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Challenges in Financing Development Projects in Public Primary Schools in Ijara District in Garissa County, Kenya

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Challenges in Financing Development Projects in Public Primary Schools in Ijara District in Garissa County, Kenya CHALLENGES IN FINANCING DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN PUBLIC PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN IJARA DISTRICT IN GARISSA COUNTY, KENYA BY PAUL KIGAYA KAROGO E55/CE/11817/08 A RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A DEGREE OF MASTER OF EDUCATION OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY -OCTOBER 2011- ii Declaration This is my original work and has not been presented to any other college/university for any academic award. ………………………… ………………………..…. Paul kigaya Karogo Date E55/CE/11817/08 This project report has been submitted for examination with our approval as the university supervisors. ………………………………… …………………… Sign Date DR. J.A. Nyerere Lecturer, Department of Educational Management, Policy and Curriculum studies, Kenyatta University. ………………………………… …………………… Sign Date Mr. Kiranga Gatimu Lecturer, Department of Educational Management, policy and Curriculum studies, Kenyatta University. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My heartfelt appreciation goes to my supervisors: Dr Nyerere J.A and Mr. Kiranga Gatimu for their guidance, support and encouragement throughout the time of carrying out this research. I wish to thank my employer, the Ministry of Education for granting me leave to pursue my studies. I am greatly indebted to my colleagues for their encouragement and co-operation. Many thanks go to the respondents. The list is long to permit individual mention. That does not indicate any dilution of my gratitude and once again, thanks to you all. iv Table of contents Title page…………………………………………………………………………..(i) Declaration…………………………………………………………………….….(ii) Acknowledgement ……………………………………………………….……....(iii) Table of contents………………………………………………………………….(iv) List of tables ……………………………………………………………………..(vi) List of figures…………………………………………………………………….(vii) Acronyms/abbreviations…………………………………………………………(viii) Abstract …………………………………………………………………….……(ix) CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction………………………………………………………………….1 1.1 Background to the study…………………………………………………….1 1.2 Statement of the problem……………………………………………………3 1.3 Purpose of the study…………………………………………………………4 1.4 Objectives of the study………………………………………………………4 1.5 Research questions…………………………………………………………..4 1.6 Significance of the study…………………………………………………….5 1.7 Assumptions of the study…………………………………………….………5 1.8 Scope and limitations………………………………………………………..6 1.9 Theoretical framework……………………………….……….…………….7 1.10 Conceptual framework………………………………….…….…………….8 1.11 Definition of central terms…………………………….…….………………9 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction--------------------------------------------------------------------10 2.1 Education Financing outside Africa------------------------------------------10 2.2 Education financing in Africa------------------------------------------------12 2.3 Education financing in Kenya------------------------------------------------14 2.4 Education financing under the 8-4-4 system---------------------------------16 2.5 Summary of Literature Review-----------------------------------------------22 v CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction………………………………………………..……………….23 3.1 Research Design….……………………..……………….........................23 3.2 Locale of the study.............................................................................23 3.3 Target population………………………………………...………………..24 3.4 Sample and sampling procedure………………………..……………….…24 3.5 Data collection instruments……………………………..…………………25 3.6 Piloting research instruments……………………………..……….………27 3.7 Data collection procedure………………………………...…………….….28 3.8 Data analysis and presentation……………………………………….…….29 CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 4.0 Introduction …………………………………………………………….30 4.1 Response Rate ……………………………………………………….....31 4.2 Major Development Projects Undertaken By Schools …………….…..31 4.2.1 Physical Facilities ………………………………………………31 4.2.2 School Land Size ……………………………………………….32 4.2.3 Institutions Connected To Electric/Solar Power Supply …….…34 4.3 Sources of Finances for School Development Projects ………………..34 4.4 Accomplishment of Educational Facilities ……………………………..39 4.5 Major Challenges in Financing Development Projects …………….…..41 4.6 Remedies to Challenges in Financing Schools …………………………43 CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 5.0 Introduction ……………………………………………………………45 5.1 Key Findings …………………………………………………………..45 5.3 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………..47 5.4 Recommendations ……………………………………………………..48 5.5 Suggestions for Further Research ……………………………………..51 References……………………………………………………………...52 vi Appendix I- Headteacher‟s Questionnaire…………………...54 Appendix II- PTA chairpersons‟ interview schedule…………57 Appendix III Education Officers Questionnaire………………60 Appendix IV- Researcher‟s observation sheet…………………62 Appendix V- List of Schools................................................63 vii List of tables Table 2.1 Estimated cost of free primary school instructional materials….18 Table 2.2 Summary costs of infrastructure 2005/06- 2009/10……….