DOCSLIB.ORG

Natural Vertical Transmission of Ndumu Virus in Culex Pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes Collected As Larvae

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Natural Vertical Transmission of Ndumu Virus in Culex Pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes Collected As Larvae SHORT COMMUNICATION Natural Vertical Transmission of Ndumu Virus in Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes Collected as Larvae 1,2 3 4 1 JOEL LUTOMIAH, JULIETTE ONGUS, KENNETH J. LINTHICUM, AND ROSEMARY SANG J. Med. Entomol. 51(5): 1091Ð1095 (2014); DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ME14064 ABSTRACT Ndumu virus (NDUV) is a member of the family Togaviridae and genus Alphavirus.In Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jme/article/51/5/1091/884145 by guest on 23 September 2021 Kenya, the virus has been isolated from a range of mosquito species but has not been associated with human or animal morbidity. Little is know about the transmission dynamics or vertebrate reservoirs of this virus. NDUV was isolated from two pools of female Culex pipiens mosquitoes, IJR37 (n ϭ 18) and IJR73 (n ϭ 3), which were collected as larvae on 15 April 2013 from two dambos near the village of Marey, Ijara District, Garissa County, Kenya, and reared to adults and identiÞed to species. These results represent the Þrst Þeld evidence of vertical transmission of NDUV among mosquitoes. KEY WORDS Culex pipiens, Ijara, Ndumu virus, vertical transmission Ndumu virus (NDUV) is a member of the family habitats. There is little evidence to suggest that ver- Torgaviridae and genus Alphavirus, which comprises tical transmission of alphaviruses does occur (Tesh Ͼ31 viruses (Forrester et al. 2012). NDUV was Þrst 1984). Therefore, the Þnding of vertical transmission isolated in South Africa from Mansonia uniformis here provides important information regarding the (Theobald) in 1959 (Kokernot et al. 1961) and has natural maintenance of NDUV. since been described as widespread in most of Africa. It was recently documented in Kenya for the Þrst time Materials and Methods circulating among mosquitoes (Crabtree et al. 2009; Ochieng et al. 2013). Study Sites. Mosquitoes were sampled as larvae In general, infection with alphaviruses such as chi- from dambos in the villages of Marey and Wakab- kungunya, Ross River, Mayaro, and Sindbis causes Harey sublocations in Sangailu Division, Ijara District, clinical manifestations characterized by fever, rash, Garissa County, Kenya (Fig. 1), during the long rainy and arthralgia, although seroconversion in the ab- season of AprilÐMay and short rainy season of No- sence of clinical disease is uncommon with all alpha- vemberÐDecember in 2013. This site was selected viruses (Schmaljohn and McClain 1996). Although based on prior RVFV activity during the 2006Ð2007 mice experimentally infected with NDUV do not sur- RVF epizootic in Kenya. vive the infection (Kokernot et al. 1961), NDUV has Larval Sampling, Rearing, and Identification. Lar- not been associated with human or animal morbidity. val sampling was conducted using standard larval dip- This is because of lack of affordable diagnostic kits to pers (350 ml) (BioQuip, Inc., Compton, CA), from the test febrile patients for infection with this virus and the beginning to the end of the rainy season. Larvae col- lack of studies looking for evidence that NDUV causes lected from the dambos were transferred, in well la- diseases in humans. beled (date of collection and number collected) There are no studies that have been conducted Whirl-Pak bags (Universal Medical, Norwood, MA), speciÞcally to determine whether the virus can be to a Þeld laboratory where they were reared to adults maintained by vertical transmission in mosquito vec- in 4-liter capacity plastic cages. The emerging adults tors. Even this study did not target NDUV in particular were immobilized using 99.5% triethylamine (Sigma- but was primarily designed to explore vertical