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Index

Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale, 146- Akathisia (cont.) 149 symptom, 140 Absorption of , 14-15 treatment of, 140-141 elderly and, 320-321 Akinesia, elderly, 328; see also Parkinson's Abstinence syndrome syndrome in abuse, 272-274 Akineton®: see Biperiden in cocaine abuse, 281 Alanon, 278, 279 major, 274 Alateen, 278, 279 minor, 272-273 Alcohol in psychoactive substance use disorders , 244 dependence, 269 self-treatment, 273 pharmacology, 268-269 Acetylcholine, 334 tolerance, 269 Acquired immune deficiency syndrome: see Alcohol abuse, 267-279 AIDS abstinence syndrome, 272-274 Acute dystonie reactions, 138-139 acute intoxieation, 270-271 drugs and, 138-139 alcoholic hallucinosis, 272-273, 275 diagnosis of, 138 alcohol idiosyncratic intoxication, 270-271 mechanism in, 139 behavioral treatment, 277-278 symptoms, 138 chronie intoxication, 271-272 treatment of, 139 definition of, 268 Adalat®: see Nifedipine delirium tremens, 274 Addiction: see Psychoactive substance use disor• disease related to, 272 ders; Substance abuse disulfirarn treatment, 275-277 Adolescents fetal alcohol syndrome, 272 affective disorders, 373-374 halfway houses, 279 sleep disorders, 379, 380 and, 224 Adult Children of Alcoholics, 279 nervous system effects, 271 Aerosols: see Inhalants panic disorder and, 187 Affective disorders, children, 360, 373-374; see patterns of drinking in, 268 also Bipolar affective disorder; Depression postwithdrawal syndrome, 273 Aggression, children, 356, 361, 362 psychotherapy, 278 Agoraphobia, 187 psychotropic treatment, 277 Agranulocytosis risk factors in, 268 , 44 self-help groups, 278-279 antipsychotic drugs, 161 withdrawal syndrome, 272-274 AIDS, addiction and, 252, 253 Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), 278, 283 Akathisia, 140-141 Alcoholism: see Alcohol abuse antipsychotie drugs and, 140 Aldactone®: see Spironolactone children, 355, 374 Aldomet®: see elderly, 328 Aliphatic, 134

487 488 Index

Cl l acid glycoprotein (AAGP) binding, 321 Antianxiety drugs (cont.) Cl-blockers, 68 generalized anxiety, 210-215 , 5, 40,191,196,206,208-209, obsessive compulsive disorder, 215 260, 335, 358, 399, 471; see also panic attacks, 207-210 patient evaluation, 206-207 Amantadine, 140, 143, 283, 355 phobic disorder, 210 Amiloride, 106 posttraumatic stress disorder, 215-216 Aminophylline, 110 propanediols, 203 , 40, 62, 64, 75, 158,237,325, substance abuser and, 197, 215 327, 336, 349, 394, 427, 435, 447, 448 Antiarrhythmic activity, antidepressants, 47 , 202, 231, 259 Anticholinergic effects, 135, 139, 140, 143, Amotivational syndrome, marijuana abuse, 305 145, 151, 152, 155-156, 158 , 38, 42, 43, 50, 63, 64, 133, 349, anticholinesterase therapy, 59-60 435; see also Antidepressants antidepressants, 43, 49, 59-60 Amphetamine abuse antiparkinson drugs, 140, 142-143 acute intoxication, 286-287 drugs and elderly, 327, 330 management of toxicity, 286-287 Anticonvulsants, 273-274, 333; see also Car• patterns of, 285 bamazepine; ; ; psychosis induced by, 287 withdrawal syndrome, 285, 287 adverse effects, 363, 364 Amphetamines, 68, 283-287, 341, 344, 345, children, 362-365 347,435 concomitant use, 364 chemical structure, 284 control of interictal behavior syndrome, 433 crystal, 285 guidelines for use, 432 dependence, 284-285 for nonepileptic conditions, 433-434 derivatives, 284 for psychosis, 433 effects of, 284 seizure disorders, 432-434 IV use, 285 Antidepressants, see also Cyclic antidepressants medical uses of, 285 anorexia nervosa, 445-446, 451-453 pharmacology, 284 anxiety, 205, 207-209, 215 tolerance, 284-285, 286 bipolar disorder, 118 Amytal®: see Amobarbital borderline disorders, 466-467 Anafranil®: see bulimia nervosa, 441, 448, 452-453 Anectine®: see Succinylcholine dysthymia, 81 Angel dust: see Phencyclidine history of use, 37-40 Anger, borderline patients, 469 insomnia, 237 Anorexia nervosa, 439-441, 446-448, 450-452 physician liability and, 479-480 antidepressants, 445-446, 451-453 resistance to, 83-85 criteria for hospitalization, 445 seizure disorders, 434-436 diagnostic criteria in, 440 , 224 drug therapies, 446-448, 451-452 for anxiety, 200-202 etiology of, 442-443 for insomnia, 231 medical complications of, 441 Antilirium®: see Physostigmine profile of anorectic, 439, 441 Antiparkinson agents, 140, 142-143,323; see resistance to treatment, 450 also specific drugs treatment of, 443-445 Antipsychotic drugs, 128-176,305 Antabuse®: see acute treatment, 167-169 Antianxiety drugs adverse effects, 135, 138-162 antidepressants, 205, 207-209, 215 amphetamine withdrawal, 287 antihistamines, 200-202 for anxiety, 205 antipsychotic drugs, 205 behavioral effects, 129-130 anxiety treatment with other syndromes, 216 bipolar disorders, 92, 96-97, 120 , 202-203 children, 353-356, 374-375, 376 benzodiazepines, 190-199,210-215,216 classes/chemical structure, 133-135 ß-blockers, 203-206, 210, 215 continuation therapy, 169-170 , 199-200, 215 dosage, 136-137, 168 children, 358-359, 376 drug interactions , 164-165 Index 489

Antipsychotic drugs (cont.) Autism, 360, 375-376 guidelines for use, 135 drug treatment, 359-360 historical view, 128-129 Autonomie effects insornnia, 237 antidepressants, 51-54 maintenance therapy, 170-174 , 132 mechanism of action, 130-133 Autonomous anxiety, 179 medical screening, 165-166 Aversion therapy, alcohol abuse, 277 new drugs, 174-175 Avoidant disorder, children, 370 overdose, 163-164 , 136-138 , 152 during , 162, 392-393 Barbiturates, 322 seizure disorders, 434, 436 abuse of, 259 terms related to, 129 adverse effects, 203 withdrawal syndrome, 162-163 for anxiety, 202-203 Anxiety, see also Antianxiety drugs drug interactions , 203 adjustment disorder, 190 historical view, 3 autonomous anxiety, 179 overdose, 202-203 avoidant disorder, 370 Behavioral model, anxiety, 182 behavioral model, 182 Behavioral teratogenesis, psychotropic drugs biological model, 181-182 and, 390-391 children, 352, 358-359, 361, 362, 370- Behavioral treatment 371 alcohol abuse, 277-278 definition of, 179 cocaine abuse, 283 differential diagnosis, 183-185 depression, 33 elderly, treatment of, 334-335 insomnia, 223, 224 generalized anxiety disorder, 188-189 marijuana abuse, 306 medical screening, 184 Benadryl®: see obsessive compulsive disorder, 189 Benzodiazepines, 164, 167, 190-199, 206, organic causes, 12 210-215,216,321, 322 overanxious disorder, 370-371 abuse of, 197,259-260,261-262 panic attacks, 179-180, 185-186 adverse effects, 197, 226 panic disorder, 182, 185-187 alcohol withdrawal, 273 pathological anxiety, 179 anxiety, 190-199,210-215,216,334- phobie disorder, 183, 187-188 335 posttraumatic stress disorder, 189-190 chemical structure, 191-192 during pregnancy, 397-399 choosing specific drug, 213-215 psychological model, 182-183 classification of, 335 separation anxiety disorder, 370 common types of, 191 symptoms of, 180 dosage, 196 Anxiolytic drugs, 277; see also Central nervow drug interactions, 198-199 system abuse elderly and, 334-335, 336 Aramine®: see insomnia, 225-229 Arrhythmias kinetics, 194-196 antipsychotic drugs, 157 long-term use, 225 drugs and elderly, 330 mechanism of action, 194 Artane®: see Trihexyphenidyl nonpsychiatrie uses, 199 Asendin®: see Amoxapine pharmacological effects, 191-194 Assertiveness training, alcohol abuse, 278 during pregnancy, 398-399 Atarax®: see social phobia, 210 Athenol®: see Theobromine receptors, 181 Ativan®: see temporolimbic epilepsy, 431 Atropine, 321 withdrawal syndrome, 194, 197-198 Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder Benztropine, 50, 139, 140, 143 children, 344-348, 365-369 ß blockers, 68 drug treatment, 285, 365, 369 adverse effects, 204-205 symptoms, 365 anxiety, 203-206, 210, 215 Aura, seizures and, 408 children,361-362 490 Index

