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SWR2 Musikstunde SWR2 MANUSKRIPT ESSAYS FEATURES KOMMENTARE VORTRÄGE SWR2 Musikstunde 300 Jahre Karlsruhe Musik einer Stadt (3) Von Thomas Rübenacker Sendung: Mittwoch, 17. Juni 2015 9.05 – 10.00 Uhr Redaktion: Bettina Winkler Bitte beachten Sie: Das Manuskript ist ausschließlich zum persönlichen, privaten Gebrauch bestimmt. Jede weitere Vervielfältigung und Verbreitung bedarf der ausdrücklichen Genehmigung des Urhebers bzw. des SWR. Mitschnitte auf CD von allen Sendungen der Redaktion SWR2 Musik sind beim SWR Mitschnittdienst in Baden-Baden für € 12,50 erhältlich. Bestellungen über Telefon: 07221/929-26030 Kennen Sie schon das Serviceangebot des Kulturradios SWR2? Mit der kostenlosen SWR2 Kulturkarte können Sie zu ermäßigten Eintrittspreisen Veranstaltungen des SWR2 und seiner vielen Kulturpartner im Sendegebiet besuchen. Mit dem Infoheft SWR2 Kulturservice sind Sie stets über SWR2 und die zahlreichen Veranstaltungen im SWR2-Kulturpartner-Netz informiert. Jetzt anmelden unter 07221/300 200 oder swr2.de 1 300 Jahre Karlsruhe – Teil 3 In Oberfranken gibt es ein verschlafenes Städtchen, das man nur schwer erreicht, mit dem Zug oder anderswie. Trotzdem ist es weltberühmt: Bayreuth. Und den Ruhm machen einzig die Wagner-Festspiele aus, die der Komponist dort 1876 etablierte; seit 1951 finden sie alljährlich statt. Wagner hatte ein Theater gesucht, das ihm ganz gehören sollte, als Komponist, Textdichter, Dramaturg und Intendant, das heißt: das ausschließlich seine Stücke spielen dürfe, in seinen Inszenierungen, also: eng am Buchstaben des Gesetzes. Seine Vorstellung vom Gesamtkunstwerk eben. Das Festspielhaus sollte abseits der Metropolen liegen, sich nicht um den normalen Repertoirebetrieb scheren müssen, keine Kompromisse eingehen, noch nicht einmal für die Wagner als Mittel zum Zweck so geliebte Penunze, die er gleichwohl hehr verachtete – über der er eigentlich stand. Er gründete einen Patronatsverein, um das 300.000 Taler teure Festspielhaus zu finanzieren, und was am Ende noch fehlte, steuerte der Wagner-närrische König Ludwig II. noch aus seiner Privatschatulle bei. So entstand der Mythos Bayreuth. Beinahe wäre es der Mythos Karlsruhe geworden. MUSIK: WAGNER, LOHENGRIN (VORSPIEL 1. AKT), Cleveland Orchestra, George Szell, Sony SBK 60665, 4:06 Richard Wagner, das Finale des „Lohengrin“-Vorspiels zum 1. Akt, in einer Aufnahme mit dem Cleveland Orchestra unter George Szell. 2 Dass Richard Wagner dem kleinen Karlsruhe mehr als einen Blick schenkte, dass es zwar nicht Bayreuth wurde, aber immerhin „Klein-Bayreuth“, hat auch zu tun mit dem genialsten Kapellmeister, den der Hof Baden je engagierte: den 1856 bei Wien geborenen Felix Mottl. So und nur so interessierte sich auch die New York Times für das verschlafene Fürstentum in Baden (sprich: Bäden). Am 19. Juli 1903 las man dort: „MOTTL, DER DIRIGENT. Seine brillante Akte am Karlsruher Opernhaus“, und im Text erfuhr der geneigte Leser unter anderem: „Unter seiner Leitung bekam die Karlsruher Oper Modellcharakter. Das liegt aber auch an der Förderung durch den musikliebenden Großherzog von Baden, der, anders als ein gewisser Monarch -“ (ein gezielter Seitenhieb auf Kaiser Wilhelm II.)