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Universita' Degli Studi Di Padova UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PADOVA DIPARTIMENTO DI SCIENZE ECONOMICHE ED AZIENDALI “M.FANNO” CORSO DI LAUREA MAGISTRALE IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION TESI DI LAUREA DIGITALIZATION AND RESILIENCE IN TIMES OF COVID-19: AN EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ON FREIGHT FORWARDING COMPANIES RELATORE: CH.MO PROF. Paiola Marco LAUREANDA: Blarasin Agnese MATRICOLA N. 1209460 ANNO ACCADEMICO 2019 – 2020 2 Il candidato dichiara che il presente lavoro è originale e non è già stato sottoposto, in tutto o in parte, per il conseguimento di un titolo accademico in altre Università italiane o straniere. Il candidato dichiara altresì che tutti i materiali utilizzati durante la preparazione dell’elaborato sono stati indicati nel testo e nella sezione “Riferimenti bibliografici” e che le eventuali citazioni testuali sono individuabili attraverso l’esplicito richiamo alla pubblicazione originale. The candidate declares that the present work is original and has not already been submitted, totally or in part, for the purposes of attaining an academic degree in other Italian or foreign universities. The candidate also declares that all the materials used during the preparation of the thesis have been explicitly indicated in the text and in the section "Bibliographical references" and that any textual citations can be identified through an explicit reference to the original publication. Firma dello studente _________________ 3 4 Table of contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 9 2. Theoretical background ........................................................................................................ 11 2.1. Discovering freight forwarders ...................................................................................... 11 2.1.1. A brief analysis of the shipping process .................................................................. 11 2.1.2. A legislative framework .......................................................................................... 16 2.1.3. Defining freight forwarders roles through their historical evolution ..................... 18 2.1.4. Organizational model and phenotypes of freight forwarders ................................. 24 2.1.5. Environmental challenges and opportunities to growth ......................................... 27 2.2. Digital evolution in transport logistics ........................................................................... 30 2.2.1. Overview.................................................................................................................. 30 2.2.2. Digital transformation in the logistics of freight .................................................... 31 2.3. Challenges and resilience in times of crisis ................................................................... 43 2.3.1. The impacts of previous and current disruptions in transport logistics ................. 43 2.3.2. Among challenges and opportunities of Covid-19 .................................................. 47 2.3.3. Resilience in uncertainty and volatility ................................................................... 55 2.3.4. The development of digital resilience during Covid-19 .......................................... 58 3. Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 63 3.1. Qualitative analysis ........................................................................................................ 64 3.2. Quantitative analysis ...................................................................................................... 69 4. Qualitative analysis: findings and discussion ....................................................................... 73 4.1. Main findings ................................................................................................................. 73 4.1.1. The Covid-19 incidence on business models ........................................................... 73 4.1.2. The managerial challenges imposed by the Coronavirus pandemic....................... 77 4.1.3. Reactions and resilience.......................................................................................... 79 4.2. Discussion: ..................................................................................................................... 85 4.2.1. Covid-19 in transport and logistics sector .............................................................. 85 4.2.2. An evaluation of resilience ...................................................................................... 89 5. Quantitative analysis: findings and discussion ..................................................................... 93 5.1. Sample features .............................................................................................................. 93 5.1.1. Sample digitalization ............................................................................................... 95 5.2. Present and future digital resilience ............................................................................. 101 5.3. Beyond digital resilience ............................................................................................. 109 6. Conclusions ........................................................................................................................ 115 Appendix A. Instant papers review ........................................................................................ 121 5 Appendix B. Interview outline - The impact of Covid-19 crisis on operating and business models of freight forwarding enterprises................................................................................ 147 Appendix C. Representative quotations ................................................................................. 151 Appendix D. Survey - The centrality of digital transformation in the post Covid-19 era ...... 159 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................... 165 Sitography ............................................................................................................................... 181 6 Figures Figure 1. Physical flow in the shipping process ...................................................................... 13 Figure 2. Information and financial flow in the shipping process ........................................... 16 Figure 3. The growth of freight forwarding companies through the years .............................. 19 Figure 4. One-stop-shop model ............................................................................................... 22 Figure 5. The organizational model of freight forwarding companies .................................... 24 Figure 6. Digitalization conditioning factors ........................................................................... 34 Figure 7. Financial crisis vs Covid-19 ..................................................................................... 47 Figure 8. The industry effects of supply chain blockage ......................................................... 53 Figure 9. Elements of resilience .............................................................................................. 58 Figure 10. Data Structure ......................................................................................................... 68 Figure 11.The features of the recovery in the uncertainty of the socio-economic system ...... 87 Figure 12. Covid-19 in transport and logistics sector .............................................................. 89 Figure 13. Sample distribution according to annual revenues ................................................. 93 Figure 14. Sample distribution according to regions ............................................................... 94 Figure 15. Digital technologies in small-size enterprises ........................................................ 95 Figure 16. Digital technologies in medium-size enterprises ................................................... 96 Figure 17. Digital technologies in large-size enterprises ........................................................ 97 Figure 18. Digital preparedness according to company size ................................................... 98 Figure 19. Overall sample digital preparedness ...................................................................... 99 Figure 20. Factors inhibiting digital technologies implementation ....................................... 100 Figure 21. Covid-19 as digital transformation accelerator .................................................... 101 Figure 22. Covid-19 as digital transformation accelerator according to company size ........ 102 Figure 23. Technology and competitive advantage ............................................................... 103 Figure 24. Technology and competitive advantage according to company size ................... 103 Figure 25. Role of technologies in the midst of Covid-19 .................................................... 104 Figure 26. Most promising technologies for the post Covid-19 era ...................................... 105 Figure 27. Digital technologies budget range (% on total corporation budget) .................... 107 Figure 28. Scheduled investments in digital technologies .................................................... 107 Figure 29. Supply chain restructuring versus diversification
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