DOCSLIB.ORG

China's Outward FDI and Aid in Indonesia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Should We Worry about China? China’s Outward FDI and Aid in Indonesia Citra Hennida Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya Keywords: foreign direct investment, dependency, foreign policy, foreign aid. Abstract: Based on data from the Investment Coordinating Board (BKPM), Chinese investment in Indonesia has increased significantly in recent years. The number of Chinese investments increased 12 percent in 2017 and shifted Japan's position as the second largest investor in Indonesia after Singapore. Indonesia's foreign debt to China also increased. Between 2010 and 2016, Indonesia's debt to China increased six times. It is the largest compared to the average increase of Indonesian debt to other countries that is only 1.3 points. This situation raises concerns that Indonesia's foreign policy will benefit China a lot. This concern is justified because there is no binding agreement beyond economic cooperation. Departing from this issue, research discusses whether the level of investment and large debt to China will affect the independence of Indonesia's foreign policy. The study was conducted in the period of 2014 to 2018 during Joko Widodo presidency. 1 INTRODUCTION Chinese investment in Indonesia is increasing. The Investment Coordinating Board (BKPM) noted that China is the second largest investor in Indonesia after Singapore. The amount of Chinese investment in Indonesia in 2017 was US$ 5.5 billion, up 12% from the previous year which amounted to US$ 4.9 billion (The Jakarta Post, January 24, 2018). For the size of ASEAN, China's investment in Indonesia is the most. Based on data from BMI Research in 2017, there are 46 projects supported by Chinain Indonesia; Figure 1: Growth Estimation of Chinese ODI 2013-2022 meanwhile 31 projects are in Laos, 30 projects are in (US$ billion) Vietnam and Malaysia, 20 projects are in Cambodia, 12 projects are in Singapore, 7 projects are in China currently has a lot of money and big Philipines, 6 projects are in Myanmar, and 5 projects markets. China is geographically close to ASEAN are in Thailand (Salikha 2018). countries. ASEAN is seen as providing many low- The flood of Chinese investment in the region is cost manufacturing industries, a market that continues almost inevitable. Data at the end of 2013 shows that to grow and is in line with Xi Jinping government's China is at number three in the world's largest goal of reviving the silk trade route which is the investor country for FDI of US$ 101 billion (Wang, channel of intercontinental infrastructure linking Qi, Zhang 2015). According to China's Ministry of Europe, Central Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia. Commerce in 2014, Chinese companies invested US$ For ASEAN countries, China's investment is needed 116 billion in 156 countries. China's ODI growth is to strengthen fiscal savings and infrastructure between 19-22% since 2013 (Wang 2014). It is also spending. The United States and Western European projected that China's investment is growing as economies that have not fully developed due to the shown in Figure 1. global crisis in 2008 left China as a major player in global financing through AIIB (Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank) and FDI (Foreign Direct 38 Hennida, C. Should We Worry about China? China’s Outward FDI and Aid in Indonesia. DOI: 10.5220/0010272800380046 In Proceedings of Airlangga Conference on International Relations (ACIR 2018) - Politics, Economy, and Security in Changing Indo-Pacific Region, pages 38-46 ISBN: 978-989-758-493-0 Copyright c 2021 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved Should We Worry about China? China’s Outward FDI and Aid in Indonesia Investment) flows. Moreover, China through Belt receiving countries benefit from CSR (Corporate Road Initiatives introduced in 2013 by President Xi Social Responsibility) run by foreign corporations Jinping provides a lot of potential infrastructure residing in the country (Onyeiwu tt). cooperation which includes overland "Silk Road On the one hand Nunnenkamp & Spatz (2004) Economic Belt" and sea-based "Maritime Silk Road". argues that there is no empirical evidence that foreign BRI's proposals in the future also include non- investment has a direct impact on growth. Herzer et infrastructure investment, namely cultural ties and al (2006) adds that foreign investment in the short run people-to-people exchanges (Hillman 2018). does indeed contribute to economic growth but in the President Joko Widodo (Jokowi) captured this long run there is no correlation. Milanovic (2002) opportunity. President Jokowi stressed the states similar argument by saying that there is no importance of infrastructure development to relationship between foreign investments with the accelerate economic growth. China's investment in