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AHF_School_cover_JAN23.qxd:Layout 1 1/23/08 3:57 PM Page 1 RESILIENCE OF THE FLOWER BEADWORK PEOPLE Christi Belcourt 1999 Acrylic on Canvas We have survived through incredible odds. We very easily could have been absorbed into the mainstream society. The pressures were there from all sides . No matter. We are here. Despite direct assimilation attempts. Despite the residential school systems. Despite the strong influences of the Church in Métis communities to ignore and deny our Aboriginal heritage and our Aboriginal spirituality. We are still able to say we are proud to be Métis. We are resilient as a weed. As beautiful as a wildflower. We have much to celebrate and be proud of. – Christi Belcourt (excerpt from www.belcourt.net) T r a F n s r BLOOD TEARS f o o Alex Janvier r m m 2001 i Acrylic on linen n T g From Truth to Reconciliation th r Painted on the artist’s 66 birthday, t u h Blood Tears is both a statement of e t Transforming the Legacy of Residential Schools Mr. Janvier’s sense of loss and a h L celebration of his resilience, made all e t g the more powerful with the inclusion o a c of a lengthy inscription painted in his y R own hand on the rear of the canvas. o e f The inscription details a series of c R losses attributed to the ten years o e he spent at the Blue Quills Indian s n i d Residential School: loss of childhood, c e language, culture, customs, parents, Aboriginal Healing Foundation i n l t grandparents, and traditional beliefs. He was taken off the land i i a a he loved and severely punished for speaking his language— 75 Albert Street, Suite 801, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5E7 l t S i Denesu’liné. Being a little boy did not matter and “many, many c o died of broken bodies” and “broken spirit.” The entire inscription h n Phone: (613) 237-4441 o is reproduced within . o Toll-free: (888) 725-8886 l s Fax: (613) 237-4442 WRESTLING WITH MY DEMONS Email: [email protected] Abraham Anghik Ruben Website: www.ahf.ca 2001 Brazilian soapstone Collection of the Silverberg Family Helping Aboriginal people heal themselves This sculpture is a personal interp- retation of my life. It is a mirror of my past, a signpost for the present, a reminder of yet unresolved issues and day-to-day struggles. Past struggles include twenty years of alcoholism and my recovery, and years in the residential school system. These demons still make themselves known, but as time goes by, they have become faint echoes and whispers. – Abraham Anghik Ruben (www.inuastudio.com) Aboriginal Healing Foundation Research Series Aboriginal Healing Foundation Research Series AHF_School_cover_JAN23.qxd:Layout 1 1/23/08 3:57 PM Page 1 RESILIENCE OF THE FLOWER BEADWORK PEOPLE Christi Belcourt 1999 Acrylic on Canvas We have survived through incredible odds. We very easily could have been absorbed into the mainstream society. The pressures were there from all sides . No matter. We are here. Despite direct assimilation attempts. Despite the residential school systems. Despite the strong influences of the Church in Métis communities to ignore and deny our Aboriginal heritage and our Aboriginal spirituality. We are still able to say we are proud to be Métis. We are resilient as a weed. As beautiful as a wildflower. We have much to celebrate and be proud of. – Christi Belcourt (excerpt from www.belcourt.net) T r a F n s r BLOOD TEARS f o o Alex Janvier r m m 2001 i Acrylic on linen n T g From Truth to Reconciliation th r Painted on the artist’s 66 birthday, t u h Blood Tears is both a statement of e t Transforming the Legacy of Residential Schools Mr. Janvier’s sense of loss and a h L celebration of his resilience, made all e t g the more powerful with the inclusion o a c of a lengthy inscription painted in his y R own hand on the rear of the canvas. o e f The inscription details a series of c R losses attributed to the ten years o e he spent at the Blue Quills Indian s n i d Residential School: loss of childhood, c e language, culture, customs, parents, Aboriginal Healing Foundation i n l t grandparents, and traditional beliefs. He was taken off the land i i a a he loved and severely punished for speaking his language— 75 Albert Street, Suite 801, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5E7 l t S i Denesu’liné. Being a little boy did not matter and “many, many c o died of broken bodies” and “broken spirit.” The entire inscription h n Phone: (613) 237-4441 o is reproduced within . o Toll-free: (888) 725-8886 l s Fax: (613) 237-4442 WRESTLING WITH MY DEMONS Email: [email protected] Abraham Anghik Ruben Website: www.ahf.ca 2001 Brazilian soapstone Collection of the Silverberg Family Helping Aboriginal people heal themselves This sculpture is a personal interp- retation of my life. It is a mirror of my past, a signpost for the present, a reminder of yet unresolved