoer . Dr , held s wa g gatherin s thi e befor t Jus sentative in the Senate). Rand conference e stag of d the thir Nationalis e th n twhe Part t ytha tha , t Nationalisimplication t y leaderb , s appeared t I woul- d havrepre e d to standColoure "lik, e wallreached sn of bee granite d ha d " on theiVerwoer r . colouDr y b r policd y mentione t accep d coul y The . stake t a s wa n natio a f o e existenc e th e becaus e stag o n t a d woul s Indian . cease t migh t Parliamen n i n sentatio no policy of integration for the various groups. : right th s e thi "colou, r granted e b streams" were parallel and must remain so. But such a policy did On 19 April Die Harder addressed an urgent appeal to not n mean oppression—onAfrica h wit s force e grou n joi p coulo t t d no no ts foreveleader r d be the Coloure servan e t moderat d an h growt e th e ensur o t d prepare e wer s Nationalist . another f o extremists or to participate in demonstrations, but to be patient developmeng tgovernin o fe everth g y group i"includin n it, s owncircles spheree Whit . n Ii t wa s s thefriend Govern r thei e - whil ment'y s duty necessar t oe leath t d ge developmen o t e mor d t an int e o thmor es differentthemselve "streams"^d exerte , . group" Dr. Verwoerd summoned the rarely-convened federal council adaptations made. The leading article stated that many prominent of the Nationalist Party, which endorsed his interpretation of the Whites — "especially Afrikaners and Nationalists" — were going . community d Coloure e th s toward y polic s party' through a stage of hard thinking about the future of the Coloured d ha ) (Sabra s Affair l Racia f o u Burea . S.A e th , Meanwhile people. been planning a congress on the "Position of the Coloured People", which was to have been held during April. On 6 Leaders of the Coloured National Convention movement - post e b d woul s congres s thi t tha d announce s wa t i y Februar d linr^cr,Die o t publishe r lette n ope n a n i e articl s thi o t d replie poneh d indefinitelywit e futur .e th w vie o t n reaso o n w sa y The . April 5 2 n o s Afrikaner e thos d salute d an d applaude y The . said y the , optimism - reper t significan y ver e wer e ther , later d describe e b l wil s A who were re-thinking the situation, but pointed out that this - indi d an s Group . community d Coloure e th t amongs s cussion y The . hardship e singl a e remov o t d faile r fa o s d ha g thinkin 1 viduals who had not previously found it possible to lake united .pleaded with Afrikaner intellectuals to convert (heir thinking into d Coloure a e arrang o t e committe g plannin a p u t se d an t me n actio practical action. National Convention. Coloured leaders made statements asso- : d hol o t s African y b e mad g bein s plan h wit s follower r thei g ciatin : During April and May certain of these Afrikaner intellectuals , republic a f o n proclamatio e th f o e tim e th t a s demonstration e us o t m the g urgin , leaders d Coloure h wit s talk f o s :hclcscrie a l at the end of May. ; their influence to cancel plans for combined Coloured and 0 April1 . n o (SDr ) y Assembl e th n i e mad t statemen a n I ! African demonstrations at the time of the establishment of the [republic, and 'pointing out that there was much genuine goodwill m Star report, 1 December 1960. , towards the Coloured people in Afrikaner circles. It was reported ) Hansar(3 cols2 d1 . 4191-3. 4314. i that the Coloured men said they would be willing to consider this 12 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS: 1961 13 - Govern e th r fo e arrang d coul t presen s White e th f i y onl l appea following the road of political integration and it cannot go the mene t th to h holwit d g top-leveplayin ls i talk t "i s , withsaid Non-Whitr Ministe ee leadersPrim e ;th bu, t thaway" e t whol two approaches made in consequence at a Cabinet level were most unrealistic policy possible". unavailing*''. Dr. Verwoerd succeeded in reducing the amount of overt t It bu wa , s also reported'"Parliament n i y ' that at particularl a , meetinranks s g of party' Afrikane s hi n r withi intel m - criticis ! lectuals held at Hermanns in the Cape an action committee was the fire was not extinguished. That was, probably, one of the m ai e th h wit s group e pressur f o s scrie a h establis o t y tr o t p u t se reasons why he decided upon a general election, to be held in - There . policies l racia s it y modif o t t Governmen e th g inducin f o October, eighteen months before it would normally have been due. after, discussion groups were formed in numerous centres. This matter is discussed below. Towards the end of May the Moderature of the Nederduitse s group n discussio f o s number g meetin s Hennanu e th r Afte Gcreformeerdt prominen e f o Missio d n Churccompose , h appealecountry e th df o tos thpart e s Governmenvariou n i p u t g to spran n Christia d an e reasonabl , just a n "i e peopl d Coloure e th t trea n me l professiona d an s busines g s anEnglish-speakin d Afrikaner h muc s a t jus c ar e peopl d Coloure e "Th , said y The . manner" e th d an a Afric h Sout f o e futur e th t abou d concerne e wer o wh e b d shoul d an , people" e Whit e th s a a Afric h Sout f o s citizen s Attempt . situation c economi e th n o s policie l racia f o t impac consultel d in all matternon-party-politica s a affectin n o m g themplatfor .n "We commo wan a t m tofor assur o t e e thmad ee wer people of our Church that we, as ministers of the Mission Church, basis, and for this purpose the organizers drew up an eleven-point are not unsympathetic as regards certain grievances which they programme which, inter alia, accepted the republic, called for have in connection with the treatment of their group. . . . The adequate Parliamentary representation of Coloured by Coloured dignity of the human personality should always be remembered"'"'. if desired, and for the restoration of the representation of Africans e peopl t abou y Assembl e th n i g talkin n whe , day e sam e th n O by Whites'"'. g summonin e th g suggestin y b " fire h wit g playin y "bus e wer o wh of a National Convention, Dr. Verwoerd said(7), "The state of the Nationalists' hid for (he support of English-speaking South Africans

nation will d remaishoul n a healthAfric yh onlSout y t so tha lon d g as decide thn e bee polic d ha y t i of r thiafte s y Shortl 1 government is supported in all respects". (These words were become a republic and leave the Commonwealth, two by-elec- italicisee (h d n in Hansard)betwee s . right t straigh d involve h whic d hel e wer s tion t Early in JunNationalis e e saf a n regionai e wer l h conferencBot . Party e d of theUnite Cape th e d Nationalisan s t Nationalist Party was called to consider the party's policy in regard to constituencies. In the first, Bethal-Middclburg, the Nationalist . Ministers y Deput e thre y b n give e wer s Addresse . affairs d Coloure e th t a n bee d ha t i n tha r smalle y slightl y ver y onl s wa y majorit o t d induce n bee y apparentl d ha t presen s element t dissiden y An d gaine s Nationalist e th , Swellendam , second e th n i t bu ; referendum n i r manne e th e pleasur h wit d "note e conferenc e th r fo , conform e th e don d ha y the n tha t cas s vote e th f o e percentag r highe a t respec n i e party'y th g polic s applyin s i t Governmen e th h whic previous year. It was obvious that the party was certainly not . population" d Coloure e th f o losing ground. n i i spcccl a n i e attitud s hi d emphasize n agai d Verwoer . Dr r Afrikane f o s objective l cultura n mai e th t tha g Appreciatin the Assembly on 8 June, when he said'8', "I do not, therefore, Nationalism had been secured with the advent of the republic, believe in this aim of one multi-racial nation. ... It is an Dr. Verwoerd decided to put less emphasis on the pursuit of unrealistie c policBlack-Whil yn o to e restore theconcentrat m o t (th d e an Coloured s )interest t or the commoAfrikane y n purel e Whit e th h entrenc o t e impossibl e b d woul t I . .. . roll ' voters relations, thus promoting the conservative-liberal polarization

man's. "' authoritlife' l y inpolitica ths e Capecountry' Provincee th n i d . . . . obscure Wouln bee dd Nataha e l tim allo a r wfo .h .. whic that alongsid1 e a Coloured-controlled Cape Province there would He determined to broaden his party's appeal as the spiritual home also be an Indian-controlled Natal?" Asked directly whether he of White people who wished to defend White interests as such, wase in favouWhit r r ofbroade Coloureh muc a d o voterint sm having Colourenationalis r d representativesAfrikane g convertin s ] thu in the House, he replied that he was not. "If a Government starts nationalism. ii This appeared to be an astute move, for the impact of events s O) Kamithought Dailye th Mail,n i t G and 8 Madominan ys 1961wa .l upheava o Cong e th e sinc a Afric n i . April 0 3 Times. Sunday ) (5 Ci) Kami Daily Mail report. 23 May. (7) Hansard 18 cols. 6947-8. () The Rantl Daily Mail of 29 July cave full details of this proRrammc.

(«) Hansard 19 cols. 7572. 7577-9. (idq ) Phrases used by Mr. Laurence Gandar In the Rand Dally Mail. 22 August 1961. E RAC F O Y SURVE A 4 1 RELATIONS: 1961 15 of many English-speaking Whites, the suppression of Non-White Reserves and feels that they should be given increased rights, and c economi e th d an , success t apparen n a e tim e th t a s wa t unres e b d shoul s state n Africa r othe h wit s relation c diplomati t tha s urge t no e wer s policie s Verwocrd' . Dr f o s repercussion c diplomati d an fostered. Generally speaking, the National Union's policy is a as ye- t widelunder yn a evident h wit . m conservatis n Africa h Sout l traditiona f o d blen standing of the need to make better provision for the Non-White e th , August 6 1 n o s congres y part l Transvaa e th g Addressin peoples. Prime Minister said(11), "I see the National Parly to-day ... as f o , man e Whil e th f o n preservatio e th r fo s stand h whic y part a n joi o t y unlikel e wer s Nationalist d dissatisfie t tha g Realizin d ha t i y recentl l Unti . Africa" h Sout n i t governmen e Whit e th the United Party, which has always opposed the main goals of contained mainly Afrikaans-speaking people, but he did not wish sectional Afrikanerdom, Mr. Basson has during 1961 developed this to continue. Whe. n English-speakinpeople h suc r fo e ghom l people politica joine a s a d y thepart s hi o t s traitor m the g callin r fo n justificatio o n s wa e ther s Nationalist The S.A. Bond, founded earlier, had a slightly more con- n Whe . people n ow y m o t e sam e th y sa I " . group r o e caus r thei servative policy than that of the National Union0"'. It was s i n directio r othe e th t tha s believe n perso g Afrikaans-speakin n a d decide d ha s organization e thes t tha 1 196 l Apri g durin d announce e th o t r traito a g bein s a m hi n o k loo t no d shoul e w , best s partie l politica f o t realignmen e th n i p ste t firs a s a s force n joi o t Afrikaners". in order to deal with the country's immediate problems and to unseat the Government. A full organizational merger never took Dr. Verwoerd, apparently, considered that the Nationalist place, however, and the Bond withdrew from the arrangement Parly would gain the allegiance of large numbers of people who after the United Party and National Union entered into an election had previously not voted for it in return for the possible loss of pact. support by far fewer dissatisfied party members. 0 6 t abou e wer e ther 1 196 e Jun y b t tha ' ' 0 reported s wa t I Decision to hold a general election branches of the National Union. During the following month Mr. H. A. Fagan was appointed leader of the Union—he is a e AlthougNativ f ho thr e five-yeaMiniste t r term of Nationalis offic r e oforme f a th e, existinJustice f g ParliaChie r - forme o t d decide d Verwoer . Dr , 1963 l Apri l unti e expir t no d di t men n Basso . Mr . Presidency e Stat e th r fo e candidat a s wa d an , Affairs . 1961 r Octobe g durin n electio l genera a d hol remained the National Chairman. It seemed that he had several motives—to gain the support n i s development t abou d concerne e wer o wh e peopl y man e th f o WORKERSE Y PART ' CONSERVATIV the North; to eliminate wavercrs in the Nationalists' Parliamentary t beforranksac e economio th t e; c repercussion f havino s g left It was announced on 3 September 1961 that a group of the s Commonwealtunion g h becamright-win r o d e too marked anccntre-of-the-roa d m beforfro s e subtleunionist changee trad e ; Whit in long-establishep u t pu d woul d d partan y y politicaPart ' l loyaltieWorkers e s had developeConservativ a d d too faforme r d ha . Parliament m fro s Progressive e th e exclud o t d an candidates in certain Nationalist working-class constituencies. d ha t Governmen e th t tha d considere y the d sai n Spokesme "betrayed the interests of White workers". I3y concentrating on THE NATIONAL UNION ideological aims it had allowed a recession to develop; and by The launching in February 1960 of the National Union b paying attention to the development of industry in areas bordering Mr. Japie D. du P. Basson, and its broad objectives, wer on the African reserves rather than in the lowns it was responsible m ai t i , s Survey*™*.thi briefly f y o e Ver issu t las e th n i d describe Whitesg amon 06t '. unemploymen r fo m Afrikaa n betwee n co-operatio f o e degre r greate a g achievin t a and English-speaking citizens, is opposed to measures that assa: THE UNITED PARTY the dignity of the Non-White people, considers that the Coloure should have the right to elect their own Coloured representative; United Party Policy i Bant f o t developmen d rapi e th s advocate , bodies e legislativ o t s Villier c d r Si , Commonwealth a e lefth t Afric h Sout r Afte o n restoratio e th s favour , responsibility t join f o s basi a n o s area h Sout o t " Verwoerd . Dr f o d hea e th r "ove d appeale f Graaf g reco , 1959 n i d remove e wer h whic s right l politica n Africa e th { Africans to unite in support of a policy different from lhat of the ' th e outsid s home t permanen r thei e hav s African y man t tha s nize O-1) Its policy \V,TS dcsciihcd in tin: .Vnnv.r lor |05r»-tj'j. p.'inc r>. 00 lltinit Daily A/I/// rcixirt (in Ilic followinc morninc. ) Ra,,,l(H Daily Hail. Min0 1 e 1961. September3 . 0?) report Sit'tthiy . '1'iitif* 02) Pasc 15. 16 E RAC F O Y SURVE A RELATIONS: 1961 e th f o t tha m fro t differen y polic a f o t suppor n i e unit o t s African basis of a separate voters' roll. In the reserves, the elective prin- Nationalists'- 1institu "' t . He pleadegovernmen l d foloca r o anint ordered d advancintroduce e b y e to a graduall raciad lwoul e cipl : said e h , taken e b d shoul s step e Fiv . federation d woul t self-governmen f o e measur e considerabl a r late d an , tions n Wester e th f o t par s a d accepte e b t mus d Coloure e Cap e Th ) (a . parliament l centra e th f o y authorit e th r unde e ther d grante e b t si o t t righ e th n give d an , roll n commo e th o t d returne , group Some form of parliamentary representation for rural Africans would eventually be accorded, not necessarily of the same nature in Parliament. 17 (b) It must be recognized that the Asia Africans'd n communiturbanize r '. fo y d is a perprovide t - tha s a manent par- t ofmain e thth e f o population y polic s ,it d and shoulreiterate s d be congres protecte y Part dd Unite e Th against inroads made by the Group Areas Act upon their tenance of White leadership for the foreseeable future, but stated s statu l politica e futur r Thei . livelihood f o s mean l traditiona that the fruits of Western civilization should be shared with Non- . them h wit n negotiatio e immediat y b d determine e b d shoul t tha d an , administration n i y responsibilit t join f o e capabl s White (c) Urban Africans . shoulrace f do bs e given regardles parliamentar , dignity l y representatioindividua r fo t n e shoulrespec ther e b d d an w la f o e maintenanc e th n i e stak a d an , roll e separat a n o . advocated s wa s level l al t a n consultatio l Inter-racia , exemptions s pas f o m syste a f o n reintroductio e th y b r orde the grant of freehold title, and the assurance of an undisturbed Election Pact with the National Union family life.e th f o s representative , July g durin , that ' 18 reported' s wa t I , capital e Whit h wit d develope e b d shoul s reserve n Africa e Th ) (d y possibilit e th s discus o t t me n Unio l Nationa e th d an y Part d Unite skilt l and initiativeAgreemen . . Africanelection l s genera permanentl e th t figh o yt resident fron d t therunite e a shoul g d formin f o bed givendecide s a measurpartie o etw oe f th self-governmen d instea t bu , t on areached n t electeno y d basis,apparentl s wa - sum n i , which , objectives c basi e nin h wit t pac n electio n a n o and some form of parliamentary representation. 1 (e) The policy of job reservation should be abandoned and marized form, were:' "' . job e th r fo e rat e th f o e principl e th y b d replace 1.to pledge themselves to the fullest co-operation of English- n Bloemfontei n i d hel s Congres y Part d Unite e th t a , Later speaking and Afrikaans-speaking citizens in the government; n federatio e rac s hi n o d elaborate s Villier e d r Si , August g durin d an , attack t agains t i t protec o t e striv , republic e th t accep o t . 2 n remai t mus e schem e Th . party s hi y b d endorse s wa h whic , plan secure its progress; a flexible one, he emphasized, thus it was undesirable to formulate 3. to uphold the White man's right of self-determination; it in f detailo y wa . y b Th , e ultimate outcomadministration d an e n would blegislatio e e thth e m establishmenfro e eliminat t o t . 4 f o s representative f o d compose , parliament l federa l centra a f o continuous mutual consultation, those things that offend against races rather than territories. Eac; h raciagroups l e group woulNon-Whit e dth havf o y e a dignit e th d groupe g bein e peopl d Coloure , government s thi n i e shar d define together with Whites. The basic rights of individuals, groups and 5. in spite of differences between the two parties on the question I areas would be entrenched constitutionally. All proposed parlia- of Non-White parliamentary representation, to co-operate in mentary reforms would be laid before the electorate by way of a respect of the urgent matters on which there was full agreement; referendum or an election. 6. to accept the plan for a race federation; e b t migh s purpose e administrativ r fo s unit l politica e e Th initiativ , capital e Whit f o d ai e th h wit s reserve e th p develo o t . 7 large areae s mainlthes n i y s inhabiteAfrican d f bo y s Whites interest o re bth y Africansg ,protectin suc e h awhil s , the skill d an Transkei e in the latteresponsibl rr casefo e . Alternativelytitl d freehol ,d smaller controlle area e s that introduc wer o e-t ; areas d groupe e b t migh k Blac y predominantl r o e Whit y predominantl urbanized Africans; and to aim at a more rational and sym- together, White with White and Black with Black. pathetic application of such measures as (he pass laws; e th o t d Coloure e Cap e th e restor o t e b d woul p ste t firs e e Th th n betwee n consultatio r fo y machiner e effectiv h establis o t . 8 common roll and to grant them the right d toan si; t in Parliamengroups e rac t t anddifferen . provinciad an lc councilseconomi . f o Next o , negotiationtemp e th n i se wouldincreas bed undertakerapi a r fo nk witwor h o t . 9 Asians to determine their future political status. industrial development, an improvement in the standards of d urbanize y permanentl n betwee e mad e b d woul n distinctio A r forme e Th . reserves e th n i s home r thei h wit e thos d an s African (IT) From rcixm.v in the Star. 2 June, Kami Daily Mail. \<> Audist aiul \ittntu\- Titnc\. 20 Ausnst 1961. e th n o , Whites y b t parliamen n i d represente e b d woul p grou (") c.R. Xiiniliif Tinirs. 2 July. (1°) These objectives were scl out fully in the Sltir of 16 AUKUM. (ii) Assembly. 28 March 1961. Hansard 10 cols. 3860-1. 18 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS: 1961 19 living of all sections of the population, and the fullest oppor- | But later, as was described in previous Surveys'-"'', eleven Members d tunitieUnite se oth f t employmentha n t foconclusio r e allth . o t e com d ha o wh t Parliamen f o ; • t pac n electio n a o int r ente o t d offere y Part e Progressiv e e Th challeng e ih o t p u e fac o t s unwillingnes n a g showin s wa y Part i wite h Ihc UniteProgressiv e d th Party d , foun bu o tt thi y s proposaawa e brok l was s rejectedevent y , in ordecontemporar r f o \ to try to overthrow the Government the United Party was com- (Party. Mr. .T. f). du P. Ikisson, M.P., who was expelled from petino t gn for votedecisio e s th in d a conservativoppose d ha ee h regio r n afte o f y publiParl cl opinion, NationaIis thu e sth i o t d an t lef s it o t s group m fro f itsel e dissociat o t d preferre t i i abolish the parliamentary representation of Africans, founded Ihe co-operatl origina ee insteath m dfro d with secede th d e Nationaha o wh e l Unionthos s A . , whicParly hn partUnio y l might Nationa I succeee hav d d in gaininwoul y gthe tht e votesuppor s e ofth dissiden , scats r t Nationaliststhei n resig t .no d di s partie j | obtained from the electorate was unknown. The new parties , PROGRESSIVIlll'' Y PART E •, fought their first general election in 1961. e som n i d describe s wa y Part e Progressiv e th f o y polic e Th •• As is mentioned earlier, the United Party entered into an e previoudetaith n i l s issu f thio e s Surveym. During November i election pact with the National Union. Mr. Basson, who was 1960 a further point was decided upon: that party membership i unlikely to succeed against the Nationalists in his original con- d suggeste e th r fo d qualifie o wh e thos o t y onl n ope e b d shoul s Nationalist e th h Bot . scat y Part d Unite e saf a n give s wa , stitucncy [ e b d woul l rol l specia r o " "15 e th o t d admitte e Thos . roll n commo o n d ha y the s seat t contes o t t no d decide y Part d Unite e th d an i ' organize0 2 d an d y intoPart t special branchesNationalis 0 5 e , wer an e d woulther t d resul hav a s a e : no say winning i nf o the e hop ; . policy y part f o n formulatio s Progressive e Th . unopposed d returne s member y Parl d Unite I , M.P. t Independen n a y previousl , Fourie . S . I r d Professo three-cornere y an o int r ente o t t no n occasio s thi n o d resolve J . 1961 e Jun n i s Progressive e th d joine [contests where a Nationalist victory might result from a split t straigh n i d participate y part s thi y Ma d an y Februar n Betwee ';• Opposition vote. fights against the United Party in four by-elections — Hospital, .. In the 86 constituencies that were contested there were 60 Johannesburg (parliamentary), Green Point and Constanlia (Cape '•\• Nationalist candidates, 80 from the United Parly/National Union n a n O . ward l municipa g Johannesbur a d an ) council l provincia ! pact, 23 Progressives, 4 from the Conservative Workers' Party, average it gained 30.2 per cent of the votes cast. j 2 Liberals and 9 Independents. Feeling confident that in the long run South Africa would ' The three last-mentioned groups did not achieve any success. accepr t latte it se policieIh d an s, buPacl t aware th em thafro t s it hascat de no thre hop d e of gaine an s y pronounceNationalist c d ;Th success s partie at e thth e f pollo e s instat l 1961fina , the eth Progressiv, e Progressives Part e th y decidem fro dn thate d t at }gainc e messag s it g spreadin n o e concentrat d woul t i n electio l genera e th • being: as widely as possible. It resolved against entering into any three- i At dissolution New Parliament cornered contests where a split Opposition vote might result in a - con n i s candidate r ente d woul t i , Instead . victory t Nationalis Nationalists 102 105 stituencies that were Nationalist strongholds or those . i.. n whic y hParl d Unite 42 49 . win t no d coul s Nationalist y Part e Progressiv 11 I National Unio1 n 1 THE LIBERAL PARTY The total percentage poll was 77.75. The policy of the Liberal Party, as described in previous issues of this Survey1"*, remains unchanged. Between 1958 and 1961 there had been a substantial swing s uneasines e th t tha r clea s wa t I . Nationalists e th o t t *josuppor f e Non-Whit g usin f o n innovatio e th n upo d decide y part s Thi jfdt by numbers of Afrikaner intellectuals, described earlier, was canvassere hav y s ma prio m r the to f tho ee electionSom . . results n electio e th n i d reflecte t •no pabstaincd from voting or have voted for other parties; but it N ELECTIO L GENERA RESULT E TH F SO d ha e hav y ma e peopl h suc h althoug , general aftppearc n i , that d d an 3 10 n wo s Nationalist e th 8 195 n i n electio l genera e g th t A adoptin s wa t Governmen e th h whic s method e th t abou s |doubt . Assembly f o e Hous e th n i s seat 6 15 e th f o 3 5 y Part d Unite e th s nevertheles y (he , development e separat f o y polic s it f o t |jnpursui . one e desirabl a s wa y polic s ^agreethi t tha d (:«) Vase 12. \-n 1959-60 IWRC 11. 1956-57 pnci: 4. 1952-53 pace 5. W 1958-59 pace 7, J959-GO pane 15. 21 20 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS: 1961 Other Afrikaners, even if more in sympathy with the aims of Percentage. Mr. Basson's party than with those of the Nationalists, may have total of votes of Number disapproved of his election agreement with their traditional Nationalist 370,431 46.26 y Part d Unite e th , opponents United Party ... 4 37.5 5 302,87 n Unio l Nationa 35,903 4.48 ; the t a d hel n bee d ha n electio e th f i t tha n bee e hav y ma t I Progressive Parly ... 69,042 8.62 normal time in April 1963 numbers of thesy e Part peopl ' e woulWorkers e d havej Conservativ 6,229 1.07 n eightee t i d hol o t n decisio s Verwoerd' . Dr . differently d vote Liberal Party ... 2,461 0.31 e H . respect s thi n i s dividend d pai y apparentl r earlie s month Independents ... 10,704 1.34 s a y part s hi g portrayin m fro , too , substantially d gaine y obviousl Spoiled papers 2,945 0.37 h Sout n i n ma e Whit e th f o n preservatio e th r fo g standin e on e th Africa; in concentrating on White-Black relations. His main 800,590 99.99 j pre d ha o wh e peopl m fro e com e hav t mus h strengt f o s acces e convincebecom d * ha o wh t bu s group e centr d supporte y viousl *, It would appear that these figures are not correct, 11,317 that the policy of separate development was the only one that" ;, votes cast for the National Union and 2,325 for the Conservative would safeguard the future of the Whites. 1 Workers' Party being in error credited to the United Party. Also, : pht d outline y vaguel s failed—it y strateg s Party' d Unite e Th one of the Independents gained more votes than was stated in r separalieithe o jt t i t commi t no d di t tha , federation e rac a r fo t apparen e thes r fo w allo o t e mad s Adjustment . report s Pres s thi l Nationa e th g usin f o e hop s it d an , integration r o t developmen e th o t e differenc l substantia o n e mak , however , would s mistake Union as a bridge by which dissatisfied Nationalist. above n s coulgive s d crosi; percentage to thc Oppositione th f o . s Although it warepresentative sr returnefou f o dn to Parliamenelectio e th f o t s witlj: result e Th an increased number. of later seats d , in describe fac e tar e it haCap de th she f o de supporpeopl d t oir Colourc both flanks. The National Union gained only thc one safe sear that had been made available to Mr. Basson. Otherwise, thf COLOURED POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS nearesLI UlL It IClX it l camlyvvie t tojjiu victorw ..„.„..^-^-y was in_ the Boksburg constituency, when js_. its candidate lost by 1,507 votes to a Nationalist. - Disunity among Colourcd people in thc past The Colourcd people have traditionally been very much n we s Liberal e th d an y Part ' Workers e Conservativ c Th divided amongst themselves. defeated by large majorities, averaging 3,793 in the former case As Dr. O. D. Wollhcim pointed out in a paper given at a t Unitciagains , case r latte e th n i 8 5,37 d an , Nationalists t agains - sub c e Relations*th Rac n i f e o e 0thos , Institut e th f o g meetin Party candidates. economic group have not been politically conscious, being more ^concerned with thc struggle to obtain the essentials of life for their t Progressivabou t tha d e Party estimate candidate m sWollhci mad . Dr e . it entirelpolitics yh cleawit n r thatha ts thej familie stoodI iw. fo™~._._i , r a societ, „....-y„ base „.. d..._... on merit, , not race. They scored a nine! n i e thos f o t cen r pe 0 5 d -an n Tow e • Cap n i e -I thos 1 _f o 1Mt . _Jcen r ;30pe greateT r -succesbcttcr-ol h s thathoug n , many others peopl y eMan ha . d thoughcategory s t thi wa o s possibleint l fal s . Thearea l ; rura gained only one seat—that won by 564 votes by Mrs. Helei 'financially, have been apathetic: Coloured people, however well Suzman n in Houghtonformulatio c th n i , e Johannesburg—buvoic e effectiv n a t d theha r y camneve e verhav , y clew .educated m Joru , Parktown n i , opponents y Part d Unite t agains , victory o t of Government policies. nesburg, where Mr. J. Cope lost by only 85 votes, and in Pietcr maritzburg s Districtrank e , th wher n i e Mrplac . Gk . Fordetoo e r loscleavag t bt y 175grea a . s Ther1940' e wey nearl e th n I fouc th r f otheo rn constituenciequestio c th sr inove whicy h thminorit e e Uniteactiv dy Party majoripoliticall e th tf •O oved r the Coloure Progressive d s was less thaGovernment-appointe ne th 900 f o . e It was otherwis eviden r o e t that .acceptanc more clear-cut polarity between liberal and conservative thinkin| Advisory Council. This breach has remained unhealcd. 0 15,00 o t 0 10,00 c th f o , out d pointe m Wollhei . Dr s A - : was emerging in South Africa. ,'Coloured people whom he estimated were actual paid-up members According to the StarV'\ 800,590 votes were cast in the 81 iol any political organization early in 1961, support was divided constituencies that were contested, as follows: •'between:

141/61R R ) (I . <•->> 21 October 1961. 22 A SURVEY OF RACEK RELATIONS: 1961 23 (a) Conservatives — the Kleitdingbond, a rural group which sup- the original conference took place. They had become more l Nationa s People' d Coloure e th d an ; Government e th s port politically aware. Moreover, they were increasingly resentful of Unione Th . , led group b r y Mr. inferio Georg , e Goldingseparate a s a , s whichWhile e giveth sy b qualifie d treate d g bein r fo l Counci n Unio d Government-create e th o t t suppor result was that there was a strong move at the meeting to create Colourel d politica Affair g sbrin ano t d d Colourean , dbody Affaird s DepartmentColoure a n tha r . Thrathe e l latter non-racia a group appears to be losing ground. issues more to the lore-front than had originally been intended. n know y (formerl s Congres s People' d Coloure e th — s Moderate ) (b After lengthy discussion the meeting decided to drop the term as the S.A. Coloured People's Organization), led by Messrs. "Coloured" from the name, and to call the association Ihe Trans- George Peake, Reggie September and Barney Desai. This vaal People's Organization. About a third of those present dis- s it s share d an t movemen s Congres e th f o t par s i n organizatio agreed and left the meeting. The chairman and the acting secre- views*"*. . abeyance n i t lef n bee s ha r matte e whol e th d an , resigned y tar (c) Radical — the much smaller Non-European Unity Movement, Establishment of the Coloured National Convention led by Mr. Ben Kies, which developed from the Anti-C.A.D. movement of the 1940's, and stands for s completmove y e non- Preliminar . 1 . Whites h wit n co-operatio - com d Coloure e th f o s leader n fiftee , 1961 y Februar g Durin During the year under review there have been various moves munity in the fields of religion, education, politics and cultural to create organizations that would foster greater unity and enlisl and trade union activities met in Cape Town. They were deeply i thc o t e awak h althoug , who e peopl d Coloure f o t suppor e th perturbed over the Prime Minister's "granite wall'' speech, and situation, did not belong to any of the bodies mentioned above, discussed the possible summoning of a national convention, and s individual d an s organization r togethe g bringin f o s method Transvaal People's Organization opposed to the system of apartheid and White domination. m confere a f o n give s wa t accoun n a Survey s year' t las n I m In a report entitled "The Malmcsbury Convention", Mr. of thf eo y locaan le Colouresupersed d o t communit d intende y t thano s t wawa t s "I convene , wrote ds by Brutu ti ns Denni Southern . Transvaal Regioorganization" w n ne o fa th em S.Afor . o Institutt r o , e of Race Relationorganizations g :existin e th j ! object n mai x si e th f o d an ; association n a m for o t n decisio e th f o A series of further meetings was held, other influential proposeh dwit fos r this associationconsultation e wer . e ther o Als . in n draw g bein s leader Thereafter, a draft constitution was drawn up. . The leaders nan n n Africa provisionally chosen was the Transvaa: agreed l s Associatiowa t i t tha ns for report th s e Brutu . Mr ( ';t e wer s aim d suggeste s It . People d Coloure f o t Advancemen secure positive co-operation among all the Coloured people of thi "(a) The only policy that can succeed in South Africa is one of ; politic d an l socia , economic r thei e promot o t r orde n i l Transvaa complete equality for all people. i str o t s mean l lawfu l al y b , particular n i d an , advancement a n i y equalit e complet r fo d stan e w t tha d accepte g Havin ) "(b ;? & th h wit t deal h whic , above d mentione s object n mai x si e th r fo non-racial South Africa, we therefore reject all political and l educationa , industrial , political n i r colour-ba e th f o l remova social agencies that have as their purpose the perpetuation ( t d regar n i s restriction f o d an s field l recreationa d an g sportin of a system which implies the inferiority of. and imposes a support o wh n perso y an t tha d suggeste s wa t I . premises r o d lan r o e rac r whateve f o n Africa h Sout y an , upon y inequalit these objects would be eligible to become a member. coloui'. ( th n i s wa s Bcrgen L . Rev e th h whic t a , meeting c publi A "(c) Bearing in mind that the staled policy of the Government as 8 Marcchair 1 s hel n wa o o t brind,h e organizatioth g n into !• enunciated by Dr. Vcrwoerd, and the political and social ? fe a g includin , present e wer s person 0 12 t Abou . existence institutions which are being used to implement this policy. . Whites d an s Indian , Africans arc entirely repugnant to, and inimical to, the true interest of I the people, it was agreed that there could be no compromise As a result of events mentioned earlier in thiprexentthe s chapterGovernment. with , thi collaboration or

feelings of Coloured people had hardened since the time whei,,, f "(d) After consultation with, and the approval of, African opinion, I n NationaAfrica l c Concrcsih c i nr £ •t (no se Consrcs th f o s movemen s member r Othe ) (.' d 'Coloure f o e conferenc l initia n a l cal o t d decide s wa t i hnnncd). the S.A. Indinn Congress, the Congress of Dcmoorals and the S.A people'. . Unions Concrcse Trad f o s e (-th 1) e Pnpb c d 134. woul n conventio e th t a n discussio f o s basi e th t Tha ) "(e M 24 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS: 1961 25 : for e peopl e th f o s demand e unmistakabl d an r clea The district of Malmcsbury, some 35 miles north of Cape (is ) the totedorgnnixer abolitione Th . oforder the. g colour-barbannin e th inn i everyd sphere;include t no s wa , Town made hurried plans to transfer the convention to a hall in Malmcs- (ii) full citizenship for all the peoples of South Africa". bury town; but then heard that members of the Security Police A planning committee was set up, with Mr. D. van der Ross were present there. At that stage a farmer in the district offered as chairman and Mr. J. C. A. Daniels as secretary. Members to allow the delegates to meet in the open on his property. toured the Union and set up further committees in Port Elizabeth, Elaborate precautions to keep ihc matter secret were necessary - Pielcrmarilz , London t Eas , Johannesburg , Durban , Kimberlcy l successfu t bu , time n i d informe e b d coul s delegate e th l al t no d an burg, several Western Province towns, and in other centres. The arrangements were made to transport to the farm more than 150 conservative and radical groups mentioned earlier held aloof, but people, including representatives of all the main organizations other organizations and many individuals previousl. y non-politicainvited n bee d l ha t tha . movement e th h wit s themselve d associate h approac r thei n i Among such organizations were the Mritish Commonwealth 3. Findings of Ihc Convention l Federa d Coloure s Durban' d an e Ex-Servicemen'Leagu d Coloure s The convention adopted the formulation of policy as agreed o als ) Malays e Cap d an s (Indian s Moslem e Cap e Th . Council upon earlier by the original leaders. aligned themselves with the Conventio- n f matters'"'groupo y conven e . Th variet A. a broade h wit t r frondeal s t finding e Th emergep d thagrou ne had eveseparat ra existec ar e d in peopl th " e past. "Coloured e (h t tha d declare n tio It was planned to hold a Coloured National Convention on only by discrimination, thus it rejected the principle of a separate 24 June. But, as will appear subsequently, in the meanwhile Non- racial status. It pledged itself to work for the creation of a non- e th t a e plac e tak o t s demonstration g plannin n bee d ha s White racial democratic South Africa. For this a new constitution would o t r orde n I . proclaimed e b o t s wa c republi a n whe , May f o d en n Conventio l Nationa a y b d determine e b d shoul h whic , needed e b forestale l this plancommitte n , the Governmencontinuatio A . t banneRights f o d l allBil meetingsa y embod , witd h shoul d an limited exceptions, from 19 May to 26 June. Magistrates were was appointed to enter into negotiation with other bodies having empowered to grant exemptions. On 23 May the magistrate of similar aims with the object of holding non-racial conferences in C'ape Town refused permission for the holding of the convention the various areas preparatory to a National Convention. and for meetings of its organizing committees. The convention called for the repeal of the Group Areas Act. Thd e an date , s for thereservation conventiob jo d an n r were thecolour-ba n l changed industria to e ath perio d d condemne from the evening of 7 July to .10 July inclusive. Some 800 invita- stated that education should be free, integrated, and compulsory tions o wert n e senope te b ou d t and shoul a g great dealearnin lr of organizationahighe f o s l worinstitution l kal wa t stha d an carried out. everybody. All laws which discriminate against people on a basis of race, colour or creed should be abolished. Active measures n Conventio e (h f o g Meetin . 2 were suggested to raise the level of skill and the efficiency of the By 6 July, about 150 delegates had already arrived in Cape working population. It was considered that a re-division of the Town or were on their way there. Late that evenin. g place th e e Ministetak d rshoul d lan of Justice, acting under the Suppression of Communism Act, Mr. D. van der Ross was elected chairman of the continuation banned the Coloured National Convention from meeting during committee of the convention, with Dr. R. E. van der Ross as the period 7 to 16 July at any place within the magisterial districts deputy chairman and Mr. J. C. A. Daniels as secretary. of the Cape, Bellville, Wynberg, Simon's Town, Paarl, Wellington, Somerset West, Stellcnbosch or Worcester (an area about 110 by Attitude of Coloured voters to the election 60 miles in extent, stretching inland from the Cape Peninsula and s voter d Coloure 3 24,04 e wer e ther 1 196 y Januar I t a s A . there) s centre n urba n mai e th l al g includin registered on a separate roll in the Cape, and 51 1 on the common t a g meetin t protes a d hel n Tow e Cap f o s citizen g Leadin roll in Natal(n) (no further Coloured voters have been registered which a former ex-Chief Justice, the Hon. A. van der Sandt in Natal since 1956, when the Separate Representation of Voters *1 Centlivrcs, was in the chair. Numerous organizations also pro- Act was re-validated). e Rac f o e Institut e th d an y Part l Libera e th m the t amongs , tested