trans- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and identiÞed to species using mission of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), and other the keys of Edwards (1941), Gillies and Coetzee arboivruses occurring in mosquito species in natural (1987), and Jupp et al. (1976) and pooled up to 25 mosquitoes per pool. Pooled mosquitoes were pre- This paper was published with the permission from the Director, served in liquid nitrogen for transportation to the Kenya Medical Research Institute, KEMRI. KEMRI laboratories in Nairobi for virus isolation at- 1 Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box 54628, Nairobi, Kenya. tempts. 2 Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]. Sample Preparation and Virus Isolation in Cell Cul- 3 Department of Human Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Jomo ture. Mosquito pools were homogenized using cop- Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, PO Box 62000, per beads in 1 ml of homogenizing media comprising 00200-Nairobi, Kenya. 4 USDA/ARS Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary En- Minimum Essential Medium Eagle (MEM), with tomology, 1600/1700 SW 23rd Dr., Gainesville, FL 32608. EarleÕs salts and reduced NaHCO3 (Sigma-Aldrich, 0022-2585/14/1091Ð1095$04.00/0 ᭧ 2014 Entomological Society of America 1092 JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 51, no. 5 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jme/article/51/5/1091/884145 by guest on 23 September 2021 Fig. 1. Map of Kenya showing the study sites in Marey and Wakab-Harey sublocations in Sangailu Division, Ijara District, Garissa County, where larval sampling was conducted. St. Louis, MO) supplemented with 15% heat-inac- (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) using random hexamers tivated fetal bovine serum (FBS; Sigma-Aldrich), 2% followed by RT-PCR using AmpliTag Gold PCR Mas- L-glutamine (Sigma-Aldrich), and 2% antibioticÐan- ter Mix (Applied Biosystems). The cDNA was tested timycotic solution (Sigma-Aldrich) with 10,000 U using a panel of genera (alphavirus, bunyavirus, and penicillin, 10 mg streptomycin, and 25 ␮g ampho- flavivirus) and speciÞc primers for RVFV, NDUV, tericin B per milliliter. The homogenates were clar- babanki (BBKV), and sindbis (SINV) virus (Table 1). iÞed by centrifugation at 12,000 rpm (Eppendorf A positive control cDNA and a no-template negative Њ centrifuge 5417R) for 10 min at 4 C and the super- control were included during the setting up of all PCR natants transferred into 1.5-ml cryogenic vials. Each mos- reactions. AmpliÞcation products were resolved in ␮ quito pool supernatant (50 l) was inoculated per well 1.5% agarose gel in tris-borate-EDTA buffer stained onto conßuent monolayers of Vero cells (CCL81) in with ethidium bromide. 24-well plates grown in MEM, which was supplemented Sequencing. The ampliÞed PCR products were with 10% FBS. The inoculated cultures were incubated puriÞed using ExoSAP-IT (Affymetrix, Inc.). The pu- for 45 min to allow for virus adsorption, and 1 ml of maintenance media comprising MEM supplemented riÞed DNA fragments were sequenced using the Big- with 2% FBS was added to each well. The cultures were Dye 3.1 kit (PE Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) Њ and analyzed using ABI 3500xL Genetic analyzer (Ap- incubated at 37 Cin5%CO2 and monitored daily, through day 10, for cytopathic effects (CPE) as an in- plied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). The sequences dication of virus infection. were compared with available sequences of other Total RNA Isolation and Virus Identification by members of the alphavirus genus in the GenBank Reverse Transcription PCR. Total RNA was isolated database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/) from the supernatant of each culture exhibiting CPE using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST, by Trizol-LS-Chloroform method (Chomczynski and http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi) to