ß blockers (cant.) Borderline disorders (cant.) dosage, 204 sex bias in, 459-460 elderly and, 332-333 subtypes, 458, 465 Bethanechol, 52, 155 Bradykinesia: see Parkinson's syndrome Bicillin®: see Penicillin Brain damage, inhalant abuse and, 299 Biogenic amine deficit, depression, 25 Breast feeding, psychotropic drugs and, 391, Biological diagnosis, depression, 29-30 399-400 Biological models Brevital®: see anxiety, 181-182 , 37 depression, 25-26 historical view, 3 eating disorders, 442 , 142, 283 Biperiden, 139, 140 Bulimia nervosa, 441, 448, 452-453 Bipolar affective disorder, 91-121; see also antidepressants, 445-446, 451-453 Lithium diagnostic criteria, 440 clinical presentation, 93-94 drug therapies, 448-450, 452-453 course of illness, 94 medical complications, 441-442 depressive episodes, 29, 80, 93, 94, 118-119 profile of bulimic, 441 diagnosis of, 111 resistance to treatment, 452, 453 drug treatment, types of, 96-97, 120-121 , opioid detoxification, 251 elderly, treatment of, 338 , 6, 39, 42, 43, 44, 48, 49, 51, 54, electroconvulsive therapy, 94-95, 118-119 63,64,97, 118,208,435 hypomania, 91, 92, 93, 116-117 BuSpar®: see Buspirone lithium, 91-92, 96-120 Buspirone, 199-200,206,215,333 manic episodes, 91, 92, 93, 94,114-116, dosage, 200 120-121 effectiveness, 199-200 mood swing patterns, 92-93 insornnia, 238 patient concerns about, 113 Butazolidin®: see Phenylbutazone pregnancy and, 393-394, 395-397 Butyrophenones, 133, 134, 137 psychotherapy, 94-95 rapid cyclers, 94, 120 Caffeine schizoaffective disorder and, 119 drug interactions, 165, 322 Blurred vision, antidepressants, 52 insomnia, 222, 224 Bone marrow depression, anticonvulsants, 363, Calan®: see Verapamil 364 sativa: see Marijuana Borderline disorders , 457-471 , 96, 120, 175, 210, 323, 328, antianxiety drugs, 212 333, 363, 364, 396, 414, 421, 448, 467 antidepressants, 466-467 adverse reactions, 415-416 carbamazepine, 467-468, 471 borderline disorders, 467-468, 471 characteristics of, 457-458, 460-461 chemical structure, 414 clinical presentation, 458-460 dosage, 421-422 course of illness, 460-461 drug interactions, 417-421 definition of borderline, 457 kinetics, 421 depression in, 28, 81, 468-469 during pregnancy, 416 diagnostic criteria, 458-460 temporolimbic epilepsy, 414-422, 432 differential diagnosis, 460, 463-464 toxicity, 421 drug treatment, 463-465 Cardiovascular effects global! depressed patient, 468-469 alcohol abuse, 272 hospitalization and, 462-463 amphetamines, 284, 286 hostile/depressed patient, 469 antidepressants, 46-48 impulsive borderline patient, 470-471 antipsychotics, 157-158 lithium, 468 carbamazepine, 416 micropsychotic episodes, 470 cocaine abuse, 280, 281, 282 MAOIs, 466-467, 469 drugs and elderly, 329-330 neuroleptics, 465-466, 469, 471 guidelines for drug therapy, 47-48, 102-103 psychotherapy, 461-462 lithium, 104-105 risks of drug treatment, 462-463, 467 MAOIs, 69 schizotypal borderline patient, 469-470 marijuana abuse, 305 Index 491

Cardiovascular effects (cont.) Cirrhosis, alcohol abuse, 272 , 246 Cleaning solutions: see Inhalants phenytoin, 423 Cleft abnormalities, and, 398-399 tricyclic antidepressants in children, 350-352 Clinician attributes, drug treatment and, 8-9 Cardizem®: see Diltiazem Clinoril®: see Sulindac Cataplexy, 379 Clomipramine, 39, 40, 215, 230, 372, 435, 447 Catapres®: see , 69, 115, 151, 191,206,209,225, Catecholamine hypothesis, 6 229, 260, 358, 374, 375, 399, 427 Catecholamines, 284 seizure disorders, 431 Celontin®: see Methsuximide Clonidine, 120, 141, 210, 326, 329, 369 Central nervous system depressant abuse; see opioid detoxification, 250-251 also Alcohol abuse , 191, 194, 198, 199,209,260, barbiturates, 259 335, 359 benzodiazepines, 259-260, 261-262 seizure disorders, 431 hydrate, 260 , 83, 129, 132, 134, 137, 142, 153, dependence, 259, 261 156, 157, 158, 161, 172, 174,354 , 261 Clozaril®: see Clozapine , 260 Cocaine, 279-283 , 261 administration of, 280 , 260 chemical sttucture, 280 , 261 crack,280 overdose, 262-264 dependence, 282 tolerance, 259 effects of, 280 types of abusers, 261-262 pharmacology, 280 withdrawal syndrome, 264-267 reverse tolerance, 282 Central nervous system effects tolerance, 282 alcohol abuse, 271 Cocaine abuse, 279-283 anticonvulsants, 363 abstinence syndrome, 281 barbiturates, 202-203 acute intoxication, 281 cocaine abuse, 282 behavioral treatment, 283 drugs and elderly, 325-329 craving for cocaine, 281 lithium, 104-105, 108 management of toxicity, 281 Centtal nervous system stimulants: see medical complications, 282 Stimulants pharmacotherapy, 283 Centrax®: see in pregnancy, 282-283 Cerebid®: see Papaverine self-help groups, 283 Character pathology, depression in, 27-28, 81 treatment of, 283 Cheese effect, MAOIs, 40, 65 Cocaine Anonymous, 283 Children: see Pediatric psychopharmacology Cogentin®: see Benztropine , 232 Cognitive-behavioral treatment , 224, 259, 323, 358 depression, 32-33 abuse of, 260 eating disorders , 444 insornnia, 231-232 Cognitive effects Chloramphenicol, 322 carbamazepine, 415 , 5, 191, 196, 199,214,260, marijuana abuse, 303 273, 274, 335 Coma, antidepressants, 55 , 4, 40, 128, 133, 134, 137, Compliance, increasing, 16 156, 161, 162, 169,266,321,325,327, Conduction delay, antidepressants, 47 353, 436, 446; see also Antipsychotic drugs Confusion, drugs and elderly, 324, 325, 327-328 , 133, 134, 327 Constipation Choline chloride, 151 antidepressants, 53-54 Cholinergic effects, antipsychotic drugs, 155- MAOIs,70 156 opioids, 246 Cibalith-S®: see Lithium Consultation, liability prevention, 481-482 Cigarette smoking, insornnia, 222, 224 Contingency contracting, alcohol abuse, 278 Cimetidine, 198, 199, 322, 323 Convulsions: see Seizure disorders; Seizures, Cingulotomy, 127 drug effects 492 Index

