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Tensiones Poliìticas.Pdf UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO Rector Dr. Enrique Graue Wiechers Secretario General Dr. Leonardo Lomelí Vanegas Secretario de Desarrollo Institucional Dr. Alberto Ken Oyama Nakagawa Coordinador de Humanidades Dr. Alberto Vital Díaz CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES SOBRE AMÉRICA LATINA Y EL CARIBE Director Mtro. Rubén Ruiz Guerra Secretario Académico Dr. Mario Vázquez Olivera Secretario Técnico Mtro. Felipe Flores González Jefe de Publicaciones Mtro. Ricardo Martínez Luna SECCIÓN NACIONAL DOMINICANA DEL IPGH Consejo Directivo Presidente Ing. Alejandro Jiménez Reyes Vicepresidente Arq. Nelson Toca Presidente de la Comisión de Cartografía Lic. Susana Hernández Presidente de la Comisión de Geografía Lic. Jorge Quezada Presidente de la Comisión de Geofísica Lic. Eugenio Polanco Rivera Presidente de la Comisión de Historia Lic. Filiberto Cruz Sánchez Tensiones políticas en el Caribe (1944-1964) El arbitraje de la OEA CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES SOBRE AMÉRICA LATINA Y EL CARIBE SECCIÓN DOMINICANA DEL INSTITUTO PANAMERICANO DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA (IPGH) Héctor Luis Martínez Tensiones políticas en el Caribe (1944-1964) El arbitraje de la OEA UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES SOBRE AMÉRICA LATINA Y EL CARIBE MÉXICO 2016 Martínez, Héctor Luis, autor. [Tensiones políticas y arbitraje de la OEA en el Caribe, 1944-1964] Tensiones políticas en el Caribe (1944-1964) : el arbitraje de la OEA / Héctor Luis Martínez. -- Primera edición. 452 páginas. Publicado con anterioridad como: Tensiones políticas y arbitraje de la OEA en el Caribe, 1944- 1964 ISBN 978-607-02-7862-4 1. OEA. 2. Participación política -- Caribe. 2. Geopolítica -- Caribe. I. Título F1402.M36 2016 Diseño de portada: D.G. Irma Martínez Hidalgo Primera edición: abril de 2016 Fecha de edición: 15 de abril de 2016 D.R. © 2016 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, C. P. 04510 Ciudad de México, México CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES SOBRE AMÉRICA LATINA Y EL CARIBE Torre II de Humanidades, 8º piso, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México Correo electrónico: [email protected] http://cialc.unam.mx ISBN: 978-607-02-7862-4 Prohibida la reproducción total o parcial por cualquier medio sin la autorización escrita del titular de los derechos patrimoniales. Impreso y hecho en México Para Faris, mi esposa, y mis hijos Luisín, Dorín Alfonsina y Héctor Daniel, coautores sentimentales de este esfuerzo. ÍNDICE PRESENTACIÓN ............................................ 9 PRÓLOGO .................................................. 11 INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................ 15 PRIMERA PARTE CONFORMACIÓN DEL SISTEMA INTERAMERICANO Esencia del Sistema Interamericano ............................ 23 Conferencias Internacionales Americanas, 1889-1948 ............. 27 La Organización de los Estados Americanos ..................... 69 Fundación de la OEA ......................................... 75 SEGUNDA PARTE TENSIONES POLÍTICAS EN EL CARIBE: 1944-1954 Caracterización política del Caribe ............................. 87 Rafael Leonidas Trujillo en las tensiones políticas del Caribe. 91 Expedición de Cayo Confites .................................. 105 Expedición de Luperón. 115 Ofensiva de Trujillo contra Estimé ............................. 125 La nueva ofensiva diplomática y el atentado de Los Próceres .......................................... 143 Nicaragua bajo el control de los Somoza, Primer Acto ............ 159 Aprestos reformistas en Costa Rica ............................. 171 Diferendo entre Nicaragua y Costa Rica ........................ 185 Apertura democrática en Guatemala ........................... 195 Asedio de la CIA contra Jacobo Arbenz. 219 Hacia la contención del Comunismo ............................ 227 La Décima Conferencia de Caracas, cerco diplomático contra Arbenz ........................................... 235 Derrocamiento de Jacobo Arbenz .............................. 243 TERCERA PARTE LA REVOLUCIÓN CUBANA: CENTRO DE LAS TENSIONES POLÍTICAS EN EL CARIBE Precedentes ................................................. 255 Primeras medidas de la Revolución cubana ...................... 263 Impacto de la Revolución cubana ............................... 273 Primeras reacciones de los Estados Unidos ....................... 285 Reuniones de consulta y contrarrevolución ...................... 293 Alianza para el Progreso: La otra salida ......................... 319 Invasión de Playa Girón ...................................... 335 Expulsión de Cuba de la OEA .................................. 353 Operación Mangosta: nuevo plan contra Cuba ................... 367 La crisis de los misiles ........................................ 