conÞrm the Sacchi 1987). Extracted RNA was reverse transcribed identity of the virus isolates. The sequences were to cDNA using SuperScriptIII reverse transcriptase aligned using ClustalW (Larkin et al. 2007). September 2014 LUTOMIAH ET AL.: VERTICAL TRANSMISSION OF NDUMU VIRUS IN Culex MOSQUITOES 1093 Results In total, 4,683 adult mosquitoes emerged from larvae (MareyÑ2,565; Wakab-HareyÑ2,118) and were identiÞed into three genera, representing 14 species, and pooled. Overall, Culex pipiens was the most pre- dominant and constituted 59.7% (n ϭ 2,797) of the total collection and 144 pools, followed by Culex uni- vittatus (21.8%; n ϭ 1,022; Table 2). Two pools (IJR37 and IJR73) out of 325 inoculated in Vero cell cultures caused CPE. The Vero cells in- oculated with IJR37 (n ϭ 18) and IJR73 (n ϭ 3), which were both female Cx. pipiens, developed CPE on day Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jme/article/51/5/1091/884145 by guest on 23 September 2021 777Ð798 Kuno et al. (1996) 1309Ð1327 3 and 2 post infection (pi), respectively. Analysis of the two positive samples by RT-PCR conÞrmed the virus agent to be NDUV. IJR37 and IJR73 were collected on 15 April 2013, from dambo 9 (01Њ 14Ј46.3Љ S, 040Њ ) 86Ð114 Kuno et al. (1996) Ј 39Ј31.6Љ E) and dambo 2 (01Њ 14Ј45.5Љ S, 040Њ 39Ј29.6Љ E), ) 6971Ð6997 Eshoo et al. (2007) Ј respectively, in the village of Marey. BLAST sequence ) 7086Ð7109 ) 9308Ð9283 Ј Ј for the envelope (E1) gene fragment used to identify ) 9007Ð9032 Bryant et al. (2005) Ј the isolates was 99% identical to previously reported ) 4184Ð4203 ) 3368Ð3388 Bryant et al. (2005) Ј Ј Ј ) 309Ð329 sequences (HM147989.1; AF339487.1; AF398375.1; Ј )-3 Ј JN989958.1). ) 5194Ð5213 Bryant et al. (2005) Ј ) 615Ð632 ) 6482Ð6500 ) 124Ð141 Bryant et al. (2005) Ј Ј Ј Ј Discussion Vertical transmission is a fairly common phenom- enon among arboviruses and is thought to play a role in the maintenance of a number of arboviruses in nature, thus ensuring survival during adverse condi- tions (Tesh 1984). Until this study, vertical transmis- sion of NDUV had not been demonstrated. This Þrst evidence of natural vertical transmission
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Isolation of Tick and Mosquito-Borne Arboviruses from Ticks Sampled from Livestock and Wild Animal Hosts in Ijara District, Kenya
    VECTOR-BORNE AND ZOONOTIC DISEASES Volume 13, Number X, 2013 ORIGINAL ARTICLE ª Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2012.1190 Isolation of Tick and Mosquito-Borne Arboviruses from Ticks Sampled from Livestock and Wild Animal Hosts in Ijara District, Kenya Olivia Wesula Lwande,1,2 Joel Lutomiah,3 Vincent Obanda,4 Francis Gakuya,4 James Mutisya,3 Francis Mulwa,1 George Michuki,5 Edith Chepkorir,1 Anne Fischer,6 Marietjie Venter,2 and Rosemary Sang1,3 Abstract Tick-borne viruses infect humans through the bite of infected ticks during opportunistic feeding or through crushing of ticks by hand and, in some instances, through contact with infected viremic animals. The Ijara District, an arid to semiarid region in northern Kenya, is home to a pastoralist community for whom livestock keeping is a way of life. Part of the Ijara District lies within the boundaries of a Kenya Wildlife Service–protected conservation area. Arbovirus activity among mosquitoes, animals, and humans is reported in the region, mainly because prevailing conditions necessitate that people continuously move their animals in search of pasture, bringing them in contact with ongoing arbovirus transmission cycles. To identify the tick-borne viruses circulating among these communities, we analyzed ticks sampled from diverse animal hosts. A total of 10,488 ticks were sampled from both wildlife and livestock hosts and processed in 1520 pools of up to eight ticks per pool. The sampled ticks were classified to species, processed for virus screening by cell culture using Vero cells and RT-PCR (in the case of Hyalomma species), followed by amplicon sequencing.
