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ANALYSIS OF THE CENSUS 1991 DATA
, of Census Operati~ns, Maharashtra 315.479 Government of India 1991 Mumbai I Ana.Can ~ o z
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Z Page No. 1. MAHARASHTRA AT A GLANCE 2. WHAT IS SPECIAL ABOUT MAHARASHTRA ? 2 3. POPULATION GROWTlI 4. URBAN RURAL DISTRIBUTION 10 - 16 5. SEX RATIO 17 - 22 6. LITERACY 23 - 27 7. SC AND ST 28 - 36 8. LANGUAGES 37 -40 9. WORK FORCE 41 - 49 10. MIGRATION 50 - 66 11. FERTILITY 67 -79 lVIA.HARASHTRA A: A GLANCE • Total population 78r~·~ 7,187 • NO.ofhouseholds 15}+4,441 • Total Area(sq.km) 307,113 • Rural Area (sq.km) 301-:;'85 • NO.ofTahsils 300 • No.of C.D Blocks : 298 • No.of statutory towns 246 • No.of Census towns 90 • Total no. of villages 4"C"'-.)!'~.) • No.of uninhabited villages. : 2,61.; • Sex ratio (Total) : 934 Urban : 875 Rural : 972 • Decadal population rise : 25.13%) Rural 18.65(% Urban : 38.87% • Percentage of Urban population: 38.69% \VHAT IS SPEClf\L ABOUT ~v1AHA_RASfiTRA ? • Maharashtra is the 3 rd largest state of India (area & population). • Maharashtra (78.7 million) is equivalent to united Germany (77.9 million). More than France, U.K., Italy and Poland • Population of Gr. Mumbai itself is about half of Punj ab • Only state having 3 cities with one million or more population. • Gr. Mumbai is the sixth largest metro in the world with having low,est area but highest population and also the highest literacy in the state. • Thane is the fastest growing city. • Highest proportion of urban population in India. • Highest number (33) of cities in India. • Highest density of urban population. • Largest number of migrants from other states. 2 POPliLATION GRO\VTH: Maharashtra with population of 78,937,187 and area of 307,713 sq. km. is the third largest State of India in terms of both population and area. Population growth of Maharashtra: The growth rate of Maharashtra had suddenly jumped by about 8% in the decade 1941-51. Till 1941, the growth rate was below 15% but from the next decade, the population growth rate shot up by about 8 %. And since then the growth rate never looked back and always remained above 22%. In that sense, the decade 1941-51, is a water mark for Maharashtra. The rise in growth rate had slowed down from 1981 but it still continues to grow at the rate of more than 25%. T-l gives the growth rate of population of Maharashtra, India, a few other adjoining states. The chart 1 shows the variation of growth rate of population. From the chart it clearly appears that the population of Gujarat was grO\ving at the fastest rate till 1981. But it has performed very well in the decade 1981-91 alongwith Kamataka to bring down the rate of growth to 21.19%. During 1941-51, all the adjoining states" had slowed down showing a dip in growth rate, but Maharashtra, alongwith Kamataka and Andhra Pradesh had shown a very steep rise in growth rate. From 1951 onwards, Maharashtra has been growing at a much faster rate than the whole country mainly because of gro\ving in-migration into large cities. From 196] onwards, the growth rate of Gujarat and M.P. has always remained higher than the national average. That of A.P. had always remained below India, but only in 1991 it went marginally above national average. Population growth of the Districts: After considering Maharashtra State as a whole, we need to look at the district wise population growth. T-2 gives the decadal variation of the districts and T-3 gives the 3 C:\My Documents-l \PoplnGroNotc.doc decadal growth rates of the districts. The most populous districts of the State are Gr. Mumbai, Pune, Thane, Nashik, Ahmadnagar in that order. There are three districts namely Gr. Mumbai, Pune and Thane with more than 5 million population. That for Gr. Mumbai is a1most about 10 milhon. Sindhudurg and Gadchiroli are the smallest districts with population less than 1 million. Considering the rate of population growth, we can see that Thane (56.6%), Aurangabad (39.6%) and Nanded (33.2%) district are the first three fastest growing districts of Maharashtra. Sindhudurg (6.56%), Ratnagiri (11.9%) and Bhandara (14.7%) are the slowest growing districts in that order. Chart 2 shows the district-wise grow1h rate of a few important district From 1931 ftpto 1951 Gr. Mumbai saw a step rise in the gro'Nth rate, \vhe~eas Thane followed Gr. Mumbai from 1941. During, 1951-61, Gr. Mumbai, Thane and Pune had slowed "- dovm but Aurangabad grew at very rapid rate. The growth rate of Thane is almost a 45 degree straight line from 1961 onwards, whereas that for Gr. Mumbai is falling from 1971 onwards. This indicates that Thane being very close to Mumbai, is growing at the expense of Murnbai. During 1981-91, Thane and Aurangabad showed steep rise in population growth whereas Gr. Mumbai showed steep fall. Other populous districts of Nashik" Pune are growing steadily without any striking features. The districts which have been always growing faster than the state average are Thane, Aurangabad, Nanded, Pune, Nashik and Nagpur. These districts with big city always have attracted people for works and effectively grew at a faster rate that the State as a whole. The districts which were growing slower than the State during 1971-81 but grew at a faster rate than the State average during 1981-91 are Jalna, Latur, Bid and Parbhani. All these are districts in the vicinity of Aurangabad. The remaining all districts remained lower than the state average as far as growth rate is concerned. 4 C·\?v1y D"".lrr:ents-I'PL1rlnGro~o[e,doc - I'- co CD t- t:'< .) CO a> CO I 0> 0 ~ LO a: .( t- '¢ "<:t ;;§:? (V') I.() l!) 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Z i:i5 Ht t t r c:- o 0 c c C',=- .-, ;s Cl 0 '"0 0 C 0 CO c~ - C C - C) I::=' - '" '" :"';~ RURAL-URBAN DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION: Level of Urbanization of ~Iaharashtra : Maharashtra is one of the most urbanized state in India. The percentage of urban population to the total population in Maharashtra has always remained much higher than the national average. T - 4 gives the data on level of urbanization in Maharashtra, India and other adjoining states. If we consider percentage of urban to total population, Maharashtra , Gujarat and Karnataka have always remain higher than the national figure. Considering only the adjoining states, we can see from chart 4 that till 1951, Gujarat was the most urbanized state followed by Maharashtra and Kamataka. But from 1951 onwards, Maharashtra overtook Gujarat, and since then Maharashtra remained the most urbanized state with 38.73 % of population living in urban area. Chart.5· shows1 how the absolute urban population increased over the decades for the adjoining states. Urban population of all the four adjoining states have been growing steadily over the decades. But, in Maharashtra, the urban population grew very rapidly after 1931. In the first 50 years from 1901-1951, the absolute increase in Urban population was only about 60 lakhs whereas in the next 40 years it is about 213 lakhs. In Maharashtra the urban population is growing much faster than it total population. Prima-facie, it appears that urbanization in Maharashtra is very good. For but ) urbanization to be creditable, it should be well spread. As per 1991 Census, 39 out of ] 00 persons are living in urban areas. Out of these 39 persons, 30 are bving in Class I cities. Out of these 30 persons, 24 are living in 11 Corporations of the State. Among these 24, 12 are living in Gr. Mumbai. It shows that urbanization in the State is highly skewed. 10 C:\My Documents-l\PoplnGroNote doc Distribution of urban population at the Divisional and district level Population distribution at Division level Percentage Rural/Urban population Rural Urban Division 1981 1991 1981 1991 Konkan 12.58 11AO 45.97 45.31 Nashik 19.70 19.96 10.63 10.79 Pune 22.22 22.85 18.28 17A8 Aurangabad 19.52 20.68 8.10 9.17 Amravati 13.22 12.99 7.00 6.91 Nagpur 12.76 12.12 10.02 10.34 Konkan appears to be the most urbanized division due to Gr. Mumbai city and Thane. Least Urbanized division is Aurangabad. For all the divisions, the Urban component of the population is increasing. Amongst the six divisions the spread is better in Pune division \vith 4 corporations and 43 Municipal Councils. While considering the district-wise distribution of urban population, we can see that Gr. Mumbai (32.5%) is having the largest share of total urban population of the State followed by Thane district (11.11%), Pune (9.19%), Nagpur (6.65%) etc. It clearly indicates that urbanization in Maharashtra State is highly skewed with most of its urban population spreading in mainly Mumbai, Thane, Pune and Nagpur district Two third of the district are having a share of 2% or less than 2% of the total urban population of the State. Sindhudurg (0.22%) and Gadchiroli (0.22%) are the two districts with lowest share. T 5 shows the district wise position. 11 C:\My Docwnents-l\PoplnGroNote.doc As per the 1991 Census, the percentage of urban population of the distri~t to total population of the district, Gr. Mumbai (100%), Thane (64.64%),. Nagpur (6L78%), PUne.' (50.74%) rank first, second, third and fourth respectively. As per 1981 and 1971 Census, Thane district was at the 4th position but during 1981-91, it overtook both Nagpur and Pune districts. Sindhudurg (7.59%), Gadchiroli (8.71%) and RatIiagiri are the last three districts with the least percentage urban population to the \vhole district population. It is also clear that as far as urban to total population is concerned, only four districts i.e. Gr.Mumbai, Thane, Pune and Nagpur are higher than the State average. This also shows the skewed distribution of urbanization in the State. For all the districts, the percentage of urban to total population has been increasing over the decades. However, Solapur and Satara 'are the two only. districts whos_e proportion of urban population has gone d0\\11 during] 981-91. 