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The Impact of the Historical Development of Typography on Modern Classification of Typefaces
M. Tomiša et al. Utjecaj povijesnog razvoja tipografije na suvremenu klasifikaciju pisama ISSN 1330-3651 (Print), ISSN 1848-6339 (Online) UDC/UDK 655.26:003.2 THE IMPACT OF THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF TYPOGRAPHY ON MODERN CLASSIFICATION OF TYPEFACES Mario Tomiša, Damir Vusić, Marin Milković Original scientific paper One of the definitions of typography is that it is the art of arranging typefaces for a specific project and their arrangement in order to achieve a more effective communication. In order to choose the appropriate typeface, the user should be well-acquainted with visual or geometric features of typography, typographic rules and the historical development of typography. Additionally, every user is further assisted by a good quality and simple typeface classification. There are many different classifications of typefaces based on historical or visual criteria, as well as their combination. During the last thirty years, computers and digital technology have enabled brand new creative freedoms. As a result, there are thousands of fonts and dozens of applications for digitally creating typefaces. This paper suggests an innovative, simpler classification, which should correspond to the contemporary development of typography, the production of a vast number of new typefaces and the needs of today's users. Keywords: character, font, graphic design, historical development of typography, typeface, typeface classification, typography Utjecaj povijesnog razvoja tipografije na suvremenu klasifikaciju pisama Izvorni znanstveni članak Jedna je od definicija tipografije da je ona umjetnost odabira odgovarajućeg pisma za određeni projekt i njegova organizacija s ciljem ostvarenja što učinkovitije komunikacije. Da bi korisnik mogao odabrati pravo pismo za svoje potrebe treba prije svega dobro poznavati optičke ili geometrijske značajke tipografije, tipografska pravila i povijesni razvoj tipografije. -
Univers Adrian Frutiger’S Most Prominent Typeface
Beyond the Univers Adrian Frutiger’s Most Prominent Typeface by Wifany Caudenly Beyond The Univers Wifany Caudenly [2A - F09DM0623] TABLE OF CONTENTS : Exploring the Univers 4 Adrian Frutiger 6 7 Deberny & Peignot 8 Univers Weights The Frutiger Numbering 10 System Identifying Characteristics 12 14 Anatomy Comparison The great stroke of luck in my life is to have “been blessed first with an artistic feeling for shapes and second with an easy grasp of The Universe of Univers technical processes and of mathematics. 16 ~Adrian Frutiger ” 2 3 u•ni•vers Adrian Frutiger H mVDu PT i 1954 E aj s N k g e u xq dD O sX h T Br K E h Q F b Sc Gy I NUq uH ag LWyF P t p i AZ k x h l Z o kRiz n X H FG N gM N S u B W S y UTz In 1957, The Swiss e e qK z a typographer Adrian Frutiger J r designed a revolutionary C Rp typeface called Univers. N vPo n c Its simple sans-serif grotesque dF c d hj letterforms are renowned X o R Q e L for its legibility and graphic unity. t E f V Endowed with extreme versatility, k m M mB Z N Univers fulfils its duty as a utilitarian ft n JA workhorse throughout the world. W t L U AG L l vr s 4 | exploring the univers U exploring the univers | 5 Frutiger Charles Peignot invit- Peignotopurchased So, from his early adrian ed Adrian Frutiger to the rights to Pho- sketches at the Zur- work at his company ton, theifirstiphoto- i ch o s ch o o l o f o r o t h e early life Deberny & Peignot typographyimachine appliediarts,oAdrian in 1952.oThere,owh in the United States Frutigerodeveloped hi- Adrian Frutiger was born May 24, 1928 in Unterseen, Switzerland. -
2010 Type Quiz