Relations*''. (•V Ac.'tin c writeIh . s indebtei r. litmuMt r scmliir" I dfo s i ; clel.'iik-: d ;itn>unl e i-[h f findirms. («) The Minister of Ihc Interior. Axscmb'j ] 7 l-ehru^ry 1901. llai".iiri.! .| e"l. 117-.. R 146/61(•>)R . 26 E RAC F O Y SURVE A RELATIONS: 1961 27 e th s posses e Cap e th n i n me d Coloure e mor y man y Ver d prohibite c ar e som e becaus n opinio n Africa h wit h touc n i p kee o t necessary qualifications but have not registered because they arc from attending meetings or from leaving specified districts, i opposed to separate rolls and regard the present system of repre-. numbers arc serving prison sentences, and certain of the leaders. sentation as ineffectual. The number of registered Coloured and fearing imprisonment, have gone underground. 1 n i 7 47,67 f o e figur k pea a d reache e provinc t tha n i s voter n Asia Several further Africans have been prosecuted under the 1953, which was during the height of the conslitulional struggle Unlawful Organizations Act of I960 for allegedly having con- over Coloured voting rights. I3y the following year it had (7) tinued the activities of the A.N.C. or P.A.C. One of them was decreased to 37,764, and by 1959 to 24,306 . Canon J. A. Calata of the Anglican Church, whose olfcncc was Having decided to reject all systems and agencies which seek that he had two photographs, taken in 1939 and 1942, hanging e peopl d Coloure d so-calle e th t tha n conceptio e th e perpetuat o l on the walls of his home showing him as President of the A.N.C. have a separate racial identity, the Coloured National Convention in the Cape, and as a member of an A.N.C. deputation. He had called on its members to boycott the election of four White resigned from this organization in 1956. Canon Calata received persons to represent Cape Coloured voters in the Assembly. The a sentence of 180 days suspended for three years'"'; but others, m Colourer d othe People' r o e son Congresf o s s object decide e th dd upon apromote similay ractivel attitudeg havin , f ano d accuse i| o t d refuse y consistentl s ha t Movemen y Unit n Non-Europea e th organization, were more severely punished. Mr. A. 13. Ngcobo, »* l Nationa s People' d Coloure y conciliator e th , However . participate for example, was sentenced to two years' imprisonment'"1. Union and Kleiirlinghond announced that they would take part in the election. "All-in" conference

Results of the election 1. Preliminary planning r thei o t s leader d Coloure t mos f o e attitud e th f o w vie n I During December I960 about forty prominent leaders in d an e Progressiv e th , representation y parliamentar f o m syste various fields of activity met in Johannesburg to discuss ways of e Th . candidates d forwar g puttin t agains d decide s Partie l Libera uniting Africans in opposition to the proposed constitutional Nationalistf s ex-Chie di f o d s not dname o e soth , n eitheri t ou .t sen n bee d ha s Invitation . changes Th. e ColoureMatthews . dK peopl. Z r e displayeProfesso , d verTantsi . yB . littlN . e Rev interest e th , . MrLuthtili . . J . A n i d unoppose d returne s wa ) Party d (Unite d Hollan . W . M s wa g meetin e Th . Ngakane . H . W . Mr d an c Nokw a Dum . Mr g (Independente th Bloombcr . n i A ) . Mr s wa s a , Oulcniqua f o r numbe a d seize o wh , detectives h Branc y Securit y b d raide Peninsula. documents and temporarily detained twelve delegates for question- . books e referenc r thei h wit n connectio n i g in Of the five Independents who stood in the other two con- stituencies, Mr" . C. "all-in Barnet n a n t pla wa o t s d returnedappointe fos r wa Bolane d ancommitte d n Mr. continuatio A G. S. C. le Roux for Karoo. The average percentage poll was only conference with the object of unifying the African people. It was . voted e peopl d Coloure 0 4,74 y onl : cent r pe 0 4 t abou , programme n actio n a r conside d woul e conferenc s thi t tha d agree including the possibility of calling on the Government to summon AFRICAh N Sout POLITICA f o e peopl L e ORGANIZATIONHi l al f o e S representativ , convention l nationa a . constitution w ne a t ou k wor o t , Africa . P.A.C d an . A.N.C e th n o n ba f o l Renewa A cable was sent to the Secretary-General of the United It was mentioned in last year's Survey that on 8 April 1960 Nations urging that a commission of observers be sent to Pondo- a proclamatiod unarme nt was agains issued s , to havoperation y e effecmilitar t fog r a yearalarmin ,e declarinth e gobserv tho "t e d lan e b o t s Congres n Pan-Africa e th d an s Congres l Nationa n Africa people by the South African Government". unlawful organizations. This ban has been renewed for a further In January Mr. Jordan K. Ngubane, the chairman, said(ln) period of twelve months, leaving Africans with no political the continuation committee felt that a positive alternative to organization through which they can express their views. Numbers apartheid could not be produced by Africans alone. They should of the political leaders have left the country: they have established invite members of organizations representative of other racial a South African United Front with representatives in Dar-es- groups to help formulate such an alternative, using methods that Salaain, Cairo, London, Accra and New York. Other leaders have remained in South Africa, but it has been difficult for them . 1961 e ) Jun Mall,Rantt (S 21 Daily (') Slur, 2'\ February. (-) Official Year Books of ihe Union. ] 952-53 pace 116. 1960 pace 114. (10) Star. 25 January 1961. •if- 1 196 : 28 RELATIONS | E RAC F O Y SURVE A 29 would eliminate racial friction. A united stand should be made other form of government "which rests on force to perpetuate the on moral values which weighed on both sides of the colour line. tyranny of a minority", Africans would organize to carry out For these reasons a multi-racial convention ought to be held after constant actions "to oppose oppression and win freedom", and the "all-in" conference. the Indian and Coloured communities and "all democratic Whites" would be invited to join with them in opposition "to a regime Ex-members of the P.A.C. on the committee objected to the which is bringing South Africa to disaster"1"'. emphasis that was being placed on a multi-racial gathering. They h Marc g Durin . meeting a h suc n i e participat o t d prepare t no e wer g durin , which d appointe s wa l Counci n Actio l Nationa A they resigned. Mr. Ngubane and others, including Mr. Paul April, sent letters to several hundred political, church, industrial, Mosaka and Mr. J. C. M. Mbata, then suggested that preparations commercial and other organizations urging that before 31 May for the conference should be suspended while the differences were they should voice strong public protests against the Government's ironed out, for the principle of unity should be adhered to at all apartheid policies, mobilize their members and supporters to costs. They felt that the cx-mcmbcrs of the A.N.C. were using demonslratc opposition to the Government and to reinforce ihe the continuation n co-operatio committe l al l oi k e to brea furthe d an , r their owconvention n l programmenationa a r . fo Id t deman proved impossible to reach agreement, however, and these men with the Government and any of its branches. also resigned. Thus, in the event, the conference was representa- The three-day "stay-at-home" demonstration planned by the tive mainly of ex-members of the A.N.C. council, and the action taken by the Government, are described in a subsequent chapter. 2. Arrest of certain committee members and cx-membcrs On 20 March, five days before the conference was due to Award of Nobel Peace Prize lo ex-Chief A. J. Luthnli r late e wer d an d arreste e wer s planner l origina e th f o n te , start t Ac s Organization l Unlawfu e th d contravene g havin h wit d charge f ex-Chie o t d awarde s wa 0 196 r fo e Priz e Peac l Nobe e Th A. J. Luthuli, who had been President-General of the banned read with provisions of the Suppression of Communism Act. Three ( 2) further arrests were made some days later. The men concerned A.N.C. The Nobel Committee said ' that "in spite of the were the Rev. N. B. Tantsi, the Rev. B. R. Rajuili, and Messrs. unmerciful South African race laws, Luthuli has always urged H. J. Benghu, J. Malie, J. C. M. Mbata, G. Mbeki, J. Molefi, that violence should not be used. To a high degree it is due to P. Mosakaf o m , Wfor . e B.th Ngakane n take t , no J .e Ngubanehav a , Afric A .h NzoSout , Dn i . s Nokwe struggle an t d tha m hi M. Shope. As has been mentioned, several of them had resigned bloody conflicts". from the committee before the arrests were made. They were Mr. Luthuli is the first South African lo have received this granted bail but for some time were confined to the districts honour. At the time of the award he was banned from attending where they lived. Thei t r Tugelr triaLowe distric a l is rura describe e th o t d d on pagconfine e s 39wa . d an s gathering of Natal. 3. Proceedings at the conference He was granted a ten-day passport to go to Oslo to receive 6 2 d an 5 2 n o g Pictcrmaritzbur n i d hel s wa e conferenc e Th the prize, but was refused the permission he had requested to March. More than a thousand delegates were present: as has been visit Tanganyika en route. He was also unable to accept an . A.N.C e th d supporte d ha o wh e peopl y mainl e wer y the , stated invitation extended to him to visit the United States. d reporte s wa t i e becaus t momen t las e th t a d altere s wa e venu e Th that the Special Branch had installed a microphone and tape In announcing that the temporary passport would be granted, recording equipment in the hall that had been booked. As it the Minister of the Interior said0*' that the Government could provedn i impossibl d regrette e s to wa fin h d accommodatiowhic , award e nth t for allsuppor r tho e d visiting understan t no . night e th h throug d continue s wa g meetin e th s delegate important circles in South Africa. Ex-Chief Lulhuli's role in this - com l peacefu d promote e hav o t d deeme e b t no d coul y countr The conference called for a national convention of elected munity life. This award must necessarily rob the Nobel Peace representatived minde s y of all adulobjectivel f to t men andjudgmen womene th n i , m withouestee h t hig regar s it l d al t of o e Priz n tha r late t no d hel e b o t , limitations r othe r o d cree , colour , race people. 31 May. It was agreed that if the Government ignored this - demon s mas e organiz o t n upo d calle e b d woul e peopl e th , demand . March 0 3 , report ) New(11 Age s African , republic e th f o n declaratio e th f o e ev e th n o s stration . .1.961 r Orlohc 4 2 Mall. Dally Ranil ) (12 would be urged not to co-operate with the republic or with any (U) Star. 3 November 19G1. 30 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS: 1961 31 ORGANIZATIONL POLITICA N S INDIA preceded by a scries of meetings in various centres of South Africa held to commemorate the march of women to the Union The larger of the two Indian political bodies1 , the S.A. Indian r othe e th h Wit . Naicker . M . G . Dr y b d le w no s i , Congress t I956'"Augus ' .9 n o a Pretori n i s Building members of the Congress Group it has pledged itself to bring About 186 delegates and hundreds of observers attended the about a multi-racial state by non-violent means, exercised mainly conference. The main resolution passed was to the effect thai in thes economiright c c field. democrati f o k lac e th d an n discriminatio e rac , apartheid r smalle y considerabl h bot s i n Organizatio n India . S.A e Th h Sout f o n wome e th r fo l al f o s disabililie t greates e th d constitute e "w s condition g livin t decen d an s right l equa e achiev o T . Africa and more conciliatory than the Indian Congress. In giving ( 7) evidence before the Group Areas Board, for example the Organiza- must end these political disabilities once and for all" ' . tion, accepting that the relevant Act is the law of the land, has Mrs. Ngoyi was subsequently banned from attending meetings sought to obtain the best deal possible for Indian. years s ie n fiv th f e o circum d perio - a r fo d expresse y consistentl s ha , hand r othe e th n o , Congress . stances its opposition to the removal of anyone. Like the members of other Non-White groups, Indians have become increasingly embittered during recent months. They have objected strongly to the creation of a Department of Indian Affairs DEMONSTRATIONS PLANNED FOR THE r fo e colleg y universit e separat a f o t establishmen e th o t d an Y MA F O D EN Indians. Events have caused the Indian Organization to become d an l pas e th n i s wa t i n tha e attitud s it n i t anti-Governmen e mor to move closer to the outlook of the Congress. PRELIMINARY PLANNING t tha e realiz s Indian , country e th n i p grou y minorit a g Bein t las e th n i d describe , conference n Africa " "All-in e th t A some solution other than an exclusive White or Black nationalism chapter, a National Action Council was appointed to carry out is necessary for their survival. Thus the Indian Congress has the resolutions that had been passed. It was made known that aligned itself with the A.N.C. rather than the P.A.C. and supports Mr. Nelson Mandela was the honorary secretary; but otherwise multi-racialism. . Membersecret d s have a greaclose-guarde a te respecwer s t for member th f eo oldes r name e th A.N.C. leaderse , th but t aresuppor o apprehensivt d decide es about Congres ths e spiriPeople' t d of Coloure e Th nationalisl Apri m f o eviden d en e t th in s many Toward of . the youngeAfricans e r th ones y b . n Congresupo d s haresolve s n actio been fully behind the demands for a national convention. it sent a letter to the Prime Minister, signed by Messrs. Barney Indian leaders, very seriously concerned about the course of , Desai and .Reg September, giving warning that if a national con- r thei g re-considerin y gravel n bee e hav , Africa h Sout n i s event y communit d Coloure e th y Ma 1 3 y b d calle n bee t no d ha n ventio c 0 republi a h wit n dissatisfactio s it e demonstrat o t d aske e b d .woul policiesa t ''. sen a Mandel . Mr r late s day o Tw . minority e Whit a n o d base e Rac f o e Institut e th f o n Regio l Transvaa n Souther e Th similar letter from the African National Action Council*1'. Relations convenet tha d ) a<2 conferencPrcss e th e o t o ft the locastatemen l a India n i nd communityannounce a , Mandel . Mr whichd an wa , s held durinanti-White e gb Novembeo t d r 1960intende t .no Throughoue wer s t the disdemonstration - e .th e effectiv o t t righ y an s Indian g denyin f o e injustic e th s cussion would be peaceful and disciplined. He called upon the Indian and g governin l loca d an l provincia , central n i n participatio l politica s demonstration c slag o t s White " "democratic d an e peopl d Coloure • s grievance e justifiabl e hav o t y inabilit t consequen r thei d an , bodies 0 too. A few days later the National Action Council distributed t theme- constan "' .a s wa , redressed s African h Sout g freedom-lovin l "al n o g callin s leallct f o s thousand , protest e activ f o e tim a " s week x si t nex e th e mak o t " races l al f .'o THE FEDERATIO d republic'N OF S.AVcrwocr 3 '.a . WOMEt agains N " organization d an n .demonstratio e whos y bod l inter-racia n a , Women . S.A f o n Federatio e Th Later, a call was made to all Non-Whites to remain at home on President is Mrs. Lilian Ngoyi, held its first national conference for five years in Port Elizabeth during September 1961. It was (I") Sec 1955/5C Surrey-, iwcc 86. . 1961 r ) Wct report(17 Asr r.Scntcnil>c 7 . ('•') rrnin n talk Riven by Miss Han.si Potla. k April a t3 2 a mcctinTiuiff. p of Sunday th d e an Inslitut l Apri c 21 o f RacMail. e Daily Rand ) (I Relations. . April 1 2 Mail. ) Kan,l(? Unity (15) The reporl of the conference was published as RR 227/60. (.') H>i./. 1 May. I

42 A SURVEY OF RACE \RELATIONS: 1961 43 grievances. Vukayibambe Sigcau, Ihe half-brother of the Para- - where e th f o e polic e th d informe e hav o t d sai s i , Chief t moun UNREST AND DISTURBANCES abouts of the meeting, and to have accompanied them when they

e wer s bomb s reportso t g tear-ga , Accordin . it e dispers o t t wen 00 thrown, followed by shots. Vukayibambe reputedly fired two shots THE TRANSKEI over the heads of Ihe crowd. One African is said to have been h wit l hospita o t d admitte e wer r fou d an , ad'ray s thi g durin d kille D AN H MARC N BETWEE D OCCURRE T THA E VIOLENC gunshot wounds. That evening a crowd intent on revenge t NOVEMBEnigh t Nex R . 1960 repulsed s wa t bu l kraa s Vukayibambc' n o d advance a stronger party came, killed Vukayibambe and two of his head- n easter e fiv e th n i t unres n bee s ha e ther 9 195 f o d en e th e Sinc men, seriously injured two of his cousins, and razed his kraal districts of the Transkei, bordering on Natal, viz Bizana, Flagstaff, of ten huls. II was reported that, in retaliation, his supporters l-usikisiki and Tabankulu (Pondoland), and Mount AylilT (East burned live kraals belonging to the assailants. Griqualand). Reasons for the disturbances, and the events that A few days later there was another flare-up in the Flagstaff! : occurred up to October 1960 were described in detail in last year's (7) Survey™: briefly, they arose out of opposition to the Bantu district, sixty huts being set on firc . t'. t mos e th f o e On . systems n rehabilitatio d lan d an s Authoritie a s wa d perio s thi g durin e plac k too t tha s happening e th f o s seriou T GOVERNMEN K TII Y B N TAKE N ACTIO clash between tribesmen and the police in a valley adjoining Chiefs empowered to arrest White "agitators" d an d kille e wer s African n eleve n whe , June 6 n o l Hil a Ngqus thirteen wounded. The Minister of Bantu Administration and Development e Ih n i s chief n Africa t 2 Novembe2 tha n 0 o 0 d I960 r announce The findings of a Departmental Committee of Enquiry were Transkei would immediately be granted powers to apprehend and also described in the 1959-60 Survey™: these were rejected by a hand over to the police "White Communist agitators" who were meeting of some 6,000 Pondo at Imzizi Hill near Bizana, those operating ihcrc. present deciding to refuse to pay their taxes as a sign of their opposition to the Bantu Authorities system. A boycott of stores Regulations for the Transkei . upon d decide o als s wa a Bizan n i s White y b n ru n 0 Transkcia e th f o n administratio e th r fo s regulation l Specia It was reported ' that a movement known as the "Congo" Territories were gazetted on 30 November (R 400) and amended d behin s wa , Hill" e "th d calle s wa h whic f o y hierarch Pases 39 cl tea. assembly. r-1 Page 45.

s purpose e th r fo t distric e th m fro y awa n bee d ha o wh s African later that Chief Kaiser Matanzima had given Mr. and Mrs. Abel