12 C \\1:- Documcnl,·l ,PoplnGToNote doc ,_-- (J) ~ C> L() C> L() (") ..- (J) .'" L() ~ (!) co (") C> en (") (") eo ~"'} 0~ N ~ (") L() ex) .- N l"- N N " ~ r- '¢ (") ~ 0.. 0 en " « ..... 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C"') N N ..- ..- 1 S T - 5 : DISTRICTWISE DISTRIBUTION OF URBAN POPULATION % of Urban State/ Population of Districts % of Urban Population to the Total district the district to Population the Urban Population of the State 1971 1981 1991 1991 1 2 3 4 5 MAHARASHTRA 31_17 35.03 38.69 100.00 GREATER BOMBAY 100.00 100.00 100.00 32.50 THANE 36.23 44.34 64.64 11.11 PUNE 41.84 47.33 50.74 9.19 NAGPUR 54.32 56.75 61.78 6.65 NASHIK 28.64 31.02 35.55 4.48 SOLAPUR 27.35 29.65 28.77 3.04 JALGAON 23.65 25.14 27.44 2.86 KOLHAPUR( 21.50 25.32 26.33 4. 58 AURANGABAD 16.71 24.87 32_76 2.37 AMRAVATI 27.56 29.25 32.60 ,,2.35 AKOLA 23.53 24.89 28_65 2.08 AHMEDNAGAR 11_08 12.95 15_82 1.75 DHULE 17_31 19.52 20.50 1.70 NANDED 16.33 18.74 21.72 1.66 SANGLI 18.63 21.48 22.74 1.65 CHANDRAPUR 10.19 17.38 28.04 1.63 PARBHANI 16.06 19.87 2251 1.56 BULDANA 17.56 18.49 20.59 1.27 YAVATMAL 13_62 15.09 17 18 1.17 LATUR -- 16.48 20.39 1.12 RAIGARH 12.08 14.12 18.01 1.08 BID 11.61 16.26 1794 1.07 SATARA 13.16 13.04 12.88 1.03 WARDHA 24.51 24.98 26.56 0.93 BHANDARA 11.38 13.10 13.09 0.90 JALNA -- 15.49 16.91 0.76 OSMANABAD 12.49 12.64 1521 0.64 RATNAGIRI 8.40 8.73 8.94 0.45 GADCHIROLI -- 2.43 8.71 0.22 SINDHUDURG - 6.47 7.59 0.21 16 cist-tu-71-21-9 ! Sex-ratio is one of the most impor.JJ1t indicator of the demography of the nation. In developed nations females are more ic. number than the males (1061 females/WOO males in 1990) but in developing countries. me males outnumber the females. Sex-ratio since 1901 in India: T - 7 and the chart 6 shows, the trend in sex-ratio in India, Maharashtra and a few adjoining states. It clearly appears from the chart 6 that the sex ratio is declining in the states including Maharshtra over the decades. The rate of fall had been different for different states during various decades. In last 90 years the sex ratio for M.P., Maharashtra, Kamataka and AP. declined by 58, 43, 23, and 13 points respectively. During the same period the fall for the whole country also is 43 i.e. the same as Maharashtra. From the chart 6 we can also see that amongst these four adjoining states, A.P. has got the most favourable sex ratio followed by Kamataka and M.P. during last four decades. Sex-ratio in rural and urban areas of Mabarashtra : Looking at the chart 7 and T -8 we can say that rural Maharashtra is always having favourable sex ratio than the urban Maharashtra. From 1961 onwards, the sex ratio has been steadily increasing in urban areas of Maharashtra whereas in rural areas it is showing a declining trend. Districtwise position of sex-ratio: T - 9 gives the decadal variation of the total sex ratio of various districts for the rural as well as urban areas. Chart 8 helps us to locate the districts with high sex ratio as well as low sex ratio with their decadal variation. It is clearly seen that from 1941 onards, 17 Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg remained first and second top districts respectively. Satara and Raigarh have been interchanging the third and fourth position in sex ratio. The most urbanised districts of Gr.Mumbai, Thane, Nagpur, Aurangabad, Pune always remained at the bottom. The total sex ratio of Gr.Mumbai district has been increasing steadily since 1951. Another interesting feature worth noting is that out of 30 districts 23 districts are having higher total sex ratio than the whole state put together. Only five districts are having less than that of the state. The population of these five districts are so high that they have titled the whole sex ratio towards their low value. Another note-worthy observation is that, during the decade 1981'-91, all the . I district except Gr.Mumbai, Nashik and Amravati all have shown decline in the sex ratio. " This decline is the highese for the Sindhudurg district (a fall of 68) and that for tI1e state . ,..., IS ..). 18 C:'My Documcnts-l\PoplnGroNole.doc T-7 : SEX RATIO OF MAHARASHTRA & OTHER STATES Year India Maha. MP AP Gujarat Karnataka 1901 972 978 990 985 954 983 1911 964 966 986 992 946 981 1921 955 950 974 993 944 969 1931 950 947 973 987 945 965 1941 945 949 970 980 941 960 1951 946 941 967 986 952 966 1961 941 936 953 981 940 959 1971 930 930 941 977 934 957 1981 934 937 941 975 942 963 1991 927 934 931 972 934 960 19 N,...... O'l co ...... I- .. ..c co I (/) .x: / co +-' co I I- co ...... co I- co ---~------I / co ..c co c Ij 0... 0... .S' ..... "0 co co Ijf'-. c (j Z z « ~ 1/ C") I I ... 11 'f j • • 1\ t i I I I \. \. \ \. \ • ) , ,/ / ,/ ~ ~ /_ ,/ j ,/ ,/ • ;i /' /' ,/ U) /' ,/ , / (l,) - ___/_ -_--- -~ ~~ ~- / '/ / .....ctI :/ ,/ (J) v ,/ ~ / l+- e I~. . " , e I "" ..... I " -~-f- " ctI -- " ~ I >< I (l,) ""- • 'It en r I I I \0 I I t -- -, 't I I (\:l J I .t: (j -I 1 I I 1 I ~~---~---/------I I I I I ) ,. ,/ t ,/ I ,/ , 1 ~~ - -_/~ - _._:__- ~ --~-~~ - - - -~ ,/ , ---f- ,/ f ,/ I ,. ,/ . , I / I I I / ------~/- ~~------~-~~------/ / •/ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (j) ro ~ Ci_'i: lC) I:~~re~< ,< 8~; T 08·: RURAL-URBAN SEX RA TIt} OF MAHARASHTRA Census Sef Ratio Year Total I C:ural T Urban 1 2 I 3 r 4 1901 978 1003 862 1911 966 1000 796 1921 950 994 776 1931 947 987 790 1941 949 989 810 1951 941 1000 807 1961 936 995 801 1971 930 985 820 1981 937 987 850 1991 934 972 875 1050" Chari 7 Rural Urban Sex Ratio OTotal o Rural DUrban 1000 ~: .~ ".~ ... '0: . ,. '0' 950 '.~ ,. " '.~. ,..' f'" -: ,.. '0: . . ",. .:' . 900 ----:,. . ---- .. ,: - ' -...- . . - - ~- '_ "_ .; "_ 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 Census Year 21 T - 9: iJiSTF<;CTWiSE RUR/,L URB,l,tJ SEX R.';TIO I- 19<11 1 (j51 1961 1971 1981 1991 S\;*,I I Districts T R U T R U T R U T R U T ~ U T R U MAHARASHTRA 949 989 810 941 1000 807 936 995 801 930 985 820 937 987 850 931\ 972 875 RATNAGIRI 1158 1168 977 1239 1256 1027 1264 1292 993 1263 1294 992 1258 1289 979 1205 1230 981 SINDHUDURG 1148 1154 1061 1200 1205 1146 1194 1214 977 1213 1225 1063 1205 1217 1047 1137 1149 998 SATARA 1035 1044 961 1051 1066 965 1047 1065 913 1037 1062 885 1061 1085 916 1029 1045 926 RAIGARH 1036 1045 941 1040 1052 945 1058 1072 943 1056 1077 917 1046 1071 904 1010 1035 905 BHANDARA 1010 1015 945 1005 1012 929 997 1006 925 987 994 933 997 1003 _96:1 988 993 ,952 GADCHIROLI 989 989 999 1000 999 1013 998 998 - 986 987 961 981 980 1016 976 982 910 KOLHAPUR 968 982 905 964 975 927 961 980 885 953 973 887 962 986 895 961 97B 914 DHULE 969 973 949 970 976 943 967 978 913 956 967 907 966 978 915 958 968 917 SANGLI 954 954 953 968 973 953 957 966 912 949 962 893 967 980 919 958 966 932 JALNA 957 959 942 976 983 933 970 977 922 959 966 917 970 974 947 958 964 931 PARBHANI 960 964 930 980 984 956 971 979 928 959 969 914 967 976 933 953 962 923 BULDANA 972 979 932 981 991 934 959 970 903 954 965 903 957 965 926 953 958 933 YAVATMAL 978 985 923 989 997 931 972 981 915 961 969 908 958 966 914 951 957 925 AHMEDNAGAR 969 973 934 971 981 921 962 971 890 956 968 --866 959 970 889 ' 949 -956 -915 CHANDRAPUR 989 993 956 994 996 976 979 990 901 963 978 872 959 972 901 948 967 900 NANDED 965 968 939 983 988 959 970 979 921 955 967 900 960 970 .918 945 955 913 BID 941 943 919 957 959 940 969 974 921 954 964 885 965 975 916 944 952 906 LATUR 941 94,2 935 947 951 924 950 955 909 942 953 870 959 971 899 942 954 898 NASHIK 953 965 894 956 974 907 946 971 874 940 951 905 937 959 889 \940 955 915 JALGAON 970 982 938 971 984 944 957 968 920 948 958 917 950 957 929 940 948 921 AKOLA 957 968 909 960 973 918 938 954 881 941 954 901 948 956 925 939 944 926 WARDHA 978 989 931 983 993 950 964 980 917 949 963 906 948 954 931 939 943 930 OSMANABAD 942 940 962 948 949 934 948 952 912 947 952 909 958 962 933 937 943 904 AMRAVATI 946 955 918 958 972 923 933 948 891 931 942 902 936 941 924 936 942 924 SOLAPUR 942 947 929 945 951 932 936 945 914 933 840 914 942 946 931 934 930 945 PUNE 948 992 841 939 994 870 944 992 872 933 983 868 937 988 883 933 964 904 AURANGABAD 956 965 894 974 980 938 955 970 874 935 958 834 936 958 872 922 941 884 NAGPUR 955 986 910 956 968 942 929 972 892 922 949 899 924 940 912 922 933 915 THANE 940 956 830 920 950 851 919 964 823 894 944 812 883 932 825 879 954 841 GREATER BOMBAY 616 902 599 603 729 602 663 -- 663 716 -- 716 772 -- 772 818 -- 818 Chart 8 District wise sex-ratio 1250 -_' --.----- 1150~--, I/) i ,i 1050 +----~l'flil:.::::.;:.;;.;.;....==-4.AF===---=1i~======jt====t:==-~----i o o 950 -;-- - JI--rr1J41l7r'l -.,...,-,,,....,,..-:*------_. ------_._-- -_-. - ...o ~~------~O~20~==---~~~~~~8-Q-4----~:~B9-J------~:879 ..... Q) 850 0. II) Q) __ . ______ro 750 -----.--.------' --- ::=:~:uG~~~G ~_~1~ -E '-b-SATARA Q) u. 650 ,-1(-RAIGARH ~NAGPUR 550 ------, _- __ -.