Text TypeCon 2010 Typographic Quiz Here’s How It Works 30+ Questions to Test Your Typographic Smarts Divided Into Two Parts Part One • 12 Questions (OK, 17) • First right answer to each question wins a prize • Your proctor is the arbiter of answer correctness Part Two • 18 Questions • Answers should be put on “quiz” sheets • Every correct answer to a multiple part question counts as a point • 33 Possible right answers What’s it worth? • There are the bragging rights... • How about the the Grand Prize of the complete Monotype OpenType Library of over 1000 fonts? There’s More... • Something special from FontShop • Gimme hats from Font Bureau • Industrial strength prizes from House Industries • TDC annual complements of the TDC And Even More... • Posters from Hamilton Wood Type Museum • Complete OpenType Font families from Fonts.com • Books from Mark Batty Publisher • Fantastic stuff from P22 And Even More... • Fonts & books & lots of great things from Linotype • Great Prizes from Veer – including the very desirable “Kern” sweatshirt • Font packs and comics from Active Images Over 80 prizes Just about everyone can win something Some great companies • Active Images • Font Bureau • Font Shop • Hamilton Wood Type Museum • House Industries • Linotype • Mark Batty Publisher • Monotype Imaging • P22 • Type Directors Club • Veer Awards • Typophile of the Year • The Doyald Young Typographic Powerhouse Award • The Fred Goudy Honorable Mention • Typographer’s Apprentice (Nice Try) • Typographically Challenged Note: we’re in L.A., so some questions may -
INTERNATIONAL TYPEFACE CORPORATION, to an Insightful 866 SECOND AVENUE, 18 Editorial Mix
INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION TYPEFACE UPPER AND LOWER CASE , THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF T YPE AND GRAPHI C DESIGN , PUBLI SHED BY I NTE RN ATIONAL TYPEFAC E CORPORATION . VO LUME 2 0 , NUMBER 4 , SPRING 1994 . $5 .00 U .S . $9 .90 AUD Adobe, Bitstream &AutologicTogether On One CD-ROM. C5tta 15000L Juniper, Wm Utopia, A d a, :Viabe Fort Collection. Birc , Btarkaok, On, Pcetita Nadel-ma, Poplar. Telma, Willow are tradmarks of Adobe System 1 *animated oh. • be oglitered nt certain Mrisdictions. Agfa, Boris and Cali Graphic ate registered te a Ten fonts non is a trademark of AGFA Elaision Miles in Womb* is a ma alkali of Alpha lanida is a registered trademark of Bigelow and Holmes. Charm. Ea ha Fowl Is. sent With the purchase of the Autologic APS- Stempel Schnei Ilk and Weiss are registimi trademarks afF mdi riot 11 atea hmthille TypeScriber CD from FontHaus, you can - Berthold Easkertille Rook, Berthold Bodoni. Berthold Coy, Bertha', d i i Book, Chottiana. Colas Larger. Fermata, Berthold Garauannt, Berthold Imago a nd Noire! end tradematts of Bern select 10 FREE FONTS from the over 130 outs Berthold Bodoni Old Face. AG Book Rounded, Imaleaa rd, forma* a. Comas. AG Old Face, Poppl Autologic typefaces available. Below is Post liedimiti, AG Sitoploal, Berthold Sr tapt sad Berthold IS albami Book art tr just a sampling of this range. Itt, .11, Armed is a trademark of Haas. ITC American T}pewmer ITi A, 31n. Garde at. Bantam, ITC Reogutat. Bmigmat Buick Cad Malt, HY Bis.5155a5, ITC Caslot '2114, (11 imam. -
Tv38bigelow.Pdf
Histoire de l’Ecriture´ Typographique — le XXi`eme si`ecle (The History of Typographic Writing—The 20th century). Jacques Andr´e, editorial direction. Atelier Perrousseaux, Gap, France, 2016. http://www.adverbum.fr/atelier-perrousseaux Review and summaries by Charles Bigelow (TUGboat vol.38, 2017). https://tug.org/books/#andre vol.1 TUGboat38:1,pp.18–22 vol.2, ch.1–5 TUGboat 38:2, pp.274–279 vol.2, ch.6–8+ TUGboat 38:3, pp.306–311 The original publication, as reviewed, was in two volumes: Tome I/II, de 1900 `a1950. ISBN 978-2-36765-005-0, tinyurl.com/ja-xxieme. 264 pp. Tome II/II, de 1950 `a2000. ISBN 978-2-36765-006-7, tinyurl.com/ja-xxieme-ii. 364 pp. These are the last two volumes in the series The History of Typographical Writing, comprised of seven volumes in all, from the beginning of printing with Gutenberg through the 20th century. All are in French. The individual volumes and the series as a whole are available in various electronic and print formats; please see the publisher’s web site for current offerings. ❧ ❧ ❧ 18 TUGboat, Volume 38 (2017), No. 1 Review and summaries: The History of phy had begun to supplant print itself, because text Typographic Writing — The 20th century display and reading increasingly shifted from paper Volume 1, from 1900 to 1950 to computer screen, a phenomenon now noticed by nearly all readers and publishers. Charles Bigelow In the 20th century, typography was also trans- Histoire de l’Ecriture´ Typographique — le XXi`eme formed by cultural innovations that were strikingly si`ecle; tome I/II, de 1900 `a1950. -