) y the f i n eve , elsewhere d reside y habituall o wh r o t employmen f o e wher n locatio e th o t e mov o t h whic n withi s day y thirt a Ntwan (10 were occupiers of dwellings within the district, or were registered he had established his headquarters). s Non-African . there s chief o t e allegianc d owe r o , there s taxpayer d arreste n bee d ha s African 1 36 t tha , too , said r Ministe e Th e wer y habituall r o y permanentl t distric e th n i e liv t no d di o wh for questioning and detained for periods ranging from two to 43 also nor t exemptthei h wit . t consul o t n permissio d aske d ha m the f o e Non . days On the expiry of their periods of validity, permits ha. d to be advisers l lega surrendered. Africans issued with them had to report their arrival The Deputy Minister reported on 21 February0'-1 that up to . chief d specifie a o t e departur d an n bee d ha s African o t g belongin s vehicle r moto e liv y Januar 0 3 , over d an s year n eightee f o e ag t apparen e th f o , adult y Ever declared forfeited to the State. In three instances appeals had s wa o wh n perso y an f o e presenc e th t repor o t d oblige s wa . noted n bee unlawfully in one of the specified districts, and was guilty of an olTcncc if he failed y to onl d s o so. channel l ollicia h throug d reporte e b o t s New o t d faile o wh e anyon t arres t warran t withou d coul f chie A - n Decemberi newspaper y l al earl t d 0"tha ' announce s wa t I d Arreste . lawful s wa t distric e th n i e presenc s hi t tha m hi y satisf men had been ordered to leave the five districts to which entry persons haarea d e to thes b eo takeint d n to allowe th e eb Nativd woul e s CommissioneJournalist . r or to controlled th n e bee d ha nearest police station without undue delay. to report court cases only. If anyone was convicted of entering a prohibited area unlawfully, a magistrate's court or the Supreme Court might order Arrival of (roops, and provision of body-guards for chiefs that any motor vehicle that was used to convey him there was . State e th o t d forfeite During December several heavily armed Permanent Defence Force units moved into Pondoland to operate with the police. All persons in the specified districts were required to surrender any n arms or ammunitioAdministratio u n Bant ie n th thei f o rr possessioOffice n n to theInformatio f Chie e Th Native Commissioner. In hisy discretiosixt f o s n the nucleu latte a t r mightha d t sai s granreportedi e t thav a o t "' Departmen

l Appea . firearms s hi n retai o t t applican n a g authorizin t permi a r fo i Traiiskc e th o t t sen e b o t s wa s N.C.O.' e polic n 0 Africa against the refusal of such a permit lay to the Chief Native Com- special training course, after which they would instruct some 300 . final s wa n decisio e whos , missioner tribesmen in the duties of home guards, for chiefs who had t suppor r thei f o e becaus s section n certai g amon y hostilit d incurre s area d g departurprohibite m governin fro e s Regulation . C for the Government's Bantu Authorities and land rehabilitation There were further regulations which might be applied in schemes. specified areas but which, in the event, were not brought into C>) M.ins.ird 1 c force. (10) 2 February. (11) Assembly. Hansard 5 col. 1C'1S. They stipulated that it would be an offence for any resident (12) Slnr. 2 December, Kami Daily Mall. 28 January. of a prohibited area to absent himself without a permit. This (>-') Ular, 13 December. 48 E RAC F O Y SURVE A RELATIONS: 1961 d an n Administratio u Bant f o r Ministe e th o t g Accordin ' men, four councillors and eight commoners had been murdered, Development'"'n Africa ,e aon t thd ean en , d of January fellow-Africans polic r ethei protectio y b , n injured ha s d beeother n 6 2 d an - pro s guard e hom d an , Sigcau a Both f Chie t Paramoun o t d grante n policeme r Fou . action e polic f o t resul a s a d wounde n bee d ha vided for six chiefs and thre. e headmen disturbances i ne Easterth g n durin Pondoland d injure n . bee d ha n headme l severa d an s chief o tw r fo d arrange e wer y safet f o s Place The second chief to be murdered, on 2 December, was at the height of the disturbances. , Stanford Nomaqwctckaua, head of the Mzizi tribe in the Bi/.ana . area, and a cousin of Paramount Chief Bolha Siycau. Four of his Threatened dismissals and banishments - followers were killed at the same time'"'. A report in Contact stated that teachers in the Engcobo d threatene e wer , murdered n bee d ha n headme o tw e wher , district . During October a mob burned down the hut of Spalding with dismissal if they co-operated with those working against the . Matyile, chairman of the Engcobo District Authority and of the d s Majijaserve s Lewi wa , , one t leas t A . system s Authoritie u Bant d returne t bu , time a r fo d hi d an d escape e H . board l schoo l loca Malambekam Willia h y b Bot . d sheltere s wa d an y Januar g durin with a notice of dismissal; this occurred before the assassinations 0 had taken place. of these men were murdered on 30 January "'. Numbers of Africans were banished from the Transkei: a Besides the murders, large numbers of huts were burned New Age report'"0 quotes the names of Councillors William ; down, and fencing was destroyed in certain areas where betterment Tyabashn e betwee an e d Vumisplac k atoo Mbabama s clashe s , HeadmaVariou . n Mmagaclprogress n i e Vclilce wer s , and scheme , e Rac f o e Institut e th s a r fa o S . Nomptila . Mr a d an i Mllkil s Dougla home guards and tribesmen*"'. Until the home guard system was

Relation, s caaway nd hi ascertain s , supporter other g s whleadin r o werthei d e an banishe s chief f do ars e Chiefnumber d s arrange 2 Edward Tyalite and Hlamcndane Mhlabuvelile, and Joseph Saliwa, • and many people took to the veld at night to escape possible A. K. Ganyilc, Alex Tikaha and Mngqingo Pikani. They are all violence. reported to be men who had opposed Bantu Authorities. Five of these men were later allowed to return home. At the time of f o e cas e Th . exiles l stil e wer t res e th t tha d believe s wa t i g writin T A HILL1NQUKS NGQUS E TH . below h wit t deal s i e Ganyil . Mr s wa r orde s Survey n a year' t t "'*tha las n i d mentione s wa t I 1 issued for the exhumation of the eleven Africans who died at They were widely scattered( , being banished, for example, to the Driefontein or Frenchdale Pressth e o t "th > g e camps Accordin in . the 1960 north-wester e Jun 6 n o n l CapeHil ,a Ngqus or to Tabaans Location in the Sibasa district of the Northern Government pathologist testified subsequently that although Transvaaln ,bee od r ha to n theme Nebe th of o are x si a t of tha Groblersdal d foun e h , , or to reservedifficult s wa n s in examinatio the Pietcrsburg area. killed by bullets and that three of them had been shot in the back . heads r thei f o FURTHER DISTURBANCES At the inquest, held during February, the. magistrate is 2 For some lime disturbances continued in spile of all the reported' "' to have said Ihat three of the policemen involved did u Bant f o r Ministe e Th . taken d ha t Governmen e th n actio not fire to an excessive extent and-their action would appear to Administration gu n stc n f ano g d Developmenfirin e Th . t reporteself-defence d n oi n s thwa e t i casualtie s a d s thajustifie n t bee e hav had occurred up to 31 January in a speech made in the Assembly bullets by two other policemen, however, was "unjustified and on that day<17). Before the promulgation of the emergency regula- excessive, even reckless", in spite of alleged provocation. There tions foe r on Pondoland y b d fire , s he shot said e ,th ont e tha chie h f andestablis nino t ee commonerevidenc t s were insufficien s wa t resul a s a s live r thei t los s African r othe n fourtee e whil , murdered of these men had killed anyone; but in the case of the other, n eleve e th e includ e (Thes . police e th y b n actio e self-defenc f o deaths had resulted, this killing being unlawful and />n/nci jade . below) n give s i t inques e th f o t accoun n a : Hill a Ngqus t a d kille amounting to culpable homicide. The matter was in the hands of the Attorney-General. Since the publication of the regulations, the police had killed one more African in self-defence. One chief, two sub-head. - December 5 . ) Star(18 report (1») Raml Daily Mail, 31 January. ('•') A^cmhly 1 January3 . . . 439 Hansar . co! 2 d (20) New Asc reports, 26 and 29 January. I1-') 11 rebruary. (21) Pace 42. (i«) 29 January. (.11) Star. 14 rd'ruary. d") H.trrcm cols2 l . 438-9. . February 4 1 Mail. Daily Rantl ) (2J 50 A SURVEY OF RACE M RELATIONS: 1961 51 The Minister of Justice said later'2*' that the Attorney- Ayliff. The Minister of Justice reported'""' that two White men . prosecute o t t no d decide d ha ,l Genera had been taken into custody for illegal entry: one was cautioned s dependant e th d an d wounde n bee d ha o wh n me e th f o e Som and discharged and the other fined R4. (The Star stated that the of those who had been kiJIed issued summonses calling upon the - ;. first man was apparently a tramp). e f R69,496'b o l l wil tota s =ra A '' .o t s damage y pa o t r Ministe d accuse e peopl y tr o t d Koksta n i p u t se e wer s court l Specia mentioned later, the Indemnity Act, No. 61 of 1961, made it: • of more serious offences. Numbers were prosecuted for holding, impossible lo proceed with this action; but the Minister appointed . presiding at or addressing meetings of more than ten Africans j - recom o t d an s claim e th e investigat o t e committe l departmenta a that were held in support of a campaign against Ihc Bantu mend the e paymensom n I . t oActs f t ex gratia paymentDevelopmen d an n s in caseTaxatio e s considereNativ d an s d to Authoritie be deservingd receive . r o d solicite g havin f o e charg r furthe a s wa e ther s • case ' , money to be used in this campaign. Average sentences tor those E DISTURBANCETH M FRO G S KKSULTIN S TRIAL '. found guilty ranged from twelve to eighteen months, half sus- 1 s raid e large-scal y ver d conducte y apparentl e polic e Th pended, on each count' "'. throughout the affected areas, makins g person man 4 0 April2 y52 t n hundredo 1 "tha d 0 sai e s of arrestsJustic f o r . Ministe e Th People who had refused or neglected to pay their taxes were , were then still in detention as a result of the disturbances. Of s number e larg y ver s thi d avoi o t : court o t n take d an p u d rounde d an n arso h wit 1 12 , murder h wit d charge e b o t e wer 4 11 , these \ s reports'""Pres e o t thos g ' Accordin . voluntarily s taxe r thei d pai 289 with other breaches of the law. He added on 23 May''13' g rangin s sentence d receive y guilt d foun d an d prosecute e wer o wh - emer e th r unde l tria t withou d detaine n bee d ha s person 8 21 t tha ' r fo , imprisonment f o s sentence e alternativ h wit , R2 o t J R m fro . months e thre n tha r longe s period r fo s regulation y genc e serv o t d require e wer d an , defaulted d ha y the t tha r yea h eac s arrear x la d an s fine e th d pai y the s unles s sentence n priso e th l Al . arson f o y guilt d foun e wer n me e nin r Septembe n i y Earl promptly- . im f Ito was s term stated'" f o s ' thatsentence bd y these suspende mean y s wholl th r eo officialy s colpartiall -d receive s district i Lusikisik d an f Flagstaf , Bizana e th n i 0 R36,00 d lecte ; prisonment ranging from four to ten years, and in addition, four during December and January, as compared with only R7.200 '. were sentenced to strokes. The Judge President is reported'"' durine g thebecaus s correspondinsentence t g lenien perio g d givin i nn i J959-60d .justifie t fel e h t tha d sai e hav o t < o Pond e th d an t unres e th d behin persons's n bee d ha ' "unscrupulou Th. e reports incitement quote d an de abovadvic e g statelyin d o t tha e t durinreceptiv g, the twpeople oe monthprimitiv s a e wer mentioned, in the districts of Bizana and Lusikisiki, 1,680 Africans were prosecuted for tax offences, .16.1 for reference book On 25 August'"' six men were sentenced to death for the . weapons s dangerou f o n possessio n i g bein r fo 8 3 d an , offences murder of a lay preacher Gideon Mqu in the Flagstaff district, a Jn the JKentani district about 650 people were charged with these seventh accused being gaoled for ten years. The judge said he offencesr . bea Sentence o t t s inbrough thn e bee mor d eha serioue s pressur case t s tha range s dview fros hi m t finesrepor d woul . option e th t withou s month x si r fo t imprisonmen o t 0 R2 f o on the tribesmen by outside agitators, and that there had been e H . scheme n rehabilitatio d lan e th h wit n dissatisfactio l genera There were numbers of prosecutions for entering the pro- hoped that, as a result, (he death sentences would be commuted. hibited areas without permits. According to the Star1-"") by 10 n o d arreste n bee d ha n ma e Whit e on d an s African 0 12 y Februar n a g murderin f o r Octobe 4 1 n o y guilt d foun e wer e mor x Si this charge in the Mount Ayliff district and about twenty Africans agricultural demonstrator in the Bizana district. They were e wer s excuse d goo d ha o wh e Thos . Lusikisiki d an a Bizan n i sentenced to seven years' imprisonment with two years sus- cautioned and discharged. Fines for (hose found guilty at first pended'"'. e th e increas o t p u d steppe y graduall e wer t bu . RIO d average 0 R20 o t d sentence n bee e hav o t d sai s i n ma e On . effect t deterren S RESTRICTION F O N RELAXATIO L GRADUA or one year. Seven n motoactio d r an vehicle s s hadregulation beey n confiscateemergenc t d in stringen Moun e th f t o s mean y B

. 2093 . col 6 d Hansar . February 8 2 . Assembly ) (» ') Assembly. 3 March. Hansard 6 col.. 2331.March 1 3 d an 25 . 1-1 DailyRand Mml. : April 0 2 d an 3 1 . March 3 1 (JOStar. ) •') I'icurc Divert by ihc Minister in the Assembly. 2 May, Hansard 15 col. 5695 n shillings. Knnd)=tc c (oti HI (31) Assembly. Hansard 13 col. 4999. (M) Assembly. Hansard IB cols. 6939--10. 'I tlrfin, 10 February. Slur, 24 February. (•'} 7 Scptcmlier)1 SimilarTime*. . 'I ,S7«r. .11) I'elintarv. <») Star report of thai dale. ••) I hiil. . ) Star.October (« 4 1 52 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS: 1961 53 taken by the police and troops the Government apparently re-.' Of these, the numbers who were charged with specific established law and order. It was reported1'"' that tribesmen in offences before the established courts, and the numbers convicted some areas apologised for their conduct an: d agreewere , d upo1961 y n leviesFebruar 3 t a s a . damages d suffere d ha o wh e thos o t n compensatio y pa o t r orde n i n withdrawn/"'bee d ha s . troop e th f o t mos y Ma 1 1 y B Whites Non-Whiles Men Women Men Women e th 1 196 e Jun 6 1 f o 7 7 e Notic t Governmen f o s lewi n I regulations governing entry into the five eastern districts of the ;| Numbers charged ... 3 I 301 19 1 f o t res e th g writin f o e tim e th t a t bu ; withdrawn e wer i Transke 6 1 6 13 l Ni l Ni . .. d convicte s Number the emergency regulations remained in force. ) later d convicte e wer s person r (Furthe

T GOVERNMEN E TH Y B S INVESTIGATION s number e th o t d regar n i e mad e wer s statement g Conflictin y r b said t (:itha ) Ministe e th 0 I96 y Ma 6 n O . involved s African f o The Minister of Bantu Administration and Development 1 e wid n a ollicch d wit r appointe d announced*'"ha e h t tha ' then 18,01 I Africans had been arrested. He explained lalcr' ' that experience of the languagg durin e d and gaole custom d an d s of tharreste er Pondnumbe o l to maktota e eth ao t d s figurthi referre e thorougr h investigatiounde d arreste n y of theiactuall r r troublenumbe e s th an: d grievancesemergency e th . f o Th d e perio e th s hi d an e Magistrat f Chie e th f o t tha s a l wel s a , work s hi f o t resul the emergency regulations was 11,503. (But this docs still not . encouraging t mos n bee d ha , officials agree with the total of 11,279 quoted above). The Minister had also appointed a departmental committee \ Of the persons who were detained and subsequently released , councillors d an s chief n Africa , officials d experience f o g consistin without any charges having been laid against them, 105 subse- to go intl o the questiounlawfu r fo nt of how certaiGovernmen e nth t changeagains s s in theaction workin d g oinstitute f y quentl the Bantu Authorities could best be effected for the whole of the detention, the total amount of the claims being R 1,144,000. As Transkei. will be described below, the Indemnity Act was introduced during 1961, with retrospective effect to 21 March 1960, which had the effect of nullifying these actions. A committee was appointed to AFTERMATH OF THE 1960 DISTURBANCES examine claims for compensation on account of death or personal S REGULATION Y EMERGENC E TH R UNDE D DETAINE S PERSON t paymen e th d recommen o t d an , action e polic f o t resul a s a y injur of ex gratia grants in deserving cases. The Minister said, however, Followin- con e gb tht eno disturbance d woul n s whicdetentio h l occurredunlawfu a t d Sharpevillallege r fo e s and claim t tha - dur a Afric h Sout f o s part r othe n i d an , 1960 h Marc f 2 n o a Lang sidered(r'. ing the days that followed, a state of emergency was proclaimed throughout the country, which lasted from 29 March to 31 ANNIVERSARY OF SHARPEVILLE AND LANGA f o r Ministe e th , regulations y emergenc e th f o s term n I . ' August 0 Justice or a magistrate or commissioned police officer might order Various organizations, mainly those belonging to the Con- the arrest without warrant and detention of any person if this was gress Group, planned meetings in the main urban areas to f-m considereh d toMarc b1 e2 desirabln o a e Lang i nd than ee interest oSharpevill ff o th s e publivictim ce ordeth e r or commemorat of the person concerned. 1961, the first anniversary of the tragedies. l ful t tha t Parliamen f o n Sessio 1 396 e th g durin y onl s wa t J e th , March 0 2 f o g evenin e th n o , moment t las e th t A information was given about the number of persons who had been Minister of Justice banned all such meetings, under the Sup- e th n i d sai e Justic f o r Ministe e th y Februar 3 n O . detained pression of Communism Act. The announcement of this did not Assembly'5' that 98 Whites (including 35 women), 36 Coloured reach the morning newspapers in lime for publication. The police personss , 90 AsianCongres f so ans d 11,27office e 9th Africand visite s d haan d , been streets detaine e th n i d s undernotice d poste the emergency regulations. organizations to warn them of the ban. A meeting planned in Johannesburg was called off, but demonstrators did assemble in (J1"') Slur, 6 January2 . Ministe f Banto r u Administratio d Developmentan n . Senate7 2 . Cape Town and Durban. In the former case they were dispersed . 1477 . col 6 d Hansar . February by the police. O?) Cape Times report of that date. (") Senate. 27 February. Hansard 6 cols. 1475-9: Assembly. 21 April, Hansard 13 col. 5042. (3) Assembly. Hansard 16 of 1960. col. 6818. xcn-ct 5 5 e pac Surrey, s year' t las n i l detai n i d describe e wer s event e ('Thes ) W Assembly. 15 February IDfil. Hansard 4 col. 1346. . 698-9 . cols 2 d (iHansar ) (S) Assembly. 25 May 1961. Hansard 18 col. 7188. 54 E RAC F O Y SURVE A COMMISSIONy S OF undoubtedl ENQUIR s wa e Y INTther , O EVENTjustified Sn Abee T d SHARPEVILLha e polic e th E y b s arm AND LANGA not sufficient justification for the very extensive firing which hail e th o int s commission l judicia n one-ma e th f o s report e Th . place n take events that occurred at Sharpeville and Langa were published on 23 January 1961) accordingd tha o s evidencclaim 4 e led24 , , the Pan-AfricaSharpeville t a e n Congresdisturbanc s e hath d f launcheo t ou g d arisin , that u campaign which was planned to reach a climax in 1963, when been instituted against members of the Government, for a total e non-violenc f o y polic A . country e th f o l contro r ove e tak d woul t i sum of R895,955.77-L This amount was made up of 11493,215 was advocate, d for thebreadwinners initia f o lh phasdeat e e oth f thf o e campaignt accoun ;n o bu tn this did compensatio r fo s it e achiev o t d expecte y necessaril . P.A.C e th t tha n mea t no R306,740.77i- for personal injury, and R96,000 for alleged h althoug , Langa t a s leader e Th . means l peacefu y b l goa e ultimat unlawful arrest. urging the peoplee to avoipeopl y db violencee mad n , habee dd takeha 0 n no R52.00 effectiv f o e e valu step a so t , claims x Si . inflammatory e wer e mad s speeche e th f o e Som . it t preven o t s previou e th n i d mentione s wa s a , and , Nyanga r o a Lang t a It appeared from the evidence that the majority of the people chapter, Africans in Pondoland had claimed R69,496. at Langa were anxious and frustrated because they felt there were r thei e mak d coul y the h whic h throug s channel l constitutiona o n INDEMNITY ACT, No. 61 OF 1961 w lo e wer s grievance n mai r Thei . State e th o t n know s grievance e Justic f o r Ministe e th , Bill y Indemnit e th g introducin n Whe r Whethe . system k boo e referenc e th f o n operatio e th d an s wage said(B) it was essential that it be passed in order to prevent the e th o t t relevan t no s wa d well-founde e wer s complaint r thei h wit d couple e b y inevitabl d woul h whic y mone d an e tim f o e wast enquiry; but what was relevant was that they formed a fertile defending actions for compensation. soil for the sowing of P.A.C. doctrines. The Act provides that no proceedings, whether civil or Wid- e credencGovern e eth t was giveagains w n la t of o at rumoucour y ran than i t t a seniobrough e rb l officiashal , l criminal was to visit Langa to answer their demands for the abolition of ment its ofiiccrs or persons acting under its or their authority, in y the e henc ; considered e judg e th , system k boo e referenc e th respect of any acts or statements committed, ordered or issued , found s wa t i , rumour s Thi . ban a f o e spit n i g meetin e th d attende in good faith on or after 21 March 1960 (the date of the Sharpe- d di e polic e Th . Kgosana p Phili . Mr y b y deliberatel d sprea s wa ville and Langa disturbances) with intent: n bee e hav t migh s action r thei , so e don y the d ha : it f o w kno t no r o n maintai o t r o , disorder l interna s suppres r o t preven o t ) (a different. restore good order or public safety or essential services, or Some of the decisions made by ther o office , r inproperly r chargo e elif e of the preserv o t ) (b n decisio e th y particularl , criticised y strongl e wer t contingen e polic (c) to terminate a state of emergency in any area, whether or no! ; given n bee d ha e dispers o t g warnin e effectiv n a e befor e forc e us o t but the judge founf o s d thaterm t n thii sd officedeclare r way s actinactuall s g lawfullwa y y wheemergenc nf o h ee stat a h suc d occurre t tha g shootin e th f o e Som . firearms f o e us e th d ordere Section two of the Public Safety Act. f o r numbe a d an , however , unlawful d an d unjustifie s wa r late o t r prio d commence s wa h whic g proceedin l lega h suc y An d undiscipline n a n i d acte d ha , Africans y particularl , policemen d deeme e b l wil t Ac y Indemnit e th f o n operatio o int g comin e th manner, using their batons indiscriminately. void. Mr. Justice y P. an J .t Wesscltha , s madproved s i e ay purelcontrar y e factuath l l unti repor , t on presumed e b l wil t I l dea o t k tas s hi t no s wa t i n opinio s hi n i t tha g statin , Sharpeville actions or statements referred to above were in fact done or made . individuals f o y responsibilit r o y liabilit e th h wit . faith d goo n i Later, at thy e an tria f o l t of certairespec n i n o Africanals y sappl l accusewil t d Ac o e f th publi f o s c provision e Th s i e Magistrat l Regiona e th , Sharpeville t a t incitemen d an e violenc s order t Governmen r unde g actin n perso r o r office n a y b t defaul

reported t- o haveconnec sain i d n in his judgmenregulatio r o w t la tha a f t o whil n e theprovisio usy e an o fh firewit -g complyin n i