-. ~THANE Census Year -t-GR,lvlU1\lBAI 450 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 - _ - n- 22 LITERACY F or Census purposes, literacy means the ability to read and write with understanding. The age group 0-6 years, is not supposed attend school and hence not supposed to be literate and they are considered illiterate. The persons of age 7 years onwards should be literate. Literacy is very important demographic indicator since it represents the quality of the greatest asset of a nation. Literacy in l\'laharashtra and adjoining states: T -10 and chart 9 shows the decadal variation of the literacy rates of Maharashtra at the national level. From the chart 9 it is quite clear that the rates of literacy for the adjoining state as well as for the country is increasing steadily. From 1971 onwards, A.P. and M.P. have always remained below national average and the remaining three states are always above national average. From 1971 onwards Maharashtra is leading in literacy as compared to its four neighbours. During ] 961 Census, the literacy rate of Gujarat was better than that of Maharashtra but later on lost to Maharashtra. But as far as the whole country is concerned, Kerala, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu are much ahead of Maharashtra in literacy. In the last three decades, the increase in the literacy rate in Maharashtra was the maximum (9.36%) during 1961-71. After that the rate of .1se has fallen to 8% and 6.59% per decade, during 1971-81 and 1981-91 respectively. As against the total literacy rate, the female literacy rate has improved comparatively faster. The corresponding rate of decadal rise of female literacy are 9.67%,8.36% and 8.51% during 1961-71,71-81 and 81-91 respectively. But in terms of increase in absolute number of literates, during the last three decades from 1961, Maharashtra has added about 17 million literate males. For the female, the same figure is about 13 million only. At 1961 Census, the literate males were more in number than the female literates by about 54 million. At 1991 Census, this gap increased to 94 million. 23 RurallJrban distribution: Considering the rural-urban component of literacy, we can see from chart 10 that the total literacy rate in urban areas (67.1%) is much more than in rural areas (45.4%). The difference between the male literacy in urban and rural areas is only 16.7% whereas that for female is 26.0%. If we take a look at literacy in different age groups, we can see that the maximum literacy rate is observed in the age group 9-25 years. District wise literacy rates: The district wise literacy rates are sHown on T -11 arranged on descending order '\ of total literacy. The state average of total literacy is 64.87%. Out of30 districts, ohly 10 districts have total literacy above that of the state average and remaining 20 districts . \ remain below the state. All the districts have more or less retained their ranks during the past decades. Gr.Mumbai(82.5%), Sindhudurg(75.8%), Nagpur(73.6%), Pune(71%) districts are topping the list and Gadchiroli(42.9%), Jalna(46.3%), Parbhani(47.6%), Nanded(48.2%) districts remaining at the bottom. Akola (65.8%)district, just crosing the state average marginally. Kolhapur and Satara districts above the state average but relatively with poor female literacy. It is also seen that except a few exceptions, as we go down the list, the gap between male and female literacy also widens. Which means that the districts which are poor in literacy must focus their attention to improving female literacy that too specially in rural areas. 24 T - lO:Literacy of Maharashtra & Other States Type of Activity Year Total Population Literates % Literates Males Females Males Females Males Females Total INDIA 1961 226,146,101 212,790,817 77,939,833 27,578,928 34.46 12.96 24.04 1971 276,335,036 257,199,464 109,214,182 48,084,057 39.52 18.70 29.48 1981 343,930,423 321,357,426 161,285,568 79,746,281 46.89 24.82 36.23 1991 435,216,358 403,367,630 229,531,935 129,752,482 52.74 32.17 42.84 MAHARASHTRA 1961 20,428,882 19,124,836 8,588,657 3,204,413 42.04 16.76 29.82- 1971 26116351 24295884 13,331,079 6,421,529 51.04 26.43 39.18 1981 32,415,126 30,369,045 19,056,503 10,564,303 58.79 34.79 47.1& 1991 40,825,618 38,111,569 25,943,455 16,503,684 63.55 43.30 53.77 KARNATAKA 1961 1971 14,971,990 14,327,114 6,231,363 3,003,764 41.62 ·20.97 31.52 1981 18,922,627 18,213,087 9,236,276 5,046,441 48.81 27.71 38.46 1991 22,951,917 22,025,284 12,871,628 8,141,565 56.08 36.96 46.72 MADHYA PRADESH 1961 16,578,204 15,794,204 4,481,454 1,063,408 27.03 6.73 17.13 191i 21,455,334 20,198,785 7,016,649 2,206,432 32.70 10.92 22.14 1981 • 26,886,305 25,292,539 10,617,302 3,927,266 39.49 15.53 27.1 1991 34,287,293 31,913,877 16,101,285 7,364,016 46.99 23.07 35.46 OOJARAT 1961 10,633,902 9,999,448 4,373,373 1,909,883 41.13 19.10 30.45 1971 13,802,494 12,894,981 6,363,767 3,191,522 46.11 24.75 35.79 1981 17,552,640 16,533,159 9,555,269 5,340,575 54.44 32.30 43.70 1991 21,355,209 19,954,373 13,025,132 8,106,268 60.99 40.62 51.15 ANPMRA PRADESH 196) 18,161,671 17,821,776 5,482,333 2,144,194 30.19 1U13 -Z:f19 1971 22,008,663 21,494,045 7,303,297 3,386,368 33.18 15.75 24.57 1981 27,108,922 26,440,751 10,642,377 5,392,441 39.26 20.39 29.94 1991 33,724,581 32,783,427 15,532,689 8,954,870 46.06 27.32 36.82 Chart 9:% AGE·~ITERACY OF MAHARASHTRA 111 India 55.00- ElMaharashtra -_------"'------_. (] Kamataka 50.00 ClM.P --1·--····· 45.00 -. £3 Gujarat 40.00 EBA.P II~ _. :- 35.00 ;S :: II ~ :: 30.00 II ~ :: 25.00 ~ii-'- . ~ :: ~ :: -- 20.00 II ~ :: I ~ ii -_.- 15.00 ~ :: II ~ :: 10.00-· 1961 1971 1981 1991 CENSUS YEAR 25 LITERACY IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS OF MAHARASHIRA (%AGES) Persons Males Females Total 53.8 63.6 43.3 Rural 45.4 57 33.6 Urban 67.1 73.7 59.6 Chart 10 . LITERACY IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS OF MAHARASHTRA ( %AGE) 80 rnTotal 73.7 o Rural lSI Urban // 70 67.1 63.6 59.6 60 50 40 ',', 30 20 Persons Males Females CENSUS YEAR 26 '," ',M, :o~ ...... f'>,;("): ~ ° N (0, I() ..- <0 ...... '.:0 It) NN"--"- ;_.,.. " oor--"'I(): ...... (")"'"":ON .,.f 0 ...... cri ...... -N ...... N..- T o 27 SC/ST POPULATION The Scheduled castes and the Scheduled tribes are a important section of the popuIatiga. They are the most backward and deprivCd -sectio1l of. the fIOciety. Their population and the growth, throw very important light on the demograp\ly of ihe society. The caste being very sensitive issue there is a tendency on the part 'of t4e respondent to give false information. This may lead to both over estimation as well as under estimation of the SC/ST population. SC population in Maharaslltra & other states: In Maharashtra, there are 59 Scheduled castes, and 41 Scheduled tribes with population of 81,51,842(1991) and 13,18,281 (1991) respectively. T-12 shows'the deeadal variation of the percentage ofSC/ST to total population of Maharashtra and a few neighboring states. From chart 11, it clearly appears that ~ the total population, the SC population is also increasing for the nation and all the states. The percentage of SC population of the countIy. is increasing slowly from 14.6% in 1961 to 16.5% in 1991. We am see that Maharashtra and Gujarat had almost the similar percentage of SC population upto 1981. But in the decade 1981-91, SC percentage ofMaharashtra's population suddenly shot up to 11.1% from 7.14%; The SC percentage of population were similar for MP., A.P. and Karanataka till 1981. But at 1991 census, Kamartaka is having the maximum percentage (21%) of SC population followed by A.P. (15.9%), MP. (14.5%), Maharashtra (11.1%) and Gujarat (1.4%). 28 ST population in J\1aharashtra & other states: The Chart 12 shows the proportion of ST population in Maharashtra and the neighboring states. It is very clearly seen that the M.P. state is always having highest ST population (23 .3~'Q in 1991) as compared to the neighboring states. And, Kamataka is having the lowest ST proportion (4.3% in 1991). Maharashtra has remained somewhere - in between. Gujar:lt has always remained second after M.P. Scheduled castes wise position in Maharashtra: Out of 59 Scheduled castes, only four (4) castes are having population above one lakh in whole of Maharashtra. The scheduled castes which are having maximum population (?'> per 1991 Census) are Mahar (51.20 lakh), Mang (16.54 lakh1, Bhami (10.63 lakh), Bhangi (1.75 lakh). Bahna, Mitha, Mala Masti, Sansi etc. are the castes having lowest population. Amongst the four top SCs, Mahar is having the maximum decadal variation (210.6%) followed by Mang (36.5%), Bhangi (31.9%) and Bhambi (22.9%). Of course amongst all SCs the castes with maximum decadal variations are Anamuk (1017%), Mala Masti (893.3%), Mala Hannai (864.3%) etc. Mala is the only SC to have negative decadal growth. The T -14 shows the postion. Scheduled Tribes wise position in lVIaharashtra: 47 Scheduled Tribes have a total population of73.18 lakh (1991) out of the total state population of 78,937,187. There are 16 tribes with population above 1 lakh. Gond (14.4 lakh) Bhil (13.4 lakh), Koli Mahadev (9.9 lakh), Kokna (4.64 lakh) are the major tribes of Maharashtra, :_vith maximum population. Sawar, Nagesia, Bavacha are the tribes ,vith lowest population. Bhattra (788.7%), Birhul (373%), Nagesia (251.6%); Chodhara (206.7%) are the tribes with maximum decadal growth. Barda tribe is having negative growth. T-15 shows the position. DistriL't wise SC/ST population: T-13 shows district wise the decadal growth of the SC & ST population against the total population of the district. A glance at the statement T -13 clearly shows that there are 19 districts with more proportion ofSC than the state average. Latur (19.6%), Nagpur (18.8%), Nanded (18.2%), Amravati (17.5%), Chandrapur (16.9%) are the districts with maximum proportion of SC. Where as Ratnagiri (1.8%), Raigarh (2.8%), Sindhudurg (5.1%) are the districts with minimum proportion of SC. Nagpur district had the_ maximum decadal variation during 1981-91 (11.8%). Considering the ST population, we see that there are 12 districts which have higher proportion of ST than the State average. Dhule (40.9%), Gadch1roli (38.7%), , ' Nashik (24.2%), Yavatmal (21.5%), Chandrapur (19.7), Thane (19.7%) are the districts with higher proportion of ST. Sindhudurg (0.47%) , Sangli (0.49%), Kolhapll{ (0.49%) are the districts with lowest proportion of ST. Jalgaon is having the same proportion of ST as that of the state. The decadal variation of the districts in percentage ST popt.dation is very slow. 30 ~~86 co L(') r- ,..