The education system of

Cyprus

described and compared with the Dutch system Flow chart | Evaluation chart

Education system Cyprus

This document contains information on the education system of Cyprus. We explain the Dutch equivalent of the most common qualifications from Cyprus for the purpose of admission to Dutch higher education.

Disclaimer We assemble the information for these descriptions of education systems with the greatest care. However, we cannot be held responsible for the consequences of errors or incomplete information in this document.

Copyright

With the exception of images and illustrations, the content of this publication is subject to the Creative Commons Name NonCommercial 3.0 Unported licence. Visit www.nuffic.nl/en/subjects/copyright for more information on the reuse of this publication.

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 Background

• Country: Cyprus, officially the Republic of Cyprus (Greek: Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία, Turkish: Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti). The island of Cyprus gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1960. In 1974 Turkey invaded Cyprus and since then occupies 36.2% of the territory. The Republic of Cyprus is internationally recognised as the sole legitimate state on the island with sovereignty over its entire territory, including the occupied areas. • Responsible for education: Cyprus Ministry of Education, Culture, Sport and Youth (Υπουργείο Παιδείας, Πολιτισμού, Αθλητισμού και Νεολαίας). • EU membership: since May 2004. • Bologna process: Cyprus has been a member of the Bologna process and the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) since 2001. The bachelor-master structure has been introduced in higher education. See also the page about Cyprus on the EHEA website. • International treaties: Cyprus signed the Lisbon Recognition Convention in 1998 and ratified it in 2001. • Compulsory education: ages 4/5-15. • Language of instruction: Greek at all public and some private schools. English, French or Russian at international and private schools. In higher education, English for some undergraduate and postgraduate programmes. • School year: from September to June. • School exams: from mid-May to mid-June (Pancyprian examinations). • Academic year: from September to June. Universities offer an optional summer semester from June to August.

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 Flow chart: education system Cyprus

PhD/Didaktoriko Diploma L8 PhD/Didaktoriko Diploma L8 (Universities) (Higher Education Institutions) 3-8 3-8

Master/Metaptychiako Diploma L7 Master/Metaptychiako Diploma L7 (Universities) (Higher Education Institutions)

postgraduate 1-2 1-2

Bachelor/Ptychio L6 Bachelor/Ptychio L6 (Universities) (Higher Education Institutions) 4 4

Higher Diploma/Anotero Diploma L5 (Higher Education Institutions) 3 undergraduate Post-Secondary Diploma L5 (Higher Education Institutions) 2

Post-Secondary Certificate/Pistopoiitiko L5 (Higher Education Institutions) 1

Pancyprian examinations L4 (higher education entrance examinations)

Apolytirion (School Leaving L4 Apolytirion from Lykeiou L4 Apolytirion from Techniki kai L4 Certificate) (upper general secondary education) Epanggelmatiki Scholi Ekpaidefsis (general secondary education at kai Katartisis (upper secondary private schools of the same type) vocational education) 3 3

Apolytirion Gymnasiou L2 (lower secondary education)

3 6-7

Primary education L1

6

0 Duration of education

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 Evaluation chart

The left-hand column in the table below lists the most common qualifications with the comparable levels in the national qualifications framework. The other columns show the Dutch equivalent along with the corresponding levels in the Dutch and European qualifications frameworks.

Foreign qualifications CyQF Dutch equivalent and NLQF EQF level level level

Apolytirion from a School for Technical 4 MBO diploma, 3/4 3/4 and Vocational Education (Τεχνική και qualification level 3 Επαγγελματική Σχολή) or 4

Apolytirion from the Lykeio/ 4 HAVO diploma 4 4 Απολυτήριον Λυκείου with an average final mark lower than 15, or with the specialisation commerce and services or fine arts

Apolytirion from the Lykeio/ 4 VWO diploma 4+ 4 Απολυτήριον Λυκείου with an average final mark of 15 or higher and with the specialisation classical studies and humanities, or foreign languages and European studies, or economic sciences, or natural sciences/life sciences/information science/ technology

Bachelor/Πτυχίο from a University 6 HBO or WO 6 6 bachelor’s degree

Bachelor/Πτυχίο from a Higher 6 HBO or WO 6 6 Education Institution bachelor’s degree

Master/Μάστερ/Μεταπτυχιακό Δίπλωμα 7c HBO or WO master’s 7 7 from a University degree

Master/Μάστερ/Μεταπτυχιακό Δίπλωμα 7c HBO or WO master’s 7 7 from a Higher Education Institution degree

Note: • The information provided in the table is a general recommendation from which no rights may be derived. • CyQF = Cypriotic Qualifications Framework. NLQF = Dutch Qualifications Framework. EQF = European Qualifications Framework.