increase of people's income. There are other Indonesia is mostly in mining, infrastructure and indicators that need to be developed. These indicators tourism. On the occasion of meeting with Chinese are trading volume (De Mello, 1999); domestic President Xi Jinping May 14, 2017, Jokowi invited market, competition level and human capital the Chinese Government to cooperate on three mega (Balasubramanyan et al, 1996); government projects. The three-mega projects are located in North regulations, the development of other economic Sumatra, namely the construction of the Kuala sectors and industry readiness in the country (Agosin Tanjung Port facility and the Medan-Sibolga toll & Mayer, 2000). road; in North Sulawesi, namely the construction of The magnitude of Chinese foreign investment and road infrastructure, railways, ports and airports in aid has led to consequences such as the increasing Bitung-Manado-Gorontalo; in North Kalimantan, number of Indonesia's foreign debt to China which namely energy investment and construction of a 7200 rose by 6 times between 2010 and 2016. It is the megawatt power plant. On the same occasion, the greatest increase in comparison with the average Government of Indonesia and the Government of increase in debt to other countries outside China is China also signed several documents, namely 2017- only 1.3 times. Second, Chinese contractors and sub 2021 Indonesia-China Comprehensive Strategic contractors seek and obtain raw materials and Partnership, China Economic and Technical equipment from suppliers in China and do not use Cooperation, and Jakarta-Bandung rapid train project local suppliers. Third, about half of the Chinese (setkab.go.id). experts working in Indonesia are employed in the Based on BKPM records during 2004-2015 there construction sector (Kong & van de Eng 2018). are about 2500 direct investment projects from China Additionally, the dominance of investment and debt and 1100 projects from Hongkong. This amount is are feared will affect the independence of Indonesian even greater considering that Chinese companies are foreign policy. also channeling their investments through Singapore. Departing from the above background, this study In addition Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) will also aims to find a correlation whether the dominance of spread to sectors outside of mining such as property investment from China affect the independence of and e-commerce. The involvement of Chinese foreign policy of Indonesia against China. This study companies in Indonesia are through two mechanisms: was limited to Jokowi presidency. During his FDI mechanisms and mechanisms of the BRI. A large presidency in 2014, Chinese investment in Indonesia number of companies are involved because they take and Indonesia’s debt to Chian increased rapidly. The part in the Belt and Road Initiative. study found that Indonesian foreign policy tends to be The magnitude of FDI can boost the economy pragmatic and utilizes its position as a middle power (Korbin 2005; Morisset & Pirnia 2001). FDI offers that leads to great power of the region. With this several advantages: (1) technology transfer and position Jokowi is more hedging in the face of China. capability; (2) opening employment opportunities for Indonesia's hedging attitude is influenced by the communities in receiving countries; (3) encouraging domestic political situation. Jokowi’s political the privatization and commercialization of SOEs; (4) opponents mostly play the issues of China and FDI is deemed able to maintain the exchange rate Chinese Indonesians by utilizing the still high because the incoming FDI equals the entry money for stereotypes over China and Chinese Indonesians in the country; (5) generating sustainable economic public and domestic elites. activity; (6) creating cooperation with local businesses, for example through joint-ventures; (7) infrastructure development in recipient countries; (8) 39 ACIR 2018 - Airlangga Conference on International Relations 2 METHOD Table 1: Chinese FDI Realisation in Indonesia 2010-2017 (US$ million) This study focuses on the relationship between foreign investment and foreign policy. This type of research uses descriptive research type as an attempt to explain and interpret a particular phenomenon, problem or behavior. In this study the authors aim to explain how the dominance of foreign investment affect the independence of foreign policy of the recipient country to the donor country. FDI in question is FDI from China. The foreign policy in question is the foreign policy of Indonesia during Jokowi's reign of China, both bilaterally and multilaterally. Data are presented in the form of primary data and secondary data. Primary data were obtained from institutional reports, institutional Before Jokowi’s administration,
Recommended publications
  • The Protection of Indonesian Batik Products in Economic Globalization