- ,- III <:0<00\0 ro (0 v Q) m E CO Vl. 0. U) (" to T"'"" 1..<"') ("") MO)' V V 00 m m CO . 00 (") . 0(") co N (0 I[') co r- or- T"'"" CO . M ID ' lO t- Ol t (") (") I[') t lOOM OllOVr') OlOllON .,-NCON o)O>NT"'"" NC'?CDCO M"I' 'V.,-r--,...... --00 co r m("")co' U) 0'>_ t- 0 M I'-C'?illv oqco ..-lONCO CO C"? 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(.) en w G« 0~ "I:'- ~ 1::: til ..t:: (...) « a:: I- « I ~ Cf) « I- « I- « a:: « a:: « « z « I 0::: ~ 0 « (L :::J o_ Z ~ ;2 ~ c.9 « D El El El B ------B ------ C> o o o C> C> C> C> C> o o C) C> C> C> C) C") (J) to en I'-- l{) N ..-- or- NOll \tlndOd l'v'1.01. 01. :)S .::10 38'1% I ___ • ____ _ ._ • ______._~ ______lI ..- 0') 0') ..- z 0 i=« ..J :::> 0,~ ~ ...... « 0:: ~ I- CO I ~ .c (f) « I- 0 « I- « 0:: « 0:: « z « « I 0:: ..., 0 « a.. :::> a.. z :2: ~ :2: (.9 « fl D El Cl ~ If) - .. _- ---- ..- <0 ..-0') o o o o o o o o o o o o l.() o l.() o l.() o N N ..- ..- NOI.L'dlndOd l'd.LOl. O.L.LS .:10 3£>'d% 33 T-13 :DISTRICTWISE % OF SCIST TO TOTAL POPULATION % SC % ST Sr.No. Statel District Statel District 1961 1971 1981 1991 1961 1971 1981 1991 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 Maharashtra 5.63 6.00 7.14 11.09 6.06 5.86 9.19 9.27 Maharashtra 37.99 37.05 40.53 40.88 Dhule 1 Latur ------19.06 ------38.70 Gadchiroli 2 Nagpur 3.60 4.13 7.05 18.84 24.46 23.69 23.45 24.18 Nashik 3 Nanded 11.01 9.10 11.30 18.15 14.17 13.91 21.30 21.46 Yavatmal 4 Amravati 3.95 4.25 6.06 17.48 14.82 14.11 38·78 19.70 Chandrapur 5 Chandrapur 3.44 4.69 9.48 16.90 30.29 25.40 21.76 18.12 Thane 6 Bhandara 2.45 5.23 9.75 16.87 0.00 0.00 15.'35 15.59 Wardha 7 Osmanabad 13.39 15.04 33.26 16.34 0.00 0.00 16.22 1/4.70 Bhandara i 8 Solapur 12.84 14.21 14.42 15.41 4.45 5.15 12.98 14.38 Amravati 9 Wardha 2.39 3.02 3.93 14.05 0.00 0.00 13.65 13.92 Nagpur 10 Aurangabad 6.05 5.50 9.49 13.79 9.01 8.99 12.80 12.82 ' Raigarh 11 Bid 13.51 12.53 12.07 13.41 3.76 4.03 10.19 11.84 Nanded 12 Jalna ------12.93 5.59 5.89 8.25 9.84 \ Jalgl:lon 13 Kolhapur 11.39 11.35 12.32 12.75 6.18 6.42 6.92 7.12 Ahmadnagar 14 Sangli 8.29 9.79 11.14 12.56 0.00 0.00 6.28 7.03 Akola 15 Ahmadnagar 8.87 9.32 10.61 12.41 2.89 2.79 4.78 5.27 Parbhani 16 G2rlchiroli -- - -- 12.20 0.00 0.00 . 4.40 5.06 Buldana I 17 Akola 4.70 4.77 5.51 11.95 3.64 3.41 3.81 3.91 Pune 18 Buldana 5.30 5.41 6.18 11.49 1.60 1.64 4.77 3.77 Aurangabad 19 Pune 4:91 5.52 7.54 11.41 ------2.24 Latur 20 Parbhani 6.96 5.64 6.48 11.02 ------2.07 Jalna 21 Yavatmal 3.87 3.93 4.95 10.92 0.03 0.14 5.05 1.76 Osmanabad 22 Satara 5.24 5.39 6.21 9.51 0.49 0.38 1.99 1.50 Solapur 23 Jalgaon 3.47 4.13 5.89 9.26 0.24 0.34 0.95 1.13 Bid 24 Nashik 3.66 4.06 6.21 8.48 0.54 0.50 1.02 1.05 Gr. Bombay 25 Gr.Bombay 2.98 3.53 4.84 6.52 0.17 0.51 2.30 0.96 Ratnagiri 26 Dhule 3.56 3.70 4.18 5.30 0.17 0.21 0.64 0.75 Satara 27 Thane 1.37 1.59 2.50 5.18 0.10 0.19 1.11 0.49 Kolhapur 28 Sindhudurg ------5.10 0.05 0.16 0.85 0.49 Sangli 29 Raigarh 1.31 1.22 1.69 2.79 ------0.47 Sindhudurg 30 Ratnagiri 2.08 2.16 3.27 1.77 34 T-14: POPULATION OF MAJOR SCHEDULED CASTES SI. Name of Scheduled Castes No. All Scheduled Castes* 8.157,842 4,479,763 4,278,079 95.50 1 Mahar, Mehra, Taral, Dhegu Megu 5,120,355 1,648,269 3,472,086 210.65 2 Mang, Matang, Minimadig, Dankhni Mang, Mang, MahashioooO 1,654,190 1,211,335 442,855 36.56 3 Bhambi, Bhambhi, Asadaru, Asodi, Chamadia, Chamar .... 1,063,548 865,500 198,048 22.88 4 Bhangi, Mehtar, Olgana, Rukhi, Malkana, Halakhor, ... 175,892 133,386 42,506 31.87 5 Dhor, Kakkayya, Kankayya, Dohor 81,590 68,509 13,081 19.09 6 Khatik, Chikwa, Chikvi 72,601 55,036 17,565 31.92 7 Lingader 72,413 65,075 7,338 11.28 8 Holar, Valhar 65,496 52,203 13,293 25.46 9 Madgi 42,313 34,544 7,769 22.49 10 Basor, Burud, Bansor, Bansodi 40,297 34,206 6,09t 17.81 11 Meghval, Menghvar 37,848 29,310 8,538 - 29.13 12 Beda Jangam, Budga Jangam 36,332 27,994 8,338 29.78 13 Bedar 33,686 25,139 8,547 34.00 14 Mang Garodi, Mang Garudi 21,476 19,183 2,293 11.95 15 Mala Jangam 20,131 17,595 2,536 14.41 16 Kori 19,640 17,506 2,134 12.19 17 Holaya, Holer, Holeya, Holiya 17,736 14,927 2,809 18.82 18 Mahyavanshi, Dhed, Vankar, Maru Vankar 15,371 13,555 1,816 13.40 19 Pasi 14,231 11,995 2,236 18.64 20 Ellamalvar, Yellammalawandlu 14,167 12,484 1,683 13.48 50 Nadia, Hadi 747 249 498 200.00 51 Halsar, Haslar, Hulasvar, Halasvar 733 123 610 495.93 52 Shenva, Chenva, Sedma, Ravat 695 501 194 38.72 53 Mala Hannai 675 70 605 864.29 54 Mukri 671 74 597 806.76 55 Sindhollu, Chindollu 668 181 487 269.06 56 Sansi 631 526 105 19.96 57 Mala Masti 596 60 536 893:33 58 Mitha Ayyalvar 497 202 295 146.04 59 Bahna, Bahana 395 303 92 30.36 35 T-15 : eQe!J.LAIIQ~ Qf MAJQB SCHEQULEQ IB!6E;S SI. Name of Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes Population No. 1991 All Scheduled Castes* 7,318,281 Gond, Rajgond, Arakh, Arrakh, Agaria, Asur, ..... 1,442,986 2 Shil, Shit Garasia, Dholi Bhil, Dungri Bhil, Dungri Garasia, .... 1,344,554 35.39 3 Koli Mahadev, Dongar Koli 999,321 26.91 4 Konka, Kokni, Kukna 463,585 31.35 5 Varl; 4$1,916 27.86 6 Thakur, Thakar, Ka Thakur, Ka Thakar, Ma Thakur,Ma Thakar 400,583 23.95 7 Andh 295,380 27.39 8 Halba, Halbi 278,378 14.64 9 Koti Malhar 206,741 16.56 10 Kathodi, Katkari, Dhor Kathodi, Dhor Kathkari, Son Kathodi, .. 202,203 15.81 11 Kotam, Mannervartu 147,843 25.21 12 Korku, Sopchi, Mouasi, Nihal, Nahul, Sandhi, Sondeya 141,202 21.75 13 Pardhi; Advichincher, Phans Pardhi,Phanse Pardhi, ...... 123,813 30.17 14 Gamit, Gamta, Gavit, Mavchi, Padvi 122,407 10.45 15 Pardhan, Pathari, Saroti 120,836 22.45 16 Koti Dhor, Tokre Kali, Kalcha, Koigha 117,091 51.21 17 Oraon, Dhangad 96,524 35.98 18 Dhanwar 79,030 13.21 19 Naikda, Nayaka, Cholivala Nayaka, Kapadia Nayaka, ..... 72,029 105.49 20 Dhanka, Tadvi, Tetaria, Valvi 62,110 11.15 38 Bhattra 1,102 124 978 788.71 39 Birhul, Birhor 1,003 212 791 373.11 40 Baiga 886 546 340 62.27 41 Thoti 568 209 359 171.77 42 Koya, Shine-Koya, Rajkoya 564 442 122 27.60 43 Chodhara 549 179 370 206.70 44 Pomla 539 219 320 146.12 45 Bavacha, Bamcha 436 336 100 29.76 46 Nagesia, Nagasia 436 124 312 251.61 47 Sawar, Sawara 357 301 56 18.60 36 LANGUAGES Languages used as mother tongue by the people of a state 1s very important. Initially, States were reorganised based on the languages spoken by the people of the state. This feature may undergo, changes due to in and out migration into or out of the State. Maharashtra was formed in 1962 based on the predominance of Marathi people. The adjoining states of Kamataka, Gujarat, A.P., M.P. have Ihe predominance of Kannada, Gujarati, Telegu and Hindi people. Naturally, in the bordering districts of Maharashtra, we will also find these people to a greater extent. Marathi and other main languages in Maharashtra: T -16 and T -] 7 gives the picture very cleary. 73.3% of the total population of Maharashtra speak Marathi, followed by Hindi (7.8%), Urdu (7.3%), Gujarati (2.6%), Telegu (1.4%), Kannada (1.3%), Sindhi (0.8%) etc. We have maximum number of Marathi people in Pune (45.6 lakh) followed by Gr.Mumbai (41.3 lakh), Thane (35.2 lakh), Nashik (2.7 lakh), Ahmadnagar (30.3 lakh) etc. Gadchiroli, Dhule, Sindhudurg are the states with minimum number of people with Marathi mother tongue. If We look at the proportion of people to the total population of the district then Satara' (94.2%), Sindhudurg (92.6%), Ratnagiri (90.2%), Kolhapur (90.1 %), Ahmadnagar (89.9%) rank first, second, third, fourth and fifth respectively. From T -16, it is very clear, that the Marathi people are concentrated mainly in the western part of the state. Regarding Hindi, it is clear that out of 61.7 lakh people with Hindi as mother tongue, the maximum number is seen in Gr.Mumbai (15.6 lakh), followed by Nagpur (5.3 lakh) , Thane (4.9 lakh), Pune (3.75 lakh). Percentage wise, Yavatmal (16.9%), Nagpur (16.1%), Gr.Mumbai (15.7%) are the districts with large concentration of Hindi people. 37 The maximum number of people with Urdu as mother tongue is seen mainly in Gr.Mumbai (l1.91akh), Aurangabad (3.71akh), Nashik(3.43 lakh) and Thane (3.41 lakh). Aurangabad is having the highest proportion of Urdu people (16.7%) followed by Akola (12.5%). Gujarati people are concentrated mainly in Greater Mumbai. 13.8 lakh persons constituting about 13.9% of the total population of Gr.Mumbai have Gujarati mother tongue. 