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Kurumsal Yönetişim Uygulamaları Çerçevesinde Krizi Fırsata Çevirme Yaklaşımları”Nı Ölçmektir

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Kurumsal Yönetişim Uygulamaları Çerçevesinde Krizi Fırsata Çevirme Yaklaşımları”Nı Ölçmektir T.C. SELÇUK ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ İŞLETME ANABİLİM DALI YÖNETİM ORGANİZASYON BİLİM DALI KURUMSAL YÖNETİŞİM UYGULAMALARI ÇERÇEVESİNDE BASEL II KRİTERLERİ AÇISINDAN TÜRK BANKACILIK SEKTÖRÜNDE KRİZ YÖNETİMİ YAKLAŞIMLARI: KURAMSAL VE GÖRGÜL BİR ARAŞTIRMA DOKTORA TEZİ Danışman Prof. Dr. Adem ÖĞÜT Hazırlayan A. Aslan ŞENDOĞDU KONYA - 2009 i ÖNSÖZ Günümüz dünyası, değişimin en hızlı yaşandığı bir zaman kesitinin içerisindedir. Değişime ayak uyduramayanlar, sistem dışı kalmaktadır. Küreselleşen ekonomilerin dışa açıklığı ve etkileşimleri, olumlu birtakım gelişmelerin yanı sıra olumsuz gelişmeleri de beraberinde getirmektedir. 2000 yılında Fortune 500’de ABD’nin 7. büyük firması olarak gösterilen enerji devi Enron’un Aralık 2001’de iflasını açıklaması ve onu izleyen çok büyük çaptaki şirket iflasları, risklerin ve zararların bilanço dışına çekilerek halkın kandırılması, yönetimlerin bu duruma kayıtsız kalmaları, kurumsal yönetişim kavramının önem kazanmasına yol açmıştır. Basel Komite’nin doğuşu, 1974 petrol krizine bağlı olarak uluslararası bankacılık piyasasında yaşanan çalkantılı yapının istikrara kavuşturulmasına yönelik çabaların bir sonucudur. Komite, Basel I kriterleri olarak yayınladığı asgari sermaye yükümlülüğünü zamanla geliştirerek, Basel II kriterleri olarak risk yönetimi ve etkin denetimin yanı sıra piyasa disiplinini sağlayacak, bankacılık sektörünün sağlıklı bir yapıya kavuşturulmasına yönelik bir dizi çalışmayı ortaya koymuştur. Türk bankacılık sektörü, Basel I kriterlerini tedrici olarak uygulamış olup, Basel II’ye geçiş sürecini yaşamaktadır. Kriz yönetimi, olası kriz durumuna karşılık, erken uyarı sinyallerinin yakalanarak değerlendirilmesi ve örgütün kriz durumunu en az kayıpla atlatabilmesi için gerekli önlemlerin alınması ve uygulanmasına yönelik bir süreçtir. Burada temel amaç krize hiç girmemek, bundan kaçınılamıyorsa en az zararla krizi atlatmanın çarelerini aramaktır. 2008’in ortalarından itibaren şiddetini artıran küresel kriz de, kriz yönetiminin önemini bir kez daha ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışmamızda, daha önceleri ayrı ayrı çalışma konusu yapılan kurumsal yönetişim, Basel II kriterleri ve kriz yönetimi konuları derinlemesine araştırılarak, Türk bankacılık sektörü, yaşanan krizler bağlamında ele alınmakta ve aralarındaki ilintiler, hem kuramsal, hem de görgül olarak, ortaya konulmaya gayret edilmektedir. Çalışmanın başlangıcından sonuna kadar anlamlı bir bütün haline gelmesinde, tecrübesi ve bilgi birikimiyle bana yol gösteren, bilimsel düşünme ve yazma becerilerimin gelişmesine büyük ölçüde katkıda bulunan, bu bağlamda ufuk açan desteğini her zaman hissettiğim Danışmanım, Prof. Dr. Adem ÖĞÜT’e şükranlarımı sunarım. Ayrıca, değerli zamanlarını ayırarak çalışmaya katkı sağlayan bankaların üst düzey yöneticilerine de teşekkür ederim. ii İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa No: ÖNSÖZ................................................................................................................................i İÇİNDEKİLER ...................................................................................................................ii TABLOLAR LİSTESİ ......................................................................................................viii ŞEKİLLER VE GRAFİK LİSTESİ...................................................................................xi KISALTMALAR LİSTESİ ...............................................................................................xii GİRİŞ...................................................................................................................................1 1. BÖLÜM TÜRK BANKACILIK SEKTÖRÜNDE KURUMSAL YÖNETİŞİM 1.1. Yönetim ve Yönetişim Arasındaki Farklar...................................................................4 1.2. İyi Yönetişim................................................................................................................5 1.2.1. Uluslararası Finans Kuruluşlarının İyi Yönetişim Konusuna Yaklaşımları...........9 1.2.1.1. Uluslararası Para Fonu (IMF)...........................................................................9 1.2.1.2. Dünya Bankası (WB) .......................................................................................11 1.3. Kurumsal Yönetişim Kavramı......................................................................................11 1.3.1. Kurumsal Yönetişim Yaklaşımları .........................................................................12 1.3.1.1. Pay Sahipleri Yaklaşımı ...................................................................................13 1.3.1.2. Paydaş Grup Yaklaşımı ....................................................................................13 