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Reduc in Ction of Nternat F Drough E Ional Re Ht Vulne INTERNATIONAL RELIEF AND DEVELOPMENT REDUCTION OF DROUGHT VULNERABILITIES IN SOUTHERN SWAZILAND 2009‐2012 ENDLINE SURVEY REPORT JUNE 2012 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Demographic characteristics of the household ............................................................................... 6 Figure 2. Demographic characteristics of the household ............................................................................... 7 Figure 4. Use of CA principles ....................................................................................................................... 8 Figure 3. Reasons for using CA principles ..................................................................................................... 8 Figure 4. Use of CA principles ....................................................................................................................... 8 Figure 5. Percentage of crop produced ......................................................................................................... 8 Figure 6. Cereal availability from own harvest from April 2011to April 2012 .................................................. 9 Figure 8. Main sources of income of the household endline compared to baseline ..................................... 10 Figure 8.Main sources of income of the household during the previous 12 months .................................... 10 Figure 9. Sources of water in the dry and rainy season ............................................................................... 11 Figure 10. Problems Sources of water in the dry and rainy ......................................................................... 12 Figure 11. Water treatments methods ......................................................................................................... 13 Figure 12. Water point maintenance fund .................................................................................................... 13 Figure 13. Functions of a water committee .................................................................................................. 14 Figure 14. Time and reason of washing hands ............................................................................................ 14 Figure 15. Main reasons for latrine use ....................................................................................................... 15 Figure 16. Disease caused by water ............................................................................................................ 15 Figure 17. Management of diarrhea ............................................................................................................. 16 i LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Total number of HH selected by tinkhundla ..................................................................................... 4 Table 2. Average estimated 2011/12 yields compared to the 2010/2011 actual yields .................................. 9 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. i LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................ii ACRONYMS ...................................................................................................................................... iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................... v 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Objectives of the survey ....................................................................................................... 2 2. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY .................................................................................. 3 2.1 Selection of study area ........................................................................................................ 3 2.2 Study design and methods ................................................................................................... 3 2.3 Research instrument ............................................................................................................ 4 2.4 Data management and analysis ............................................................................................ 5 2.5 Data Limitations .................................................................................................................. 5 2.6 Ethical consideration ............................................................................................................ 5 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................................. 6 3.1 Demographic characteristics and Household composition of HH .............................................. 6 3.2 Crop production 2011/2012 agricultural season ...................................................................... 7 3.3 Food Access and availability 2010/2011 to 2012/2012 agricultural season................................ 9 3.4 Gardening activities ........................................................................................................... 10 3.5 Livelihood activities ............................................................................................................ 10 3.6 Water availability ............................................................................................................... 11 3.7 Water collection, storage and use ....................................................................................... 12 3.8 Water quality and treatment ................................................................................................ 13 3.9 Water Point Management Committees ................................................................................ 13 3.10 Hygiene and Sanitation ...................................................................................................... 14 3.11 HIV/AIDS awareness ......................................................................................................... 16 4. CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................... 17 iii ACRONYMS CA Conservation Agriculture DHS Demographic Health Survey DHS Demographic Health Survey EOP End of Project (endline survey) HH Household IRD International Relief and Development MT Metric Tonne OFDA Office for Foreign Disaster Assistance SPSS Statistical Package for Social Scientists UN United Nations UNDAF United Nations Development Assistance Framework USAID US Agency for International Development VAC Vulnerability Assessment Committee WFP World Food Programme iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Kingdom of Swaziland is a lower-middle-income country. Its Gini coefficient of 0.61 is one of the highest in the world, indicating wide disparities in household income. Sixty-three percent of the population subsists on less than US $1.25 per day.1 Swaziland has made some improvements in the past three decades; however, one of its greatest challenges is an HIV prevalence of 26 percent among 15–49 year olds—the highest in the world. Swaziland has been historically a net importer of food, rarely achieving production of more than 49% of annual consumption. Up until 2000, Swaziland was routinely harvesting 100.000 MT of maize, Swaziland main staple food. Production during the last 5 years dropped to an average of 61.000 MT. Southern Swaziland is confronted with recurrent droughts, high prevalence of HIV and high food prices. The United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) is forced to reduce the numbers of its beneficiaries under its General Food Distribution activity, while production from subsistence farmers is dropping. The Reduction of Drought Vulnerabilities in Southern Swaziland was initiated in Swaziland in 2009 with the overall goal of “Reducing vulnerability to drought of households and communities in southern Swaziland”. The objectives of the project were (1) To improve agricultural practices under drought conditions and (2) To improve hygiene practices and expand access to safe water for multiple uses. To realize these objectives IRD helped communities to mitigate drought in two provinces— Shiselweni and Lubombo, through a project funded by USAID/OFDA. The project aimed to enhance food security by building capacity of farmers, through training (Conservation Agriculture (CA) and Livestock development) and minimum input support (drought resistant and soil improving crops). A Baseline Survey was carried out between September and December 2009 to obtain the benchmark information using a quantitative approach. The overall objective of this study was to collect endline information on impacts, knowledge and practices related to agriculture and food security and water, sanitation and hygiene among the vulnerable communities in 9 tinkhundla, in Shiselweni and Lubombo district so as to compare with selected indicators utilized in the baseline. A systematic random sampling was followed to select the required sample population from the purposefully selected tinkhundla. A total of 430 HH were included in the sample. Key findings Characteristics of the HH Seventy three percent of the HH were females reflecting
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