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• The EQF or NLQF level is not so much a reflection of study load or content; rather, it is an indication of a person’s knowledge and skills after having completed a certain programme of study. • Information about Dutch equivalent qualifications can be found on our website: education and diplomas the Netherlands. • The Cooperation Organisation for Vocational Education, Training and the Labour Market (SBB), evaluates statements on foreign qualifications and training at VMBO and MBO level. The evaluation may vary if SBB evaluates the diploma for admission to VET schools or the labour market in the Netherlands.

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 Primary and secondary education

Primary education Primary education in Cyprus lasts 6 years. Pupils aged 6 to 12 attend primary education at primary schools (Dimotika Scholeia/Δημοτικά Σχολεία). There are public and private primary schools in Cyprus. Education at public primary schools is free. Private primary schools charge school fees.

Secondary education Pupils can also attend secondary education at public and private schools in Cyprus: • see the overview of public schools; • see the overview of recognised private schools.

Public schools The public schools offer secondary education conducted in Greek. Secondary education is divided into 2 phases: • Lower secondary education, the Gymnasio/Γυμνάσιο (for ages 12-15), consists of the last 3 years of compulsory education. Pupils conclude this phase with the certificate Apolytirion from the Gymnasio/Απολυτήριον Γυμνασίου. • Upper secondary education (for ages 15-18) consists of 2 different types of education. Pupils can choose either general secondary education or vocational secondary education.

General upper secondary education Pupils attend general upper secondary education at the Lykeio/Λύκειο. • Duration: 3 years. • Content: 1 orientation year + 2 years of specialisation. At the end of each school year, pupils sit examinations; they conclude their secondary education with the central school-leaving examinations.  Diploma: Apolytirion from the Lykeio/Απολυτήριον Λυκείου.

1st year of general upper secondary education: orientation In the 1st year, pupils take 16 common subjects and 2 orientation subjects. The 2 orientation subjects belong to 1 of the following 4 orientations: • Ancient Greek and history • mathematics and physics • mathematics and economics • economics and English

2nd and 3rd year of general upper secondary education: specialisation In the 2nd year, pupils take 8 common subjects and also choose 1 out of 6 directions. The direction is linked to the orientation taken by pupils in the 1st year.

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Each direction consists of numerous compulsory and elective specialisation subjects, from which pupils have to choose 4.

The 6 directions are the following: • classical studies and humanities; • foreign languages and European studies; • natural sciences/life sciences/information science/technology; • economic sciences; • commerce and services; • fine arts.

In the 3rd year, pupils take 7 common subjects and 4 specialisation subjects, depending on the direction they followed at the 2nd year.

Pancyprian examinations At the end of the 3rd year, Lykeio pupils and Techniki kai Epaggelmatiki Scholi pupils take the national central examinations (Pancyprian examinations/ Πανκύπριες Εξετάσεις). These exams currently serve a double purpose: • acquiring the Apolytirion from the Lykeio/Απολυτήριον Λυκείου (public upper secondary school leaving certificate); and • acquiring access to the public universities of Cyprus and Greece, and the Higher Hotel Institute of Cyprus.

The Pancyprian examinations are organised and administered by the Examination Service of the Department of Higher Education of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sport and Youth.

Graduates of all public and private secondary schools can have access to the public universities of Cyprus and Greece and to the Higher Hotel Institute of Cyprus, provided that they take and succeed at the Pancyprian examinations.

Apolytirion from public secondary education The Apolytirion can be issued to the Lykeio pupils as well as to Techniki kai Epaggelmatiki Scholi pupils (see also the section Secondary technical and vocational education). The Apolytirion from public secondary education: • proves the graduation from the public secondary education (Lykeio and Techniki kai Epaggelmatiki Scholi). • gives the right (optional) to the graduates of public schools to participate in the admissions procedure of undergraduate programmes of public universities in Cyprus and Greece. Admission to these undergraduate programmes depends on the results achieved on the Pancyprian examinations. A ranking system is applied based on the score at Pancyprian exams, and the available places at undergraduate programmes are offered to students with the highest score.