    The Protection of Indonesian Batik Products in Economic Globalization

    Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 192 1st International Conference on Indonesian Legal Studies (ICILS 2018) The Protection of Indonesian Batik Products in Economic Globalization Dewi Sulistianingsih1a, Pujiono1b 1Department of Private and Commercial Law , Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang (UNNES), Indonesia a [email protected], b [email protected] Abstract— Batik is one of Indonesia’s cultural heritage whose existence has been recognized by UNESCO since 2009. It has become the identity and characteristic of Indonesia that needs to be preserved and developed. Indonesian people can preserve it by recognizing its products’ existence and conducting development efforts by improving the quality of its products. In Indonesia, batik has been passed down from generations by wearing, producing and marketing its products. The article is the result of a study using a socio-legal method. The data collection was conducted through interview and observation techniques. The research subjects are batik business owners in Indonesia. This paper reveals the challenges and obstacles faced by the local batik product business people in Indonesia in the face of economic globalization. There have been legal efforts to provide protection for the Indonesian batik products. The problems are how the protection is applied and how the country and the community perform the protection. The other objective of this paper is to analyze the readiness of the local batik businesspeople in Indonesia in the face of economic globalization especially from the legal perspective. The article exposes the batik business owners’ weaknesses and seeks to give sound solutions which is hoped to be applied by the batik business owners in Indonesia in order to survive in the globalization era.
  • Pilkada 2015 and Patronage Practice Among Bureaucrat in West Kalimantan, Indonesia

    Pilkada 2015 and Patronage Practice Among Bureaucrat in West Kalimantan, Indonesia

    Asian Social Science; Vol. 12, No. 9; 2016 ISSN 1911-2017 E-ISSN 1911-2025 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Pilkada 2015 and Patronage Practice among Bureaucrat in West Kalimantan, Indonesia Ngusmanto Ngusmanto1 1 Department of Public Administration, Tanjungpura University, West Kalimantan, Indonesia Correspondence: Ngusmanto Ngusmanto, Department of Public Administration, Tanjungpura University, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Jalan Prof. Dr. H. Hadari Nawawi, Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat, 78124, Indonesia. Tel: 62-812-5711-773. E-mail: [email protected] Received: July 28, 2016 Accepted: August 4, 2016 Online Published: August 26, 2016 doi:10.5539/ass.v12n9p236 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n9p236 Abstract Majority studies on electoral dynamics in Indonesia are reinforce patronage as a pattern of relationships between candidates, winning team, and voters. One of winning team element which have little attention from scholars is bureaucrat. Although, normatively, bureaucrats are required to neutral in all type of general election, but in fact bureaucrats is very involved deeply in general elections. Based on empirical research in Sintang District and Ketapang District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia, we found that bureaucrats have a significant role as a winning team in pilkada (direct election for local leader). Patronage is a keyword to explain political relation between bureaucrats and candidate in pilkada. This situation was triggered by the fact that there are many candidates who have social background as civil servant and, consequently, have direct access to bureaucracy. Bureaucrats have high motivation to participate in pilkada as a broker due to protecting their vested interest. In our cases, the vested interest of bureaucrat is career stability which is promising additional personal revenue and social status.
  • A Lesson from Borobudur