Cortisol: see Depression, 23-86 Coumadin®: see Coumarin amphetamine withdrawal and, 287 Coumarin, 433 anacJitie, 24 Crack,280 atypieal, 30, 81-82 Crash, cocaine withdrawal, 281, 282 biochemical models, 6 Cross-tolerance, 244, 259, 262, 269 biological diagnosis , 29-30 Cyclandelate, 334 biological models, 25-26 Cyclic antidepressants, 40-63, 322 in bipolar patient, 29, 80, 93, 94, 118-119 adverse reactions, 43-54 in borderline patient, 28, 81, 468-469 anticholinergic syndromes, 43, 59-60 eharaeter pathology and, 27-28, 81 attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, 369 children, 348-353 chemical structure, 40-42 cJinical presentation, 26-28, 31 children, 348-353, 369, 371, 372-373, 375 crisis intervention, 31-32 dosage, 62-63, 64 eycJie antidepressants, 40-63 drug interactions, 352 depressive spectrum disease, 29 elderly and, 336-337 double depression, 77 intoxication syndromes, 55-58 drugs assoeiated with, 74 mechanism of action, 42-43 drug therapy, course of, 74-80 pharmacokinetics, 60 drug trial, 30-31 plasma levels, 61-62 dysthymia, 81 during pregnancy, 55, 394, 398 eating disorders and, 445-446 withdrawal syndrome, 49, 50, 79 elderly, treatment of, 336-338 Cyclospasmol®: see Cyclandelate eleetroconvulsive therapy, 34-37 Cyclothymic personality: see Bipolar affective endogenous, 26, 28 disorder history of pharmacology, 37-40 Cylert®: see Pemoline integrative model, 26 , 52, 160,446 maintenanee therapy, 79-80 Cytomel®: see Liothyronine major, 27, 29, 30, 37, 80 melancholie, 26, 28, 30 Dalmane®: see monoamine oxidase inhibitors, 37, 63-72 Daloxin®: see neurotie-psyehotie, 28 D-amphetamine: see Amphetamines organie eauses, 15 Danazol, 433 patient evaluation, 72-73 Dantrium®: see Dantrolene postpartum depression, 393-394 Dantrolene, 68, 154 during pregnaney, 393-394 Darvon®: see Propoxyphene primary, 28-29 Deanol, 151 psyehologieal models, 23-25 , 326 psyehotherapy, 32-34 Delayed sleep phase syndrome, 379 with psychotic features, 31, 35, 51, 82 Delirium tremens pure depressive disease, 29 alcohol abuse, 274 rcactive, 27, 28 management of, 274 rceurrent, 29, 79-80 symptoms, 274 resistant, 31, 35, 83-85 Dementia in schizophrenie patients, 51, 82-85 Alzheimer's type, 334 seasonal affective disorder, 85 causes of, 333-334 secondary, 28-29 elderly, treatment of, 333-334 sporadic, 29 pseudodementia, 334 stimulants, 85-86 Demerol®: see Meperidine suicide and, 31, 76 Depakene®: see Valproic acid unipolar-bipolar, 29 Depakote®: see Divalproex , 38, 62, 64, 75, 207, 208, 283, Dependenee syndrome, see also Toleranee 336, 349, 369, 395, 435 alcohol, 269 Desoxyn®: see Methamphetamine cocaine, 282 Desyrel®: see LSD,290 Developmental disorders, 354, 375-378 marijuana, 301 Dexamethasone suppression test (DST), 30, 442, opioid drug abuse, 246 464 psyehoaetive drugs, 243-244 Dexedrine®: see Amphetamines Index 493

Dextroamphetamine: see Amphetamines Drug interactions (cont.) Dextrose solution, 295 in elderly, 326-327, 330-331 Diabetes, lithium and, 100, 331 lithium, 106-107,357 Diacetylmorphine, 245 MAOIs, 67-68 Diagnosis, 11-12 pharmacodynamic interactions, 54 Diazepam, 139, 190, 191, 194, 195, 196, 199, pharmacokinetic interactions, 54 209,214,215,229,260,274,277,295, phenytoin, 424 322, 325, 359, 398,431; see also primidone, 430 Benzodiazepines reactions with MAOI, 67 eleft abnonnalities, 398-399 stimulants , 348 Diazoxide, 295 valproic acid, 426-427 Dibenzodiazepines, 133, 134, 135, 137; see also Drug studies Clozapine; Loxapine brain chemistry models, 6 Diethylpropion, 284 methodology, 7 Digoxin, 198, 326, 330 Drug trials Dihydroindolines, 134, 135; see also Molindone in depression, 76-78 Dilantin®: see Phenytoin process in, 18-19 Dilaudid®: see Dry mouth Diltiazem, 433 antidepressants, 51 Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, 288, 289 treatment guidelines, 51-52, 53 Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 288, 289 Dyrenium®: see Triamterine Diphenhydramine, 50, 140, 224, 230, 358 Dyskinesias: see Tardive dyskinesia Disopyramide,47, 157,330 Dysthymia, 81 Dispositional tolerance, 259 Distribution of drugs, 15-16 Eating disorders, 439-453 elderly and, 321 anorexia nervosa, 439-441, 446-448, 450- Disulfiram, 322 452 adverse effects, 276 antidepressants, 445-446, 451-453 alcohol abuse treatment, 275-277 biological causes, 442 Antabuse reaction, 276 bulimia nervosa, 441, 448, 452-453 Diuretics critique of studies, 449-450 elderly and, 330 depression and, 445-446 lithium and, 102, 106, 117 drug therapies, 446-449 Divalproex, 426 medical complications, 441-442 Documentation, liability prevention, 481-482 prevalence of, 439 Dolophine®: see psychological causes, 442-443 Dopa, 142, 328 sociocultural causes, 442 ,284 treatmentof,443-445 dopamine hypothesis, 6 Ecstasy: see 3,4- Dopamine receptors methylenedioxymethamphetamine antipsychotic drugs and, 130-132 Edecrin®: see Ethacrynic acid Parkinson's syndrome, 142 Edema tardive dyskinesia and, 145-146, 151 lithium, 105 Doral®: see MAOIs,69 Doriden®: see Glutethimide Elavil®: see Amitriptyline Dothiepin, 39 Eldepryl®: see Selegiline , 40, 60, 64, 325, 327, 336, 337, 435; Elderly, see also Geriatrie psychopharmacology see also Antidepressants therapy, 75-76 Doxycyeline, 433 antihistamines, 202 Droperidol, 133, 168 antipsychotic drugs and, 155 Drug holidays, 144, 171 ß-blockers,332-333 Drug interactions cyclic antidepressants, 336-337 antidepressants, 54 diuretics, 330 antipsychotic drugs, 164-165 electroconvulsive therapy, 338 barbiturates, 203 insomnia, 221 benzodiazepines, 198-199 lithium, 115-116,327-328,330-331,333, carbamazepine,417-421 338 cyelic antidepressants, 352 MAOIs, 329,337 494 Index