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In terms of level, the Apolytirion from the Lykeio/Απολυτήριον Λυκείου with an average final mark lower than 15, or with the specialisation commerce and services or fine arts, is comparable to a HAVO diploma.

In terms of level, the Apolytirion from the Lykeio/Απολυτήριον Λυκείου with an average final mark of 15 or higher and with the specialisation classical studies and humanities, or foreign languages and European studies, or economic sciences, or natural sciences/ life sciences/information science/technology, is comparable to a VWO diploma.

Private schools Private schools in Cyprus can be divided in 3 categories: • private schools of the same type; • private schools of a similar type; • private schools of a different type.

Private schools of the same type Private schools of the same type strictly follow the existing curriculum of public schools. Pupils of recognised private schools are required to sit the Pancyprian examinations in order to obtain their School Leaving Certificate (Apolytirion).

Private schools of the same type are: • Pascal Greek (Nicosia, Limassol) • Olympion • Forum • Terra Santa (Greek) • American Academy Limassol (Greek)

Private schools of a similar type Private schools of a similar type follow the public schools for 2/3rd of the specialisation subjects and common core subjects, in content and duration. Usually, the graduates of these schools take the British A level exams or the International Baccalaureate (IB) exams.

Private schools of a similar type are: • The Grammar School, Limassol • Pascal English School (Nicosia, Limassol, Larnaca) • The Heritage Private School • The Logos School of English • The Falcon School Nicosia

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• St. Mary’s School • The American Academy Nicosia • The American Academy School Limassol • Xenion High School • The Grammar School Nicosia • Private School T.J.S. Senior School • GC School of Careers • Terra Santa English • The International School of Paphos • The American Academy Larnaca • Med High • École Franco-Chypriote de Nicosie

Private schools of a different type Private schools of a different type do not belong to any of the above mentioned categories. These private schools follow the curriculum and educational system of other countries.

Private schools of a different type are: • LITC Russian English Private School • Morphosis Private School • The Pupils of Pythagoras • Silverline Private School • IMS Private School • Foley’s Grammar School • Private British School Aspire • The Learning Centre Peyeia • The American International School in Cyprus • Lebanese Green Hill Private School

Note: Graduates of all private secondary schools can have access to the public universities of Cyprus and Greece and to the Higher Hotel Institute of Cyprus, provided that they take and succeed at the Pancyprian examinations.

Technical and vocational secondary education After general lower secondary education, pupils can opt for technical and vocational secondary education. Pupils receive this education at a School for Technical and Vocational Education (Τεχνική και Επαγγελματική Σχολή/Techniki kai Epaggelmatiki Scholi). • Duration: 3 years. • Content: theoretical or practical specialisation (amongst others: civil engineering, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, agriculture, applied arts, services, hotel and catering), including a work placement.

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 Diploma: the Apolytirion (School Leaving Certificate) from a School for Technical and Vocational Education and Training (Techniki kai Epaggelmatiki Scholi Ekpaidefsis kai Katartisis/Τεχνική και Επαγγελματική Σχολή Εκπαίδευσης και Κατάρτισης).

In terms of level, the Apolytirion from a School for Technical and Vocational education (Techniki kai Epaggelmatiki Scholi/Τεχνική και Επαγγελματική Σχολή) is comparable to an MBO diploma with qualification level 3 or 4, depending on the specialisation.

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 Admission to higher education

The Apolytirion/Απολυτήριον (School Leaving Certificate) awarded from public or private secondary schools is a prerequisite for admission to all Universities and Higher Education Institutions in Cyprus.

Private Universities and private Higher Education Institutions may have specific entry requirements, such as a minimum score at the Apolytirion/Απολυτήριον and/or English language proficiency requirements.

Furthermore, admission to the undergraduate programmes of public Universities in Cyprus and admission to the Higher Hotel Institute of Cyprus (a public Higher Education Institution) depends on the results achieved at the Pancyprian examinations. A ranking system is applied based on the score on the Pancyprian examinations. The available places at undergraduate programmes are offered to candidates with the highest score.