……21 Table 3.1 Sampling procedure (schools)…………………………………..24 Table 3.2 Respondents……………………………………………………..25 Table 4.1 Response Rate……………………………………………….…..31 Table 4.2 Facilities That Had Been Built By Schools……………………..32 Table 4.3 Land Size………………………………………………………..33 Table 4.4 Adequacy of School Land………………………………………33 Table 4.5 Institutions Connected To Electric/Solar Power Supply……….34 Table 4.6 Headteachers Responses On Sources Of Financing In Schools..35 Table 4.7 PTA Chairpersons Responses on Sources of Finances….……...37 Table 4.8 NGOS Operating in Ijara District………………………….……38 Table 4.9 Facilities That Have Been Built and Complete….……………...40 Table 4.10 Challenges in Financing Development Projects….………….….41 viii List of figures Figure 2.1 Breakdown of Government development budget in education 2003/2004------------------------------------------------------------------19 Figure 2.2 Central Government Expenditure on Social Services -----------------20 Figure 4.1 Adequacy of School Land…………………………………….…..….34 Figure 4.2 Headteachers Responses on Sources of Finances …………………..36 ix Acronyms/Abbreviations ASAL Arid and Semi Arid Lands. ASEI Activity, Student, Experiment and Improvisation. BOG Board of Governors. DEB District Education Board. DEO District Education Officer. CEMASTEA Centre for Mathematics, Science and Technology in Africa. FPE Free Primary Education. ICT Information Communication Technology. INSET In-Service Education and Training. JICA Japanese International Corporation Agency. KCPE Kenya Certificate of Primary Education. KCSE Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education. MDONKALS Ministry for the Development of Northern Kenya and Other Arid Lands. MOE Ministry Of Education. NGO Non-Governmental Organization. PTA Parents and Teachers‟ Association. PDSI Plan, Do, See and Improve. SEPU School Equipment Production Unit. SMASE Strengthening Mathematics and Science in Education. SMASSE Strengthening of Teaching Mathematics and Science in Secondary Education.. UNESCO United Nations Environmental, Scientific and Cultural Organization. UNICEF United Nations International Children‟s Education Fund. x Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the challenges in financing development projects in public primary schools in Ijara district, Garissa County. The objectives of the study were to find out the medium and long-term projects undertaken by public primary schools and how the projects were financed. The research adopted a survey design. A total of fourty two (42) public primary schools and one District Education Officer were targeted for the study. Twelve (12) primary schools were selected using stratified sampling. The respondents were twelve (12) headteachers and twelve (12) PTA chairpersons from the selected schools and one (1) DEO. The research utilized Questionnaires, interview schedules, observation guides and content analysis to collect data. Data was presented in frequency distribution tables and analysed using percentages and bar graphs. The study found out that there were many sources of financing for school development projects. The Government of Kenya through the Ministry of Education and the Ministry for the Development of Northern Kenya and Other Arid Lands were the major financiers of school projects. The constituency development fund (CDF) had been used to put up major school facilities. There were many non- governmental organizations operating in Ijara district that assisted to put up educational facilities. Parents contributions was minimal due to various factors key among them poverty among households. Regarding availability of educational facilities, all the schools (100%) had complete classrooms and toilets. Other buildings which were completed and put to the intended use included boarding facilities, teachers housing and school fencing. None of the schools had acquired computers. All the schools had adequate land. Water provision was a challenge in all the schools. The study recommended that the parents, communities, pupils and stakeholders be actively involved in the development and implementation of school development plans. Income generating activities suited to arid areas like irrigation farming were proposed as an additional source of funds. The government of Kenya should continue putting up low- cost boarding primary schools so as to improve access to quality education of the pastoral/nomadic communities of Ijara district and give them a competitive advantage like children of other well endowed districts in Kenya. 1 CHAPTER ONE Introduction
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