    [Show full text]
  • North Eastern Province (PRE) Trunk Roads ABC Road Description
    NORTH EASTERN PROVINCE North Eastern Province (PRE) Trunk Roads ABC Road Description Budget Box culvert on Rhamu-Mandera B9 6,000,000 A3 (DB Tana River) Garissa - Dadaab - (NB Somali) Nr Liboi 14,018,446 C81 (A3) Modika - (B9) Modogashe 24,187,599 B9 (DB Wajir East) Kutulo - Elwak - Rhamu - (NB Somali) Mandera 11,682,038 Regional Manager Operations of office 4,058,989 Regional Manager RM of Class ABC unpaved structures 725,628 B9 (DB Lagdera) Habaswein - Wajir - (DB Mandera East) Kutulo 31,056,036 C80 (DB Moyale) Korondile - (B9) Wajir 29,803,573 A3 (DB Mwingi) Kalanga Corner- (DB Garissa) Tana River 16,915,640 A3 (DB Mwingi) Kalanga Corner- (DB Garissa) Tana River 90,296,144 North Eastern (PRE) total 228,744,093 GARISSA DISTRICT Trunk Roads ABC Road Description Budget (DB Garissa) Tana River- Garissa Town 21,000,000 Sub Total 21,000,000 District Roads DRE Garissa District E861 WARABLE-A3-D586 2,250,000.00 R0000 Admin/Gen.exp 302,400.00 URP26 D586(OHIO)-BLOCK 4,995,000.00 Total . forDRE Garissa District 7,547,400.00 Constituency Roads Garissa DRC HQ R0000 Administration/General Exp. 1,530,000.00 Total for Garissa DRC HQ 1,530,000.00 Dujis Const D586 JC81-DB Lagdera 1,776,000.00 E857 SAKA / JUNCTION D586 540,000.00 E858 E861(SANKURI)-C81(NUNO) 300,000.00 E861 WARABLE-A3-D586 9,782,000.00 URP1 A3-DB Fafi 256,000.00 URP23 C81(FUNGICH)-BALIGE 240,000.00 URP24 Labahlo-Jarjara 720,000.00 URP25 kASHA-D586(Ohio)-Dujis 480,000.00 URP26 D586(Ohio)-Block 960,000.00 URP3 C81-ABDI SAMMIT 360,000.00 URP4 MBALAMBALA-NDANYERE 1,056,000.00 Total for Dujis Const 16,470,000.00 Urban Roads Garissa Mun.
    [Show full text]
  • Making Peace Under the Mango Tree a Study on the Role of Local Institutions in Conflicts Over Natural Resources in Tana Delta, Kenya
    Making peace under the mango tree A study on the role of local institutions in conflicts over natural resources in Tana Delta, Kenya By Joris Cuppen s0613851 Master Thesis Human Geography Globalisation, Migration and Development Supervisor: Marcel Rutten October 2013 Radboud University Nijmegen ii Abstract In this research, conflicts over natural resources in the Tana Delta and the role of local institutions are central, with a special emphasis on the 2012/2013 clashes. In this region, conflicts between the two dominant ethnic groups, the Orma (who are predominantly herders) and the Pokomo (predominantly farmers), are common. Three types of institutions are involved with conflict management and natural resource management, namely the local administration, village elders, and peace committees. As for other regions in Kenya, the authority of elders has diminished in the past decades, whereas the local administration lacks the authority and capacity to govern the region. Therefore, peace committees can play a vital role in conflict management and natural resource management. The main natural resources which are contested in the Tana delta, are water, pasture, and farmland. Although peace committees seem fairly effective with managing cross-communal conflicts and preventing any further escalation, conflict prevention needs further priority. Cross- communal agreements to manage natural resources have been less and less the case, which is one of the main factors causing conflicts. Engagement of communities in making these agreements should be one of the priorities in the post-clashes Tana delta. As for the 2012/2013 clashes, it is likely that outside interference, either prior or during the conflict, has caused the escalation of violence, which has led to the loss of almost 200 human lives, probably because of a favourable outcome of the elections held in March 2013.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Analysis of Climate Change Adaptation Strategies at Community Farm-Level in Ijara, Garissa County, Kenya
    ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION STRATEGIES AT COMMUNITY FARM-LEVEL IN IJARA, GARISSA COUNTY, KENYA JOSEPH MWAURA (MENV&DEV) REG. NO. N85/27033/2011 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (CLIMATE CHANGE AND SUSTAINABILITY) IN THE SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY AUGUST, 2015 DECLARATION Declaration by candidate: This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree or award in any other university Signed: ________________________________________Date____________________ Mwaura Joseph M. Reg. No. N85/27033/2011 Department of Environmental Education, Kenyatta University Declaration by supervisors: We confirm that the work reported in this thesis was carried out by the candidate under our supervision Signature__________________________ Date_____________________ Dr James KA Koske Department of Environmental Education, Kenyatta University Signature_____________________________ Date________________ Dr Bett Kiprotich Department of Agribusiness Management and Trade, Kenyatta University ii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to Winnie and Helen and to all their age mates. Decisions made today on sustainable adaptation to impacts of climate change and variability mean much more to them. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I owe my indebted gratitude to Dr James Koske and Dr Bett Kiprotich, my supervisors whose assistance, guidance, and patience throughout the study are invaluable. My special thanks go to Dr. John Maingi for reading the thesis and for offering vital insight. Also the technical support accorded me by Mr. Peter Githunguri and Mr. Ronald Nyaseti all of Garissa County is appreciated. Similar gratitude goes to Mr Jamleck Ndambiri, Head N.E region conservancy, Mr Hanshi Abdi regional Director of Environment for logistical and technical support.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf | 503.01 Kb
    Government of Kenya KENYA Food Security Outlook Update September 2012 Food security improves, but some pastoral areas of the Northeast still in Crisis (IPC Phase 3) Figure 1. Estimated current food security Key messages outcomes, September 2012 The estimated number of food insecure people declined by 43 percent, from 3.8 million in August 2011 to 2.1 million in August 2012 according to the Kenya Food Security Steering Group (KFSSG). In pastoral livelihood zones, the decline was a 69 percent in August from the previous year and was 31 percent in the southeastern and coastal marginal agricultural zones over the same period. High maize prices in some northeastern pastoral areas and in the southeastern marginal agricultural zone continued to make food access difficult and contributed to Crisis (IPC Phase 3) levels of food insecurity. Conflicts in parts of the northeastern pastoral livelihood zone in Mandera, Tana River, and Wajir Districts, have caused displacements and asset losses. Conflict also limits the ability of traders and humanitarian organizations to supply these areas. The zones of conflict are currently classified in Crisis (IPC Phase 3). Although most pastoral and agropastoral areas are Stressed (IPC Source: FEWS NET Kenya Phase 2) and seemingly stable, malnutrition, particularly in the This map represents acute food insecurity outcomes conflict-prone pastoral areas of the Northeast along the Kenya- relevant for emergency decision-making. It does not Somali border could deteriorate if enhanced October to December necessarily reflect chronic food insecurity. Visit rainfall increases outbreaks of water-borne diseases and heightens www.fews.net/FoodInsecurityScale for more informaoin about the Integrated Food Insecurity Phase Classification the levels of malnutrition.
    [Show full text]
  • Prevalence and Factors Associated with Brucellosis Among Community Members in Mandera County, Kenya
    PREVALENCE AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH BRUCELLOSIS AMONG COMMUNITY MEMBERS IN MANDERA COUNTY, KENYA ABDIRAHMAN S. ABDALLA (BVM) Q57/CT/PT/25167/2011 A RESEARCH THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF PUBLIC HEALTH (EPIDEMIOLOGY AND DISEASE CONTROL) IN THE SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY, KENYA APRIL, 2016 ii DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other University or any other award. Signature ………………………………………… Date………………………………… AbdirahmanS. Abdalla (Q57/CTY/PT/25167/2011) Department of Community Health SUPERVISORS We confirm that the work reported in this thesis was carried out by candidate under our supervision as University Supervisors. Signature……………………………………………. Date………………………… Dr. Justus O. S. Osero Department of Community Health Kenyatta University Signature………………………………………………Date………………………… Dr. Peterson N. Warutere Department of Environment and Population Health Kenyatta University iii DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my wife Bishara Abdi Hussein and my two children Abdikhaliq Abdalla and Ayan Abdalla iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my Supervisors Dr Justus Osero and Dr Peterson Warutere and the Chairman, Dept of Community Health of Kenyatta University, Dr. John Paul Oyore for the profound assistance they accorded to me. My sincere gratitude goes to the respondents and community leaders of the study areas who were extremely cooperative and helpful during data collection. I thank Dr. AbdiIle Sakow, and nursing officers Omar DahirElmi, Hassan Muktar and Fartun Adan who assisted in collecting data particularly blood samples from the respondents. I highly recognize the laboratory staff members of Mandera District Hospital for testing blood samples and last but not least, I would like to extend my sincere appreciation to my family Bishara Abdi Husein for greatly supporting me in my work.