Elderly (cant.) Eyes, drug effects (cant.) special care of, 18 lithium, 105 stimulants, 337 opioids, 246, 247 Electroconvulsive therapy, 78, 82 adverse reactions, 36 Family planning, women on psychotropic drugs, bipolar disorders, 94-95, 118-119 395-396 contraindications, 36 Family therapy depression, 34-37 borderline patients, 462 effectiveness of, 34 psychoses, 127 elderly and, 338 Fenfluramine, 448 indications for, 34-36 children, 359-360 lithium and, 35, 80, 107 Fetal alcohol syndrome, 272 mechanism of action, 34 First-pass effect, 60 during pregnancy, 397 Flashbacks, 189 psychoses, 127 hallucinogens, 291, 292 regimen in, 36-37 marijuana abuse, 304 Electroencephalogram, temporolimbic epilepsy, Floppy infant syndrome, 197 412, 413 Florinef®: see Fludrocortisone Emergencies, physician action in, 483 Fludrocortisone, 46, 172 Endogenous depression: see Depression , 30, 39, 42, 43, 44, 46, 48, 49, 50, Entrix®: see Prazepam 54, 63, 64, 75, 76, 83, 206, 208, 215, Enuresis, 352, 375 230, 337, 394-395, 435, 448 classification of, 375 , 17, 133, 134, 155, 167, 171- Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, 230 172, 332, 436; see also Antipsychotic Epilepsy: see Partial seizures; Seizure disorders; drugs Temporolimbic epilepsy Flurazepam, 191,225,226-227,260,335,336 Epinephrine, 157 Fluvoxamine, 39-40, 44, 49, 54 Eskalith®: see Lithium Focus, seizures, 407 Ethacrynic acid, 106 Food-medication interactions Ethchlorvynol, 211, 224, 234-235, 259 benzodiazepines, 199-200 abuse of, 261 MAOIs, 65-66 insomnia, 234-235 Furazolidone, 64 , 224, 235-236 Furosemide, 107,232,264 insomnia, 235-236 Furoxone®: see Furazolidone Etbopropazine, 140 Ethosuximide, seizure disorders, 432 : see Inhalants Euthroid®: see Thyroxine Gastrointestinal effects Eutonyl®: see alcohol abuse, 272 Eve: see 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine antidepressants, 43, 44 of drugs, elderly and, 323-324 carbamazepine, 415 Extrapyramidal reactions, 17; see also specific cocaine abuse, 282 reactions lithium, 103, 107, 108, 117 acute dystonie reactions, 138-139 phenytoin, 423 akathisia, 140-141 valproic acid, 426 antidepressants, 50 Generalized anxiety disorder antipsychotic drugs, 138-153 antianxiety drugs, 210-215 children, 354-355, 374 features of, 188-189 elderly, 328, 332, 333 Generalized seizures, 407 lithium, 104 Genetic factors, alcoholism, 268 Parkinson's syndrome, 141-143 Geriatric psychopharmacology, 319-338; see tardive dyskinesia, 143-152 also Elderly tardive dystonia, 144, 145, 152 absorption, 320-321 Eyes, drug effects anticholinergic effects, 327, 330 alcohol abuse, 271 anxiety, 334-335 antidepressants, 45-46 bipolar disorder, 338 antipsychotic drugs, 158 cardiovascular effects, 329-330 carbamazepine, 415 central nervous system effects, 325-329 elderly and, 330 dementia, 333-334 Index 495

Geriatric psychopharmocology (cont.) , 4, 17,92,96, 114, 133, 134, 137, depression, 336-338 155,165,167,171,172,237,332,353, distribution, 321 392, 433, 466; see also Antipsychotic drugs drug interactions, 326-327, 330-331 Headaches, antidepressants, 43, 49 excretion, 323-324 Hematological effects extrapyramidal effects, 328, 332, 333 antidepressants, 44 insomnia, 335-336 antipsychotic drugs, 161-162 metabolism, 321-323 carbamazepine, 415-416 ocular effects, 330 lithium, 102 principles of medication use, 331 phenobarbital, 428 problems in drug taking, 320 phenytoin, 424 protein binding, 321 primidone, 430 psychosis, 332-333 valproic acid, 426 respiratory effects, 330 Heparin, 334 skin reactions, 330 Heroin: see Opioid drug abuse special treatment of elderly, 319 Hirsutism, phenytoin, 423 Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: see Tourette 's Hormonal effects syndrome antipsychotic drugs, 159 Glaucoma, 359, 360 marijuana abuse, 305-306 antidepressants, 45-46 phenobarbital, 429 antipsychotics, 158 phenytoin, 423-424 Glomerular filtration, lithium and, 101 primidone, 430 Glue: see Inhalants Hydergine®: see Mesylates Glutethimide, 211, 224, 233-234, 258, 264 Hydrazine, 353 abuse of, 260 Hydromorphone, 245 insomnia, 233-234 Hydroxyzine, 107, 200-202, 230, 358 Group therapy Hyperactivity: see Attention-deficit hyperactivity bipolar disorders, 95 disorder borderline patients, 462 Hypermetabolic crisis, MAOIs, 68, 71 marijuana abuse, 306 Hypersomnia, 380 Growth retardation, stimulant therapy, children, Hyperstat®: see Diazoxide 348 Hypertensive crisis, MAOIs, 65-68 , 165, 326, 329 drugs, see also Central nervous system depressant abuse HaIazepam, 191, 260 benzodiazepines, 225-229 Halcion®: see chloral hydrate, 231-232 Haldol®: see Haloperidol ethclorvynol, 234-235 Half-life of drugs, 15-16; see also Phar• ethinamate, 235-236 macokinetics; kinetics subentries 0/ specijic glutethimide, 233-234 drugs methyprylon, 234 Halfway houses, alcohol abuse, 279 , 232-233 Hallucinations tryptophan, 230 alcoholic hallucinosis, 272-273, 275 Hypomania, lithium, 91, 92, 93,116-117 antidepressants, 49 : see Orthostatic (postural) LSD and, 290, 291, 292 hypotension marijuana, 304-305 Hysteroid dysphoric, 469 seizures and, 408 Hallucinogens, 288-293 Ibuprofen, 107 classification of, 288, 289 letal phenomena, seizures, 410 LSD, 288-293 , 4, 5, 37-38, 61, 62, 64, 75, 83, effects of, 288, 290 W6,W7,2~,n7,TI6,~9,~9,E4, flashbacks, 291, 292 414, 435, 447 mechanism of action, 290 Impulsivity, borderline patients, 470-471 panic reactions, 290-291 Inapsine®: see Droperidol phencyclidine, 293-297 Incompetent patient, vicarious consent, 483-484 in pregnancy, 293 Inderal®: see sequelae of chronic use, 292-293 Indocin®: see Indomethacin toxic delirium, 291-292 Indolealkylamines, 288 496 Index