    A Lesson from Borobudur

    5 Changing perspectives on the relationship between heritage, landscape and local communities: A lesson from Borobudur Daud A. Tanudirjo, Jurusan Arkeologi, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta Figure 1. The grandeur of the Borobudur World Heritage site has attracted visitors for its massive stone structure adorned with fabulous reliefs and stupas laid out in the configuration of a Buddhist Mandala. Source: Daud Tanudirjo. The grandeur of Borobudur has fascinated almost every visitor who views it. Situated in the heart of the island of Java in Indonesia, this remarkable stone structure is considered to be the most significant Buddhist monument in the Southern Hemisphere (Figure 1). In 1991, Borobudur 66 Transcending the Culture–Nature Divide in Cultural Heritage was inscribed on the World Heritage List, together with two other smaller stone temples, Pawon and Mendut. These three stone temples are located over a straight line of about three kilometres on an east-west orientation, and are regarded as belonging to a single temple complex (Figure 2). Known as the Borobudur Temple Compound, this World Heritage Site meets at least three criteria of the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention: (i) to represent a masterpiece of human creative genius, (ii) to exhibit an important interchange of human values over a span of time or within cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town planning or landscape design, and (iii) to be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literacy works of outstanding universal value (see also Matsuura 2005).
  • Rspo Notification of Proposed New Planting

    Rspo Notification of Proposed New Planting

    RSPO New Planting Procedure Assessment Report PT Karya Bakti Agro Sejahtera-3 – West Kalimantan ` RSPO NOTIFICATION OF PROPOSED NEW PLANTING This notification shall be on RSPO website for 30 days as required by the RSPO procedures for new plantings (http://www.rspo.otg/?q=page/535). It has also been posted on local on site notice boards. Date of notification: August 12, 2016 Tick whichever is appropriate √ This is a completely new development and stakeholders may submit comments This is part of an ongoing planting and is meant for notifications only Company: Bumitama Agri, Ltd Subsidiary: PT Karya Bakti Agro Sejahtera – 3 RSPO Membership No : 1-0043-07-000-00 Location of Proposed New Planting: Kendawangan Subdistrict and Marau Subdisctrict, Ketapang District, West Kalimantan Province. GPS Reference : 2o9’46.11’’ – 2o23’0.87’’ LS - 110o25’1.47’’ – 110o38’1.67’’ BT RSPO New Planting Procedure Assessment Report PT Karya Bakti Agro Sejahtera 3 – West Kalimantan Location of the Proposed New Planting PT Karya Bakti Agro Sejehtara 3 (PT KBAS-3) a subsidiary Bumitama Agri, Ltd, is developing area approximately was 6,680 Ha based on Location Permit Number 567/PEM/2015 accordance to Head of District of Ketapang for palm oil plantation development, located at Kendawangan Subdistrict and Marau Subdistrict, Ketapang District – West Kalimantan Province. The shareholders of PT KBAS - 3 are BAL Group was 99.6% under PT Agro Manunggal Sawitindo (member of BAL) and Bumitama Gunajaya Agro was 0.4%. General company location information: Description Information
  • Indonesia's Transformation and the Stability of Southeast Asia

    Indonesia's Transformation and the Stability of Southeast Asia

    INDONESIA’S TRANSFORMATION and the Stability of Southeast Asia Angel Rabasa • Peter Chalk Prepared for the United States Air Force Approved for public release; distribution unlimited ProjectR AIR FORCE The research reported here was sponsored by the United States Air Force under Contract F49642-01-C-0003. Further information may be obtained from the Strategic Planning Division, Directorate of Plans, Hq USAF. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rabasa, Angel. Indonesia’s transformation and the stability of Southeast Asia / Angel Rabasa, Peter Chalk. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. “MR-1344.” ISBN 0-8330-3006-X 1. National security—Indonesia. 2. Indonesia—Strategic aspects. 3. Indonesia— Politics and government—1998– 4. Asia, Southeastern—Strategic aspects. 5. National security—Asia, Southeastern. I. Chalk, Peter. II. Title. UA853.I5 R33 2001 959.804—dc21 2001031904 Cover Photograph: Moslem Indonesians shout “Allahu Akbar” (God is Great) as they demonstrate in front of the National Commission of Human Rights in Jakarta, 10 January 2000. Courtesy of AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE (AFP) PHOTO/Dimas. RAND is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND® is a registered trademark. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions or policies of its research sponsors. Cover design by Maritta Tapanainen © Copyright 2001 RAND All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying,
  • Indonesia to the UN, WTO, and Other International Organizations in Geneva