When Is Typography Conceptual? Steen Ejlers, the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, School of Architecture
2013 | Volume III, Issue 1 | Pages 1.1-1.10 When is typography conceptual? Steen Ejlers, The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, School of Architecture A conceptual artwork is not necessarily constituted the sentences disappeared in an even vertical/ by exceptional practical skill, sublime execution or horizontal pattern of letters: beautiful and orderly - whatever might otherwise regularly characterize and difficult to access. “fine art”. Instead, the effort is seated in the Both of these strategies of making stone preparatory process of thought – or as Sol Lewitt inscriptions appear strange to our eyes but once put it: “The idea becomes a machine that apparently it must have worked out. And even so! makes art” (LeWitt 1967). The conceptual work of – the everyday frequency of stone inscriptions that art typically speaks primarily to the intellect and not had to be decoded by the ancient Greeks can hardly necessarily to an aesthetic/sensual experience. be likened to the text bombardment, let alone the But what about the notion of “conceptual reading process, that we live with today. Moreover, type”? Could this be, in a way that is analogous to the Greek inscriptions, like the Roman ones of “conceptual art”, typefaces that do not necessarily the same time, consisted solely of capital letters, function by virtue of their aesthetic or functional all of which could, characteristically enough, be qualities but are interesting alone owing to the deciphered when laterally reversed. However, when foregoing idea-development process? Or is a boustrophedon was brought into practice with the typeface which, in its essential idiom, conveys a Latin alphabet’s majuscule and minuscule letters, message or an idea, conceptually? In what follows, I a number of confusing situations could arise and will try to examine these issues by invoking a series of crucial moments in the history of typeface, from antiquity up to the twenty-first century. -
Typography with the IBM Selectric Composer Adrian Frutiger
Typography with the IBM Selectric Composer Adrian Frutiger The place of the IBM Selectric Composer in the evolution of bookmaking pro cesses is outlined: it provides a return to directness and simplicity, combined with the speed of mechanization. Some restrictions and problems which the new machine poses for the type designer are described. The article was origin ally presented as a lecture at Gallery 303 in New York City last fall. It has been composed on the IBM Selectric Composer in the Univers face which the author adapted to the machine. Reproducing Our Letterforms To explain the place that the IBM Selectric Composer has assumed in our trade, I have drawn up the plan shown in Figure 1. ( 1) In the Middle Ages a calligrapher prepares by pen one copy of a book: this is the most direct progress from the idea to the graphic "imprisonment." The author can make his book by him self. (2) The need for a greater diffusion of ideas encourages book workers in the Middle Ages to invent wood-engraving and printing on a press: the result is faster duplication of copies but the neces sity of cooperation of two specialists, the engraver and the printer. Already the author can no longer make his book by himself. (3) The process becomes more complicated: founding of movable letters, composing, paging, printing require the cooperative skills of several trades. (4) Mechanical composition further multiplies the bookmaking processes, including punching tape, founding, paging, and printing. (5) At last, photocomposition becomes really the faster way to compose: we speak in terms of a million letters per second. -
Avenir, the Future for Amsterdam
