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It-3 Transport and Incoterms

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It-3 Transport and Incoterms IT-3 TRANSPORTING GOODS INTERNATIONALLY. INCOTERMS. INTRODUCTION Transport is needed to carry raw materials, semi-finished and finished goods from suppliers to customers, and to carry employees to places of work. An efficient transport system can increase the standard of living of many people because it can, for example, allow countries to obtain the benefits of specialization. When a firm has to decide which form of transport to use to carry goods, it should consider, for example whether the goods are bulky, heavy, expensive, fragile, perishable or urgent. The quantity of goods to be carried, their destination and the cost of transport must also be taken into account. Road transport is particularly suitable for short distances and for part deliveries which can involve own fleet operations. Rail is more suitable for bulk cargoes carried over longer distances. Road and rail are forms of inland transport, while sea and air are mainly used for overseas deliveries. There are many types of specialist vessels used in sea transport such as cargo liners, tramps and bulk carriers, and these are used for non-urgent deliveries. Air is used for items which need to be delivered quickly or which need particular protection from theft or damage. Other features of transport include pipelines for carrying, oil and gas and, containers. Importers and exporters seek for the successful movement of goods. The delivery terms are a key part in any price quotation and importers should look for the mode of transport, speed of delivery, reliability and overall costs that best meet their needs. Transport modes are Road, Rail, Sea, Air and any freight movement that involves the use of more than one mode. Methods of By Sea By Air By Rail By Road transport Advantages -Good for very -Very fast. -Fast -Door to door. long -Fairly fast distances. over land. -Inexpensive. -Not -Cost is expensive calculated by volume. Disadvantages -Slow. -Expensive -Fairly -Accidents -Goods must -Goods must expensive. and theft be taken to be taken to - Goods must more and from port and from be taken to common. airport. and from -Delays at station. frontiers 1 outside EU. Main -Bill of lading -Air waybill -Consignment -Consignment Transport note and Note and SAD Document Single for Customs. Administrative Document (SAD) for Customs. Typical goods -Most things. -Ideal for -Ideal for -Most things carried perishable large except ve ry items, such quantities of large as food, and heavy goods. quantities and goods of high oversize value. goods. INCOTERMS International trade terms, international commercial terms and international shipping terms are some of the titles used interchangeably in international commercial transactions involving transportation and trade logistics. These terms generally describe buyer and seller rights and duties in international transportation documents, practice and procedure. International trade industry officials organized under the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) was founded in 1919. One of the missions of the ICC has been to increase efficiencies in international trade transactions by standardizing international trade terms to reduce confusion among contracting parties. The 2010 revision introduces two new terms: Delivered at Terminal (DAT) and Delivered at Place (DAP). It eliminates the DAF, DES, DEQ and DDU designations. For both new terms – Delivery at Place (DAP) and Delivery at Terminal (DAT) – delivery takes place at a named destination. With DAP, delivery takes place when the goods have been placed at the buyer’s disposal and are ready for unloading, while with DAT, delivery occurs when the goods have been placed at the buyer’s disposal, unloaded and at a terminal (port, warehouse, station) The modes of transport are divided into two groups, namely Rules for Any Mode of Transport – which includes Ex Works (EXW), Free Carrier (FCA), Carriage Paid To (CPT), Carriage and Insurance Paid To (CIP), Delivered at Terminal (DAT), Delivered at Place (DAP), and Delivery Duty Paid (DDP) – and Rules for Sea and Inland Waterway Transport, which includes Free Alongside Ship (FAS), Free on Board (FOB), Cost and Freight (CFR), and Cost, Insurance and Freight (CIF). Although Incoterms were traditionally used in international contracts of sale, they had to take into account the proliferation of trade blocs. As a 2 consequence, Incoterms now also have national application, as the subtitle, ICC Rules for the Use of Domestic and International Trade Terms indicates. With reference to terminal handling charges (THC) – under terms CPT, CIP, CFR, CIF, DAP, and DDP – the seller must make arrangements for the carriage of the goods to the agreed destination. It is possible that the THC could become payable twice – as a consequence, the Incoterms 2010 rules clearly allocate the costs. EXW = EX WORKS It refers to the days when places of business were known as “Works”. It means that the goods are available at your location for the buyer to pick up and transport. As exporter you are expected to have the goods packed and suitable for shipping, probably on a shipping pallet, banded and labelled, available for pickup at the time agreed. FCA = FREE CARRIER As exporter you add to your responsibilities of preparing the goods, loading them on board the truck or other carrier that the customer sends to make the pickup. As importer your final price will be increased. FAS= FREE ALONGSIDE SHIP If as customer you have made arrangements for ocean shipment of your goods but would like the seller to transport them to the port, you will be charged extra for that service. If the goods are damaged during their way to the port you -exporter- are responsible for the extra cost as they are your goods until they are received at the port by an agent or representative of the importer. FOB= FREE ON BOARD When your customer requests that you make the actual arrangements for shipping by ocean it will entail more responsibility and your price will be higher. You have to pay for two new expenses: the terminal receiving charges (or wharfage) for loading the goods on board the vessel and, the freight forwarder’s bill. It is crucial that you protect yourself from surprises by getting the written quotation of estimated charges from a freight forwarder before you prepare the quotation for your customer in the FOB terms. CFR=COST AND FREIGHT If your customer requests the ocean freight included in the quotation you must follow the steps already mentioned in the previous Incoterms and also pay for that. You, as exporter, are now undertaking to pay the ocean freight on a “ Prepaid” basis rather than shipping “ Ocean Freight Collect”. CIF= COST, INSURANCE AND FREIGHT Essentially this is the same as CFR except that you (exporter) are taking out a marine insurance policy. As an importer you should avoid accepting a CIF quotation, the exporter is arranging the freight including insurance, but as 3 buyer you are ultimately paying for it. When asking for a pro-forma, ask for the weight and dimensions as well. This enables you to go to your freight forwarder and enquire about freight rates yourself. CPT= CARRIAGE PAID TO Freight paid to inland point of destination. CIP= CARRIAGE AND INSURANCE PAID TO Freight and insurance paid to inland point of destination. DDP= DELIVERED DUTY PAID Named place of destination including duty at Customs. MEANS OF TRANSPORT: INTERNATIONAL ROAD TRANSPORT Road transport to and from the UK with Continental Europe, the Middle East and North Africa has increased with The Channel Tunnel. The ro/ro ferries between Europe and Africa and other destinations have also enabled sea crossings to undertaken without any serious hold-ups. The Ro/Ro refers to the roll on /roll off capability of containerized cargo, which is the foundation of Intermodalism. The concept makes use of the most efficient and cost- effective methods to move goods. There are two means of international transport, driver-accompanied operations and unaccompanied ones. The second usually involves a tractor and a trailer. They are generally cheaper than accompanied services as there is no tractor to take up shipping space and no driver to transport. However, the goods may suffer damage during movement between transport modes and there is a risk of pilferage. INTERNATIONAL RAIL TRANSPORT Europe and UK are linked by the Tunnel, in Spain the links are Barcelona and Valencia. The movement of international shipments via container using sequential transportation methods is the system of the future; Intermodal operations consist of combining different methods of transport to carry the goods from their place of origin to destination. This method of transport is a consequence of improvements in technology and the use of containers, which eases the process of loading and unloading different ways of transport and avoids delays with customs procedures. The increasing development of multimodal transport is due to the large terminals built at ports linking production and consumption centres by motorways and rail stations. Intermodal operators are in charge of buying and selling container space and providing a door to door service to their final customer either manufacturer or shipper. INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT Air freight plays an important part in the movement of perishable goods as flowers and soft fruit as well as for light, compact, high value goods. Spare Parts which are required urgently may also be transported by air. 4 The main advantages are the savings on stock levels, reduction of transit times, and the speed and safety of goods. On the other hand, airfreight rates are nearly always higher than shipping rates and you should also consider the size and weight of the cargoes. The document required for air transport is the Air Waybill, it is not negotiable and that means it is not a document of title and cannot be transferred or negotiated.
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