) (7 . issued s statement r o n take s action h wit n tio

('>) The Institute of Race Relations published a Tact-paper (No. 10) entitled A Precis of flip. Report* nf the Commissions appointed to enquire into the events occurring («) Assembly. 2 May 1961. Hansard 15 col. 5695. and 25 May. Hansard IS ^.'1. March1 2 n o I96 t Sharpeville0a d l^anea.an 7187. . 1961 e Jun 3 2 Hail. Daily Rand (T) (') Assembly. 25 May .1961. Mansard 18 col. 7188. 56 E RAC F O Y SURVE A RELATIONS: 1961 57 COMMITTEE ESTABLISHED TO CONSIDER EX GRATIA occasion, when four of them were unavoidably away. Then, on PAYMENTS 4 April 1961, the magistrate who had been hearing the case died. - proceed e th g commencin t agains d decide l 0 Attorney-Genera e Th The Minister of Justice announced during February "* that ings de novo before another magistrate: accordingly the accused a committee had been set up to examine the claims for compensa- were discharged and their bail refunded0'*. tion and to recommend the payment of ex gratia grants in deserving cases. The State d Attornean e y woulviolenc c d be publi chairman h wit d , and charge th e memberwer s s person n Ninetee would be the Chief Magistrate of Pretoria, the Under Secretary incitement alleged to have been committed at Sharpeville. During for Justice, two Police Brigadiers and the Principal Bantu Affairs June 1961 fourteen of them were acquitted. Four were found Commissioner- im ' . years e thre o t d sentence g bein e on , counts h bot n o y guilt prisonment and the rest to two years. A fifth, found guilty of It . has not been imprisonment announces year' e don f whetheo e r ansentenc ya grantd s receive hav , e beenviolence c publi made. n appeala g 0'0. pendin d allowe s wa l Bai TRIALS ARISING FROM THE DECLARATION OF A STATE OF Prosecution of the editors of certain journals EMERGENCY The emergency regulations were withdrawn on 3.1 August Africans accused of incitement or public violence I960. A few days later summonses were served on Mr. .1. G. Trials which took place up to November 1960 were described Sutherland, editor of the Port Elizabeth Evening I'ost, and on the s Snrvey<"year' t ylas . n i n o e articl n a g publishin y b t tha g bein s charge e th , publishers - incite f o d convicte e wer s African e thre r Decembe g Durin 7 May setting out the impressions of two young Canadian tourists n statio e polic e th t a d gathere d ha y the t tha d foun s wa t i : ment they had contravened the emergency regulations, the article being at Evaton, near Sharpeville, to encourage the crowd to break the a subversive one in terms of these regulations. law. One was sentences charge d e toth ad fine oquashe f h R120 orElizabet fivt e Por monthsn i e ' im- magistrat f chie e Th prisonmente b t , no an dd thecoul othed r twaccuse o e toth R6t 0tha og r threrulin e , months'I960 r . NoticNovembe e g durin of appeal was lodged. prosecuted under the emergency regulations because these regu- e wer s person 0 19 t tha * 02 April n i d sai e Justic f o r Ministe e Th r simila A . issued e wer s summonse e th e befor d lapse d ha s lation still servine gCap n i sentence e s ofmagistrat l imprisonmenregiona a y b t r as late as resulday w tfe a o fn chargegive s swa g rulin e wer y The . emergency f o e stat a f o n declaratio e th m fro g arisin Town, when Mr. Fred Carneson, a director of New Age, and the publishers of this newspaper, were prosecuted for having published d goo r fo e sentenc f o n Remissio . institutions 7 1 n i d detaine 0 s it n o d considere s wa e cas h eac : automatic t no s wa r behaviou d di e magistrat n Tow e Cap r anothe t Bu . "' statements e subversiv merits. y legall e b t no d coul s prosecution t tha t argumen e th t accep t no d sentence e H . regulations e th f o l withdrawa e th r afte d institute t incitemen h wit d charge y originall e wer s African o Thirty-tw s day 0 35 r o 0 R90 o t Contact, f o r edito e th , Duncan k Patric . Mr . Kgosana p Phili g bein d accuse l principa e th , Langa t a d committe e wer t tha s statement o tw d publishe g havin f o y guilt m hi g findin n o Eight of them were discharged at various times. After an initial subversive within the meaning of the regulations. Mr. .1. A. n i s month r fou g lastin , custody n i d hel e wer y the n whe d perio r o O RIO o t d sentence s wa , journal s thi f o y secretar e th , Daniels d an a Kgosan p Phili . bail n o t ou d allowe e wer t res e th , cases e som R200d fine (17)e . wer s publisher e th d an , days 0 5 seven others then fled the country. The remaining sixteen faced • trial, but at the conclusion of the Crown case the magistrate The Attorney-General of the Eastern Cape took Mr. Suther- acquitted them, stating that he was satisfied that there was no land's cas appealo et majorita y B . yoneo t decisio o fula , (w lf no charge - lor con (he t m Cour to e meet'"'Suprem . e th f o n Divisio e Cap n Easter e th f o h benc firmed the magistrate's decision. Further appeal was made to (he Thirteen men were charged with public violence and incite- Appellate Division, and the Crown then succeeded. It was stated . I960 h Marc 1 2 n o ) Sharpeville r (nea k Vanderbijlpar n i t men that, according to the Interpretation Act of 1957, unless a contrary s time l severa p u d hel s wa t bu , September 6 2 n o n bega e cas e Th intention appears in a repealing law, legal proceedings may be I r anothe n o , and , accused e th f o e on f o s illnes e th f o e becaus * JJI rn$ ) Kami(U Dm/r Mail. April5 , .ind Slar. April1 1 . il"> Awtirr.lv. 2] Fehmary 19!>1. ll.lns.ird 5 col. 1G60. (If} Kiniil Half Mail. 23 I line. (Hi Pace H5. . 1960 r Decembe 1 . Mail. Daily (!'•Kami ) (':> Assembly Apri7 . l 19G1. Hansar col1 1 d . 4050. (I') Ihltl. 30 November I960, and Minislrr c.l liie Interior. A-scmblv. 7 ll.iuh I'll.I Hi) Kenorlv in Kami Daily Mail. 24 January, and Star. 14 June 19G1.. i llansau . . :"-,\I-P cc.ls 7 l ••to i; 58 A SURVEY OF RACE M' RELATIONS: 1961 59 t no d ha t i f i s a d concerne w Ja e th r unde d continue r o d institute S DISTURBANCE D AN T UNRES R FURTHE been repealed'1"'. The case was remitted to the chief magistrate in Port Elizabeth for further hearing. ZULU LAND There have been sporadic disturbances in Zululand during d an d Sutherlan . Mr d foun e magistrat s thi 1 196 e Jun 3 2 n O 0 . statement a g publishin f o y guilt s Newspaper e Provinc n Easter e lli e th h s reportedwa althoug t I t . tha ' review r unde r yea e th n certai n betwee y hostilit f o s feeling p u r sti o t y likel s wa l Ilia Paramounu Zul c Ih f to t sea e th r nea , location i Toka/. e th f o e .peopl sections of the South African people, but acquitted them on Chief, rejected the betterment scheme in 1958, it was ncvcrthc- : to e peopl e th g incitin , Government e th g subvertin f o s charge less imposed on them. Some of the men were fined for refusing

d punishe e wer r o , required s a , sites w ne o t s hut r thei e mov o t resist authority, and spreading panic and alarm. Their trans-; o gression had been of a highly technical nature, the magistrate said,; "by being refused permission to cultivate their fields. Resentment and the punishment would be more technical than otherwise. Each: .mounted among the opponents of the scheme until eventually, in of (he accused was fined RIO"'. • November, 1960, they cut certain fences and burned the huts "of some men who supported the programme. During this affray . killed e wer n ma r anothe d an r inspecto k tan g dippin n Africa n a

AFTERMATH OFg THE CATextenuatin O h MANOwit , R MURDERguilty d foun S r late e wer s African n Fourtee An account was given in last year's Survey om f the murder ;j '; circumstances, of their murder, and were sentenced to terms of ] - con e wer y the e whil n policeme n Africa e fiv d an e Whit r fou f o ': imprisonment ranging from eight to fourteen years'"'. j ; Other; . I960 y Januar 4 2 n o r Mano o Cat n i d rai r liquo a g ductin l On several occasions dipping tanks have been destroyed. policemen were seriousln i s y injuredinspector . k stoc d an g dippin d stone n wome 1 "Durin196 y gJul $ ,the Melmoth district: more than 40 arrests were made*"'. J s Department e th f o s member r senio f o g consistin e committe A (<) , to" d appointe s wa n Administratio u Bant d an e Polic , Justice f o It was announced during March that a home-guard had e b d shoul s step t wha d recommen o t , events e th o int e enquir . Bhckczulu n Cypria , Chief t Paramoun e th r fo d provide n .bee taken to prevent their repetition, and in general to try to ensure;] WARMBATHS greater safety for the police. This committee's report was ': Early in 1961 the Manager of Non-European Affairs at j with y largel t deal t I . 1961 y Februar g durin t Parliamen o t d sente a n o t imprisonmen ' months x si o t d sentence s wa s 'Warmbath ! described' o als t bu , events e th f o e recurrenc a t preven o t s proposal , appeal l successfu a d lodge e H . Act y Immoralit e th r unde e '•charg the filth and squalor at Cat. o Manowork s hi r ann i dd criticisedre-instate s thewa Durbar n thereafte d an ] services: r othe d an r wate , sewerage g suspendin r fo l Counci y Cit l Apri 8 2 n O . objected n tow e th f o s (J!) African e th f o y Man to thed area aftepickete g r the riotinmornin t nex g y thatearl tood kan , place in June demonstration 1959t protes .a d hel y the s Of the Africans who were arrested in January 1960, 26. the gates of their township to prevent people from going to work. finally n faceo o dg chargeo t e sleav oo ft murderd trie o . Eighwh n tme wer e e som acquitted g evenin , g eight werefollowin e ; th n .O ] fifteen; o t e fiv m fro g rangin t imprisonmen f o s term o t d sentence iJJight-shift duty were attacked, one being killed and another years, and ten l werofficese sentence, municipa e d th to n deatho d . Onemarche o fd thescrow e tee nth appealed n The . ^ injured successfully to the Appellate Division: appeals by the others were .apparently intending to burn them down. dismissed. Two who had been sentenced to imprisonment for The police made an unsuccessful attempt to disperse the periods d of twelvopene y e the year , s alsstoned o g madbein e n successfuo , finally l d appeals'"'an , . tear-gas g usin ;• -y b b mo :lre. One man was shot dead and two seriously injured, one of . Some;, violence c publi f o s charge d face e peopl 6 2 r furthe A . hospital n i g dyin r late m •the of them were acquitted and the charges against others were,'- ! A one-man commission of enquiry was appointed and Ihc withdrawn; but thirteen were found guilty. A woman was sen-,' 'manager was meanwhile suspended. tcnccd to five years' imprisonment, and a youth to eight cuts;-J with a light cane. The others received varying terms of imprison*;* MABIESKRAAL meni. •'• There has been continued dissatisfaction among a large ^section of the Ba-Thlako tribe of Mabieskraal, about fifty miles . 1961 h 21Marc Iliiil. M •> . ) Stttr.June l" 3 2 . 19G1 y Februar 2 ) , Writ(I Afe * :"> Pace 50. (!) Star. 30 November 1960 and 26 May 1961. -I) Sec .1958-59 Surrey, pace 132. <>) lbi,l, 25 July. ^1 Slur rcporis 5 Decembe1 . 5 rMarc 1 I96 d h0 an 1961 . . March 15 (

(1) 1956-1 pace 41, 1957-8 pasc 34. 1958-9 pasc 44, 1959-60 pace 37. (•>> Stnr. 26 July 1961. (2) The official name of this trial is Rccina VJ Farid Adams and Others. (-<> Assembly. Hansard 12 col. 4246. <>> Sec 1954-5 Survey, pace 5. (i) Prices 95 n sen. 134 E RAC F O Y SURVE A RELATJONS: 1961 135 d rcplanne e wer s area e wher t Bu . so o d o t e continu o t d allowe e b i tha r ove e preferenc e hav d woul r labou d Coloure d an e Whit or evacuated, fresn h applicatioreservatio b n jo woul h d havThroug e . to beCape made n . NeWester we th appli n i - s African f o cations would have to be referred to the Minister, who would protection would be given to Coloured workers in fields of e th h wit y compl d coul s candidate e th s unles n permissio e refus employment which were traditionally theirs. . recognition r fo s condition The Government's aim, the Prime Minister concluded, was to e sid p develo d shoul s group d Coloure d an e Whit e th t tha e ensur . identity n ow s it g retainin h eac , side y b e th f o r Ministe y Deput y formerl , M.P. , Botha . W . P . Mr i E PEOPL D COLOURE G AFFECTIN S MATTER L GENERA . Affairs d Coloure f o r Ministe d appointe t Augus g durin s wa , i Interior

POLICY STATEMENTS f FURTHER STATEMENT MADE ON 10 APRIL 1961 In a subsequent statement, made in the Assembly on 10 April STATEMENT BY THE PRIME MINISTER, 7 DECEMBER 1960 1961, the Prime Minister elaborated on his "four parallel streams"

: In ao t statemen e abl e b t issued woul d s on 7 DecembeReserve n r Africa 196 e 0th tht e tha Prim t e Ministestatemen s rHi . policy (1) \. : points g followin e th e mad . ' earlier' h wit t deal n bee s ha s stale u Bant e separat o int p develo