issues and day-to-day struggles. Past struggles include twenty years of alcoholism and my recovery, and years in the residential school system. These demons still make themselves known, but as time goes by, they have become faint echoes and whispers. – Abraham Anghik Ruben (www.inuastudio.com) Aboriginal Healing Foundation Research Series Aboriginal Healing Foundation Research Series © 2008 Aboriginal Healing Foundation Published by: Aboriginal Healing Foundation 75 Albert Street, Suite 801, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5E7 Phone: (613) 237-4441 Toll-free: (888) 725-8886 Fax: (613) 237-4442 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ahf.ca Cover Design: Beat Studios Ottawa, Ontario Design & Production: Aboriginal Healing Foundation Printed by: Dollco Printing Ottawa, Ontario Printed version: ISBN 978-1-897285-59-6 Electronic version: ISBN 978-1-897285-61-9 Unauthorized use of the name “Aboriginal Healing Foundation” and of the Foundation’s logo is prohibited. Non-commercial reproduction of this document is, however, encouraged. This project was funded by the Aboriginal Healing Foundation (AHF), but the views expressed in this report are the personal views of the author(s). Ce document est aussi disponible en français. From Truth to Reconciliation Transforming the Legacy of Residential Schools Prepared for the Aboriginal Healing Foundation By Marlene Brant Castellano Linda Archibald Mike DeGagné 2008 Dedication Dedicated to the memory of Gail Guthrie Valaskakis, our colleague and friend. The inspiration for this book was yours. Your love of education and research was a guide to common purpose, understanding, and reconciliation. We are grateful for your encouragement and support, and we miss you. Table of Contents Preface.......................................................................................................................xiii Introduction ................................................................................................................1 Section 1: Truth-Telling Fred Kelly Confession of a Born Again Pagan ................................................................... 11 Brian Rice and Anna Snyder Reconciliation in the Context of a Settler Society: Healing the Legacy of Colonialism in Canada ............................................... 43 A Condensed Timeline of Events .......................................................................... 64 Tricia Logan A Métis Perspective on Truth and Reconciliation ........................................ 69 John Amagoalik Reconciliation or Conciliation? An Inuit Perspective ................................... 91 Stan McKay Expanding the Dialogue on Truth and Reconciliation — In a good way .....................................................................................................101 Section 2: The Legacy Lives On Beverley Jacobs and Andrea Williams Legacy of Residential Schools: Missing and Murdered Aboriginal Women .................................................119 Rupert Ross Telling Truths and Seeking Reconciliation: Exploring the Challenges .................................................................................143 Cindy Blackstock Reconciliation Means Not Saying Sorry Twice: Lessons from Child Welfare in Canada ........................................................163 vii Table of Contents Madeleine Dion Stout A Survivor Reflects on Resilience ..................................................................179 Section 3: Exploring Paths to Reconciliation Jennifer Llewellyn Bridging the Gap between Truth and Reconciliation: Restorative Justice and the Indian Residential Schools Truth and Reconciliation Commission .....................................................................183 Robert Andrew Joseph A Jade Door: Reconciliatory Justice as a Way Forward Citing New Zealand Experience ....................................................................205 Bradford W. Morse Reconciliation Possible? Reparations Essential ...........................................233 John Bond Reconciliation: A non-Indigenous Australian Perspective .........................259 Debra Hocking Reconciliation: An Indigenous Australian Perspective ...............................281 Section 4: Journey of the Spirit Garnet Angeconeb with Kateri Akiwenzie-Damm Speaking My Truth: The Journey to Reconciliation ...................................297 David Joanasie Perspective on Reconcilation from an Inuk Youth ......................................315 William Julius Mussell Decolonizing Education: A Building Block for Reconciliation .................321 David MacDonald A Call to the Churches: “You shall be called repairer of the breach” ...................................................341 Maggie Hodgson Reconciliation: A Spiritual Process ................................................................361