Avenir, the future for Amsterdam By Henk Gianotten, August 07th 2003, In recent decades the capital of the Netherlands has experienced both, rapid growth and the decentralization of its local government and all in a period when the expectations of its citizens and visitors were becoming more varied and demanding. With all these changes the city council and its allied services felt an increasing need for a unifying visual identity that would be inextricably bound to the culture of their organization. An identity flexible enough to represent the diverse services within the municipality, yet links each of these with the larger whole. This unifying style also needed to make a confident visual statement for use on printed material, packaging, clothing, website, and a fleet of city-owned vehicles. Certainly the search for this new and clearly defined “face” would be an almost impossible task to present to designers. Deciding on a new “visual identity” for non-profit and government organizations, then developing and maintaining it is an extremely difficult process, that is largely dependent on the components that make up the total identity. It is far easier to create a unified appearance for two hundred shoe stores than it is to create a visual style that links tens of distinctly different departments and services of one local authority. To fully appreciate the complexity of this image-change it is necessary to look at the history of Amsterdam. It has always been a very liberal city, and its municipal services, like its citizens, have evolved within a system long accustomed to a great diversity of opinionated “faces”. -
Linotype Textra™ Medium HOME FONT FINDER FONT PRODUCTS
MY ACCOUNT / LOGIN MY SHOPPING CART presented in: Linotype Textra™ Medium MY FAVORITES HOME FONT FINDER FONT PRODUCTS FONT SERVICES FONT LOUNGE NEWS SUPPORT COMPANY FONT LOUNGE > FONT FEATURES > TYPE – ADAPTED TO EVERYDAY LIFE Go to Font Features Search Portrait Find further Font Features in Type – Adapted to Everyday Life Omnipresent throughout his work our Font Feature Archive. by Klaus-Peter Nicolay FONT OF THE WEEK Serving a purpose FONT DESIGNERS Typography as the highest form of visual communication Necessity is the mother of invention TYPE GALLERY A talk with Adrian Frutiger The last of their guild? FONTS IN USE Portrait Frutiger: a perfectionist FONT FEATURES We can read because we perceive elements and forms which are Forms and counterforms familiar to us. So in order to even recognize words, we must first Give and take LEARN ABOUT TYPE decipher the elements which make up the shapes of the letters – a The written word: a part of our culture MOVIE FONTS process which involves the interplay of myriad aspects. To a certain Fighting "design narcissism" BOOKSHOP degree, many of us are aware of these aspects. Yet Adrian Frutiger Biography of Adrian Frutiger FONT LINKS knows about such shifting dynamics in perception in a way no other person can, as he has been instrumental in researching the subject Fonts of Adrian Frutiger SUBMIT FONTS and over several decades has continuously applied this knowledge to his work. This knowledge, we could say, is the fruit of his unerring Apollo™ awareness of form, his analytic thinking, his technical know-how and Avenir™ his sense of aesthetics, which have all come together to make him Linotype Centennial™ one of the most well-known type artists in the world. -
2 Classification of Type
The Classification of Type “It must be admitted that the classification of printing types is a controversial subject and one upon which little amicable agreement may be expected.” ALEXANDER LAWSON THE CLASSIFICATION OF TYPE The Classification of Type CLASSIFICATION: Historical Movements Renaissance Roman Letter Renaissance Italic Letter The Mannerist Letter The Baroque Letter AaBbCc AaBbCc BEMBO: MONOTOYPE BEMBO ITALIC: MONOTOYPE AaBbCcPOETICA: ROBERT SLIMBACH AaBbCcADOBE CASLON: CAROL TWOMBLY Geometric Modernism The Neoclassical Letter The Romantic Letter The Realist Letter AaBbCc AaBbCc AaBbCc AaBbCc BODONI: GIAMBATTISTA BODONI BASKERVILLE: JOHN BASKERVILLE DIDOT: ADRIAN FRUTIGER AKZIDENZ GROTESK: BERTHOLD Geometric Modernism Lyrical Modernism Postmodern Postmodern Geometric AaBbCc AaBbCc AaBbCc FUTURA: PAUL RENNER AaBbCcPALATINO: HERMANN ZAPF ESPRIT: JOVICA VELJOVIC OFFICINA: ZUZANA LICKO