1. The representatio2 n of Coloureds in Parliament by Whites He continued, "The problem of giving political rights to the would remain as it was. Coloureds and the Indians will then still exist. In this case I accept 2. A Minister of Coloured Affairs would be appointed. ; the rejection of the old proposition that one cannot have a state 3. An e effectivgiv o t e e developmenhav l wil e w e t programmStat r ou n i t e woultha y d bfirstl e t undertakeaccep I . n istate n a i"n withi n i morge n 2-millio t abou e wer h whic , settlements l rura d Coloure f o s mean y b y firstl , development r fo s opportunitie s Coloured e th . evolved e b d woul t governmen l loca f o m syste a d an , extent n i their own local governments, secondly by way of managing the 4. Housinl g schemeProvincia e sth woulf o l d becontro undertake e th r nunde ig n Colourefallin w dno urbag nthin f o t sor h wit s entitie e separat e becom d woul h whic , areas l residentia r thei f o n educatio e th , affairs l municipa n ow r thei z vi Councils— their own elected local authorities. Coloured professional men, own children and similar matters. n competitio l inter-racia t agains d protecte e b d woul . etc , traders in these areasn , and educationalinstitutio n a . .. e , stat hospital e Whit , e sportingIh n ,withi entertaint tha t - accep I , Thirdly . there d establishe e b d woul s facilitie c publi d an t men should be established or a method should be evolved to give the 5. A development and investment corporation would be created Coloureds further rights of self-government over their national to encourage and assist private Coloured enterprise. interests. The time to decide precisely how and in regard to what 6. A Coloured technical high school, trades school and one or this must be done can wait until the development has progressed more agricultural gymnasia would be established. . . . e stag d secon t tha o t 7. An investigation would be made of the desirability of placing "We (shall) limit their development to that of a council which - col y universit d Coloure e th g includin , education d Coloure l al will exercise authority over their own affairs". There will be lege, under the Department of Coloured Affairs. If this were political separation but mutual economic dependence, the Prime , formed e b d coul s board d an s committee l schoo d Coloure e don . said r Ministe and more senior educational posts could be opened to Coloured He concluded, "Until we have reached the stage of devclop- peoples . perform y full l Counci d Coloure e Ih e wher , referred I h whic o t t men . l al r ove e tak d woul s Affair d Coloure f o t Departmen e Th . 8 its functions . . . the Coloured representation in this Parliament . . . welfare services and institutions, developing . themnow" s i b yt i usins a n g remai l wil Coloured personnel and working with Coloured organizations. (3) o t d develope e b d woul l Counci s Affair d Coloure n Unio e Th . 9 Later, the Prime Minister added , "If the separate develop- g increasin y graduall n give d an y bod g self-governin a e becom e th f o e stag e th d beyon e advanc d shoul s Coloured e th f o t men statue s anstat da authorityf o m for , e foth r instancn i e eplac administrativ e tak d shoul e d authoritan l y oveCounci rd Coloure . services e welfar d an n educatio , towns d an s village d Coloure t migh t i , own r thei f o t parliamen a f o n directio e th n i , state a n withi It woult d be reconstitutedevelopmen s thi f I d . t.. o e includher d e more electerepresente e b dt membersno l wil y . Itthe t tha e b f o r Ministe e th d an r Ministe e Prim e th t tha d intende s wa * (I) Hansard 1.2 cols. 4191-3. Coloured Affairs should have annual discussions with council (2) Sec pace 97. members. (3) Assembly. 11 April. Hansard 12 col. 4314. 136 SURVEA RACE'*F YO ' RELATIONS: 1961 137 shoulr dpowe mov s ha e , along differenInterior e th f to linesr , a differenMiniste e th f o t l answer mighapprova e th t havo t t e to<1subjec ; | be given"r yea a . 4 R f o s Rate . matters e thes o t d regar n i s regulation e mak |o ?t c chroni d an d age e th h whic m fro , occupiers d registere n o d levie e ar , : . exempted e b y ma k sic S AFFAIR D COLOURE R FO L COUNCI N UNIO After consultation with the board, the Minister may declare an t bettermen a e b o t , it f o t par r o , Act e th r unde s fall h whic a are The present constitution of the Union Council for Coloured [: area. Then, out of moneys appropriated by Parliament, he may , members, d nominate n fiftee d an d electe e twelv s ha h whic , Affairs I' carry out and maintain any works required for its development, was described in the 1958-59 issue of this Surveyw. ''' V and decide upon the proportion of the cost which must be repaid : s reported'i l 5'toCounci e " th 1 196 h Marc g durin g meetin s it t A d excee t no l wil n proportio s Thi . levied s rate f o t ou d boar |' 'be yth have adopter pe n d te a n unanimoutha e mor s y resolutioma r no , n statinagrees gd thaboar t ie t wath s s the unles opinion t cen r - pe n te e legitimatehav e ^ peopl d Coloure e "th t tha s member s it [ o . purpose e th r fo d use e b s rate e th f o t .cen grievances, aggravated by discriminatory legislation like the Group'.' f certaino s ^ activitie e th d note d ha l Counci e Th . Act" s Area •PRESERVATION OF COLOURED AREAS ACT, No. 31 OF 1961 Coloured leaders in linking the Coloured people's fortunes and fate''1 •'• 1. Further areas may be bought under Ihe provisions of the 1909 Act with those of t thetha othes r Non-Whitprovide 1 196 ef o groups t Ac s . TheArea resolutiod Coloure n f saido n , "Well Preservatio e Th make ad n earnesColoure t r anfo d e urgenasid t appease r o l o t to d the Governmengrante n bee s t ha to h expedite/whic a ;are y an statesd an s ^ courageou , bold a n i y polic s it f o s aspect e positiv e th d Coloure d acknowledge y locall r o y traditionall a s i h whic r o , 'people , under*; goodwill e th n maintai d an n wi o s d an , manner e manlik area mainly occupied or owned by them, may be brought by the ) Coloured g law-abidin f o y majorit e th f o n co-operatio d an g standin ; amendeds a t Ac 9 , 190 e th f o s provision e th r unde l Governor-Genera wiD: h whic e gambl l politica s thi o t r answe e effectiv n a s a e peopl by means of a proclamation in the Gazette. The Governor-General doom them to be an unimportant and weak group with no say ia; . may do this if he deems it advisable in the public interest or if he the newd an politica s l set-uinhabitant l p thalawfu t the eth movemenf o y t majorit envisages" e th y b o .s o d o t d requeste s i All the major Coloured organizations opposed the creation \ owners of the area concerned, but in any case must consult the this Council, and boycotted the elections(6). The views of these ; inhabitants and owners. He may make such reservations and condi- bodies are described earlier, on page 22 et seq. . fit s deem e h s a s tion • The Governor-General may also combine one or more incor- n consultatio r afte , and ; thereof s portion r o s area d Coloure d porate S RESERVE D AN S STATION N MISSIO D , board COLOURE a h suc f o e absenc e th n i r o , management f o d boar e th h .wit ' y previousl y an e releas y ma , owners d an s inhabitant l lawfu e .th MISSION STATIONS AND COMMUNAL RESERVES ACT OF 19SJ; , incorporated area from the provisions of the Act. AS AMENDED - sug r speake n Oppositio n a e debat y Parliamentar e th g Durin l Act s Reserve l Communa d an s Station n Missio e th f o s term n I i igested that the Minister might try to create separate homelands for No. 29 of 1909 (Cape), as amended by Act 32 of 1959, cert'/ ; Ihe Coloured people by proclaiming new Coloured rural areas under e Colouredth r fo t ] trus n i d hel s wa d lan e wher s station n missio e th f o s provision e th g applyin n the d an , Act s Area p Grou e :th J o( t gran e definit a h whic n i m syste a r unde t brough e wer s occupant Preservation of Coloured Areas Act. land was made to the missionary body, the remainder of the statiottf . occupiers d registere e th r fo d reserve g bein ' ' The Deputy Minister of the Interior denied that this was the •^Government's intention, and, to make this clear, moved an amend- , areas r latte e th n i d create e b y ma t managemen f o s Board ment, which was adopted, specifying that only areas that, at the consiso t td of sixgrante membern bee d sha electe, d by operation th o e registereint e cam t d occupierAc w ne e s th an n d threewhe e l ''tim ; f ovef d preside s i d boar a h Suc . Governor-General e th y b d appointe 'Or set aside for Coloured, or were regarded as being traditionally t\ s a l wel s a g castin a s ha o wh , district e th f o e magistrat e th y b 'Coloured areas, could be incorporated in terms of the Act. ' roa". f o l contro e th r fo e responsibl s i d boar e Th . vote e deliberativ He said<7) that the areas that might be involved were, in all, | an Sec 1959-GO Survey. paRC 132. IT) Assembly. Hansar cold6 . 2259: Hansar colsd5 . 1613. 1750. J38 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS: J961 J39 asked for incorporation- .compen H o et di g d not relatin wis s h to makprovision e mentiod detaile n on f areadow s lay t Ac e Th with whose residents the Department had not yet diseusscd tlic sation1"0. matter. During discussion it transpired, however"0, that these might include Opperman, Suurbraak, and possibly, after the removal of the African residents, the Dunn Reserve. COLOURED PERSONS COMMUNAL RESERVES ACT, No. 3 OF 1961 t tha d provide t Ac s Reserve l Communa s Person d Coloure e Th 2. Ownership of land in Coloured areas the Mission Stations and Communal Reserves Act of 1909 (Cape) As from the date of a proclamation bringing a Coloured area as amended, shall apply to every area which has been declared to within thf o e scopone n e of thSectio ef o Act s , iterm t wiln i a l becomare t e free settlemen o ' f any previoupersons d s Coloure a e b restriction0 s 193 or s encumbranceThi . 1930 f o s t affectinAc s g Area th t e ownershiSettlemen p ' or occupatioPersons d n Coloure e th e th n i d veste e b l wil d an , way) f o s right o t d regar n i t (excep d lan f o Act is repealed. s a t Bu . occupiers d Coloure e th r fo t trus n i r Interio e th f o r Ministe d lan f o n occupatio f o t righ a d grante n bee s ha o wh e Anyon l wil d lan e th d appointe n bee s ha t managemen f o d boar a s a n soo e b t Ac 9 190 e th f o s purpose e th r fo l shal a are n a h suc n withi vest in the board. Coloured registered owners of surveyed lots will deemed to be a registered occupier. be deemed registered owners for (he purposes of the Act. 1 An Opposition speaker pointed out that the title to land When introducing the Bill "', the Deputy Minister of the afforded e undeth r r thunde e 190d 9 Act waestablishe sn nobee t unrestricted ha a are de freeholdon y onl ,t thutha s d thesai r Interio rights of Coloured owners who might possess such title would be 1930 Act—the Mier settlement, about 200 miles north-cast of diminisheds . familie d Coloure 0 9 t Abou . extent n i n morgc 0 430.00 . Upingtoii lived there, mainly engaged in stock-farming. The object of the new The s Deputa y wa y e Ministesam e th r n said"i d ' that, accordinadministere e b go t to t i th e e 190enabl 9 o Actt s , iwa f e measur a board t i of e managemenmak o t d an t , adopts reserves a resolutiod an s n istation n favoun r missio o fd a surveColoure y e th e wer e th , land f o e tenur l individua g introducin f o s purpose e th r fo possible for much-needed betterment works to be undertaken, for Minister will arrange for a public meetin. g osupplies f r registerewate f o dn occupierprovisio se toth e exampl s thi , granted e ar s right y propert f I . matter e th r conside o t d hel e b must be subject to the Minister's approval, and no land may be alienated, ceded, sub-divided, leased, mortgaged or rendered liable REGULATIONS I OR COLOURED MISSION STATIONS AND to execution for debt without his consent. RESERVES e militat t no l wil s limitation e thes t tha , however , added e H Revised regulations for Coloured mission stations and reserves l al n ascertai d coul e h s a r fa s a e becaus , rights g existin t agains were published in R 1866 of 18 November I960. They deal with areas in the Cape that might be affected were originally granted the constitutions of boards of management, voting rights of resi- under quitrent titl. e etc (bu , t freareas e e ofthes quitrenn i g t payments)tradin , rates , . In rights thl e other residentia , dents provinces no individua d donel ha titl s ,e existed.regulation Ther s e hadpreviou ,e sth o s fara , , been noprovided n agai y The requests for property rights in farming areas. that with certain exceptions, it is an offence for anyone, unless with Wha- t wasmagis becomine th r o t g a practicaDepartmen ls problemAffair d , he saidColoure , e wath s f tho en ques- permissio e th s step d an , surveyed g bein e wer s plot e Th . townships e th f o n tio trate, to hold or address a gathering of more than five persons"2'. were being taken to transfer the trust vested in the Minister to the management boards in order that they might grant property rights DEVELOPMENT AND INVESTMENT CORPORATION FOR s Thi . Act e th n i n dow d lai s condition e th o t t subjec , individuals o t . loans g Housin l Nationa r fo y appl o t s land-holder e enabl d woul COLOURED AREAS f o r Ministe e th " 1961" h Marc 5 1 n o h Speec t Budge s hi n I s person d Disqualifie . 3 .;'. Finance said that an initial R500.000 was to be provided for the h whic n Corporatio t Investmen d an t Developmen a f o t establishmen When a Coloured area is brought under the provisions of the %-i Act, the ownership of land in the area by Whites or Asians will 'J '"would stimulate the development of Coloured enterprises and pro- lapse after the expiry of a perio. d fixed assistance b yl the Governor-Generafinancia d an e advic lt by exper /e vid . . months e twelv n tha s les t no e b l wil h whic , proclamation ••• (I") Sec Kit 8'1/GL for a Mimniary iif UK™*. if (II) Assembly. 9 February 1961. Hansard 3 col. 1085. f») Mansard 7 col 2746: Hansard 5 cols. 1750. 1751. (I.'c IPST-TSe ) R Surrey, pane 40. fur details. fi (9) Hansard 5 cols. 1755-6. 1909: Hansard 6 co!. 2255. (I.') AvicniMy. Mansar col.s8 d . 3006-7. \\ 140 A SURVEY OF RACE ^RELATIONS: 1961 141 EXISTING COLOURED MISSION STATIONS AND RESERVES 3 To the south of these settlements, in the Van Rhynsdorp I ^district, is the Ebenezer reserve. There are three more in the Hi Of the fifteen existing Coloured mission stations and reserves, Western Cape—Mamre near Malmesbury, Pniel near Paarl, and nine arc in the arid region n i of s the north-westerprogres n i s i k n Capewor t . The mostDevelopmen . ^GenadendaCaledon r nea l northerly of these is Mier, which is mentioned above. rsome of these areas: the Deputy Minister said that thirty miles of e Abouth d t an 25 e 0 mileMamr st a sout d h oerecte f n thisbee isy the irrigatiorecentl d ha g n settlemenfencin p t cam o r f ;;inne Ekstcenskuil. on the Orange River near Upington. According to* j,water supply improved. the Slar("\ which ran a series of articles on these areas, Eksteen-\j Lastly, there is a Coloured settlement at Zoar near Ladismith skiiil is the most flourishing of them. The people have three-morgen^ ;in the Cape, one at Enon near Uitenhage, and a small reserve allotments and grow cotton. ^called Thaba Patchoa in the Free State, near the Basutoland border, Richtersveld, the largest of the Coloured settlements, is in| f/.which was created as a home for wandering cattle farmers. Namaqualand near the mouth of the Orange River. The Stafti reports'"' that two groups of people, who have little communication!;,' The total area of all these reserves is just under two million with one another, live in this area. There is a very poor group/J sfliorgen. According to the Star, they have a population of about whose home language is the old Nama tongue, although they can = 31.000: just over two per cent of the Coloured people in South Africa. speak Afrikaans. Most of them live in reed huts. The majority of':j the heads of families earn a living by going away to work for Wh farmers. Then there is a more progressive community of Coloured, people who arc small stock farmers, keeping sheep and goats, and; live in stone dwellings. The Deputy Minister of the Interior said on.'*! 20 February0"* that development work was in progress in thejj

Richlcrsveld, which had previously been badly neglected. Forty GENERAL MATTERS AFFECTING ASIANS n bore*:te d ; an d erecte n bee y alread d ha s fence y boundar f o s mile ; holes sunk. POLICY STATEMENTS BY THE PRIME MINISTER South and inland from the Richersveld, also in Namaqualand^ , Lelie«J Komaggas , Concordia , Steinkopf : settlements f o p grou a s i After outlining the programme for Coloured people that is ' of e peopl e th f o e som t tha ' stated r Sta e Th . fonteiRietpoort d nan - men e b n ca t "I , ' said r Ministe e Prim e th , 134 !Describe e pag n do 07 Steinkopf are small stock farmers, owning0 karakul sheep and goats, •tioned that for another Non-European community, the Indian com- but as not all can make a living in this way the incomes of the; |imunity, development plans on the same lines can be considered majority of the 782 families are derived from wages earned in should this community show signs of co-operation on this basis— employment outside the settlement. The farmers spend months'.-.! as a separate community". away from home travelling with their flocks in search of grazing.^ More boreholes are badly needed. In the speech referred to above;] Later, when developing his "four parallel streams" policy, after Depute (h y Minister sai dwindmila thay b concreta td fe l ha 21. and 23 February. 8 Dcccmlic . report 9GO 1 r .Mail Daily Kami ) (1 (1*1 Assembly. Hansard S of 1 9« . col. 3.745. (') Assembly. 1.0 April 1961. Hansard 12 col. '11.92. (|7> 22. 23 nlitl 24 Fcbni.-.iy 19C1. A '!T, 142 A SURVEY OF RACE -' RELATIONS: 1961 143 s passenger DEPARTMENl al f o s name T e Oth F , INDIAcar e th N f AFFAIRo r Snumbe n registratio e th ' > travelling in it, and prescribes the route to be followed and "the , a',74 . . No n Proclamatio f o s term n i , 1961 r Septembe I n O - pro e b o t s ha t permi e th i Transke e th o int y entr n O . date t exac - e mad s wa n provisio d an , created s wa s DepartmenAffair n d an India e f o t tim e th d recor e polic e th e wher n statio e polic e th t a d duce , ' for the g appointmenleavin n o d t of afollowe e Secretarb o t s yha foe r Indiaprocedur n r Affairssimila .A Durin. entry g f .,o e dat . Affairs n India f o r Ministe d appointe s wa e Mare . A . W . Mr t Augus , territory e th n i n clow g breakin r ca s hi f o t even e th n I . Transkei e th r Ministe e Prim e th o t e wrot s Relation e Rac f o e Institut e e Th experienc o t y likel e b d woul r holde t permi a , delay a g necessitatin f giving reasons why it opposed the establishment of such a Depart- •'.' '} much inconvenience. t tha d replie s plan"*e h thi t r bu , reconside o t m hi g askin d an t mcn - Rcla e Rac f o e Institut e th f o n Regio l Transvaa n Souther e Th he wan s noactio t t preparewha g d toaskin d s o so. Affair n India r fo y Secretar e th o t e wrot s tion : „' an Indian should take in an emergency, when he had to leave e th n whe e DIFFICULTIEtim a t a r o y S da O Fa TRAVEn o e L provinc r anothe r fo y : hurriedl ! Dr. A. D. Lazarus wrote an article on the diflicultics of travel-1,! •; offices where permits are issued arc closed. In his reply"1 the ling in e Southbefor Afric, a should experience n India e d th b ye Indianscas a h , whicsuc n i h t watha s published dsuggeste iny Secretar - News. Relations Race f o e issu 1 196 l Apri e th ; departure, inform the police authorities of his difficulties, and then. ; as soon as practicable after arrival at his destination, should report Indians cannot move . from olfice provincl contro e t to provincepasspor e th ,o t Dr r o . e Lazarus,,polic e th , o t i ll said, except under permit from a magistrate or a passport control^ ollice. They cannot visit the Free State at all except to make: The Department of Indian Affairs was asked to make it clear journeys of 24 hours' duration through this province. Whenever an £'. to the relevant authorities that such procedure is acceptable, since Indian from Natal wishes to travel to the Transvaal or the Cape., r at least one case was known of an Indian who acted in this way he has to apply for a permit, which costs 25c, and he is put to |; but, on arrival, was ordered by the police to return home o t s ha e h e sinc t i n obtai o t e inconvenienc d an e troubl e considerabl . • immediately. : , has e h h whic n o e questionnair g lon a n i l fil d an n perso n i r appea ' children, s hi l al f o e thos d an s name ' parents s hi e stal o t alia, inter INDIAN IMMIGRATION their ages and sex. Each time this document is placed in his Although no further Indians from overseas arc permitted to . dossier l persona , settle in South Africa, it is reported'5* that the Minister of Indian The permit allows for a visit of six weeks' duration, at the end [ Affairs has said his department accepts in principle that teachers of whice h periocom o t d d or sooneallowe re b h ed has shoul to a appeaIndi r m in fro perso s n to surrender.instructor s !religiou d an it. If in any one calendar year an Indian has had permits to visit, ..under contract for specified periods. say, the Transvaal and in the aggregate has been three months in • that province no further permit will be issued during that year. : REGULATIONS FOR THE WM BANK "ASIATIC HA/.AAR" In the past. Natal Indians experienced great difficulty when wishing to travel to the Cape by road, since they were not allowed'- Witbank, in the Transvaal, is the only town in South Africa / this' e Stat e Fre e th h throug t wen y the f I . 8 Transkei e th a vi o g o t !'where Indians are subject to much the same type of restrictions as J t mos s i e provinc s thi e becaus t bu ; journey e th Io t s mile 7 36 d adde •:!apply to urban Africans: in some respects, in fact, they arc even inhospitable territory many Indians preferred to drive an additional ' bmore onerous. 110 miles to Kimberley, where the long journey could be broken,: 5 Regulations for the "Asiatic Bazaar" there were published in . which' , London t Eas o t n Durba m fro p tri a o d o t t tha t mean s Thi ''.Government Notice No. 244 of 17 February 1961. They provide would be 435n i mile s lot s througg tradin h r tho e l Transkeiresidentia . ay n Indiaoccup y n woulma e d havChines e d toan s t-thaIndian t ; • . miles 2 1,02 l trave e twelv d excee o t t no s i e leas f o d perio e th t tha t bu , [5thBazaar e In e recenth , t monthswithout l , sinceCounci thn e MinisteTow e th y r b o f d Bantsol e ub Administration;'y ma t lo o N . , months d through^roa l ; nationa e th t tha r clea t i e mad t Developmen d an ^'Minister's permission. No building may be erected except in accor- i bee e hav s Indian , territory n Africa t no f itsel s i i Transke e th t a e b t mus e ther d an , Council e th y b d approve s plan ! 'danch wit e allowed to travel that way; but they then require an additional I'jleast 300 cubic feet of free airspace for each person who will live permit from the Commissioner for Bantu Affairs, which record! W 13/3/3 of 26 August 19C1. . .1.101 r Srnlcmhc 5 ? Slur. ) (5 (.') «K 1B5/61.