379 Última estocada de la OEA ..................................... 405 EPÍLOGO ................................................... 417 BIBLIOGRAFÍA .............................................. 429 ÍNDICE ONOMÁSTICO ........................................ 441 PRESENTACIÓN Adalberto Santana1 La presente obra resulta fundamental para conocer y comprender el escenario político de una región estratégica de nuestra América, me re- fiero al Caribe, particularmente durante el periodo que abarca dos de- cenios del siglo XX. En ese sentido, el título es más que significativo por los temas que trata: Tensiones políticas y arbitraje de la OEA en el Caribe, 1944-1964. Su autor, Héctor Luis Martínez, profesor de la Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo y miembro del Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia (ipGH), desarrolla una investigación acuciosa, basada en fuentes primarias, sobre las vicisitudes políticas que aconte- cieron a lo largo de ambas décadas, desde la óptica geopolítica de una re- gión estratégica de nuestro continente, pero también del mundo como es el Gran Caribe. Si bien en el primer capítulo se abarcan una serie de antecedentes históricos para comprender la esencia del sistema de las re- laciones interamericanas, también su autor nos inserta en los elementos que dieron nacimiento a la Organización de Estados Americanos (OEA). En la segunda parte del trabajo se abordan de manera específica las tensiones que se presentaron en la región, deteniéndose en el origen y desarrollo de distintas dictaduras que asolaron la Cuenca del Caribe, tanto en República Dominicana, con la dictadura de Rafael Leóni- das Trujillo, como con la dinastía de los Somoza en Nicaragua, entre otros dictadores; fenómeno lúcidamente abordado en su momento por Juan Bosch en su célebre libro Póker de espanto en el Caribe.2 Asi- mismo, el autor analiza los gobiernos antidictatoriales en Costa Rica 1 Investigador del Centro de Investigaciones sobre América Latina y el Caribe (CIALC), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), y director acadé- mico de la revista Cuadernos Americanos, vicepresidente de la Comisión de Histo- ria del IPGH. Correo electrónico: <[email protected]>. 2 Juan Bosch, Póker de espanto en el Caribe, México, UNAM, 2009, 219 págs. [9] 10 ADALBERTO SANTANA y en la Guatemala de Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán, así como las políticas contrainsurgentes que comenzaron a proliferar en esos años bajo la conducción de Washington a través de la Agencia Central de Inteli- gencia (ciA). En la tercera parte de la obra encontramos uno de los temas más trascendentales de toda la región latinoamericana y no únicamen- te de las Antillas: la Revolución Cubana, momento histórico clave para comprender cabalmente su origen y desarrollo. Asunto en el que la OEA jugó un papel capital en los planes intervencionistas que llevaron a generar la tensión más álgida en la historia mundial de la segunda mitad del siglo XX: la crisis de los misiles en Cuba. Así pues, el trabajo de Héctor Luis Martínez nos lleva a identi- ficar un periodo axial de la historia latinoamericana y en concreto de las altas tensiones que se vivieron en la amplia región caribeña durante ese periodo que divide y une a las dos mitades del siglo XX. Cabe destacar que la presente obra originalmente figuró con el título Tensiones políticas y arbitraje de la OEA en el Caribe, 1944-1964 (Santo Domingo, UASD, 2012) y que la edición actual ha sido revi- sada entre la sección dominicana del IPGH y el Centro de Investiga- ciones sobre América Latina y el Caribe (CIALC) de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Cooperación que en gran medida contribuye a fortalecer los lazos de nuestras instituciones y a la vez tiene el objetivo de ofrecer y brindar a los especialistas y a un público más amplio interesado en el tema, los avances que en el proceso de la investigación histórica, sobre ese momento del Caribe, ha realizado uno de los académicos dominicanos más reconocidos, quien hace evidente su amplio conocimiento del tema y sus origina- les aportes al estudio del acontecer histórico. Finalmente, considero que aquellos que tengan este libro en sus manos no se sentirán defraudados, pues encontrarán una investi- gación bien documentada, atractivamente escrita, además de que aporta una visión original, dinámica y fresca de esa historia regional, que es necesario conocerla y visualizarla. De acuerdo a la línea edi- torial de un Centro de investigaciones como lo es el CIALC, podemos reconocer que esta obra se inserta en la vertiente de publicar trabajos de investigación que buscan explicar y contribuir al conocimiento de la realidad pasada y presente de nuestra América con espíritu crítico y a la vez propositivo. Ciudad de México, febrero de 2016 PRÓLOGO En nuestro país no hay tradición en los estudios sobre las relaciones
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