    [Show full text]
  • Ijara & Hulugho Districts Period: July 2013
    NATIONAL DROUGHT MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY DROUGHT MONITORING BULLETIN: IJARA & HULUGHO DISTRICTS PERIOD: JULY 2013 WARNING STAGES Livelihood Stage Trend Zone Pastoral Alert Worsening Alert Worsening Agro pastoral Formal employment/ Alert Worsening Casual labor Alert Worsening District Seasonal calendar Short Dry Spell Long rains Long dry spell Short rains Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Milk yield drops High milk yield Low milk availability High milk yield Livestock moves Livestock towards the Livestock moves towards Livestock moves moves traditional wet the fall back dry season towards traditional towards dry grazing areas grazing areas(Boni forest) wet seasons grazing season areas grazing zones High calving, Increased human-wildlife kidding and conflicts Gathering and lambing rates. High mating rates consumption Weaving and High labour demand of wild berries handcrafting Restocking and fruits. activities. Culling of stock Opportunistic crop Herd Restocking and farming separation de-worming Lean period for the pastoralists Lean period for Forage survey the pastoralists Crop farming activities Wedding ceremonies DROUGHT MONITORING BULLETIN, JULY 2013/ IJARA & HULUGHO DISTRICTS Page 1 Situation overview Scattered costal showers were received in some parts of Ijara and Hulugho district in the month under review. These included Hulugho, Ijara, and Sangailu and Bodhai divisions. However , the quantity was too low to make positive impact on pastoral and agro pastoral production Food prices of most essential commodities continued to increase in some areas while others remained the same .The most affected area was Bodhai agro pastoral livelihood because of the poor infrastructure All livestock herds especially cattle were camped in Boni forest and the northern parts of Lamu County.
    [Show full text]
  • Ijara District Environment Action Plan 2009-2013
    REPUBLIC OF KENYA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND MINERAL RESOURCES IJARA DISTRICT ENVIRONMENT ACTIONi PLAN 2009-2013 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) 1999 provides for the preparation of District Environment Action Plans every five years. This is the first District Environment Action Plan (DEAP) for Ijara district. Preparation of this DEAP was done through a participatory process involving the civil society, private and public sectors. The document has incorporated salient issues from the divisions and it highlights priority themes and activities for the district towards attaining sustainable development. It is divided into eight chapters. Chapter one covers the preamble that highlights provisions for environmental planning as provided for under EMCA, Environmental Acton Planning process that discusses the methodology used in preparation of the DEAP. It also stipulates objectives, scope of this DEAP and challenges for environmental management in the district. It further describes district profile, climate and physical features, population size and distribution and social economic characteristics. Chapter two discusses the district’s environment and natural resources such as soils; land and land use changes; agriculture, livestock and fisheries; water sources; forest and wildlife resources and Biodiversity conservation. Chapter three addresses the human settlements and infrastructure. It covers human settlements and planning; human and environmental health; pollution and wastes generated from human settlements; communication networks; social economic services and infrastructure and energy supply. Chapter four discusses industry trade and services in the district. It highlights major industrial sector that covers agro-based industries, engineering, chemical and mineral industries; trade; service sector; tourism sector; mining and quarrying. Chapter five discusses environmental hazards and disasters.
    [Show full text]
  • TERRORISM THREAT in the COUNTRY A) Security Survey
    TERRORISM THREAT IN THE COUNTRY a) Security Survey In 2011, the threat of terrorism in the country rose up drastically largely from the threat we recorded and the attacks we began experiencing. Consequently, the service initiated a security survey on key installations and shopping malls. The objective was to assess their vulnerability to terrorist attacks and make recommendations on areas to improve on. The survey was conducted and the report submitted to the Police, Ministry of Interior and Ministry of Tourism. Relevant institutions and malls were also handed over the report. Subsequent security surveys have continued to be conducted. As with regard to the Westgate Mall which was also surveyed, the following observations and recommendations were made as per the attached matrix. Situation Report for 21.09.12 - Serial No.184/2012 Two suspected Al Shabaab terrorists of Somali origin entered South Sudan through Djibouti, Eritrea and Sudan and are suspected to be currently in Uganda waiting to cross into Kenya through either Busia or Malaba border points. They are being assisted by Teskalem Teklemaryan, an Eritrean Engineer with residences in Uganda and South Sudan. The duo have purchased 1 GPMG; 4 hand grenades; 1 bullet belt; 5 AK 47 Assault Rifles; unknown number of bullet proof jackets from Joseph Lomoro, an SPLA Officer, and some maps of Nairobi city, indicating that their destination is Nairobi. Maalim Khalid, aka Maalim Kenya, a Kenyan explosives and martial arts expert, has been identified as the architect of current terrorist attacks in the country. He is associated with attacks at Machakos Country Bus, Assanands House in Nairobi and Bellavista Club in Mombasa.