    Indonesia to the UN, WTO, and Other International Organizations in Geneva

    Permanent Mission of the Republic of Indonesia to the UN, WTO, and Other International Organizations in Geneva No. ~o’,/POL-llNl/201 3 The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Indonesia to the United Nations, WTO and Other International Organizations presents its compliments to the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Special Procedures Branch, and, with reference to the latter’s Note dated 18 June 2013, has the honour to transmit the response of the Government of the Republic of Indonesia as attached. The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Indonesia to the United Nations, WTO and Other International Organizations avails itself of this opportunity to renew to the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Special Procedures Branch, the assurances of its highest consideration. Geneva, -~9June 2013 Special Rapporteur on Adequate Housing UNOG-OHCHR United Nations Office at Geneva CH-1 211 (fax No. +41 22 917 90 06) RESPONSES SUBMITTED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF INDONESIA QUESTIONNAIRE ON SECURITY OF TENURE Legal Security of tenure, including from forced eviction 1. Lawslregulations recognizing or ensuring legal security of tenure: Indonesia has laws/regulations that recognize or ensure legal security of tenure, as follows: a. Law No 5 Year 1960 on Basic Regulation on Agrarian Principles (UUPA) b. Government Regulation replacing Law No.51 Year 1960 on the Prohibition of the use of Land without the consent of the owner or the assigned authority. c. Law no. 20 Year 1961 on Revocation of Rights of Land and the Objects Over The Land ci. Law No. 1 Year 2011 on Housing and Areas for Settlements.
  • Alternative Fuels 34 Gas/Hybrid Engines 38

    Alternative Fuels 34 Gas/Hybrid Engines 38

    PETROMIN MA RINE Singapore www.petrominonline.com 2020 MAR – aPR & OFFSH ORE AlTERNATIVE FUEls foR GREEN SHIPPIng ToUGH OUTlooK FOR REGIONAL POWERHOUSE P12 EUROPE DomINATES LNG IMPORT STORY IN 2019 P30 Mar – A PR 2020 VOL. 2 NO.02 VOL. Singapore • China • India • Myanmar • Thailand • Japan • Vietnam • Malaysia • Korea • Australia • Germany Your custom solution provider Range of products include: • Accommodation Systems • Electrical Systems • Deck Machinery • Propulsion Systems • Ballast Water Management Systems • Pumps • Cranes • Compressors • LNG/Scrubber Systems • Loading Computer • System Rudder We are able to source the right products with the right specifications with the right quality, at the right cost. Red Offshore Industries Pte Ltd Email: [email protected] Website: www.red-offshore.com CONTENTS The global pandemic has led With IMO resolute on reducing REGULAR to a supply glut and massive the shipping industry’s footprint FOCUS drop in oil prices. The following on the environment, decarbon- article highlights the major ization is one of the main focus ar- 03 Editorial consequences. eas. This article provides some of the options available to shipown- 04 Updates 30 Market News ers to aid them in their journey IMCA ramps up its presence Europe Dominates LNG Import towards zero-carbon. Story in 2019 06 Industry News 38 WinGD Advances Clean 44 Calendar of Events Fuel Research with Flexible 12 Regional Feature Injector Concept Tough Outlook For Regional As the marine and offshore Powerhouse industry move towards greener IN DEPTH operations there is a need 18 Project News for engines which can be 34 Pathways to operated with greener fuel. 26 Novel Coronavirus Decarbonization - This article provides an update Wreaks Havoc on the Oil Simplifying New Fuel on technology which assists & Gas Industry Choices for Shipowners this journey.
  • Action Agenda for a New Food and Land Use Economy in Indonesia