.— 'i!' 144 E RAC F O Y SURVE A RELATIONS: 1961 145 there. Exerr bee y r buildinkalli n g tha permi r t(othe wilr l bliquo e g endorsedobtainin witm hfro (hd e maximupreclude e mwer , Africa . building e th t inhabi y ma o wh s person f o r numbe s provision e thes m fro d exempte e Thos . Africans) f o e cas e th n i e th f o s resident l lawfu e th f o r registe a p kee l wil r inspecto n A d permitte n religio f o s minister , exemption f o s letter f o s holder e wer Bazaar. Lessees must produce their Transvaal Asiatic Registration to buy wine for sacramental use, and holders of medical certificates f o e ag e th r ove s person o N . so o d o t n upo d calle n whe s Certificate that recommended the use of liquor. The tot system allowed sixteen other than lessees and their wives may live in the Bazaar certain employers in the Cape and Free State to give specified unless they have a six-monthly permit issued by the inspector. amounts of liquor to their Non-White employees (sec page 148). Anyone found inr thethei Bazaa f o t r mayaccoun b en a require , laws d r to satisfliquo e yth th f eo inspecto n r descriptio r fulle A that his presence is lawful. It is an offence not to leave if ordered inefficacy, and a summary of the recommendations made by the . so o d o t I'j. Malan Commission, were given in last year's Survey*1*. No business may be carried on except on demarcated trading -,• t withou s assistant p sho o Tw . approval s Council' e th h wit d an s site RECOMMENDATIONS BY THE INSTITUTE Ol- RACK. RELATIONS v s site e th e otherwis t bu , premises g tradin n o p slee y ma s familie r thei may not be used - for Com residentia e l Executiv purposes s . Institute' e th 1 196 y Januar n i g meetin s it t A mittee considered the liquor laws. It prefaced its findings'2' by a plea The inspector may prohibit any game or entertainment which •••{ . for improved social conditions, the provision of healthy recreation, . !^ Bazaar e th n i s other o t e annoyanc r o e nuisanc e caus o t y likel s i and state assistance for those investigating the causes of alcoholism, No liquoo t r g may tryin b r e o brough, t indrinking e unless thexcessiv ef o perso s evil n e dointh f o g e so has aknowledg n g spreadin exemption certificate. bring about a greater sense of family responsibility. t agains t protes l unsuccessfu n a e mad k Witban f o s Indian e Th The committee went on to recommend: these regulations to the Town Council. They resented, particularly, the necessity for children over the age of sixteen to obtain six- ; 1. All Non-White citizens of South Africa should be able to monthly permits to live with their parents, and the insecurity of ; obtain liquor on the same basis and subject to the same condi- ) •'•• y The . traders y b y particularl t fel e b d woul h whic , leases r one-yea tions as apply in the case of Whites. , •. a e remov o t r powe e th e hav d woul r inspecto e th t tha t ou d pointe f o s rate e th f o n revisio e th o t n give e b t migh n Consideratio 2. trader's source of livelihood by preventing his White and African . excise duty with the object of encouraging the consumption of c

0) Pace 138. . 1961 e Jun 8 1 . report Times Sunilay (i) Non-Whites will commit an offence if they consume or are in as were Whites in regard to the supply of liquor for on-consump- possession of liquor on private premises without first obtaining tion on licensed premises. . It is, thusoccupier l , nowlawfu r legao r l forowne people th f eo belonging't consen e ,th ' . lounges l hote d an s bar n i s drink h wit d serve e b o t s group e thes o t l alcoho f o e sal e th r fo e licenc o n , Act l principa e th f o s term n I ) \(j {.'•' shall be granted, except as otherwise provided, within half a THE LIQUOe Th . R AMENDMENvillage r o n T locatio ACT n , No. Africa 7 2n a O Ff o 196 y 1 boundar e th f o e mil e th f o e mil a f hal n wilhi s thi s prohibit o als t Ac t Amendmen THE TEKMS Or Fo THd E ACTColoure y b n occupatio r fo t apar t se a are y an f o y boundar (a) All restrictions on the purchase of alcohol by Coloured peopl. e persons n Asia andr AsianLiquo se foth rf o off-consumption s provision f o ,s throughout Soutcontravention r hfo s Africa, arepenaltie l . Al ) (k ' for r liquo y bu o t e abl e b l wil e peopl e Thes . removed e b o t Act were increased. on-consumplion in any licensed premises catering for them. Those for offences such as purchase of liquor at an unauthorized n sales-o s , condition e impos o t s board g licensin f o s power l Al ) (b f o r lette a f o e us d unauthorize g makin r o g alterin , place r o are to be repealed, ane b permitted s di o t s restrictiona e t ar . etc ,excep s s or conditionemployee g s alreadsupplyin , y •exemption . lapse l wil m (he y b d impose . months e thre r o O RIO o t 0 R5 f o m maximu a m fro d increase • < e bottle-stor e exampl r fo , licences n off-consumptio f o s Holder ) (c keepers, are to be permitted to sell liquor to any African of- ', Those for supplying liquor in contravention of the provisions tlic age of eighteen or over. • ";0f the Act. the sale to Africans or purchase by them of methylated lF 148 A SURVEY OF RAC ELATIONS: 1961 149 m fro d increase e b o t e ar . etc , yeast d liqui r o t mal , spirits maximum - of R20applica 0 e toth R40e 0 obefor r s twelvday n e monthsSeve . . Africans o t r liquo l sel o t y horit n i n intentio s hi f o e notic e giv t mus t applican e th d submitte s i n b l pl c publi a n i y disorderl r o t violen , drunk g bein r fo e Thos D Afrikaans and an English newspaper circulating in the district or consuming liquor in a public part of an urban area—a street, j incerned. He must fill in a prescribed form, stating, inter alia, the example—are to be increased from a maximum of R50 to R40Q< Bines and addresses of those who will have any financial interest . months e twelv e h h whic n i s premise e th f o s plan t submi t mus d an , business e th J Ill The heaviest increase is for those found guilty of making < "eposes to sell the liquor. These particulars must be sent to the M twe r o 0 R40 s wa y penalt m maximu e Th . concoctions g possessin "gistrate's oflicc, where, for a fortnight, they can be inspected by months. It is now to be R 1,000 or five years or both for a mbers of the public, who are entitled to lodge objections. Should convictionn , andgive d , an fo rd a seconinforme de b o rt subsequenmus t t convictionapplican e th d , imprilodge e b sn objectio I months,x si n tha ? s les t no d perio a r fo n ioptio l e th t withou t men ie opportunity of replying. i p u f o e fin a f o n additio e possibl e th h wit , years e fiv n tha e mor A police report will be obtained on the character of the ' offences; a dagg r fo y appl s a s penaltie e sam e th e ar e Thes . R1.000 iplicant.

THE TOT SYSTEM Finally, the applications will be considered by the National h eac r thereafte d an 2 196 y Januar n i t mee l wil h whic , Board r quo In terms of the principal Act, farmers in the Cape have ine. 'ft < h wit s worker m far e Non-Whit e mal t adul y suppl o t d permitte It is reported' ' that the National Bureau of Educational and I a k f o s pint f one-and-a-hal r o , daily e win d unfortifie f o t pin e fre 6 t adt e mal s hi e giv t migh e Stat e Fre e th n i r employe y An . beer d an e us e th f o s aspect s variou e investigat o t s i h Researc l cia s report*r anothe ' bottlcstorc-keeper , o t g Accordin . Hsalcohol f eo i t pin e on r o s spirit f o t pin a f o r quarte a s employee e Non-Whit 7 other liquor per day. decide for themselves whether or not to provide separate f o e tim e th t A . customers e Non-Whit r fo s counter d an s ance d woul , presented y originall s a , Bill g amendin e Th tiling the provisions of the Amendment Act which will abolish empowered any employer to supply light wine or malt liquor to ( IJtrictions on sales to Non-Whites had not come into effect. Non-White employee of the age of eighteen or over, provided i this was given free and not as part of the worker's pay. *., The board had not yet indicated whether licences for selling t l loca o t y mainl d grante e b l wil s township e th n i s African o t r "Mo During the Parliamentary debate speakers protested that horities, or whether Africans will be able to obtain these, and effect this clause extended the tot system to the whole of (ether hotels in Non-White townships will be licensed. J li( f o t amoun e th n o n limitatio e th h wit y awa d di d an , Africa that could be supplied. The Chairman of Johannesburg's Non-European Affairs Coin- ***. is reported'"' to have said that his committee is in favour of The Minister of Justice agreed to debate the clause. He : ss being granted to the municipality only, except, possibly, a rel w la e th f o s provision g existin e th g bein e tim e th r fo t tha (hotels, in order that profits may be used for housing and welfare j would n consideratio t bu , altered e b t no d woul m syste t to e th o t "jects. The municipality has submitted plans for bottle-stores and | ' ' drafted, s wa e measur g consolidatin a n whe r matte s thi o t n give e better-typ r fou g includin , townships n Africa e th n i s •lounge d an , apply d woul r behaviou d an s dres f o s rule t stric e wher s "ge R BEE R KAFFI . "' 0 admitted e b d woul s escort n me h wit n le The Minister said, too , that the whole question of kaffir I (4) Numerous other towns have also submitted plans for buildings . measure g consolidatin e th n i h wit t deal e b d woul . liquor f o Ijhe esal D PASSE S WA T AC T AMENDMEN E TH E SINC S DEVELOPMENT In terms of R 376 of 11 August 1961 the National Board was established. It is reported™ that Mr. F. J. le Roux i a bo e th f o n chairma d appointe n bee s ha e Justic f o t Departmen R 753 of 22 September set out the procedure for applying J

. June 0 2 Ibid. O T . 5661 . col 9 1 d Hansar . 1961 e Jun 4 2 . Senate ) f-' •P) Ibid. 4 July. <«) Col. 5735. . V) Ibid, 26 September. (-') Rnnrt Dally Mall. 9 August. ' j W Star. 17 October.

II 184 A SURVEY OF RAC|*RELATIONS: 1961 185 y fairl a n o w inflo l capita a t tha t ou d pointe r Oppenheime . Mr Itjarge scale was essential if the country's full economic potential h Sout s wa y countr r othe y an t almos n tha s Les . realized e b o t s ra - slowing a d affor o t EMPLOYMEN e abl , problems T l racia e grav r he h wit , |Africa fjOOwn in the rate of economic growth. Such racial problems could THE ECONOMIC SITUATION ujnly be successfully dealt with against a background of rising n eve h wit d applie y probabl n consideratio s Thi . living f o s ||tandard OUTFLOW OF PRIVATE CAPITAL ater force if race relations were to be approached along the ) (1 d buil o t e wer m ai e th f i n tha d aparthei r o n separatio l racia f o s line f that said e Financ f o r Ministe e th , Speech t Budge s hi n I 5 during 1960 South Africa' d earlier's gol', mentione d n anbee d s foreigha s A n . exchange community reservtt l l multi-racia a dropped by R132-million, as against a rise of R80-million in 195*1 r. Oppenheimer went on to suggest that in the absence of support This decline was caused mainly by an increase in imports'0t| |J)y overseas capital it might not be possible to invest in the Bantu roughly R 133-million over the 1959 level, and a net capital outflow! |4reas on a large scale without reducing the rale of growth of the of R162-million compare. d witwhole a h s aa n e outflopeopl we oth f f £78-millioo g livin f no i ns 1959J standard •econome th d an y The fears of private investors that occurrences in South Africa, Uj fact, without a substantial capital inflow from abroad, large- f inyew r thei e jeopardis d woul , territories n Africa r othe n i s a l wel . impracticable y entirel e b t migh s area e thes f o t developmen e li t capi e privat f o w outflo e th r fo e responsibl y mainl e wer s ment The Governor of the S.A. Reserve Bank, Dr. M. H. de Koc &NTROLS IMPOSED BY THE GOVERNMENT j Septeml 9 n o s stock-holder f o g meetin l genera l annua n a t a d sai d an t impor n tighte o t d force s wa t Governmen e th y Ma g Durin j been: d ha e ther 1 196 e Jun 0 3 d ende r yea e th g durin e whil t tha f credito y , suppl e th t restric o t s step e tak o t d an s control y enc sustained expansion of general economic activity, this had to i value of the initial allocation of import permits had previously at a slower pace- thasub ne in thmad ee previouwer s s good year e , piec an e d in textil certai alia, n braninter c, Now . reduced of activity sucf ho ae s thissu e e mototh n i r e assemblmad s y wa an n d buildinreductio ga industried an , s control t impor o t ' e d a n bee d ha e ther y industr g engineerin e th f o s section n certai art permits for motor cars. a exch n foreig d an d gol f o s holding s Bank' e Reserv e Th s rale e (h d an t cen r pe 5 4m o t | fro d raise s wa e rat k ban e Th ; declined from R312-million at the end of January 1960 to PJ l.government stock were increased. This was followed by an J 30'JjBJ n o n R153-millio o t n agai d an , 1960 e Jun 0 3 n o n millio se in the commercial banks' minimum overdraft and fixcd- d ha l capita e privat f o w outflo e Th . said H h ; Koc e d . Dr , 1961 asit rates. The building societies followed suit by raising their tinucd. l commercia e Th . bonds e mortgag d an s v deposit d fixe n o In a reviews of the affairliabilitie d s of deman thr e Anglo-Americathei t agains s n reserve Corporal y ! statutor m -Sminimu

of S.A., Ltd., its Chairman, Mr. H. F. Oppenheimer, said(S> t |? the ! public were increased. t gr s thi f o s holding d quote e th f o e valu t I96marke g e 0th durin ;The foreign exchange allowances for tourists and emigrants fell by 23 per cent. This severe fall in share prices was caused i IB reduced. Residents were required to declare their holdings the main by the heavy selling of South African shares by inv^* ^foreign assets*6'. , extent t importan n a o t , had s share e Thes . country e th e outsid h Sout d prohibite e Financ f o r Ministe e th r late s week w fe A - i.w. brought back to South Africa through the medium of the la hcan residents from buying securities on the London and Bula- . institutions l financia |*yo stock exchanges. He also forbade the repatriation of funds

l Genera e th f o g meetin l genera l annua e th t a g Speakin lined from realizing foreign-owned shares through the Johannes- and Finance Corporationa o int d ,pai Ltde b , o t in e Junhav e d 1961woul , s Mr. fund C . h S. Suc k . exchange t- k stoc saidw, "My colleagues and I have seen the market value of u Iced Rand account and could be used to pay for other South investments for which we are responsible decline in about eighl3 in-quoted securities'7'. months by some 40 per cent, or £12-million, due to events ent ^ In the speech quoted above, Mr. Oppenheimer said that in the beyond our control". t no d woul y the t bu ; unavoidable e wer s Bmstancestep e thes s

(I) Assembly. 15 March 1961. Hansard 8 cols. 2999-3000. c . rwsSe 106 c) -;.(' 12) Kami Daily Mall, 10 September 19G1. e e Hr^eivJtmttd lli . n i \V h e . T . Mr y b " Review c ) lnftirm:ilio(* "Ixormmi m fro n (}) Ibiil. 9 Jnr.c 1961. Bank's Quarterly Bulletin of Staiinlcs. June 1961. f«) MM. ] o t d faile r fa o s d ha e h d an d Verwoer 2 . Dr h althoug , that l Counci The first resolution was passed by 41 votes to 32, with 21 reach agreement, the exchange of views on racial questions ha(T ' abstentions, by the Special Political Committee, and subsequently served. a most Assembly usefu l l purposeGenera e th . y Hb e , looked forwarabstentions 1 d2 th o awit continuation*', 34 o t s vote 2 .4 y b ' e aeroplan n a n i h deat c tragi s Hammarskjold' . Mr t Bu . talks e th f o - two a , members 9 9 d ha n the h whic , Assembly l Genera e th n I . impossible s thi e mad r Septembe 8 1 n o t acciden e wer s abstention h whic g assessin n i , required s wa y majorit s third t sufficien n gai o t d faile s thu n resolutio t firs s Thi . considered t no BOYCOTTS . withdrawn s wa d an , ; support It was announcey d Assembl b yl the MinisteGenera e th y r b o f d Economiratifie s c wa Affair n s in resolutio the' r . milde e Th Assembl. y oAfrica n h 7 FebruarySout . ' thaabstentions t boycotto n h swit of South (Portugal), Africa e on o t n s goodsvote '5 9 y b had been imposed by legislativ0 e measure. s ivole n t Indiano d di ,l Jamaica,Nepa d an ; n j Spai Antigua, the Sudan, Ghana, Malaya, Barbados and Nelherlands-^j Guiana. E CENSUR F O N MOTIO S Since thenn . EthiopiaForeig f o , r NigeriaMiniste an s d SierrAfrica' a h LeonSout e hav1 e196 decided; r Octobe ; g Durin closed!e hav a ^ Liberi d an e Leon a Sierr . boycotts e trad r simila n upo y Assembl l Genera e th n i h speec a e mad , Louw c Eri . Mr , 'Affairs :in which he outlined his country's policy and also criticised certain ") A«cmb'y. 23 January 1961. Hansard 1 cols. 15-16. jother states. Liberia then introduced a motion censuring Mr. Louw . Hall.January 4 2 Daily '•'Runrl l t i g declarin , address s thi r fo t Governmen n Africa h Sout jane th d ! I d Mamrm" I. passe 3 ceilsl s . 854-6wa n . motio s Thi " erroneous. d an s fictitiou , "offensive e b o t , E RAC F O Y SURVE A 6 28 RELATIONS: 1961 Ml by 67 votes to one (South Africa), with 20 abstentions. Britain, 287 France n and thAfrica e h UniteSout d t Statetha n s were assertio amongs n a g t nineincludin , memberwhole a s s wha on resolutio . abstentions g castin m fro t distinc s a , vote e th n i e participat t no d di d an e "reprehensibl s wa d an e peac d worl d endangere y polic Liberi" a withdreindividuals w d aan furthe s r people resolutio f o s nright thad an t thy e verbatiodignit e th no t tex t t repugnan of Mr. Louw's statement should be expunged from the official was carried by 55 votes to 26 with 20 abstentions. Britain and the records after the Australian delegate had stated that such an action United States voted against the motion. There were no Asian would set a precedent with very serious implications for the future countries amongst those who abstained. of United Nations' debates. The Special Political Committee (hen lurncd il.s allcnlioii to the milder motion, to which various clauses had also been added CONSIDERATIOl al n o g N OFcallin APARTHEIt Damendmen I. N NOVEMBEU.S.S.R A . R 1961 amendments f o y wa y b r Novembe n i e Committe l Politica l Specia e th f o n sessio e th t A member-states to refrain from supplying amis or military assistance 1961 nine African states and Iraq introduced a sanctions motion, to South Africa was passed by 50 votes to 29, with 22 abstentions. in similar terms to the Ghana-sponsored motion that had been An assertion that apartheid was incompatible wi(h United Nations e th f o n attentio e th t tha d propose o als y The . April n i d debate membership received 80 votes to two (South Africa and Portugal). h whic , Charter e th f o 6 e Articl o t n draw e b d shoul l Counci y Securit - dis d continue s Government' n Africa h Sout e th g deplorin e claus A provides that a member who has persistently violated the principles regard of resolutions of the General Assembly, and its application of this Charter may be expelled, and they moved that the Security of further discriminatory laws and measures, the enforcement of Council should at an early date consider South Africa's continued which had "led to violence and bloodshed" was carried by 99 votes membership. to one (South Africa), with one abstention (Portugal). The British g delegatcallin eh is reported'paragrap y ke e toth hav g e said thacontainin , t whilwhole ea ths a e n motio e Th United Kingdom had used every mean0s to bring home to the South • on member-states to consider taking such separate and collective Africano t Governmen , Charter e tth ith s disapprovawit y l oconformit f n thi e, latter'them so t racian ope l e policieswer s a , s action d lea t migh e Thes . sanctions f o n impositio e th t suppor t no d di t i bring about the abandonment by South Africa of policies based on racial discrimination, received 82 votes to two (South Africa and only to a stiffening of South Africa's resolve to pursue such policies , Portugal), with 17 abstentions. and thus worsen the position of the very people whom the United Nations was seeking to help. They might drive to despair the many Later, in the General Assembly, supporters of the sanctions ' > e b t no d woul t I . apartheid f o s supporter t no e wer o wh s White motion attempted to obtain a two-thirds majority for it by propos- logical to expel South Africa and so remove it from the influence ing that there should be no separate votes on individual clauses, s thi d supporte y Ital d an d Zealan w Ne . organization d worl e th f o d defeate s wa e mov s Thi . entirety s it n i d considere g bein n motio e th attitude. by a narrow majority of five voles. Again a more moderate resolution in the terms of the one The sanctions clause failed to gain the necessary majority. ' . >, , Afghanistan y b e tim s thi , introduced o als s wa l Apri n i d move The Canadian delegate, who had abstained in the Special Political Ceylon, Denmark, India, Malaya, Norway and Venezuela. \\ Committee, now volcd against it, but the attitude of others was unchanged. The voting was, thus, 48 to 31 with 22 abstentions. In . . proposed e wer s resolution h bot o t s clause g amendin s Numerou . withdrawn e wer s clause r othe e th , this f o w vie The sanctions motion, calling for the breaking off of diplomatic 1 relations, closine g th o f f o porte s claus an de th airport n sretai ano t d d boycottindecide y g of SoutAssembl l h '3 Genera e Th l Specia e th n i y majorit s two-third a n gai t no d di s good n Africa second resolution which proposed such separate and collective Political Committee, but more votes were cast for it than it •$ actions as were open to members to induce South Africa to receivedd seven require monthe th n s gai earlier t no d . di Th s e votinclause r g waOthe s . 48 to policies 30l , witracia hs it 23n ,'| abando abstentionsd . passe s wa , amended o s s a , resolution e Th . away l fel d an y majorit by 97 votes to two (South Africa and Portugal) with one abstention. The results were along somewhat simila. r lineabsent e s swer o s far as thedelegation e 'j Thre various other clauses of this motion were concerned. The motion vj '• , member- d continue s Africa' h Sout f o n discussio y earl n a r fo g callin A AFRIC T SOUTH-WES F O N CONSIDERATIO ' NATIONS D UNITE ship was passed by 47 votes to 32, with 22 abstentions. Pakistan's,'•} appeal to member-states to refrain from exporting petroleum to ' i Proceedings instituted at flic International Court of Justice South Africa receivek boo ds 4hi 4 n votei r s to 31Ballinge wit . B h . 2R 6 . abstentionsMr y b t ou . Thd e <•.pointe ; s wa s A South-West Africa: The Case Against the Union™, only states . ) t Ka'iilNovember 1 DailyMall,