 Higher education

There are 2 types of Cypriot higher education institutions: • Universities (public and private); • Higher Education Institutions (public and private).

Universities The Universities mainly offer academic degree programmes, but they also provide professionally-oriented degree programmes (particularly the private Universities).

Cyprus has 3 public Universities: • University of Cyprus • Open University of Cyprus • Technological University of Cyprus

In addition, there are 6 private Universities: • Frederick University • European University Cyprus • University of Nicosia • Neapolis University of Cyprus • UCLan – Cyprus • Philips University (an initial operational license is granted, but the CYQAA still needs to evaluate/accredit the departments and study programmes).

Higher Education Institutions The public Higher Education Institutions mainly offer professionally-oriented post- secondary programmes, but also offer academic degree programmes.

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There are 6 public Higher Education Institutions: • The Higher Hotel Institute of Cyprus • The Cyprus Forestry College • The Mediterranean Institute of Management • The Police Academy • The School for Tourist Guides • The Public School of Higher Vocational Education and Training (MIEEK) • The Cyprus Forestry College (currently suspended for evaluation/upgrading)

The private Higher Education Institutions offer professionally-oriented post- secondary programmes and academic degree programmes.

Cyprus has 44 private Higher Education Institutions. The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sport and Youth maintains an overview of these private institutions.

 University education

Students can obtain the following degrees from public and private Universities in Cyprus: • Bachelor (Πτυχίο) • Master (Μάστερ/Μεταπτυχιακό Δίπλωμα) • PhD (Διδακτορικό Δίπλωμα)

Bachelor (Πτυχίο) • Duration: 4 years (240 ECTS). • Content: main and elective subjects, possibly a work placement and a thesis. • Admission requirement: an Apolytirion/Απολυτήριον from a Lykeio/λύκειο or Techniki kai Epaggelmatiki Scholi/Τεχνική και Επαγγελματκή Σχολή, or a School Leaving Certificate from a private secondary school. Pancyprian examinations are a prerequisite for admission to public Universities. Private Universities may have specific entry requirements, see Admission to higher education.  Diploma: Bachelor/Πτυχίο.

In terms of level, a Bachelor/Πτυχίο obtained at a University is comparable to an HBO or WO bachelor's degree, depending on the specialisation.

Master (Μάστερ/Μεταπτυχιακό Δίπλωμα) • Duration: 1-2 years (90-120 ECTS). • Content: main and elective subjects, a thesis and possibly a work placement. • Admission requirement: a Bachelor/Πτυχίο.  Diploma: Master/Μάστερ/Μεταπτυχιακό Δίπλωμα.

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In terms of level, a Master/Μάστερ/Μεταπτυχιακό Δίπλωμα obtained at a University is comparable to an HBO or WO master's degree, depending on the specialisation.

PhD (Διδακτορικό Δίπλωμα) • Duration: 3-8 years. • Content: research, and writing and defending a doctoral dissertation. • Admission requirement: a Master/Μάστερ/Μεταπτυχιακό Δίπλωμα.  Diploma: PhD/Διδακτορικό Δίπλωμα.

 Higher Education Institutions

Students can obtain the following degrees from public Higher Education Institutions: • Post-Secondary Certificate (Πιστοποιητικό) • Post-Secondary Diploma (Δίπλωμα) • Higher Diploma (Ανώτερο Δίπλωμα)

Students can obtain the following degrees from private Higher Education Institutions: • Post-Secondary Certificate (Πιστοποιητικό) • Post-Secondary Diploma (Δίπλωμα) • Higher Diploma (Ανώτερο Δίπλωμα) • Bachelor (Πτυχίο) • Master (Μάστερ) • PhD (Διδακτορικό)

Post-Secondary Certificate (Πιστοποιητικό) • Duration: 1 year. • Content: main and elective subjects. • Admission requirement: an Apolytirion/Απολυτήριον from a Lykeio/λύκειο or a Techniki kai Epaggelmatiki Scholi/Τεχνική και Επαγγελματκή Σχολή, or a School Leaving Certificate from a private secondary school. Private Higher Education Institutions may have specific entry requirements, see Admission to higher education.  Diploma: Post-Secondary Certificate (Πιστοποιητικό).

Post-Secondary Diploma (Δίπλωμα) • Duration: 2 years. • Content: main and elective subjects, possibly a work placement.