    Action Agenda for a New Food and Land Use Economy in Indonesia

    ACTION AGENDA FOR A NEW FOOD AND LAND USE ECONOMY IN INDONESIA FOOD AND LAND USE COALITION INDONESIA DRAFT FOR CONSULTATION JAKARTA, NOVEMBER 2019 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Indonesia is at an important moment in its history. President Jokowi has set out his priorities for his second term in office, including economic growth, deregulation, infrastructure development, innovation and technology (Widodo, 2019). He has placed a strong focus on human resources development and on improving the lives and prospects of young Indonesians in particular. He has spoken of the need for Indonesians to eat healthier food and of his deep desire to put an end to the stunting and malnutrition which continue to affect many millions of Indonesian citizens. Finally, the President has also articulated his desire to protect Indonesia’s unique environment, including by preventing further deforestation and loss of peatland, devolving land and power to Indonesia’s rural and indigenous communities, and reversing the deterioration of Indonesia’s air quality due to haze, fires and air pollution. The Government of Indonesia has set out an ambitious vision on climate and sustainable development, articulated in Indonesia’s ‘Vision 2045’ and in the National Planning Department BAPPENAS’ signature ‘Low Carbon Development Initiative’ (or ‘LCDI’; BAPPENAS, 2019). The LCDI demonstrates how robust climate action would generate strong and sustained economic growth, more and better jobs for the Indonesian people, and enable Indonesia to meet the UN Sustainable Development Goals and Paris Agreement. In particular, the LCDI describes how concerted action on food and land use will be critical to meeting Indonesia’s low carbon goals, given that at least 52 percent of the country’s greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) are attributable to the food and land use sector.
  • Riots – Communal Violence

    Riots – Communal Violence

    Refugee Review Tribunal AUSTRALIA RRT RESEARCH RESPONSE Research Response Number: IDN30556 Country: Indonesia Date: 15 September 2006 Keywords: IDN30556 – Indonesia – Tangerang – Riots – Communal violence This response was prepared by the Country Research Section of the Refugee Review Tribunal (RRT) after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the RRT within time constraints. This response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. Questions 1. Please advise the location of Pontianak and Tangerang. 2. Please advise if there is any reference to riots, looting, etc. in Tangerang in June 1999, December 2003 and November 2004. 3. Are there further references to looting or rioting in Tangerang on other occasions since 1995? 4. Please provide information about ethnic and/or racial tensions in this area, and also in Indonesia generally. RESPONSE 1. Please advise me of the location of Pontianak and Tangerang. Pontianak is located in the province of West Kalimantan and is the provincial capital (‘Maps and Geographic information – Indonesia’ January 2004, United Nations website http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/indonesi.pdf#search=%22map%20of%20 indonesia%22 – Accessed 12 September – Attachment 1). Tangerang is a large city located about 20km west of the national capital Jakarta. It is in the province of Banten in West Java1 (‘Tangerang’ (undated), Wikipedia website http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerang – Accessed 12 September 2006 – Attachment 2). 1 Users should be aware that Wikipedia is a Web-based free-content encylopaedia which is written collaboratively by volunteers. The Research Service recommends that users of Wikipedia familiarise themselves with the regulatory practices which Wikipedia employs as a preventative measure against vandalism, bias and inaccuracy.
  • Characterizing Forest Reduction in Ketapang District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia

    Characterizing Forest Reduction in Ketapang District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia

    BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X (printed edition) Volume 11, Number 1, January 2010 ISSN: 2085-4722 (electronic) Pages: 46-54 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d110110 Characterizing forest reduction in Ketapang district, West Kalimantan, Indonesia ASEP SUNJAYA ADHIKERANA1, JITO SUGARDJITO2,♥ 1Fauna and Flora International – Indonesia Programme, Jl. Harsono, R.M. No.1, Ragunan, Jakarta 12550, Indonesia 2Research Centre for Biology, The Indonesia Institute for Sciences, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong-Bogor 16911, West Java, Indonesia, Tel.: +62-21-8765056 Fax.: +62-21-8765068, ♥e-mail: [email protected] Manuscript received: 16 November 2009. Revision accepted: 29 December 2009. ABSTRACT Adhikerana AS, Sugardjito J (2010) Characterizing forest reduction in Ketapang district, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 11: 46-54. We have characterized deforestation in the Ketapang district forests when we implemented the Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) Conservation in Trans-boundary Landscape between Central and West Kalimantan provinces. For the purpose of evaluating the changes in land use and land cover in the study areas, a series of Landsat imageries have been analyzed. Each of the Landsat imagery data set for all study areas was initially classified using unsupervised classification into 13 different land-cover types. Ground truth checks were undertaken for Ketapang district forests and Sungai Puteri peat swamp forest, from which the results were used for the supervised land use classification of these two study areas. Between 1992 and 2000 there was only small conversion of primary forest into secondary forests. During this period barren land remained extensive about 30.17% of the total area of Ketapang district. Both agriculture and plantation areas substantially increased 56% and 55% respectively during 2003, while at the same time the extent of both primary and peat swamp forests were considerably reduced up to 15% and 28% respectively.
  • Batik, a Beautiful Cultural Heritage That Preserve Culture and Support Economic Development in Indonesia”

    Batik, a Beautiful Cultural Heritage That Preserve Culture and Support Economic Development in Indonesia”

    “BATIK, A BEAUTIFUL CULTURAL HERITAGE THAT PRESERVE CULTURE AND SUPPORT ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA” Evi Steelyana Accounting Departement, Faculty of Economics and Communication, BINUS University Jln. K.H. Syahdan No. 9, Palmerah, Jakarta Barat 11480 [email protected] ABSTRACT Batik is an icon nation for Indonesia. Batik has awarded as cultural heritage from UNESCO on October 2nd, 2009and it is significantly affected to batik industry afterward.The raising of batik industry caused some multiplier effects to economics and socio cultural in Indonesia. In many areas of industry, banking role has always beenthe man behind the scene. Banking role in Indonesia also gives some encouragement and be part of batik industry development. Many national event has been created by some banks to encourage SME in batik industry to market their product internationally. This paper will give a simple explanation how banking industry and batik industry get along together in Indonesia, especially in financial sector to enhance economics development and to preserve a nation culture.Research methodology in this paper is quantitative method. This paper will give a simple analysis through comparative analysis based on export value from batik industry, domestic use of batik,batik industry development and microcredit or loan from banking industry to SME in batik industry.Many people wearing batik to show how they do appreciate and belong to a culture.Batik also gives other spirit of nationalism which represent in Batik Nationalis.The role of batik in international diplomacy and in the world level gives significant meaning for batik as a commodity which preserve Indonesian culture. In a piece of batik cloth, embodied socio-cultural and economic values that maintain the dignity of a nation.
  • The Governments of Indonesia and Portugal- Recalling General

    The Governments of Indonesia and Portugal- Recalling General

    A/53/951 S/1999/513 English Page 4 Annex I Agreement between the Republic of Indonesia and the Portuguese Republic on the question of East Timor The Governments of Indonesia and Portugal- Recalling General Assembly resolutions 1514 (XV), 1541 (XV), 2625(XXV) and the relevant resolutions and decisions adopted by the Security Council and the General Assembly on the question of East Timor; Bearing in mind the sustained efforts of the Governments of Indonesia and Portugal since July 1983, through the good offices of the Secretary-General, to find a just, comprehensive and internationally acceptable solution to the question of East Timor; Recalling the agreement of 5 August 1998 to undertake, under the auspices of the Secretary-General, negotiations on a special status based on a wide-ranging autonomy for East Timor without prejudice to the positions of principle of the respective Governments on thefinal status of East Timor; Having discussed a constitutional framework for an autonomy for East Timor on the basis of a draft presented by the United Nations, as amended by the Indonesian Government; /... A/53/951 S/1999/513 English Page 5 Noting the position of the Government of Indonesia that the proposed special autonomy should be implemented only as an end solution to the question of East Timor with full recognition of Indonesian sovereignty over East Timor; Noting the position of the Government of Portugal that an autonomy regime should be transitional, not requiring recognition of Indonesian sovereignty over East Timor or the removal of East