“- seinen Künstlern nicht dreinredet, sondern Mottl die Freiheit lässt, seinen eigenen Neigungen zu folgen.“ Und weiter unten heißt es: „Mottl ist demokratisch, und das macht ihn zum Favoriten der Karlsruher. Oftmals hatte er Angebote aus Berlin und anderswoher, aber der große Kapellmeister zog seine Unabhängigkeit als Chef der Karlsruher Oper vor, obwohl er ein wesentlich geringeres Salär bezog als das, das er in anderen Städten hätte einsacken dürfen.“ 23 Jahre lang blieb Felix Mottl in Karlsruhe, von 1880 bis 1903, obwohl er zum Beispiel längst aus Bayreuth nicht mehr wegzudenken war. MUSIK: WAGNER/MOTTL, TRISTAN (WELTE-MIGNON), 590 1571 202, 9‘58 3 Felix Mottl, Karlsruhes genialster und beliebtester Kapellmeister, spielte auf einer alten Welte-Mignon-Klavierrolle eine Transkription von eigener Hand aus Richard Wagners „Tristan und Isolde“ - dem Werk also, das Wagner eigentlich in Karlsruhe uraufführen lassen wollte. Zum ersten Mal kam Richard Wagner 1861 nach Karlsruhe. Da wurde er in Sachsen wegen revolutionärer Umtriebe steckbrieflich gesucht – und in Karlsruhe gab es einen, den er kannte. Der Sohn der berühmten Theaterfamilie, Eduard Devrient, war bereits 1852 von Dresden als Theaterleiter an den badischen Hof gewechselt. Am 18. Januar 1855 hatte Karlsruhe so seine erste Wagner- Premiere, „Tannhäuser“, was von der Karlsruher Zeitung damals als bedeutsames Ereignis gefeiert wurde: „... ein reicher Gobelin von Lob und Segen, Irren und Fehlen, für die kleine Bühne des hiesigen Hoftheaters geradezu verschwenderisch ausgestaltet durch Herrn Devrient und seine Compagnie ...“ Damalige Stars der Opernbühne als Gäste taten ein übriges, und schon ein Jahr später gelüstete es den Großherzog, auch den Lohengrin in seinem Hause erleben zu dürfen. Und Wagner, der Staatenlose, sagte nur zu gerne ja. Auch lud er Devrient 1857 in sein Exil in Zürich, um die Möglichkeit zu besprechen, „Tristan und Isolde“ (gerade in Arbeit) in Karlsruhe herauszubringen. Der Großherzog sei mit im Boot, erwiderte Devrient, und ein junger, hochtalentierter Tenor, Ludwig Schnorr von Carolsfeld – später der Wagner-Tenor – fest im Karlsruher Ensemble. Man fragte bei König Johann I. von Sachsen an, ob Wagner dafür ausnahmsweise wieder deutschen Boden betreten dürfe. Der lehnte kategorisch ab: Auch in Baden 4 werde der „Revolutionär“ sofort verhaftet. Und da Wagner die Aufführung diesmal nicht aus der Hand geben wollte, fuhr der Zug Wagner-Festspiele eben an Karlsruhe vorbei und ins oberfränkische Bayreuth. Devrient war dann allerdings erleichtert; er fand das der Großherzogin gewidmete Libretto Wagners jetzt eine wahre Faselei. MUSIK: WAGNER, TRISTAN und Isolde, Margeret Price (Isolde), René Kollo (Tristan), Brigitte Fassbaender (Brangäne), staatskapelle Dresden, Carlos Kleiber, Deutsche Grammophon 413 315-2, 6:48 Eine der aufgewühltesten Szenen aus Richard Wagners Handlung in drei Akten, „Tristan und Isolde“, der Wiederausbruch der „verbotenen“ Liebe kurz vor der Ankunft König Markes zum Ende des 1. Aufzugs, gesungen von René Kollo und Margaret Price als Titelpaar, Brigitte Fassbaender als Brangäne, Dietrich Fischer- Dieskau als Kurwenal, dazu der Rundfunkchor Leipzig und die Staatskapelle Dresden, die Gesamtleitung hatte