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• Admission requirement: an Apolytirion/Απολυτήριον from a Lykeio/λύκειο or a Techniki kai Epaggelmatiki Scholi/Τεχνική και Επαγγελματκή Σχολή, or a School Leaving Certificate from a private secondary school. For some programmes English language proficiency is an additional requirement.  Diploma: Post-Secondary Diploma (Δίπλωμα).

Higher Diploma (Ανώτερο Δίπλωμα) • Duration: 3 years. • Content: main and elective subjects, possibly a work placement. • Admission requirement: an Apolytirion/Απολυτήριον from a Lykeio/λύκειο or a Techniki kai Epaggelmatiki Scholi/Τεχνική και Επαγγελματκή Σχολή, or a School Leaving Certificate from a private secondary school. For some programmes English language proficiency is an additional requirement. Pancyprian examinations are also a prerequisite for admission to The Higher Hotel Institute of Cyprus. The Police Academy has its own entrance exams.  Diploma: Higher Diploma (Ανώτερο Δίπλωμα).

Bachelor (Πτυχίο) • Duration: 4 years (240 ECTS). • Content: main and elective subjects, possibly a work placement and a thesis. • Admission requirement: an Apolytirion/Απολυτήριον from a Lykeio/λύκειο or a Techniki kai Epaggelmatiki Scholi/Τεχνική και Επαγγελματκή Σχολή, or a School Leaving Certificate from a private secondary school. Private institutions may have specific entry requirements, see Admission to higher education.  Diploma: Bachelor (Πτυχίο). This degree grants access to a master programme (μάστερ).

In terms of level, a Bachelor/Πτυχίο obtained at a Higher Education Institution is comparable to an HBO or WO bachelor's degree, depending on the specialisation.

Master (Μάστερ/Μεταπτυχιακό Δίπλωμα) • Duration: 1-2 years (90-120 ECTS). • Content: main and elective subjects, a thesis and possibly a work placement. • Admission requirement: a Bachelor (Πτυχίο). For some programmes English language is an additional requirement, depending on the language of instruction.  Diploma: Master (Μάστερ/Μεταπτυχιακό Δίπλωμα). A Master grants access to a PhD programme (Διδακτορικό).

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In terms of level, a Master/Μάστερ/Μεταπτυχιακό Δίπλωμα obtained at a Higher Education Institution is comparable to an HBO or WO master's degree, depending on the specialisation.

PhD (Διδακτορικό) • Duration: 3-8 years. • Content: research, and writing a doctoral dissertation. • Admission requirement: a Master (Μάστερ) and English language proficiency.  Diploma: PhD (Διδακτορικό).

 Assessment systems

Secondary education Public secondary schools assess results by giving marks from 1 to 20, with 20 being the highest score and 10 a minimal passing mark. Many private secondary schools use this system as well. However, there are also private schools that use a different assessment scale, such as a scale from 1 to 100, in which 50 is a minimum passing mark.

Higher education The 3 public Universities use the same assessment system:

Marks Description

9.50-10.00 Excellent with Distinction

8.50-9.49 Excellent

6.50-8.49 Very good

5.50-6.49 Good

5.00-5.49 Satisfactory

5.00 Passing Mark

<5.00 Fail

Not all private Universities and Higher Education Institutions use the same grading system. Some examples are:

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Letter grade Description

A Excellent

B Very good

C Average

D Below average

F Fail

Marks Letter grade (description)

86-100 A (excellent)

76-85 B (very good)

66-75 C (good-very good)

56-65 D (good)

50-55 E (satisfactory-good)

0-49 F (fail)

ECTS In Cyprus all higher education institutions use the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS).

For more information about the ECTS, consult the ECTS Users’ Guide published by the European Commission.

 Qualification frameworks

A draft version of the Cyprus Qualifications Framework (CyQF) was presented in 2014. In February 2017, the CyQF was referenced to the European Qualifications Framework (EQF) and its 8 levels.

An overview of the Cypriot qualifications (diplomas and degrees) is shown on the next page. The corresponding levels in the NQF are shown on the left. The NQF is the National Qualifications Framework, which is the CyQFQ for Cyprus. The corresponding levels in the European Qualifications Framework, the EQF, are shown in the last column on the right.