Indoline derivatives, 137, 353 Kindling, partial seizures, 411 Indomethacin, 107 Klonopin®: see Clonazepam Infants: see Newboms Korsakoff's psychosis, alcohol abuse, 271 Infonned consent, 473-475 alternatives to fonns, 474-475 Lactation, antipsychotic drugs, 162 components of, 473-474 Lanoxin®: see Digoxin fonns, 474 Larodopa®: see Dopa liability and, 476-477 Lasix®: see Furosemide as process, 475 Laxatives, drug absorption and, 321 INH®: see Isoniazid L-Dopa: see Dopa Inhalant abuse Leaming disabilities, 376; see also Attention acute intoxication, 298-299 deficit hyperactivity disorder assessment of abusers, 298-299 Leukocytie effects, antidepressants, 44 brain damage and, 299 Levophed®: see patterns of abuse, 298 Liability, 475-482 sequelae of chronie use, 299 adverse reactions, 478-479 treatment of, 299 components of, 475-476 withdrawal syndrome, 298 inadequate treatment, 478 Inhalants, 297-299 infonned dissent, 477 effects of, 298 lack of infonned consent, 476-477 tolerance, 298 misdiagnosis, 477-478 types of, 298 preventive measures, 480-482 Insomnia suicidal patient and, 479-480 antidepressants, 237 tardive dyskinesia, 479 antihistamines, 231 Librium®: see Chlordiazepoxide antipsychotics, 237 Lidocaine, 157,412 behavioral treatment, 223, 224 Lighter fluid: see Inhalants benzodiazepines, 225-229 Lioresal®: see BacJofen buspirone, 238 Liothyronine, 84 children, 380 Lithane®: see Lithium chloral hydrate, 231-232 Lithium, 17,80,91-92,96-120, 175,224,277, diagnosis of, 220-222 283, 322, 323 elderly, 335-336 adverse reactions, 99-105, 1l0, 114, 117 ethcJorvynol, 234-235 borderline disorders , 468 ethinamate, 235-236 children, 356-357 etiology of, 220-222 combined treatment with other drugs, 92, glutethimide, 233-234 106-107, 114-115, 119, 121 lithium, 237 diabetes and, 331 methyprylon, 234 diagnostie evaluation and, III over-the-counter drugs, 236-237 discontinuation of, 97 paraldehyde, 232-233 dosage, 110 psychotherapy, 224 drug interactions, 106-107,357 rebound insomnia, 226 early phase of treatment, 112-114, 117 sleep disorders, 222-223 elderly and, 327-328, 330-331, 333, 338 substance abuse and, 222, 224 electroconvulsive therapy and, 35, 80, 107 tryptophan, 230 historical view, 4, 91 Integrative model, depression, 26 hypomania, 91, 92, 93, 116-117 Interictal behavior syndrome, seizures, 41O-411, insomnia, 237 433 maintenance therapy, 97, 117-II8, 120 Ismelin®: see Guanethidine management of toxic states, 109-110 Isocarboxazid, 63, 85 manie episodes, 91, 92, 93, 94, 97, 115-116 Isoniazid, 5, 322, 424, 433 mechanism of action, 91, 356 Isoproteronol, 157 medical screening, 112, 118 Isuprel®: see Isoproteronol monitoring, reasons for, 109 optimal response to, 97 Kaolin-pectin preparations, 321 pharmacokinetics, 98-99 Kidney dysfunction during pregnancy, 105, 117, 395-397 carbamazepine, 416 preparations, 357 lithium, 100-102, 118 response rate, 92 Index 497

Lithium (cont.) Marijuana (cont.) response time, 92, 115 psychoactive substance in, 300, 301 responsiveness, predicting factors, 111-112 tolerance, 301 role in other conditions, 92, 119 Marijuana abuse seizure disorders, 436 amotivational syndrome, 305 sensitivity to, 110 cognitive effects, 303 sodium and, 98-99, 102, 357 effects of, 302-303 surgery and, 331 flashbacks, 304 toxicity, 107-110 medical problems related to, 305-306 types of preparations, 110 panic reaction, 303-304 Lithobid®: see Lithium patterns of, 301-302 Liver dysfunction, 364 physiological changes, 302 alcohol abuse, 272 in pregnancy, 306 antidepressants, 45 psychosis induced by, 304-305 antipsychotic drugs, 160-161 sequelae of chronic use, 304-305 cocaine abuse, 282 toxic delirium, 304 disulfiram induced, 276 treatment of, 306 MAOIs,70 Marplan®: see Isocarboxazid Liver metabolism, elderly and drug taking, 321- Matulane®: see Procarbazine 323 MDEA: see 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine Loestrin®: see Norethindrone MDMA: see 3,4- , opioid detoxification, 251 methylenedioxymethamphetamine Lorazepam, 115, 167, 191, 195, 198, 199,209, Medical screening 214, 225, 229, 260, 335, 359, 374, 431 antipsychotic drugs, 165-166 Loxapine, 38, 133-134, 137,353 anxiety, 184 Loxitane®: see Loxapine lithium, 112, 118 LSD: see d-Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) , 107 L-tryptophan: see Tryptophan Megavitamin therapy, psychoses, 128 LudiOlnil®: see Melancholia: see Depression Luminal®: see Phenobarbital Mellaril®: see d-Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 288-293 Memory, antidepressants, 49 acute intoxication, 290 Mental retardation, use of psychotropics, 376 dependence, 290 Meperidine, 68, 245, 326, 327 flashbacks, 291, 292 Meprobamate, 5, 203, 211, 258, 358 panic reactions, 290-291 abuse of, 261 pharmacology, 288-289 Mescaline, 288, 289 psychosis induced by, 292 , 134, 136, 137, 167 sequelae of chronic use, 292-293 Mesylates, 334 tolerance, 290 Metaraminol, 157 toxic delirium, 291-292 Methadone,245 clinical application, 254-255 Magnesium pemoline, 283 detoxification from, 255 Major abstinence syndrome: see Delirium issues related to, 255-256 tremens maintenance therapy, 254-256 Major affective disorder: see Bipolar affective opioid detoxification, 249-250 disorder; Depression Methamphetamine, 284; see also Amphetamines Mellaril®: see Thioridazine Methaqualone, 211, 258 Mania, see also Bipolar affective disorder; abuse of, 260 Lithium Methohexital, 259 children, 373 Methscopolamine, 50 drug treatments for, 120-121 Methsuximide, seizure disorders, 432 MAOIs,69 Methyldopa, 106, 165,327,329 Mannitol, 110 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, 300 Maprotiline, 38-39, 42, 62, 63, 64, 394, 435; 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, 299-300 see also Antidepressants adverse effects, 300 Marijuana, 300-306 effects of, 299 adverse reactions, 303-305 phases of action, 299-300 dependence, 301 Methylphenidate, 17, 68, 284, 322, 337, 344, pharmacology, 300-301 345, 435 498 Index