38 T-16: VARIQUS LANGUAGES Total District SCHED Populatio 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Marathi Hindi Urdu Gujarati Telugu Kannada Sindhi Tamil alayala Maharashtra 78937187 57894839 6168941 5734468 2016381 1122332 1060701 618696 427447 340597 % age 100.0 73.3 7.8 7.3 2.6 1.4 1.3 0.8 0.5 0.4 1 Pune 5532532 4564633 374678 158469 64258 109234 75759 33642 38104 37289 2 Greater Bombay 9925891 4134671 1559928 1199441 1379001 184738 199986 217657 280943 173460 3 Thane 5249126 3523107 495643 341565 269563 102723 61926 184747 58949 83882 4 Nashik 3851352 3270383 138625 343142 27443 15225 4529 11233 4569 8431 5 Ahmednagar 3372935 3031346 139532 117986 9001 47217 2933 6070 2610 2222 6 Kolhapur 2989507 2694598 51576 116239 8782 10549 85796 12442 1469" 1186 7 Jalgaon 3187634 2442202 231167 238252 18703 5429 682 21668 1027 1154 8 Nagpur 3287139 2404501 527697 145661 24659 20068 2225 33880 9709 8579 9 Solapur 3231057 2317910 113432 243874 9084 173313 354238 2464 4389 762 10 Satara 2451~72 2308899 53643 40063 10074 11901 19894 1111 1264 1270 11 Sangli 2209488 1890570 36707 110288 7781 14773 136282 3233 2285 1645 12 Parbhani 2117035 1748615 110713 232746 3005 15190 650 1098 870 271 13 Nanded 2330374 1731186 191926 260246 4342 91697 20758 914 1603 492 14 Bhandara 2107629 1728702 263415 10523 6645 3064 1729 11928 768 936 15 Akola 2214271 1645150 241716 275723 12727 9753 340 14453 773 488 16 Raigarh 1824816 1601529 51293 108787 14060 8401 15680 1693 ,3136 7463 17 Aurangabad 2213779 1592979 209984 369237 7761 13086 2461 2713 2136 2155 18 Amravati 2200057 1558161 185157 237690 9182 4206 311 21536 550 415 19 Bid 1822072 1543474 76103 178534 2062 13060 887 429 2931 302 20 Buldana 1886299 1529738 134901 185550 5929 11071 208 5861 887 201 21 Chandrapur 1771994 1484114 129653 18881 4790 64795 3712 2689 2469 3580 22 Yavatmal 2077144 1416049 350770 114318 10195 50446 280 4833 460 398 23 Ratnagiri 1544057 1393208 10596 112300 2866 4556 13478 498 517 1464 24 Latur 1676641 1389755 77596 171098 1759 14915 18810 421 1476 170 25 Osmanabad 1276327 1083212 51029 94522 2676 13739 25264 146 916 95 26 Jalna 1364425 1055729 138522 145562 2911 14946 371 1681 1238 311 27 Wardha 1067357 942490 71142 21436 3636 4035 194 5878 512 560 28 Sindhudurg 832152 770976 4577 14512 1054 1339 9761 50 332 657 29 Dhule 2535715 659103 115622 122683 91089 6456 392 12357 406 548 30 Gadchiroli 787010 437849 31598 5140 1343 82407 1165 1371 149 211 39 T-17: VARIOUS LANGUAGES Total District Populatio 1 2 3 4 5 6 Marathi % age Hindi % age Urdu % age Gujarati % age Maharashtra 78937187 57894839 6168941 5734468 2016381 %age 100.0 73.3 7.8 7.3 2.6 1 Satara 2451372 2308899 94.2 53643 2.2 40063 1.6 10074 0.4 2 Sindhudurg 832152 770976 92.6 4577 0.6 14512 1.7 1054 0.1 3 Ratnagiri 1544057 1393208 90.2 10596 0.7 112300 7.3 2866 0.2 4 Kolhapur 2989507 2694598 90.1 51576 1.7 116239 3.9 8782 0.3 5 Ahmednagar 3372935 3031346 89.9 139532 4.1 117ge6 3.5 9001 0.3 6 Wardha 1067357 942490 88.3 71142 6.7 21436 2.0 3636 0.3 7 Raigarh 1824816 1601529 87.8 51293 2.8 108787 6.0 14060 0.8 8 Sang I; 2209488 1890570 85.6 36707 1.7 110288 5.0' 7781 0.4 9 Nashik 3851352 3270383 84.9 138625 3.6 343142 8.9 27443 0.7 10 Osmanabad 1276327 1083212 84.9 51029 4.0 94522 7.4, 2676 0.2 11 Bid 1822072 1543474 84.7 76103 4.2 178534 9.8 2062 0.1 12 Chandrapur 1771994 1484114 83.8 129653 7.3 18881 1.1 4790 0.3 13 Latur 1676641 1389755 82.9 77596 4.6 171098 10.2 1759 0.1 14 Parbhani 2117035 1748615 82.6 110713 5.2 232746 11.0 3005 0.1 15 Pune 5532532 4564633 82.5 374678 6.8 158469 2.9 64258 1.2 16 Bhandara 2107629 1728702 82.0 263415 12.5 10523 0.5 6645 0.3 17 Buldana 1886299 1529738 81.1 134901 7.2 185550 9.8 5929 0.3 18 Jalna 1364425 1055729 77.4 138522 10.2 145562 10.7 2911 0.2 19 Jalgaon 3187634 2442202 76.6 231167 7.3 238252 7.5 . 18703 0.6 20 Akola 2214271 1645150 74.3 241716 10.9 275723 12.5 12727 0.6 21 Nanded 2330374 1731186 74.3 191926 8.2 260246 11.2 4342 0.2 22 Nagpur 3287139 2404501 73.1 527697 16.1 145661 4.4 24659 0.8 23 Aurangabad 2213779 1592979 72.0 209984 9.5 369237 16.7 7761 0.4 24 Sola pur 3231057 2317910 71.7 113432 3.5 243874 7.5 9084 0.3 25 Amravati 2200057 1558161 70.8 185157 8.4 237690 10.8 9182 0.4 26 Yavatmal 2077144 1416049 68.2 350770 16.9 114318 5.5 10195 0.5 27 Thane 5249126 3523107 67.1 495643 9.4 341565 6.5 269563 5.1 28 Gadchiroli 787010 437849 55.6 31598 4.0 5140 0.7 1343 0.2 29 Greater Bombay 9925891 4134671 41.7 1559928 15.7 1199441 12.1 1379001 13.9 30 Dhule 2535715 659103 26.0 115622 4.6 122683 4.8 91089 3.6 40 WORK-FORCE Definition: Work: It may be defined as participation in any economically productive activity. Such participation may be physical or mental in nature. It involves not only actual work but also effective supervision and direction of work. It also includes unpaid work on farm or in family enterprise. "Main Worker" : Those who had worked for the major part of the year i.e. 6 months (183 days) or more are termed as "Main Workers". "Marginal Workers": Those who had worked for less than six months (183 days) in the year are tenned as "Marginal Workers". Again workers means main worker and marginal workers both. Analysis: Table 1 s]:>ows that the workers were counted 48% in 1961 Census whereas after three decades i.e. in 1991 Census it was 43% which is declined by 5 points in Maharashtra States. Same thing happened in respec of male and female workers for the same period i.e. 1961 to 1991 Census by five points. When we compare the data of 1991 Census with 1981 Census. There was a little change but almost same i.e. the total work force counted 43%. While in the case of female work force it was recorded 31 % in 1981 and 33% in 1991 Census which is 2 points more in the decade 1981-1991. But in respect of male work force it was 54% in 1981 and 52% in 1991 Census which is opposite to the female work force i.e. during this decade 1981-1991 there was a decline by 2 points. It can also be observed from the Table 1 that 54% people were recorded as workers which is higher in Gadchiroli district and 35% in Gr. Mumbai, which is lowest in Maharashtra in 1981 and 1991 Censuses both. There were 24 districts above and 6 district below the State average of 43% workforce in 1991 Census. Whereas in 1981 Census, 18 districts were noted above and 12 districts below the state average of 43% workforce. From the above, it is easily concluded that the workers in 60% district in 1981 rose to 80% district in 1991 above the State average of 43% workforce for both the Censuses. 41 both the Census 1981 and 1991 and Gr. Mumbai one of the lowest district in respect of male workforce and General Workforce during the 1981 and 1991 Censuses both. In respect of female workforce, Ratnagiri is the lowest district in 1981 and 1991 Census both. Table 2 reveal that the percentage of main and marginal work-force to the total population. Since the data on marginal work-force were not collected in 1961 and 1971 Censuses, 'the data collected on main work-force including marginal workers due to definition at that time. Hence, we cannot compare with data collected for 1981 & 1991 Census. Table 2 shows that the percentage of main work force in, 1981 Census was 38.7 and it rose to 39.3 percent in 1991 Census. In case of marginal work force it was 3.9 percent in 1981 Census which decreased to 3.7 percent in 1991 Census wq_ich is little difference. When the data compare with whole district of th~ State Maharashtra, it is .... clearly observed that Buldana district was the highest (47.0%) in 1981 Census whereas in 1991 Census Bhandara district stood highest i.e. 45.8 % in respect of the mfiin work force. But in respect of marginal work-force Nanded district was highest (8.8%) in 1981 and Sindhudurg district (9.2%) in 1991 Census. Similarly, Sindhudurg was the lowest i.e.32.4% in 1981 Census and GLMumbai (34.6%) in 1991 Census in respect of main work-force. For marginal work-force GLMumbai noted as lowest in 1981 as well as 1991 Census i.e. 0.5% and 0.6% respectively. In general, during the decade, 1981-91, there is no change in respect of work- force. Comparison with neighbouring states: From Table 3 it can be easily seen that there were a steady increasing trend in respect of total work-force of Maharashtra as well as its neighbouring States Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat except Andhra Pradesh. In Andhra Pradesh there was a little decreasing trend in 1991 Census. But all these States were above the national average. Andhra Pradesh having better position of work-force among these States which followed by Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh both having similar position. Further in respect of 42 male total \\ork-forc<: and njar~;ral total \\ork-forc\.: :\i1d.hra Pradesh has oetter position followed by Karnataka, tvladhya Pradesh and Maharashtra in respect of male total \\"ork force. In respect of female total work-force also, Andhra Pradesh has better position followed by Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Kamataka and Gujarat. As already mentioned earlier that the data on marginal work-force were not collected in 1961 and 1971 due to definition of main work-force. Therefore, comparison with the Census 1981 and 1991 is not possible. Again Andhra Pradesh has better position in respect of main total work-force but Gujarat in respect of marginal work-force. Followed by Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Kamataka and Gurajat in respect of total main work-force, whereas in respect of marginal total work force Gujarat has better position which followed by Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Kamataka and Andhra Pradesh. Again Andhra Pradesh is higher in respect of male and female main work-for~e whereas Kamataka is second highest in male main work-force and Maharashtra is in the case offernale main work-force. In general, when Maharashtra compare with its neighbouring States, Andhra Pradesh has sound position and Maharashtra is the second one in respect of work -force. 