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Source: The Referencing of the Cyprus Qualifications Framework to the European Qualifications Framework for Life Long Learning

 Accreditation and quality assurance

In Cyprus, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sport and Youth is responsible for quality assurance in pre-school, primary and secondary education. The Ministry's inspectors are responsible for the supervision of public schools and teacher assessment. They also monitor whether private schools comply with their statutory responsibilities. Schools are obliged to follow a common curriculum and to organise standardised end-of-year exams.

In addition, the public schools conduct their own internal evaluations. They present the evaluation results to the Ministry’s inspectors at the end of each school year.

Cyprus Agency of Quality Assurance and Accreditation (CYQAA) The Cyprus Agency of Quality Assurance and Accreditation in Higher Education (CYQAA), an independent body, is responsible for: • ensuring the quality of higher education; • supporting the processes and procedures laid down by law; • ensuring that the higher education institutions and the degree programmes they offer continuously improve and innovate.

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Every institution is required to conduct internal evaluations (self-evaluations). External evaluations carried out by the CYQAA differ for each type of institution and level. In any event, the public Universities are autonomous and independent; they are not subject to supervision. However, the CYQAA evaluates the private Universities every 5 years. The ministries responsible for Higher Education Institutions (both public and private) inspect these institutions.

Accreditation by CYQAA There are 2 types of accreditation in Cyprus: • accreditation of institutions; • accreditation of programmes.

The CYQAA website offers overviews of: • accredited institutions • accredited university departments • accredited programmes

 Checking documents

Secondary education A complete secondary education file consists of the following documents: • For a study programme at a Greek Lykeio (λύκειο) or Techniki kai Epaggelmatiki Scholi (Τεχνική και Επαγγελματική Σχολή): the School Leaving Certificate, the Apolytirion from the Lykeio or Apolytirion from the Techniki kai Epaggelmatiki Scholi with a list of marks in Greek. • For a study programme at an international school: the Apolytirion (Απολυτήριον, Secondary School Certificate) with the list of marks + British GCSE and GCE examination certificates (in case the British curriculum was offered).

Higher education A complete file for a degree programme in higher education consists of: • the degree certificate and the corresponding list of marks in Greek (for a Greek institution) or in English (for an English institution).

Diploma supplement A diploma supplement provides an overview of completed exams, marks and ECTS credits obtained. More information on the diploma supplement (DS) is available on the Europass website.

Credential evaluation Nuffic evaluates qualifications according to the principles of the Lisbon Recognition Convention (1997). A practical implementation of these standards can be found in the European EAR manual.

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 Overview of institutions of higher education

The Ministry of Education maintains the following overviews: • Public Institutions of Tertiary Education • Private Institutions of Tertiary Education

 Useful links

• ENIC-NARIC Cyprus. • The Cyprus Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports and Youth, including information about the Examinations Service (e.g. the Pancyprian examinations). • Information about the national qualifications framework, the Cyprus Qualifications Framework (CyQF).

 Glossary

• Bologna process: The process that started after 29 European Ministers of Education signed the Bologna Declaration in 1999, with which they agreed, among other things, to create a European Area for Higher Education (EHEA): “An open space that allows students, graduates, and higher education staff to benefit from unhampered mobility and equitable access to high quality higher education”. This includes setting up a system based on 2 cycles, undergraduate and graduate, also known as the bachelor-master structure. In 2003 a third cycle was added for doctoral programmes. The EHEA currently has 48 members. • Duration: The official length of the full-time programme (not part-time) without study delay. • Graduate programme: A higher education programme after completion of a bachelor’s degree. See also the description in the Nuffic Glossary: graduate. • Lisbon Recognition Convention (LRC): The Convention on the Recognition of Qualifications Concerning Higher Education in the European Region, was drafted in 1997 by the Council of Europe and Unesco to facilitate and promote fair recognition among Parties of the Convention. Read more on the website of the Council of Europe. • mathímata koinoú kormoú/μαθήματα κοινού κορμού: Common core subjects. • mathímata prosanatolismoú/μαθήματα προσανατολισμού: Specialisation subjects. • omádes mathimáton prosanatolismoú, OB/ομάδες μαθημάτων προσανατολισμού, ΟΜΠ: Specialisations. • Undergraduate programme: A programme for a bachelor’s degree. See also the description in the Nuffic Glossary: undergraduate.

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