Methyprylon, 224, 234, 259 Narcotic antagonists, see also Buprenophine; abuse of, 261 Naloxone; insomnia, 234 treatment of opioid dependence, 256-257 Metoclopramide, 172 Narcotics Anonymous, 283, 306 Metrizarnide, 412 Nardil®: see Phenelzine , 39, 44, 448; see also Antidepressants Navane®: see Thiothixene Micropsychotic episodes, borderline disorders, Nembutal®: see 470 Neonate: see Newbom Midamor®: see Amiloride Neostigrnine, 69 , 229 Nephrotic syndrome, lithium and, 101-102 Milieu therapy, bipolar disorders, 95 Neuroendocrine markers, 30 Milk of magnesia, 321 Neuroleptic malignant syndrome, 133 Miltown®: see Meprobamate antipsychotic drugs, 154-155 Minimal brain dysfunction: see Attention deficit Neuroleptics, 129; see also Antipsychotic drugs hyperactivity disorder borderline disorders, 465-466, 469, 471 Moban®: see Molindone Neurological/neuropsychiatric effects Molindone, 134, 135, 137,353,436 antidepressants, 48-51 Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), 30-31, antipsychotic drugs, 138-155 37,78,80,82,85 carbamazepine, 415 adverse reactions, 64-70 MAOIs,69 bipolar disorders , 97, 118, 120 phenobarbital, 428 borderline disorders, 466-467, 469 phenytoin, 422 chemical structure, 63 primidone, 430 children, 353, 369, 371 valproic acid, 425-426 contraindications, 70 Neurological workup, seizure disorders, 412- depression, 30-31, 37, 63-72, 78, 80, 82, 413 85 Neuromuscular effects, lithium, 104, 108 dosage, 72 Newboms drug interactions, 54 cocaine babies, 282-283 eating disorders, 447, 451, 452-453 fetal alcohol syndrome., 272 elderly and, 329, 337 , 252 historical view, 5, 37 phencyclidine exposure, 297 mechanism of action, 63-64 psychotropic drugs and, 391 panic disorders and, 209 Nifedipine, 68 pharmacokinetics, 71-72 Night terrors, 379-380 during pregnancy, 71, 394-395 : see Inhalants social phobia and, 210 Noctec®: see Chloral hydrate toxicity, 71 Noctumal myoclonus, features of, 223 Mood disorders: see Bipolar affective disorders; Nodular®: see Methyprylon Depression Nornifensine, 39, 44 : see Opioid drug abuse Nonprarnin®: see Desipramine Motrin®: see Ibuprofen Norepinephrine, 6, 157, 264, 284, 349 Movement disorders, antidepressants, 49-50; see deficit in depression, 25 also Extrapyramidal reactions; Tic disor• Norethindrone, 322 ders; Tourette's syndrome Norflex®: see Orphenadrine Muscarinic receptor, 155 Norfluoxetine, 394 Myoclonus, antidepressants, 49 Norpace®: see Disopyrarnide Mysoline®: see Primidone Norprarnin®: see Desiprarnine , 40, 61, 63, 64, 75, 83, 237, 327, Naloxone, 427 336, 349, 395, 435 in opioid overdose, 247-248 Novocain®: see Procaine Naltrexone, 448 treatment of opioid dependence, 256-257 Obesity, amphetamine therapy, 285 Naprosyn®: see Naproxen Obsessive compulsive disorder Naproxen, 107 antianxiety drugs, 215 Narcan®: see Naloxone children, 371-373 Narcolepsy drug treatment, 372-373 amphetamine therapy, 285 features of, 189 children, 379 symptoms, 371-372 Index 499

Obsessive traits, depression and, 27 Panic disorder, features of, 182, 185-187 Opiates: see Opioid detoxification; Opioid drugs; Panic reactions Opioid drug abuse hallucinogens, 290-291 Opioid detoxification LSD, 290-291 buprenorphine, 251 marijuana abuse, 303-304 clonidine, 250-251 Papaverine, 334 lofexidine, 251 Paraidehyde, 232-233, 259, 358 meiliadone, 249-250 insomnia, 232-233 wiilidrawal symptoms, 248-249 Parasomnias, 379 Opioid drugs, 245-258 Paregoric, 252 categories of, 245 Parenteral preparations, 16 effects of, 246 Pargyline, 64 phannacology, 245 Parkinson's syndrome, 129, 130, 131, 141-143 Opioid drug abuse antipsychotic drugs and, 142 dependence, 246 mechanism in, 142 detoxification, 249-251 symptoms, 141-142 medical complications related to, 253 treatment of, 140, 142-143 meiliadone maintenance, 254-256 Parlodel®: see Bromocriptine narcotic antagonists in treatment, 256-257 Parnate®: see Tranylcypromine neonate addiction, 252-253 Parsidol®: see Eiliopropazine outpatient drug-free treatment, 257-258 Partial seizures, 407, 408-412; see also Seizure overdose, 246-248 disorders; Temporolimbic epilepsy ilierapeutic communities treatment program, characteristics of, 408-411 258 complex, 409-410 tolerance, 246 etiology of, 408 withdrawal syndrome, 248-249 ictal phenomena, 410 Oral dyskinesia: see Tardive dyskinesia intericta1 behavior syndrome, 410-411, 433 Orap®: see Pimozide kindling, 411 Organic factors pseudoseizures, 410 in anxiety, 12 psychosis in, 411-412, 433 in depression, 15 simple, 408 and diagnosis, 12 Pailiological anxiety, 179 in psychosis, 13-14 Patient attributes, drug treatment and, 9 Orphenadrlne, 140 Patient evaluation, steps in, 11-12 Orthostatic (postural) hypotension Pavulon®: see Pancuronium antidepressants, 43, 46 Paxipam®: see antipsychotics, 156-157 Pediatric psychophannacology drugs and elderly, 329 adverse effects and, 343, 348, 350-351, 354- MAOIs, 68 355 marijuana abuse, 302 affective disorders, 360, 373-374 Outpatient drug-free treatment, 257-258 aggression, 356, 361, 362 Overdose, see also Toxicity of specific drugs antianxiety drugs, 358-359, 376 antipsychotic drugs, 163-164 anticonvulsants, 362-365 barbiturates, 202-203 antipsychotics, 132, 353-356, 374-375, 376 central nervous system depressant abuse, 262- anxiety disorders, 352, 358-359, 361, 362, 264 370-371 opioid drug abuse, 246-248 attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, 344- phencyclidine, 295-296 348, 365-369 Over-ilie-counter drugs, insomnia, 236-237 autism, 360, 375-376 , 191, 194, 195, 196, 198, 199,260, ß-blockers, 361-362 335, 359 cardiovascular effects, 350-352 commonly used drugs, 345-346 Paint thinner: see Inhalants cyclic antidepressants, 348-353, 369, 371, Pamelor®: see Nortriptyline 372-373, 375 Pamine®: see Meiliscopolarnine depression, 348-353 Pancuronium, 327, 330 developmental disorders, 354, 375-378 Panheprin®: see Heparin discontinuation of drug, 344, 348 Panic attacks, 179-180, 185-186 enuresis, 352, 375 antianxiety drugs, 207-210 fenfluramine, 359-360 500 Index