THE PARSONS INSTITUTE 68 Fifth Avenue 212 229 6825 FOR INFORMATION MAPPING New York, NY 10011 piim.newschool.edu THE CLASSIFICATION OF TYPE The Classification of Type SCRIPT FAT FACE MANUAIRE FRAKTUR SCRIPTS FORME QUE/ N TEXTURA ANTI 19TH CENTURY SOMME GOTH LINEALE CLARENDO IC HUMANIST DISPLAY 25 Systems for Classifying Typography: FRACTURE SCHWABACHER GOTHIC DISPLAY BLACKLETTER BATARD ANTIQUE 18TH CENTURY / ANTIQ BLACKLETTER INCISES UA LINEAL ORNAMENTALS GROTESK MECANES SCRIPT EGYPTIAN SLAB ITALIC EGYPTIENNE ROMAN ROMANS 17TH CENTURY CONDENS VENETIAN OLD STYLE PRECLASSICAL CLASSICAL ROMAN VERNACULAR ELZEVIR ED DIDONE ITALIENNE A Study in Naming Frequency -
30 Typographic Communications Today
Qq Rr Ss Tt UuVvWw XxYy Zz 1234567890&/E03W £%!?( PUBLISHED BY INTERNATIONAL TYPEFACE CORPORATION, VOLUME SIXTEEN, NUMBER ONE, WINTER 1989 T1ONS TODAY ol0 Pe eo 04 Major New Bode, eLUewed & Summarized im tfii& 116,6,ue. raw 30. ITC EXHIBITION SCHEDULE At the ITC Exhibition Center A retrospective of the work of British calligrapher Donald Jackson, scribe to Her Majesty's Crown Office at the House of Lords, London. The Letter E A troublesome character with a questionable past - it turns out to be our most useful vowel. The Annual Report... a Perennial Headache The average reader spends a total of nine minutes with it, so why all the angst? Al Hirschfeld: Last of the Broadway Caricaturists His caricatures of Broadway stars document 60 years of New York theatre history. Families to Remember Continuing through March 16th Kaye and Fine, and ITC Caslon® - two en- 12 during, universally appreciated families. Typographic Milestones: Jan Tschichold 16 PAINTING WITH WORDS How a radical thinker almost single- handedly changed the course of typographic design in the 20th century. "Trustees of the Future" Prize Winners First, second and third prize-winners 20 in the fourth annual Herb Lubalin International Student Design Competition. What's New from ITC? ritish calligrapher, Donald Jackson, M.V.O., is (Good things come in threes). 24 scribe to Her Majesty's Crown Office at the House of Lords, London. One, ITC American Typewriter ® Italic, This retrospective exhibit of his work is comprised of more at long last, is now here to round out that family. Two, ITC Isadora;" a script than 50 pieces that were created using methods and techniques that especially designed for digital bitmap have not been altered since the 14th century. -
Adobe Frutiger and NPS Rawlinson—Key Components of the NPS Graphic Identity Program
National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior HFC onMEDIA March / April | 2006 Issue 11 In This Issue Typography that is distinc- tive, easy to read, and used Introducing consistently is an important OpenType component of NPS graphic Fonts identity. One of several new 2 signs at Lyndon B. Johnson NHP (pictured here with the one it replaces above) shows how NPS standard typefaces Why Frutiger & (Frutiger and NPS Rawlinson) NPS Rawlinson can be used to identify an 3 important park facility. Sharing Frutiger & NPS 5 Rawlinson From the Director The NPS Uniform Like our colleagues across the Service, Harpers Ferry Center has been challenged by Collection tight budgets and a smaller staff . One way we have dealt with this situation is to provide 6 park and program staff with better tools and timely training to meet their own interpre- Call for Career Collections tive media needs. The National Park Service Graphic Identity Program, managed by the HFC Offi ce of NPS Identity, is an excellent example of a service we continue to provide to the Park Service community. Launched in 2001, the program has developed graphic standards that help establish a unique organizational identity expressed through the full range of communication materials used by the National Park Service. Today, this program is expressed through such diverse media as park publications, news releases, wayside exhibits, websites, audiovisual programs, and even highway signs. In this issue of HFC onMEDIA, we announce the release of new OpenType® versions of the NPS typefaces Adobe Frutiger and NPS Rawlinson—key components of the NPS Graphic Identity Program.