    [Show full text]
  • FINAL REPORT for AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY and CLIMATE CHANGE in ARID and SEMI ARID KENYA (Centre File: 106664-001)
    Piloting and upscaling appropriate adaptation strategies for resilience building in the ASALs of Kenya FINAL REPORT For AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN ARID AND SEMI ARID KENYA (Centre File: 106664-001) Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, P.O. Box 57811-00200, Nairobi, Kenya www.kalro.org This report was compiled by Dr. Michael Okoti with submissions from Dr. Simon G. Kuria, Ms. Elizabeth Okwuosa, Mr. Joseph M. Mwaura, Dr. Anderson Kipkoech, Mr. Crispus Njeru, Mr. Patrick K. Ketiem and Mr. Peter Macharia It was edited by Dr. Jane Wamuongo Project Team Dr. Jane W. Wamuongo - Team Leader/Coordinator Dr. Michael Okoti - Ass Team Leader/Coordinator Dr. Simon G. Kuria Ms. Eddah Kaguthi Ms. Elizabeth Okwuosa Mr. Tura Isako Mr. Joseph M. Mwaura Dr. Anderson Kipkoech Mr. Crispus Njeru Mugambi Mr. Patrick K. Ketiem Ms. Grace Rono Dr. Peter Macharia Mrs. Esther Magambo Mr. Wellington Mullinge Mr. Bonface M. Nduma Mr. Leonard Omullo 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................................. 3 THE RESEARCH PROBLEM ...................................................................................................................... 6 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................................. 9 METHODOLOGY .....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Arid Lands Resource Management Project Drought Early Warning System
    Arid Lands Resource Management Project Drought Early Warning System Drought Monitoring Bulletin: Ijara District: Period June 2006 Division(s) Stages Trend Ijara Alert Improving Masalani Alert Improving Sangailu Alert Improving Hulugho Alert Improving District Alert Improving MAP OF IJARA DISTRICT KEY IJARA DISTRICT r Water points N # Centers and Markets Ri ver Ilkabere Road class SOMALIA Bull a Golol 2 3 Garissa Gu bi s Inter_bnd Bura Ga rabe y # Coastal belt Galmagala Kolbio Hulugho # Protected areas Masabubu Wakabharey Alluvial plains # Drought Monitors Ri ver Tana Sangailu Koranhindi Discrete Development Areas Sangailu Hulugho Bo undary DDA Matta-arba Warsame Hadi Liv elihood Zone Arawal e Sangole Handaro Hola Ijara ## Ge di lu n Pumwani Gababa Ruqa Boni National Reserve Ijara Mararani No10 #Ijara Bulla-wacha # Masalani Ge r il l e Dar Es Salaam Bull a-Golol # r Dololo e v Muhumed-Dahir Kai njonja R # r a n Kiunga r # Jalish Bodhai Ta Mangai Masalani r # Qu r amadh a r Hara Bodhei # Dodori Tana River Kori sa Majengo # Primate Bull a Warade Lamu Kotil e 0 1020304050Kilometers Abalatiro OriginalO rsource:iginal S oCentralurce: C Bureauentral B uofre Staau tistics.of Stati sALticRMPs. Ter doesra Nu notova guaranteedoes not gur thatan tthiseed mapto be is cor accurate,rect, accur correctate or orco mcompletplete. e and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions or consequences arising from its use Terra Nuova assumes no responsibility to use for the consequences of any errors or omission. 1 SITUATION HIGHLIGHTS ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS 9 Light coastal showers were experienced in areas adjacent to Boni forest in the first two weeks of the month.
    [Show full text]
  • Garissa County 2013 Long Rains Food Security Assessment Report 29 Th July - 09 Th August, 2013
    GARISSA COUNTY 2013 LONG RAINS FOOD SECURITY ASSESSMENT REPORT TH TH 29 JULY - 09 AUGUST, 2013 Team Members Fredrick Owino Directorate of Special Programmes Hussein Mohamed National Drought Management Authority – Garissa Abdullahi Affey National Drought Management Authority – Ijara Technical CSG Garissa County TABLE OF CONTENT 1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 County Background ............................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Current Relief Operations ..................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Food Security Trends ............................................................................................................ 2 1.4 Current Factors Affecting Food Security ............................................................................. 2 1.5 Recommendations ................................................................................................................. 3 2 COUNTY FOOD SECURITY SITUATION .......................................................................... 3 2.1 Current Food Security Situation ........................................................................................... 3 2.2 Shocks and Hazards on Food Security ................................................................................. 3 3 IMPACT OF SHOCKS AND HAZARDS .............................................................................
    [Show full text]