43 T -1 : Percentage distribution of work-force to total population and highest and lowest in the State of Maharasbtra from 1961 to 1991 , I State/ I 1961 1971 1981 1991 , District P M F P M F P M F P M F 1 Maharashtra 47.9 57.0 38.1 36.5 52.1 19.7 42.6 53.7 30.6 43.0 52.2 33.1 Highest ~58 61.8 56.7 46.8 57.7 38.5 53.8 59.4 48.1 53.8 46.1 51.4 1 .4 I I District '0; I .0 '" e .0 e '0 '0 '2 '0 " ~ -~------i Work Force - Maharashtra 1 60.0 , I SO.O I Cl) 40.0 I 0') j CO )~ Pers'~o-ns--'I +" , I ; 30.0 I II Males i ~ i Cl) .; ~Females I a. 20.0 "" I / " 'I , I , I 10.0 ,,' ~. I . ',.':,:j 0.0 1961 1971 1981 1991 Year T-2: Percentage Distribution of Main and Marginal Work Force to Total Population from 1961-91 1961 1971 1981 1991 State/District Workforce Workforce Workforce Workforce Main I Marginal Main I Marginal Main I Marginal Main I Marginal Maharashtra 47.9 N.A 36.5 N.A 38.7 3.9 39.3 3.7 Highest District 58.4 N.A 46.8 N.A 47.0 8.8 45.8 9.2 Bhandara Bhandara Buldana Nanded Bhandara Sindhudurg Lowest District 40.7 N.A 31.1 N.A 32.4 0.5 34.6 0.6 Gr.Mumbai Sangli Sindhudurg Gr.Mumbai Gr.Mumbai Gr.Mumbai 45 workers-table-2 T -3 : Percentage Distribution of Workforce of Maharashtra and its neighbouring States with India from 1961 to 1991. State ~ensu~ Total workforce J Main workforce I Marginal workforce Year P I M I F _I P I M J F I P J M I F INDIA 1961 ------N.A. ------.------.------1971 33.1 52.6 12.1 33.1 52.6 12.1 ------N.A.------1981 36.8 52.6 19.8 33.4 51.6 14.0 3.3 1.0 5.8 1991 37.4 51.6 22.2 34.1 50.9 15.9 3.4 0.6 6.3 MAHARASHTRA 1961 47.9 57.1 38.1 47.9 57.1 38.1 ------N.A.------1971 36.5 52.1 19.7 36.5 52.1 19.7 ------NA------1981 42.6 53.7 30.6 38.7 52.5 24.0 3.8 1.2 6.6 1991 43.0 52.2 33.1 39.3 51.2 26.5 3.7 0.9 6.6 KARNATAKA 1961 ------N.A. ------.------1971 34.7 54.4 14.2 34.7 54.4 14.2 ------.--NA------1981 40.2 54.6 25.3 36.8 53.9 19.0. 3/5 0.7 6.4 1991 42.0 54.1 29.4 38.4 53.5 22.7 3.6 0.6 6.7 MADHYA PRADESH 1961 52.3 60.2 44.0 52.3 60.2 44.0 ------:\NA------1971 36.7 53.7 18.6 36.7 53.7 18.6 ------N.A.------1981 42.9 54.5 30.6 38.4 53.5 22.4 4.5 1.0 8.3 1991 42.8 52.3 32.7 37.7 51.5 22.8 5.2 '0.8 9.9 GUJARAT 1961 41.1 53.5 27.9 41.1 53.5 27.9 ------N.A.------1971 31.4 51.2 10.2 31.4 51.2 10.2 -NA---- 1981 37.3 52.9 20.7 32.2 52.2 11.0 5.0 0.7 9.6 1991 40.2 53.6 26.0 34.1 53.2 13.7 6.1 0.4 12.2 ANDHRAPRADESH 1961 51.6 61.8 41.3 51.6 61.8 41 .3 ------N.A. ------1971 41.4 58.2 24.2 41.4 58.2 24.2 ------N.A. ------1981 45.8 57.7 33.5 42.3 57.1 27.0 3.5 0.6 6.5 1991 45.0 55.5 34.3 42.8 55.1 30.0 2.3 0.4 4.3 46 co L- ..c:+-' co en ~ co co +-' L- +-' co co co L- eo c " eo " ..c: L- "....." ""C a.. ::J a.. co eo " " C ~ ~ ~ C) « [?d E1 0 rzJ Cl ~ ~ CJ) (j) ~ w 0 0:: 0 U. I .... ~ as a:: (1) 0 ~ >- co tn s: CJ) ::::s ~ tn ..J s::: ------_. ------0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 " " " . " " " " " 0 L!) 0 L!) 0 L() 0 L() 0 L() 0 L() v ~ ('i) ('i) N N ~ ~ 47 co .....'- .r:. co CJ) ~ co co ~ '- ~co ,_co co co c . co .- .r:. s...... ~ -0 co a.. ::l a... c: co . ~ ~ ~ (9 « fIl [J 0 ~ 0 ~ - . -" w 0 0::: 0 LL I ... ~ ns 0::: Q) ~ >- 0 co U) 0') :::s 3: U) W ~ c ..J Cl) -- ~ - --- ~------"_ --.-_--_"_ - -_.- 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 0 CO CO ~ C\I 0 CO <.0 L() L{) L{) <0 LO LO ~ """ sa6e% 48 ~~ ~ ----.- ro ~ +-' .!:: co CJ) ~ ro co ...... ~ ...... co co ~ ._ro ro c co . .r:. L.. (L .~ a_ "'0 ro . :J . C ro - ~ ~ ~ (9 « IZ], 0 0 f2J D ~ w o 0:: o U. I ~ 0:: o -,....•...... ~ w «-' ~ w u. 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 L() 0 L() 0 L() 0 l.{) 0 -q- C") C") N N ~ ~ sa6e% ------~ 49 MIGRATION What is meant by Migration? Migration is the third component of population change, the other two being mortality and fertility. The nature of migration as a factor affecting population size is different from that of mortality and fertility. After independence Maharashtra has made great strides in the field of industrialisation and the factor of migration attained significance in the study of its population, more so because of the fact that the death rate has been reduced considerably and brought under control. Before the 1971 census, migrants were classified on the basis of place of'birth. Since 1981 migrants are classified with reference to place of birth or place of last residence. A person is considered as a migrant by place of birth if the place in which he is enumerated during the census is other than the place of his birth. Similarly, a person is considered as a migrant by place of last residence if in the place in which he is enumerated during the census is other than his place of immediate last residence. Internal and International migration The migrational movements are of three types - (i) Migration within the state itself with its components (a) Migration within the district of enumeration (intra district migration) (b) Migration from one district of Maharashtra to other districts of Maharashtra (inter district migration), (ii) Migration from other states of India to Maharashtra (inter state migration), and (iii) Migration from other countries to Maharashtra. The first two streams together constitute internal migration, while the last type of movement is called international migration. C:\My Documents-l\MIORATfON.doc 50 Migrants by place of birth On the basis of migrants by place of birth, there are 251.60 lakhs migrants in Maharashtra in 1991, comprising 94.40 lakhs males and 157.20 lakhs females. These migrants constitute 31.87 per cent of the total population. Male migrants constitute 23.12 per cent of male population while female migrants account for 41.25 per cent of female population. T.20 presents the distribution of total migrants in Maharashtra by place of birth. It is clearly seen from the T.20 that females predominate in intra district migration while males predominate in interdistrict, inter-state and international migration. The heavy predominance of females so far as Intra-district migration is concerned can be judged by the absolute value. While there are 39.80 lakhs male migrants as per 1991 Census who have migrated within the district, the corresponding number for females is 91.63 lakhs which is more than twice the male migrants. Even in the inter-district movement, the female migrants (45.18 lakhs) out number the male migrant (31.14 Iakhs), although the proportion of male migrants to total male migrants (32.99) is higher than the corresponding proportion of females (28.74). The number of migrants born in other state of India has some what gone down from 44.041akhs in 1981 to 42.12 lakhs in 1991. While in 1981, 16.85 per cent of the total migrants were born in other states of India in 1991 this proportion has gone down slightly 16.74 per cent of the total migrants. Thus, while the inter-state migrants in tenns of absolute number has gone down 1981-91, their proportion to total migrants has more or less remain the same. 51 C:\My Documents·J\MIGRATION.doc Impact of migration on growth rate of population Inter-state migrants have decreased from 44.04 lakhs in 1981 to 42.12 lakhs in 1991. In other words, there has been decreased from 44.04 lakhs in 1981 to 42.12 in 1991. The migrants from other countries has decreased from 2.73 lakhs in 1981 to 1.73 lakhs in 1991 or there has been a decrease of 1.00 lakhs in the number of such migrants during the same period. The comparative statement showing the migrants by Place o( Birth in the neighbouring State of Maharashtra is given in T.21. It is seen from the S~tement that the persons born in other states of India for 1981 (44.04 lakhs) and in 1991 (42.l~ lakhs) is \ highest in Maharashtra compared to neighboring State it is followed by Madhya Pradesh. (in 1981, 21.61 lakhs) (in 1991 25.96 lakhs). The ~rsons born in other country and migrated to Maharashtra by place of birth is also higher than the neigbhouring State in both the Censuses (in 1981 2.74 lakhs and in 1991 1.74 lakhs) followed by Madhya Pradesh (in 1981 2.011akhs and in 1991 1.731akhs). The T.22 shown that the distribution of migrants by place of last residence and type of migrants. It is observed from the Statement that Intra district migration by place of birth and place of last residence it is more in female migrants than the male migrants in both the Censuses i.e. 1981 and 1991. The inter State migration for female so far as place of last residence and place of birth for both the Censuses is more or less same. International migration for males and females in respect of the place of last residence and place of birth is slightly decreased. Migrants by place of last residence As mentioned earlier, migration data have also been collected by place of last residence for 1991 census. T.22 gives the distribution of migrants by place of last residence in Maharashtra for 1981 & 1991. 