1.3.2. Vekalet Teorisi .......................................................................................................15 1.3.3. Kurumsal Yönetişimin Alanı .................................................................................17 1.3.4. Kurumsal Yönetişimde Sosyal ve Ekonomik Çevre İlişkileri................................17 1.3.5. Kurumsal Yönetişim İşlevleri.................................................................................18 1.4. Kurumsal Yönetişimin Önemi......................................................................................19 1.5. Uluslararası Kurumsal Yönetişim Model ve Uygulamaları .........................................20 1.6. Kurumsal Yönetişimin Dünyada Tarihi Gelişimi.........................................................23 1.6.1. Kurumsal Yönetişimin İlkeleri ...............................................................................28 1.6.1.1. Şeffaflık İlkesi ..................................................................................................28 1.6.1.2. Hesap Verebilirlik İlkesi ..................................................................................30 1.6.1.3. Adillik İlkesi.....................................................................................................31 1.6.1.4. Sorumluluk İlkesi .............................................................................................31 iii 1.6.2. Kurumsal Yönetişimin Hedefleri............................................................................32 1.6.3. Sarbanes-Oxley Yasası...........................................................................................32 1.7. Örgütsel Etik.................................................................................................................34 1.8. Kurumsal Sosyal Sorumluluk.......................................................................................37 1.9. Kurumsal Yönetişim İçin Yönetim Anlayışı................................................................38 1.10. Kurumsal Yönetişimin Sorunları................................................................................39 1.11. Kurumsal Yönetişimde Başarı Faktörleri...................................................................42 1.12. Kurumsal Yönetişim Anlayışına Getirilebilecek Eleştiriler.......................................45 1.13. Kurumsal Yönetişim Derecelendirme ........................................................................46 1.13.1. Kurumsal Yönetişimi Derecelendirmede Analitik Çerçeve .................................47 1.13.2. Kurumsal Yönetişim Derecelendirme Şekilleri....................................................49 1.13.3. Kurumsal Yönetişim Derecelendirmesinin Faydaları ..........................................50 1.13.4. Kurumsal Yönetişim Endeksi...............................................................................50 1.13.5. Kurumsal Yönetişim Endeksinin Şirketlere ve Yatırımcılara Sağlayacağı Katma Değer.........................................................................................................53 1.14. Kurumsal Yönetişim İle Şirket Performansı Arasındaki İlişki...................................53 1.15. Kurumsal Yönetişimin Türkiye’de Tarihi Gelişimi ...................................................57 1.16. Türkiye’de Kurumsal Yönetişimi Tetikleyici Yapısal Değişimler.............................58 1.17. Bankalarda Kurumsal Yönetişim Kavramı.................................................................59 1.17.1. Bankalarda Kurumsal Yönetişimin Yapısı...........................................................60 1.17.2. Bankalar Kanuna Göre Kurumsal Yönetişim.......................................................60 1.17.3. Bankalarda Kurumsal Yönetişim Bağlamında Risk Yönetimi.............................61 1.17.4. Basel Komitesinin Bankalara İlişkin Kurumsal Yönetişim İlkeleri .....................64 1.18. Kurumsal Yönetişim ve Bankacılık Krizleri Bağlantısı.............................................65 2. BÖLÜM BASEL II KRİTERLERİ AÇISINDAN TÜRK BANKACILIK SEKTÖRÜ 2.1. Basel I Kriterlerinin Ortaya Çıkışı ...............................................................................66 2.2. Basel I Kriterlerinin Temel Esasları .............................................................................67 2.3. Basel I Kriterlerinin Yetersizlikleri ..............................................................................68 2.4. Basel II Kriterlerinin Ortaya Çıkışı ..............................................................................69 2.5. Basel II Kriterlerinin Temel Esasları............................................................................70 iv 2.6. Basel II Kriterlerinin Basel I Kriterlerinden Farkı .......................................................71 2.7. Basel II Kriterlerinin Uygulama Kapsamı....................................................................72
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