Pediatrie psyehopharmoeology (cont.) Phencyclidine (cont.) growth retardation, 348 during pregnaney, 297 historical view, 341-342 psychosis induced by, 294, 296-297 indieationsl eontraindieations for, 366-368 sequelae of ehronie use, 297 lithium, 356-357 Phenelzine, 63, 85, 206, 208, 230, 337, 349, long-term treatment eonsideration, 344 353, 394, 448, 466, 469 MAOIs, 353, 369, Phenergan®: see 371 Phenmetrazine, 284 obsessive eompulsive disorder, 371-373 Phenobarbital, 202, 259, 364, 426 pretreatment eonsiderations, 342-343 adverse reactions, 428-429 psyehosis, 353-356, 361, 374-375 chemical structure, 428 seizure disorders , 362-365 dosage, 429 sleep disorders, 378-380 drug interactions, 429 stimulants, 344-348, 365, 369 kinetics, 429 tie disorders, 348, 375 temporolimbic epilepsy, 428-429 treatment eonsiderations, 343 toxicity, 429 Pemoline, 344, 347 withdrawal syndrome, 429 Penfluridol, 133 , 133, 134, 137, 165, 167, 215; Penicillin, 412 see also Antipsychotic drugs Pentobarbital, 202, 231, 259 , 68, 353 toleranee test, 265-266 Phenylbutazone, 107 Pentothal®: see Thiopental Phenylethylamines, 288 Pereodan®: see Oxyeodone Phenylethylmalonamide (PEMA), 431 Periaetin®: see Cyproheptadine Phenytoin, 157, 198,266, 274, 323, 326, 328, Peripheral nervous system effeets, alcohol abuse, 363, 415, 448 271 adverse reactions, 422-424 , 134, 137,332,353,466; see also chemical structure, 422 Antipsyehotie drugs; dosage, 425 Pharmaeodynamic tolerance, 259 drug interactions, 424 Pharmaeokineties, see also specifie drugs kinetics, 424-425 absorption, 14-15 during pregnancy, 424 clinieian understanding of, 6-7 temporolimbic epilepsy, 422-425 distribution, 15-16 toxicity, 424 Pharmaeotherapy Phobie disorder brain ehemistry models and, 6 agoraphobia, 187 clinician attributes and, 8-9 antianxiety drugs, 210 definition of clinieal syndromes and, 6 features of, 183, 187-188 drug studies and, 7 Phosphatidylcholine, 152 historical view, 3-5 Physostigmine, 17, 59-60, 156, 163; see also informed consent, 473-475 Anticholinergic effects li ability, 475-482 Pimozide, 83, 133, 134, 157, 158, 173,353, medications matched to drug-responsive syn- 436,447 dromes, 8 , 133, 134; see also Phenothiazines patient attributes and, 9 Piperidine, 133, 134 patient evaluation, 11-12 Piperidinedione derivatives, insomnia, 233-234 pharmacokinetics, 6-7 Pisa syndrome, elderly, 328 principles of drug use, 12-19 Placidyl®: see Ethchlorvynol properties of medication and, 8 Polyneuropathy, alcohol abuse, 271 psychotherapy and, 9-11 Polypharmacy, indications for, 17 Phase shifts, features of, 223 Ponstel®: see Mefenamic acid Phencyclidine, 293-297 Postpartum depression, 393-394 acute intoxieation, 294-295 Posttraumatic stress disorder administration of, 293 antianxiety drugs, 215-216 analogues of, 293 features of, 189-190 effects of, 295 Postural hypotension: see Orthostatic (postural) legal use of, 293 hypotension management of intoxieation, 295, 296, 297 antidepressants, 43, 46 overdose, 295-296 antipsychotic drugs, 157 pharmacology, 293-294 MAOIs,68 Index 501

Prazepam, 191, 194, 199, 260, 335 , 40, 60, 64, 349, 435 Pregnanc~ 389-401 Provocative challenge tests, 30 alcohol abuse in, 272 Prozac®: see Fluoxetine antidepressants in, 55 Pseudoseizures, 410 antipsychotics in, 162, 392-393 Psilocybin, 288, 289 anxiety disorders and, 397-399 Psychedelic drugs: see Hallucinogens benzodiazepines in, 197,398-399 Psychoactive substance use disorders bipolar disorders and, 393-394, 395-397 abstinence syndrome, 244 carbamazepine in, 416 aJcohol abuse, 267-279 cocaine abuse, 282-283 amphetamines, 283-287 cyclic antidepressants in, 394, 398 cocaine, 279-283 depression and, 393-394 cross tolerance, 244 diazepam in, 398-399 Ecstasy/Eve, 299-300 electroconvulsive therapy in, 397 hallucinogens, 288-293 hallucinogens in, 293 inhalants, 297-299 lithium in, 105, 117,395-397 marijuana, 300-306 marijuana abuse in, 306 opioid drugs, 245-258 MAOIs in, 394-395 phencyclidine, 293-297 opioid addiction, 252-253 //anxiolytics, 258-267 patient assessment, 390 symptoms of dependence in, 243-244 phencyclidine, 297 Psychological models phenytoin in, 424 anxiety, 182-183 psychosis and, 392 depression, 23-25 risk vs. benefit assessment, 391-392 eating disorders, 442-443 risks of pharmacotherapy, 390-391 Psychosis, see also Antipsychotic drugs; risks of psychiatric illness, 391 Schizophrenia valproic acid in, 426 aJcohol induced, 275 Preludin®: see Phenmetrazine amphetarrrine induced, 286-287 Premenstrual syndrome, lithium and, 119 anticonvulsants, 433 Priapism, antidepressants, 43 children, 353-356, 361, 374-375 Primary affective disorder: see Bipolar affective cocaine induced, 281, 282 disorder; Depression in depression, 31, 35, 51, 82 Prirrridone, 364, 427 elderly, 332-333 adverse reactions, 430 electroconvulsive therapy, 127 chemical structure, 430 hallucinogen induced, 292 dosage, 431 in mania, 93 drug interactions, 430 marijuana induced, 304-305 kinetics, 431 megavitamin therapy, 128 temporolimbic epilepsy, 430-431 organic causes , 13-14 toxicity, 431 partial seizures and, 411-412, 433 Procainamide, 47, 157, 326, 330 during pregnancy, 392 Procaine, 334 psychosurgery, 127 Procarbazine, 64 psychotherapy, 126-127 Procardia®: see Nifedipine Psychosurgery, 127 , 134, 392 Psychotherapy Procyclidine, 140 alcohol abuse, 278 Prolixin®: see Fluphenazine bipolar disorder, 94-95 , 40 borderline disorders, 461-462 Promethazine, 358 combined with pharmacology, 9-11 historical view, 4 depression, 32-34 Pronestyl®: see Procainamide eating disorders, 444, 452 Propanediols, 5 insomnia, 224 for anxiety, 203 psychoses, 126-127 Propoxyphene, 245, 433 temporolimbic epilepsy and, 413 Propranolol, 104, 140, 157, 175,203-205,206, Purpura, antidepressants, 44 215, 322, 323, 332, 355, 361-362 Pyridostigrrrine, 59 Prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, 107 Prostigmin®: see Neostigrrrine Quazepam, 225, 229 Protein binding, elderly and drug taking, 321 , 326 502 Index

Rapid cyclers, 94, 120; see also Bipolar affec- Seizure disorders (cont.) tive disorders children, 362-365 Rapid neuroleptization, 167 classification of, 409 Rauwolfia alkaloids, 135 generalized seizures, 407 Regitine®: see Phentolarnine guidelines for drug treatment, 435 Reglan®: see Metoclopramide lithium, 436 Relaxation training, alcohol abuse, 278 partial seizures, 407, 408-412 , 84, 128, 329 Seizures, drug effects Respiratory effects alcohol withdrawal, 273 cocaine abuse, 282 antidepressants, 43, 49, 55, 56 drugs and elderly, 330 antihistamines, 202 marijuana abuse, 302, 305 antipsychotics, 153 opioids, 246 Selegiline, 64 Restoril®: see Self-help groups Reverse tolerance, cocaine, 282 alcohol abuse, 278-279 Rhabdomyolysis, 295 cocaine abuse, 283 Right to refuse treatment, 482-484 marijuana abuse, 306 emergencies and, 483 Separation anxiety disorder, children, 370 historical view, 482-483 Serax®: see Oxazepam legal developments, 484 Serentil®: see Mesoridazine vicarious consent, 483-484 Serotonin, 6, 288, 349 Rigidity: see Parkinson's syndrome deficit in depression, 25 Ritalin®: see Methylphenidate Serpasil®: see Reserpine, 128 Sexual dysfunction antidepressants, 52-53 S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), 40 antipsychotic drugs, 159-160 Salicylates, 236 cocaine abuse, 282 Schizoaffective disorder, see also Bipolar affec• MAOIs, 69 tive disorder; Schizophrenia Simple phobia, 188 bipolar disorder and, ll9 Sinequan®: see Doxepin Schizophrenia, 169, 171; see also Antipsychotic Skin reactions, drug effects drugs; Psychosis anticonvulsants, 363, 364 depression in, 51, 82-83 antidepressants, 43, 51 fueling of psychosis, 169 antipsychotic drugs, 158-159 lithium and, 92, ll9 carbamazepine, 416 Schizophreniform psychosis of epilepsy, drugs and elderly, 330 412 lithium, 103 School phobia, 370 phenytoin, 423 , 236 primidone, 430 Seasonal affective disorder, 85 valproic acid, 426 , 202, 259 Sieep, normal state, 219-220 Seconal®: see Secobarbital Sieep apnea Secondary amine: see Desipramine; Nortrip• children, 379 tyline; Protriptyline features of, 222-223 Sedation , drug effect Sieep disorders, see also Insomnia antidepressants, 48, 443 cataplexy, 379 antipsychotic drugs, 153 children, 378-380 benzodiazepines, 196 delayed sleep phase syndrome, 379 carbamazepine, 415 hypersomnia, 380 in elderly, 324, 325 narcolepsy, 379 Sedatives: see Central nervous system depressant night terrors, 379-380 abuse; specific drugs noctumal myoclonus, 223 Seizure disorders, 407-437; see also Partial sei- parasomnias, 379 zures; Temporolimbic epilepsy phase shifts, 223 anticonvulsants, 432-434 primary idiopathic insomnia, 223 antidepressants, 434-436 psychophysiological insomnia, 223 antipsychotics, 434, 436 sleep apnea, 222-223, 379 brain and, 407 Sieep disturbances, MAOIs, 69 Index 503