52 C:\My Docmnents-l \Migration.doc There are 254.61 lakhs migrants by place of last residence as against 251.60 lakh migrants by place of birth. The figures in lakhs in respect of intra-district, inter-district, inter-state and international migrants by place of last residence and place of birth are presented in T.22. It is seen from the T.24 that 36.97 lakhs migrants in Bombay according to place of birth. Out of which 15.23 from the other districts of the State, 20.96 lakhs from other States of the country and 0.78 lakhs migrants from other country. In Thane out of 11.16 lakhs migrants, 5.57, 5.40 and 0.19 lakhs migrated from other districts of the State, from other state ofIndia and from other countries respectively. In Pune district, there are 7.35 lakhs ~igrants followed by Kolhapur 4.62 lakhs. These less migration are found in Sindhudurg district 86,840 followed by Gadchiroli 86,854. It is seen from T.25-that mostly a similar pattern has been found in migration by place of last residence viz. Mumbai 11.63 lakhs followed by Thane 5.57 lakhs, Pune 3.32 lakhs and the less migration is found in Gadchiroli 34,867 followed by Bhandara 40,646 and Sindhudurg 46.907. Reason for Migration For the first time in the Census, reason for migration were initiated in 1981 keeping operational constraints in view of the reason for migration were broadly categories as employment, education, business, marriage, family moved, Natural calamities and others. Table T.26 shows the distribution of population in percent of in-migrants and out migrants with duration of residence 0-9 years at the place of enumeration by reason for migration. It is seen from the table that maximum male in-migrants found in Gujarat 46.8% for employment followed by Andhra Pradesh 45.4%. As regards of females these percent is found highest in Andhra Pradesh 9.8% followed by Gujarat 8.7%. In respect of Education, highest male reported in Gujarat 18.2% followed by Maharashtra 17.4%. So 53 C:\My Docwnents-l\MIGRATION.doc far as females are concerned for both the States have retain highest range (i.e. Gujarat 4.5 and Maharashtra 2.9 per cent). The reason for migration for purpose of business in Karnataka 12.0, followed by Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh 6.0. In Kamataka females are reported highest (3.0) per cent. As regards of in-migrants of males due to marriages it is found more than 20 per cent in all neighboring states includes Maharashtra, whereas females it is more than 30 per cent. Migration due to family moved so far as males are concerned, it is not substantial in all the neighboring states whereas for females, it is more than 30 including Maharashtra. The reason for migration due to Natural Calamities reported by respondents is not more than 1.0 per cent in all the neighboring states as well as in Maharashtra. The persons who are migrated and reason stated by them other than above has been shown in others. This reason is also found higher 16.6 in Kamataka, followed by Maharashtra 14.8 for males and fe,tnales it is reverse i.e. higher in Maharashtra (15.1%), lower in Karnataka (12.6%). In regard to out-migration for reason of employment so far as males is concerned it is higher in Andhra Pradesh (36.2%) followed by Mahar:ishtra 35.1. Out-migration\ for same reason in respect of female is found (6.2%) in Maharashtra followed by Kamataka (5.2.). Out migration relating to education, it is reported by male members of Gujarat 14.6 followed by Karnataka 13.9. Out migration for the same reason for females in Karnataka 3.3 per cent followed by Maharashtra 1.9 per cent. As regards to out migration for business purpose, it is also found that it is higher in Andhra Pradesh 9.4 percent followed by Gujarat 6.5 per cent for male. As regards to female migration for business, Andhra Pradesh 2.1 per cent followed by Gujarat 2.0 per cent The reason for out-migration in respect for marriage for both sexes. it is found more than 20.0 per cent in all neighboring state as well as in Maharashtra. It is maximum that out-migration of females in respect of family moved is found in Madhya Pradesh (60.3 per cent) followed by Gujarat (48.4 per cent). As stated earlier, out-migration is also found negative in respect of natural calamities. 54 C.\My Documents-l\MIGRATION.doc v :"lit T'""" :~:. C') ..~ 'V N :«) " " (I) (X) ~. 10 0 Ct) ~. IX) N: CD _':,:.If>;' en ~ ci C\I ·0 0 ~ 1.0 1ii ~ i .. ~.. C\I ~. ..- r ' ::':~~.: E .~ II) " u. .. t-r-- ...... ;';. ..- 1.0 <0 0 0: :~. ..~. ,',. m fii .. f'-.. C') .~ .,... (I) 0 f8 V 1.0 <0 . 10 II) ui N ... N 'Iff- e') ~•.. .(Y). ..•;(. ..- ..- en m <0 ~: 'V C') N ..- :E " r- f- .- C') -;c.;;-. 0) 'V I.() r--. (I) 0 ;.Q).' N fJ· 'V Q) .~ tir to r-..: to ex) ,ctO',. .. ~. (X) -.~. 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'- E 0 0 0 0 0 0 ..c .0 .0 .Q .0 .0 II) (1) (I) (I) en C/) II) C 'E +'c c C ro -ro ~ co ::J ~ '- ... l- ~ t» t:» Ol 0> 0> t:» ;;:: ~ ~ ~ ~ Q) :::- ~ ..c ~ ...... :.:::- a:i U I- 55 00 NO NO ..- C1> <.OC1> Ol 00 «) N I'-- ti) roN ~S; Ol C')O 00 NO 00 N a I' 0(") I'--'O;f to <0 ..- N O)N 0C1> C") 00 N <0 ti) ..-<0 ...- "I (")0 ...... 0 ..-0 "I (") -.;t(") <0 ...... -<.0 C1>00 1.C)'O;f ill«; ..- I'- I'- I'- ON 1.0"1 C')O vN C1>ro 01'- VO NC") N ...... "1..- ..- ...... OON (")0 Nv N<.O I'-- 'O;f C1> N 1.000 I.C) ..... o 00 ro C1>N <01.0 ..-0 I.ON ON C') I' N (") 1.0... <.01.0 00 C1> ...-C') 1'--C1> 'O;f.. NN (,,)C1> I'- I'-- C1>0 OOC') I'- V C1>1.O C")oo <.000 I.C)v 1.00 I.() <0 00(") 1'--0 ON 0(") 0<0 C')C") g~ C') 1.0 ..-0 .c ..- 1.0 1:: iD 00~~ '0 N N CI) (,) <.OC") ca NI.() I.() 0 Q. ..-<.0 C1> N ~ ~~ ON (") I.() ..- N NO 00 N ...-N I'-- I'- N ..- I'-- I' 00l N ..- "1.. N ro N.. V 0 (00) C1> 1.0 (]) t\1 ..r: ..r: - I/) I/) ti) (]) (]) "'C t\1 '0 ..... "'Cro ~ '- (]) 1: 0.. I/) 0.. E t\1 ~ ~ ~ Z ..c ro ..r: "'C ..r: "0 C ro c I « ~ « 56 (l) (") ~ to II) I'-- N N rJ) N Place of last residence 1991 1981 Persons Males Females Persons Males Females 1 2 I 3 4 5 6 , 7 I A A. Migrants within the 83.36 114.96 87.61 83.18 76.52 87.61 state of enumeration to total mi Qfants (i) Migrants who have 53.41 43.42 59.40 54.37 44.21 61.13 i resided else\vhere In distriCt of enumeration to total migrants -'> (ii) Migrants who have 29.95 32.84 28.21 28.81 ·32.31 26.48 . resided in other districts of I , I I the state to total migrants i \ I B. who 22 75 16.01 22.39 Migrants have 15.94 1 . 11.86 11.76 resided in other states of I India to total migrants I, i C. I Migrants who have 0.59 I 0.85 0.44 0.8] ],09 0.63 resided in other countries I to total migrants. i 58 C :\My Documents-l \Migration.doc T-24: lr.-iviigrants by Place of Birth, 1991 From other From other From other Total districts of the state/Uts countries state Maharashtra 12017184 7632063 4211530 173591 1 Greater Mumbai 3696764 1523047 2095697 78020 2 Thane 1115953 556641 540302 19010 3 Raigarh 242562 167638 72024 2900 4 Ratnagiri 137362 106749 29333 1280 5 Sindhudurg 86840 56310 30110 420 6 Nashik 375796 308716 64280 2800 7 Dhule 198627 142019 54318 2290 8 Jalgaon 376606 286206 86240 4160 9 Ahmadnagar 348231 326771 19420 2040 10 Pune 735428 516643 207005 11780 11 Satara 355027 309007 42120 3900 - 12 Sangli 307658 220110 86648 900 13 Solapur 390877 277744 112533 600 14 Kolhapur 462120 249856 209914 2350 15 Aurangabad 236696 217636 18210 850 16 jalna 135246 128938 6040 268 17 Parbhani 215115 202105 12780 230 18 Bid 154851 149081 5620 150 19 Nanded 217406 161628 55458 320 20 Osmanabad 161194 144304 16810 80 21 Latur 154587 116107 37969 511 22 Buldana 231355 209325 19970 2060 23 Akola 305672 277291 24991 3390 24 Amravati 218061 168071 47230 2760 25 Yavatmal 219647 194247 24820 580 26 Wardha 193698 171878 20531 1289 27 Nagpur 374273 195877 170636 7760 28 Bhandara 108341 59159 44339 4843 29 Chandrapur 174337 131522 39915 2900 30 Gadchiroli 86854 57437 16267 13150 59 T-25: In-Migrants by Place of Last Residence,1991 From other From other other Total districts of the From state/Uts countries state Maharashtra 4790194 3146776 1613268 30150 1 Greater Mumbal 1162655 456794 691201 14660 2 Thane 556736 301485 250981 4270 3 Raigarh 124750 85990 37760 1000 4 Ratnagiri 70732 54481 15641 610 5 Sindhudurg 46907 32377 14460 70 6 Nashik 155946 125486 29970 490 7 Dhu\e 78415 55360 22855 200 8 Jalgaon 143759 106488 36841 430 9 Ahmadnagar 135301 125651 9460 190 10 Pune 331929 235164 93855 2910 i 1 Satara 156453 135583 20210 660 12 Sangli 135763 98883 36640 240 13 Solapur 165191 128621 36420 150 14 Kolhapur 175436 99999 75217 220 'i 5 Aurangabad 111266 102136 8860 270 16 Jalna 52462 50122 2310 30 17 Parbhani 93949 88219 5640 90 18 Bid 59862 57672 2170 20 19 Nanded 89499 70319 19130 50 20 Osmanabad 67861 61461 6320 80 21 Latur 64188 50909 13159 120 22 Buldana 97230 87720 9030 480 23 Akola 117994 107964 9790 240 24 Amravati 92007 71587 20310 110 25 Yavatmal 92066 80726 11310 30 26 Wardha 83925 73014 10811 100 27 Nagpur 168109 86575 80644 890 28 Bhandara 40646 25250 15086 310 29 Chandrapur 84290 62330 21460 500 30 Gadchiroli 34867 28410 5727 730 lO N o "<:t N N ('I') lO lO ..- N ('1')1.0 IF) "- 00 cio 00 00 oci (]) u... ..- ...... co :.::; ::J 'E I--I-- ....co t1J "'f' co ())CO ..-"<:t "0 (]) > u... 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P!JlS!O eJlU I ---~ --- a a o a o a a a a a a a a o a a o a 62 .r: fIJ Q) ~ a.. .r:e "C «c CI) -cu -e .-'co :IE :::l r:::: CD ._0 ..l! .-CJ) :IE co ~ c to ...,CD to ... -....c ...,CO .e CO en tIJ ~ r:::: 0 tIJ ftS .r: CI) fIJ a:: CD "0e a.. CO >. .r: "0 to :E , ~,-----r-----r----~-----r----~----~----~--~ ,-----'------t-----i-. -----+~-_+----_+----+---_+_--_;------+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o ci u; 0 It) ci It) 0 u; 0 It) o 1.0 ~ -v (") (") N N 'r" or- a6lqua:>J8d 63 t/) ..! ca E CD LL C o ;; I! .-0) :i ...c ~ t/) C o t/) ca a::CD i I i I-~-·~----T--~-I ---~+-~------+~----~-r--~~~--+-~~----T 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CO It) ..... ('t) C\I ..- a61QU~8d 64 ie:l 1<1) IE, >.. iO .__en :0.. (]) iE .c...... 1<1) o '0 rn .c. en III ""0 ro '- 0... .__ro .c. ""0 «e: ro -'- ro 3 (9 (I) ~ tJ) ro Cl> I... ro ..... '. o -e: ro '- ..... CI) tJ) co - ::::s::: ot: tJ) ro c::Cl> ~ ..c- fJ) co '-ro ..c CO ~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I.!) 0 Ll) 0 Ll) 0 Ll) 0 -.;t (") (") N C'\I ..- ..- a6Blua~)Jad 6S [J) (TJ r c -Q) E 5 U) >-:;:; U) o ro Q) o c: 0.. ::J Ow E -0 ::J Q) Q) .0 El2Iffi I .r::. i U) , Q) i -0 i .....ro '(( ~«( a.. ,). c< r:.W.N '1). ~ .r::. -0 -' «c ( ! [{( ({ ! ~ .r::. -U) 1.