4 . 1961 n I s Relation e Rac f o e Institut e th y b d Publishe ) (5 288 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS: 1961 w may be parties to suits before the International Court of Justice, 289 - proceed e institut f behal n ow s it n o t canno s Nation d Unite e th s thu l unti a Liberi d an a Ethiopi d allowe t Cour e th f o t Presiden e Th r neithe g bindin e ar h whic , opinions y advisor k see y onl y ma t I . ings 15 April to file their documentary pleadings, and South Africa on the United Nations nor on any state directly concerned in until J5 December I96J to file its counter plea. them. Such an opinion was sought in 1950. The Court then stated it Proceedings at the United Nations, December 1960 to April 1961 a o int r ente o t d boun t no s wa a Afric h Sout e whil t tha d considere During December 1960 a series of resolutions, which had been - South o t d regar n i s Nation d Unite e th h wit t agreemen p trusteeshi initiated in the Trusteeship Committee, were passed in the General West Africa, the Mandate remained in force, and South Africa Assembly by very large majorities. South Africa's motion that the continuee dth e to havbefor es thwa en internationaquestio l l genera obligation e th e s sebecaus t d forth inadjourne e thb e e debat e th g includin , Mandate e th d an s Nation f o e Leagu e th f o t Covenan International Court and the issue was thus sub judice was rejected. s function y supervisor e Th . territory e th n o s report f o n submissio The Assembly resolved: over the Mandate should be exercised by the United Nations. d accepte y subsequentl y Assembl l Genera s Nation d Unite e Th (a) that South Africa had failed and refused to carry out its obligations under the Mandate (86 to nil with 6 absten- d rejecte a Afric h Sout t bu ; resolution a f o m for e th n i n opinio s thi tions); e th o t s obligation s it d an , Mandate e th t tha w vie s it g statin , it international community, lapsed with the dissolution of the League (b) that the application of apartheid in Soulh-Wesl Africa was of Nations. to be deprecated, and that South Africa should be called During November 1960, in their capacities as former members upon to revoke all laws and regulations based on this of the League of Nations, Ethiopia and Liberi: a institutedabstentions) a3 n h actiowit l n ni o t 0 (9 y polic against South Africa in the International Court. They accused (c) that South Africa should be urged to cease imprisoning e Mandat e th f o s term e th g modifyin y substantiall f o a Afric h Sout and deporting Africans and to ensure the free exercise of o t g failin f o d an , Nations d Unite e th f o t consen e th t withou political rights (84 to nil with 7 abstentions); promote to the utmost the material and moral well-being and (d) that South Africa should be called upon to seek the aid of social progress of the inhabitants of the territory, thus violating the United Nations' special agencies and to co-operate with terms of the Mandate. In administering the territory, they stated, them in urgent programmes to assist the indigenous popu- d an n legislatio d applie d an d aparthei d practise d ha a Afric h Sout lation (98 to nil); administrative a decreeAfric s t which werSouth-Wes en o arbitrary e , unreasonableCommitte s Nation d , unjusUnite te th t tha ) (e s right e th d suppresse h whic d an , dignity n huma o t l detrimenta d an y territor e th n i n situatio e th e investigat o t d invite e b d shoul and liberties of inhabitant- s oself-govern f l the territorinterna s y essentiatoward g l leadin to s theistep re propos o t d an orderly evolution towards self-government. South Africa had , ment for the indigenous inhabitants; and that South Africa exercised powers inconsistent with the international status of the ' should be urged to facilitate this mission (78 to nil with 15 territory, and had failed to render reports or transmit petitions. -: abstentions). The Court has bee. n asked tresolutions o e rulthes e f thao y t an th n eo e Mandatvot t no ed idi s a a ' Afric h Sout treaty in force, that South Africa remains subject to the interna- tional obligations set forth in the Covenant of the League of-4 Later, during March, the Assembly requested the committee to Nations, that the General Assembly is legally qualified to exercise ' proceed immediately to make on-the-spot investigations, and to the supervisory functions previously exercised by the League, and report back with recommendations for granting the territory a wide that South Africa is under an obligation to submit to the super- ,'• p measure of self-government leading as soon as possible to com- vision and control of the General Assembly regarding the Mandate, | plete independence. The committee was asked to carry out this . petitions t transmi o t d an s report l annua t submi o t d an j assignment "as fully and expeditiously as possible, with the n co-opcra(io h suc f i t Governmen n Africa h Sout e th f o n co-operatio \ ' International e th h whic n o s point e th , essence n i , are e Thes " necessary. f i t i t withou d an , available e b \ Court gave an opinion in 1950; but, as Mr. Ballinger made clear,; , will, ~, opinion n a y merel t no d an , judgment g bindin a e cas s thi n i Just before the Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference in be given. Should the Court's views remain unchanged, and if ij ; March the General Assembly appealed to all members of the Sout, h Africbring o t a a doesAfric noh t alteSout h r itwit s s attituderelation , e the clos twg o applicanthavin s s Nation coul d d ['Unite then appeal to the Security Council, Mr. Ballinger said. This could ; as a matter of urgency, all their influence to bear on her lead to such measures as sanctions or the legal revocation of the > Government, "with a view to ensuring that it shall adjust its Mandate. ; conduct to its obligations under the Charter of the United Nations ; and shall give effect to resolutions adopted by the General 290 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS: 1961 291 Assembly" (74 votes to nil withl 9 abstentionspatro o t e ,polic Sout t sen h a AfricAfric a h s anreporteddwa Sout t 1 I 5t . (8tha ) Africa . votes) g castin t no s countrie r othe s committee-member f i t tha d sai w Lou . Mr t tha d an , border e th A further resolution, passed in the Assembly by 84 votes to entered the territory they would be arrested and sent back to e th r ove " concern e "grav ' members o t d referre , April g durin l ni Bechuanaland. Mr. Louw stated later"' that he had used the word t tha n opinio r thei d an a Afric t South-Wes n i d aparthei f o e practic "detained", and not "arrested". the continuance of existing conditions in the territory was "likely to According to the official Digest of South African Affairs of 24 e th f o n attentio e Th . security" d an e peac l internationa r endange July, Mr. Louw informed the Secretary-General of the United Security Council was drawn formally to the situation. Nations that if the committee attempted to cross the border , reluctantly r howeve , Government n Africa h Sout e th , illegally Proposed visit by the Special Committee would be obliged to prevent such an attempt, which would involve The United Nations' Committe. e on aggression South-Wes f o t ac n a t n i Afric s a conNation d - Unite e th sisted, during 1961, of representatives from Brazil, Denmark, At this stage the British Government notified the committee Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Ireland, the Phillipines, the United that, as the latter had failed to give an assurance that none of its Arab Republir ente o t c ans d visa Uruguay r thei , , undeborder r e thth e s chairmanshicros o t t p oattemp f Professod woul s r member E. Fabregat of Uruguay. Bechuanaland had been suspended. The committee, which was It io st reported*a 6' thaTanganyik o tt Sout o g ho t Africa' d s decide Foreig , n MinisterSalisbury h , Mrthroug . g Eric passin n the Louw, wrote to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, and interview political refugees from South-West Africa, and after this r Professo o t r lette r simila a t sen r Ambassado r he r late t tha to return home. Fabrcgal, stating that South Africa would not facilitate a visit by Two reports were drawn up for submission to the United the Committeee b d , shoul as a the Afric whol h e questioSout t tha nd of South-Wessuggeste e t Africcommitte e a Th wa s. Nations e th f o s term e th , case y an n i , and t Cour l Internationa e th e befor , territory e th m fro s force y militar s it w withdra o t n upo d calle original Mandate had not required South Africa to allow interna- to halt the immigration of Whites, to cease the enforcement of . visits y supervisor l tiona apartheid measures, and to release seventeen Africans who had Professor Fabregat informed Mr. Louw that eight members been charged with violence after the Windhoek riots of December ; May g durin a Afric h Sout n i e arriv o t d planne e committe s hi f o 1959. n i e participat o t t no d decide d ha d Irelan m fro e representativ e th - inter f o s interest t bes e th n opinio s it n i t tha d state o als t I the tour. The South African Government announced, however, that national peace and security demanded as a matter of great the committef o y e woulstud a e d not beundertak admitte d shoul d y to South-WesAssembl l t AfricGenera e ath not r tha t oy urgenc . Africa h Sout the ways and means by which South Africa's administration of d interviewe y the e wher , Ghana o t t wen t firs s member s It the territory should be terminated, and that administration be y the e ther m Fro . Africa t South-Wes m fro s refugee l politica n certai assumed directly or indirectly by the United Nations, in existing s Nation d Unite e th f o l Secretary-Genera e th o t e messag a t sen e b y probabl d woul n solutio a , stated s wa t i , circumstances e explosiv s wa y territor d mandate e th n i n situatio e th t tha g slatin c Ih f o w purvie e th n withi s measure e compulsiv t withou e impossibl and could become a grave threat to international peace. Mr. Louw Charter. y previousl s month o tw e mad d ha e h t tha n suggestio a d repeate n the to the United Nations1 196 : r that an Novembe independen , Nations d t observeUnite e rth ot fa inters - Proceeding national standing should be asked to investigate the South African During the debate in the Trusteeship Committee in n i t no s wa y territor e th n i n situatio e th t tha m clai s Government' (7) n Africa h Sout e th t tha d announce w Lou . Mr , 1961 r Novembe t no s wa n suggestio s Thi . peace d worl o t t threa a y wa y an Government intended inviting three people of international accepted. standing, probably past presidents of the United Nations General r ente o t s visa s committee-member d grante d ha n Britai Assembly, to visit South-West Africa in their personal capacities. Bechuanaland woul d y on conditioterritor e th nn i thas t they woulcondition f o s d not attempopinion d an s t to cross impression r Thei s rumour d wide-sprea e wer e ther , However . there m fro r borde e th . Government s hi y b l ful n i d publishe e b that some membere th s r of afte th t e tha committe g e proposin intende n d resolutio defyin t draf g a thi d s table n Britai t South-Wes g enterin n o n prohibitio s Africa' h Sout d an n conditio ) Runil(» l>ai!>' Mail. 5 July , quotin a gnews-releas e froc S.Aih m . Broadcastine . ("February ) 7 Evening1 Post, Corporation. . July 4 2 Affairs. African South of Digest ) (7 . July 20 Ibiil. m 292 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS: 1961 293 t Presiden e th d delivere n bee d ha t judgmen s Court' l Internationa of the General Assembly should appoint a special commission of interfere with a South African domestic matter. Mr. Nehru "should rather sweep his own porch and clean up his own back- e th y b e mad s recommendation y an r conside o t s member e fiv yards". e preambl e Th . Louw . Mr y b d suggeste e committe t independen e th f o d "convince f itsel e declar o t s Nation d Unite e th n upo d calle During November 1961 a 13-power resolution in almost f o e futur a a Afric t South-Wes f o e peopl e th r fo e ensur o t d nee identical terms to that described above was once more introduced . choice" n ow r thei in the Special Political Committee. For the first time it was Thesed proposalan a sAfric werh e Sout no f t o accepted s . Insteadrepresentative ,e itTh wa . s decideendorsed d y by unanimousl 86 votes to one (Portugal), with only four abstentions, that a sevcn- Portugal were not present. Later, the General Assembly also endorsed the resolution unanimously, the Soulh African delegation y Ma 1 e befor a Afric t South-Wes t visi d shoul e committe n nalio again having withdrawn. 1962 to investigate conditions and to prepare for general elections ' Nations d Unite r unde d hel d an e suffrag t adul l ful a n o d base e b o t INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION OF JURISTS supervision. The committee would be charged, in consultation with n legislatio d aparthei l al f o l repea e th g achievin h wit , Africa h Sout In December 1960 the International Commission of Jurists * prisoners. l politica f o e releas e th d an of Rule the Africa South and d entitle t repor y length a d publishe Law, which was the result of a detailed investigation into the ORIGIN N INDO-PAKISTA F O S CITIZEN N AFRICA H SOUT situation in South Africa. Copies were sent to the United Nations, Once again in 1961 the United Nations attempted to persuade with which the International Commission has consultative status, t abou n Pakista d an a Indi h wit s discussion d hol o t a Afric h Sout . world e th t throughou s lawyer d an s Government o t d an the treatment of itc s citizenssystemati wha f oo t are of pursui Indo-Pakista s it n i t tha t n originrepor e , th an n i d d state s wa t I g contendin , proceedings e th d boycotte a Afric h Sout e mor e onc policy of racial separation in all spheres of life, the South African that the f matteo k r wanetwor s g one of domestiall-embracin d c an jurisdiction d rigi a d . establishe d ha t Governmen legislation which denied to a vast majority of the population those In Marcy hdignit 196d an 1 s Ghana tableaspiration e d a 14-powelegitimat e th r h Afro-Asiawhic t n resoluwithou s - opportunitie tion expressinl g deesociologica p p regredee e t th tha e t SoutWhil . h Africrealized e ab hat dno d not coul replie g dbein n to huma a f o communications from India or Pakistan and had shown no problem confronting the Government could not be minimised, it s Africa' h Sout . problem e th f o n solutio a t a e arriv o t n dispositio was manifestly apparent that the pursuit of its present policy con- l Genera e th f o s appeal d repeate e th o t n draw s wa n attentio stituted a serious encroachment upon the freedom of all inhabitants, Assembly to enter into negotiations. All member-states were White and Non-White alike. invited to use their good offices to bring about such discussions. The effects of the application of apartheid in various fields This resolution, , introduceconsidered n d in Commissio th e e (h Specia , l system Politica w l pass-la Committee e Th . , analysed e wer o t s vote 8 7 y b y Assembl l Genera e th y b d passe y subsequentl s wa had resulted in flagrant abuses of the law involving arbitrary arrest nil with two abstentions. For the first time Britain and Australia voted for it. and detention, and had created a situation of which certain aspects could be described only as legalized slavery. No less disturbing d ha t i e Not a f o s term e th c publi e mad a Indi e Jun g Durin were the negation of social rights and of free choice of marriage, n i s negotiation g proposin n delegatio n Africa h Sout e th o t t sen e th f o n continuatio e (h e assur o T . assembly f o n restrictio e th d an New Yord kha "withoum syste tl prejudiceeducationa tod the positiosupervise y n adoptecarefull a d y by any inequalit of f o y polic the parties concerned in respect of the issue of domestic jurisdic- been introduced whereby Non-Whites were to receive instruction tion". I, t was social announce r inferio dn a tha f o t Pakistae n acceptanc ha r d senthei r t fo a similan r compreparatio -n i y solel munication. economic and political status. n Informatio n Africa h Sout e th y b d issue t statemen a n I o t y contrar y onl t no e wer s policie y discriminator h Suc Service0"n ' Mr.huma Louf o s w is reporteprinciple d dan e to havjustic ef o sai s d thaconcept t thd e Soutaccepte hy generall e thes " answer o t r bothe n eve t no d "woul t Governmen n Africa h whic n situatio e explosiv y potentiall a d create o als t bu , rights ' !• e wer y countr s it n i g livin s Indian e th t tha d considere t I . Notes might soon lead to even more widespread internal violence than South African citizens, having given up "long-cherished plans" M had already been experienced. o t t righ o n d ha a Indi f o t Governmen e Th . them g repatriatin f o e th t agains t protes r o o t n oppositio f o n expressio y ver e Th policy of apartheid constituted a criminal offence. South Africa's r fou h wit e on o t s vote 0 9 y b n resolutio s thi d endorse r late y Assembl l Genera e Th * n reputatio h hig a d enjoye s alway t presen e th o t p u d ha y judiciar abstentions. (I") Rand Dally Mail. 18 August. for independence, impartiality and concern for fundamental human rights. Yel a judge could only apply and interpret the law as he 294 E RAC F O Y SURVE A RELATIONS: 1961 295 e th f o e independenc e relativ e th t tha e possibl s wa t i d An . it d foun Energy Agency, the Commission for Technical Co-Operation in Bar might become subject to a serious threat: the Minister of Africa South of the Sahara (C.C.T.A.) and its associated Com- Justice had staled that he had instructed his Department to make mission for Scientific Control (C.S.A.), the Inter-Governmental e b d coul s advocate f o n admissio e th w ho n o s recommendation Committee for European Migration, the International Whaling submittel d to stricterInternationa controle th , . Fund y Monetar l Internationa e th , Commission e mer a t presen o t h wis t no d di n Commissio l Internationa e Th l Internationa e th d an , Development d an n Reconstructio r fo k Ban h Sout n i d applie e practic l politica d an y ideolog e th f o t indictmen Bureau for the Protection of Industrial Property00. Africa, it said, but desired rather to create an awareness of the full legal and moral implications of the current situation and to PROPOSED VISIT BY THE UNITED STATES ASSISTANT stress the need for a change of policy. To renounce hope that wiser SECRETARY OF STATE FOR AFRICAN AFFAIRS counsel would eventually prevail and that South Africa would During July 1961 the United States Assistant Secretary of meet the f challengo r tou a ee of thmad , e future Williams b yn solvinMenne g . itG s . complicateMr , dAffairs n internaAfrica l r fo e Stat problems with justice and foresight would mean to lose faith in Africa. The United States Embassy in Pretoria asked whether he (he powes r of freAffair en institutionForeig f o t s and in thDepartmen ee decencth t bu y , of manAfrica . h Sout t visi t migh replied that "to the regret of the Government it has not been MEMBERSHIP OF THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR possible to arrange for the inclusion of a visit to South Africa at ORGANIZATIOs i t I . N Williams . Mr o t t convenien n bee e hav d woul s thi e tim e th a Nigeri , 1961 e Jun n i e conferenc r Labou l Internationa e th t A hoped that it will be possible to arrange a visit later at a mutually tabled a resolution, which was amended by India, stating that convenient time"