Social phobias, 187-188,204,210 Tedral®: see Pentobarbital children, 370 Tegretol®: see Carbamazepine drug treatment, 204, 210 Temazepam, 191, 195, 198, 199,225,228, Sociocultural aspects, eating disorders, 442 260,336 Socioeconomic status, alcohol abuse, 268 Temperature regulation, antipsychotic drugs, Sodium 132-133, 160 lithium and, 98-99, 102, 357 Temporal disintegration, marijuana use, 302 Sodium bicarbonate, 295 Temporolimbic epilepsy, see also Partial seizures Sparine®: see Promazine benzodiazepines, 431 Spironolactone, 106 carbamazepine, 414-422, 432 Stelazine®: see diagnosis of, 412 Stimulants, see also Amphetamines drug regimen, 414 attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, 285, electroencephalogram, 412, 413 344-348 neuropsychiatric examination, 412-413 children, 344-348, 365, 369 phenobarbital, 428-429 cocaine, 279-283 phenytoin, 422-425 depression, 85-86 primidone, 430-431 drug interactions, 348 psychotherapy and, 413 elderly and, 337 surgery and, 413-414 side effects, 347-348 valproic acid, 425-428 Stimulation effect, antidepressants, 43, 48-49 Tenuate®: see Diethylpropion Substance abuse, see also Psychoactive sub- Teratogenesis, psychotropic drugs and, 390- stance use disorders 391 barbiturates, 259 a9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 300, 301; see benzodiazepines, 197,259-260,261-262 also Marijuana insornnia related to, 222, 224 Theobromine, 107 prescribing antianxiety drugs and, 197,215 , 107 Succinylcholine, 36, 327, 330 Therapeutic alliance, 481 Suicide Therapeutic index, 163, 197 depression and, 31, 76 Therapeutic window, 136 physician liability and, 479-480 Thiamine, 271 Sulindac, 107 Thiopental, 259 Sundowner's syndrome, 327 Thioridazine, 129, 132, 133, 134, 137, 142, Surgery 156, 157, 158,325,327,353,429,436 lithium and, 331 Thiothixene, 133, 134, 137,332,353,436, temporolimbic epilepsy and, 413-414 447,466 Surmontil®: see , 134, 137; see also Chlorprothix- Symmetrel®: see Amantadine ene; Thiothixene Symptom profiles, 6 Thorazine®: see Chlorpromazine Synthroid®: see Thyroxine Thyroid functioning, lithium and, 99-100, 118 Systematic desensitization, alcohol abuse, 278 Thyroid-stimulating hormone, 45, 99 Thyrolar®: see Triiodothyronine Tachycardia Thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test, antidepressants, 47, 52 30 tricyclic antidepressants in children, 350-351 Thyroxine, 45, 84 Taractan®: see Chlorprothixene Tic disorders Tardive dyskinesia, 131, 143-152, 173 children, 348, 375 antipsychotic drugs and, 144-145, 149 classification of, 375 children, 354-355 drug treatment, 375 diagnosis of, 146-149, 150-151, 152 Tofranil®: see Imipramine elderly, 328 Tolerance mechanism in, 145-146 alcohol, 269 secondary prevention, 146, 149, 153 cocaine, 282 symptoms, 143, 144 cross-tolerance, 244, 259, 262 treatment of, 146, 149-153 dispositional tolerance, 259 vs. withdrawal dyskinesia, 354 inhalants, 298 Tardive dystonia, 144, 145, 152 LSD,290 treatment of, 152 marijuana, 301 504 Index

Tolerance (cont.) Valproic acid (cont.) opioid drug abuse, 246 drug interactions, 426-427 pharrnacodynamic tolerance, 259 kinetics, 427 Tourette's syndrome, 173, 355, 375 during pregnancy, 426 Taractan®: see Chlorprothixene temporolimbic epilepsy, 425-428 Tranquilizers, see also Antipsychotic drugs toxicity, 427 major and minor, 129 Verapamil, 120, 175,210,433 Transmethylation theory, 128 Vibramycin®: see Doxycyc1ine Tranxene®: see Clorazepate Vicarious consent, 483-484 Tranylcypromine, 80, 85, 97, 337, 349, 353, Violence: see Aggression 466,467 Vistaril®: see Hydroxyzine Trazodone, 39,42,43,44,46,47,48,53,63, Vitamin deficiency amblyopia, alcohol abuse, 64, 75, 208, 237, 333, 337, 349, 394, 435, 271 447 Vivacti1®: see Protriptyline Tremors Vocational rehabilitation, 279 alcohol withdrawal, 272 antidepressants, 49-50 parkinsonian, 141 Weight changes types of, 49-50 antidepressants, 43, 54-55 Trexan®: see Naltrexone antipsychotics, 160 Triamterine, 106 lithium, 105 Triazolam, 225, 228, 260, 336,412 MAOIs, 69 Tricyc1ic antidepressants, see also Cyc1ic Wellbutrin®: see Bupropion antidepressants Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, alcohol abuse, historical view, 5 271 Trifluoperazine, 133, 134, 137,275,332,353 Wernicke's disease, alcohol abuse, 271 , 134 Withdrawal dyskinesia, 355 Trihexyphenidyl, 140, 142, 143, 333 Withdrawal syndrome Triiodothyronine, 45, 68 alcohol abuse, 272-274 Trilafon®: see Perphenazine amphetamines, 285, 287 Trimipramine, 38, 62, 64, 327, 349, 435; see antidepressants, 49, 50, 79 also Antidepressants antipsychotics, 162-163 Trofan®: see Tryptophan benzodiazepines, 194, 197-198 Tryptacin®: see Tryptophan central nervous system depressant abuse, 264- Tryptophan, 85, 120, 224 267 eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, 230 inhalant abuse, 298 insomnia, 230 MAOIs, 70 , 85 opioids, 248-249 phenobarbital, 429 Unipolar depression, 29; see also Bipolar affec• tive disorder; Depression Xanax®: see Alprazolam Unipolar mania, 93 Xylocaine®: see Lidocaine Urecholine®: see Bethanechol Yocon®: see Valium®: see Diazepam Yohimbine, 46 Valmid®: see Ethinamate Valproic acid, 120, 210 adverse reactions, 425-426 Zarontin®: see Ethosuximide chemical structure, 425 Zimelidine, 39 dosage, 427-428 Zomepirac, 107