Carlos Kleiber. Interessanterweise war es der Theaterfürst Devrient selber, der Karlsruher Hofintendant, der letztlich ein „Karlsreuth“ oder „Bayruhe“ verhinderte. Den zwar erfahrenen, aber auch ziemlich konservativen Theatermann schreckte irgendwann mal Wagners megalomanes Ego, das ihm Dinge abverlangte, die ihn effektiv ein Stückweit entmachtet hätten. Hätte er sich darauf eingelassen, er wäre nur noch Assistenz-Intendant von Wagners Gnaden gewesen. Teuerste Ausstattung war klar, aber dann sollten auch noch Bühnenstars als Gäste eingeladen werden, die – so Cosima 5 Wagners Bedingung – keine Juden sein durften. Dazu das Dreifache an Probenzeit für Bühne und Orchester, alles Dinge, die schon damals einen mittleren Bühnenbetrieb wie das Großherzogliche Hoftheater Karlsruhe zu sprengen drohten. Seinem eigentlich Wagner-närrischen Großherzog notierte der Theatermann: „(Wenn er nur käme), einfach seine neue Oper hier in Szene zu bringen, ohne besondere weltanschauliche Zurüstungen und Proklamationen als Musterveranstaltungen, insofern er Tenor und Sopran dafür finde und seine Orchesterforderungen für uns erfüllbar seien“ - so wäre er willkommen. Insbesondere verweigere er Wagners Plan, „zwei seiner neuen Werke, also Tristan und Nibelungenring, mit besonders aus Deutschland erlesenen Talenten einzustudieren in einer Zeit, wo diesem Studium das ganze Theater angehören könne, dazu meint er Juli und August“. Für Devrient wogen die Gefahren „solch einer kostspieligen, das heimische Theater verwirrenden“ Festspielsaison schwerer als ihr möglicher Erfolg, der „hinterher alles gering erscheinen (lassen könnte), was die Bühne mit eigenen Mitteln tut“. Mit anderen Worten: Devrient wollte sich nicht mit glanzvollen Festspielen den Ruf seines wackeren stagione-Betriebs versauen, da hielt er sich lieber an Giuseppe Verdi, der weit weg in Italien war und keinerlei Überintendanten- Ambitionen verlauten ließ. Mit großem Pomp inszenierte Devrient eine „Aida“, die von den Dimensionen her wahrscheinlich Wagners Ideen für „Tristan“ entsprach – aber der große Erfolg gehörte in diesem Fall allein Eduard Devrient. 6 MUSIK: VERDI, AIDA (OUVERTÜRE), Wiener Philharmoniker, Nikolaus Harnoncourt, Warner 2564 64348-2, 4:23 Giuseppe Verdi, das Preludio der Oper „Aida“, die dem Karlsruher Intendanten Eduard Devrient dann doch näher stand als Richard Wagners megalomane Opernexperimente. Nikolaus Harnoncourt dirigierte die Wiener Philharmoniker. Außer Felix Mottl, dem besten, gab es am Karlsruher Hof allerdings auch noch andere hervorragende Kapellmeister: Hermann Levi zum Beispiel, ebenfalls ein Wagnerianer, und Otto Dessoff, der sich mehr zu Brahms hingezogen fühlte (mehr davon morgen). Der 1839 in Gießen geborene Levi, Spross einer alten Rabbinerdynastie, war bemerkenswerterweise der einzige Jude, den Wagner (und sogar Cosima) gelten ließen. Zwar sagte Wagner, als die Uraufführung von „Parsifal“ in Bayreuth anstand, über Levi: „Ungetauft darf er den Parsifal nicht dirigieren“ - aber Levi beugte sich nicht und dirigierte die „Parsifal“-Premiere trotzdem. Das gab dann dicke Luft für den Komponisten, dem aus einschlägigen Kreisen vorgehalten wurde, sein „heiligstes“
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