\ (Il 'J. ... (Il I .r::. m ~ o o o o o o o o It) o It) o l() o '<;f" C") C") C\I 'f"'" 66 FERTILITY LEVELS AND TlL£NDS Th~ growth of populaticlO depends entirely on hum..il fertility. Any society replenishes itself to the process of human fertility. It is, therefc,i-e. obvious that if fertil ity is higher. ;)opulation replacement will be higher. Therefore, kr twledge of fertility levels and trenQ" is essential. In the 1991 Census four questions relating to fertility 'n;.,e canvassed. These are related tc -age at marriage, number of surviving children, numrv' of children every born and whether any child was born during the last one year. The fif')t three were asked from each ever married wom~n ;:Inn tlw !:l"t one was asked from each .urrently married woman only. The fertility indicators on which information is preser:_~d herein, namely, Age Specific F~rtjlity Rate (ASFR), A.'!:,e Specific Martial Fertility:;:ate (ASMFR), General Ferti1ity Rate (GFR), General Mantal Fertility Rate (GMFR), 1~·~al Fertlity Rate (TFR), Total MaTltal Fertility Rate (TMFR) are based on the questi(F on, -'births during Jast year." Th-;:s.e tenns are defined as Iollowed :- Age Specitlc Fertility Rate: The average number of children '_'nrn alive during the last year per woman of a particular age group. Age Specific Marita] Fertility R2te : The average number of dddren born alive during the last year per married woman of a particular age group. General Fertility Rate: The numb~r of children born alive during the last year per 1,000 women of child bearing ages. Tne age group 15-49 have be~n considered as child bearing ages. 67 C:\i\1y DOOl'l1ents-l\F ertility .doc General Martial Fertility Rate: The nwnber of children born ahve during the last year per 1,000 married women of child bearing ages. The age group 15-49 have been considered as child bearing ages. Total Fertility Rate: Total number of children that would have born alive per woman had the current schedule of age specific fertility rates been applicable for the entire reproductive period It is calculates as the swn of the age specific fertility rates in five year age groups multiplied by five. Total Martial Fertility Rate: Total number of children that would ha-l_,e bopl alive per married woman had the current schedule of age specific marital fertility rates been " applicable for the entire reproductive period. It is calculated as the sum of age specific marital fertility rates in five year age groups multiplied by five. Limitations for these indices are :- (i) Question of birth during the last one year is canvassed only for currently married woman for operational reasons. (ii) Babies born during the last year to mothers \-"ho may have died before Census date have been left out. (iii) In the al::sence of any data on deaths of females during last year, the number of females classified by age groups as reported in the Census. has been used without any adjustment. Fertility Level T -27 presents the ASFR and ASMFR for rural and urban areas separately for 1981 and 1991 Censuses. The fertility rates are seen to be higher in the age group 20-24 in both rural and urban areas for both the Censuses i.e. 1981 and 1991 followed by age group 25-29. C:\My Documents-l \Fertility. doc 68 About 30 per cent of the total fertility is accounted for by this age group in 1981 and 33 per cent in 1991. The age group 25-29 years accounts for about 25 per cent in both the censuses of the total fertility. Thus, about 55.38 per cent of the total fertility is accounted for by the age group 20-29 years in 1981 and about 59 per cent in 1991. The fertility rates decline after age 30. The fall in fertility after age 30 s sharper in urban areas for both the Censuses i.e. 1981 and 1991. In all the age groups, fertility rates are higher in rural areas than in urban areas. This is true about both ASFR and ASMFR. Fertility trend through indices ofGMFR and TIv1FR for the 1971, 1981 and 1991 Censuses are compared in T·28. It is clear from the above table that fertility has declined in Maharashtra in both rural and urban areas. The decline in fertility in urban areas is higher than that in the rural areas. Parity Women may be classified according to the number of children born alive to them. For instances, the first parity women are those who have given birth to one child, the second parity women are those who have given birth to two children and so on. This information is given in T -29 for Maharashtra by rural and urban areas for 1981 and 1991 Censuses. The Table T -30 shows that highest ever born children among the four neighboring state is found in Madhya Pradesh (4.8) followed by Kamataka (4.4) and Gujarat (4.2). If you look into urban and rural areas, this State have reported their rank as maintained above. The total number of children surviving in rural area of the above State is (3.9) where as urban area it is 3.8, 3.7, 3.5. In Maharashtra this average is found 4.1 and 3-.6 for ever born and surviving children respectively. 69 C\My Documents-l \Fertility. doc Table T-31 shows that religion-wise number of children ever born per women it is ~~en frilipJhe .statem~ that 5.5 average number of children born in Buddhist religion in ·d:hem.1es ofGujara(1~vest average number of born in Sikh religion in Kamataka (2.9). Table 'L32 shO\vs that literacy-wise average number of children born is found in Madhya Pradesh, 4.9 in illiterate female and lowest found in Gujarat 2.0 in graduate and above. 70 T-27 : Fertility Indices, Maharashtra -1981 & 1991 Rural 15-19 0.044 0.135 20-24 0.198 0.224 25-29 0.158 0.165 30-34 0.088 0.093 35-39 0.043 0.048 40-44 0.022 0.024 45-49 0.013 0.015 Urban 15-19 0.040 0.157 0.024 0.122 20-24 0.160 0.219 0.121 0.172 25-29 0.154 0.169 0.110 0.120 30-34 0.086 0.092 0.059 0.062 35-39 0.044 0.048 0.023 0.029 40-44 0.016 0.019 0.013 0.014 45-49 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.001 71 T -28 : GMFR and TMFR, Maharashtra, 1971,1981 and 1991 Status Rural Urban 145.00 4.20 115.90 3.60 82.70 2.50 .• 19"1$3 < .. $5/11, . $toa··.·.· :59~52 Note: 1) The denominator for calculation of GMFR is married females in the age group 13-47 in 1971 and 15-49 in 1981 and 1991. 2) Figures in shaded below 1981 and 1991 figures indicate the proportion (percent) of the 1981 and 1991 level compared to the 1971 level and is indicative of the relative decline. 72 T.29: Ever married women present age parity ·1991 and 1981 censuses Total Ever Parity Year Status Age Group married I women 0 I 1 I 2 J 3 {4and above 1991 Rural All ages 13559653 1126069 1530916 1998567 2501813 6402288 Less than 15 54594 25674 1290 1500 0 26130 15-19 644045 271530 156505 37070 7610 171330 20-24 1825566 317647 586375 464445 209039 248060 25-29 1920816 122189 271831 516117 553026 457653 30-34 1651840 72330 113937 285203 496227 684143 35-39 1466028 55351 74048 182764 377332 776533 40-44 1241301 47310 60040 122718 258181 753052 45-49 1122366 42068 49882 93240 179769 757407 50+ 3625247 170830 216138 294610 419369 2524300 1981 All ages 11338932 857128 1366449 1380492 1494602 5312782 Less than 15 104862 46617 1677 279 0 0 15-19 794643 281353 202791 40943 7429 1400 20-24 1521579 222522 507554 352670 159715 - 64162 25-29 1462879 80235 227774 344739 360670 360014 30-34 1299885 43428 98242 181018 389318 635441 35-39 1254259 33897 62518 107871 194723 811901 40-44 1098132 30722 50227 77442 128546 776380 45-49 949355 26071 44179 60825 89404 694908 50+ 2840853 91537 170031 213315 268313 1963050 1991 Urban All ages 7627953 620265 1071140 1517552 1437662 2981334 Less than 15 24850 11080 560 1130 0 12080 15-19 271448 107719 66802 17478 3770 75679 20-24 1057119 191949 344904 249727 107035 163504 25-29 1305125 97529 257713 367349 305438 277096 30-34 1085867 50908 116731 276218 283225 358785 35-39 972724 36217 71375 206402 244790 413940 40-44 701458 26760 45760 127828 156669 344441 45-49 574670 20453 35038 83636 110312 325231 50+ 1626982 76580 131137 186464 225133 1007668 1981 All ages 5208347 287328 726041 839882 805625 2052185 Less than 15 20310 7170 475 108 0 0 15-19 259736 72207 72997 17157 3145 765 20-24 756261 84936 245119 177579 81604 33949 25-29 867398 38302 157939 214122 199745 186820 30-34 686318 18010 63846 134635 154457 278568 35-39 615174 13177 38265 85556 112767 337619 40-44 477631 11496 29566 57320 72939 282999 45-49 417310 9481 25382 42115 55115 265204 50+ 1103006 32242 91861 110474 125120 664332 Note: All ages includes age not stated 73 parity 8/15/00 T ~30 : Number of children ever born & surviving per women in the age group 45-49 years,1991 State Ur~n Andhra Pra.desh ~.5 -Gujarat 3.5 Kamatak8 3.7 Madhya~sh 3.8 ~harashtra 3.5 74 T -31: No. of children ever born per women in the agegroup 45-49 by Religion, 1991 State women 45-49 ~rs. Total Hindus Muslims Christians Sikhs Budhists Jains Andhra Pradesh 1435515 3.8 3.7 4.6 3.6 3.8 5.1 4.2 Gujarat 841360 4.2 4.2 4.6 3.3 3.4 5.5 3.5 Karnataka 901770 4.4 4.3 5.3 4.1 2.9 4.4 4.0 Madhya Pradesh 1324006 4.8 4.8 5.4 4.1 4.1 4.5 4.6 Mahar.ashtra 1707976 4.1 4.1 5.0 3.0 3.7 4.4 3.4 75 T - 32 No. of children ever born per women in the agegroup 45-49 by education, 1991 Letrate but Middle but Matric but G d t women 45-49 State Total Illiterate below below below rda uba e yrs. . an a ove middle matric graduate Andhra Pradesh 1435515 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.5 3.2 2.5 Gujarat 841360 4.2 4.4 3.9 3.4 2.8 2.0 Karnataka 901770 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.0 2.9 2.1 Madhya Pradesh 1324006 4.8 4.9 4.7 4.2 3.5 2.7 Maharashtra 1707976 4.1 4.3 4.2 3.7 2.7 2.1 76 e i ... eC) [liJ ~ .c.~ fI) m I-m .c. m , ~ .c. fI) (J) "0 ~ a.. m .c.>- "0m ~ I .. ::t:.m m til ~m CD c: ca I- - fn ~ - I ! r- I .c. I fI) (J) "0 ~ a.. ~ I .c. I "0 ! c: ! 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