DOCSLIB.ORG

The Characterization of G-Protein Coupled Receptors in Isolated Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Cells

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Characterization of G-Protein Coupled Receptors in Isolated Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Cells The Characterization of G-protein Coupled Receptors in Isolated Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Cells YEUNG, Barry Ho Sing A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Philosophy in Pharmacology I The ChineseSeptembe Universitr y201 of1 Hon g Kong |1 I e SEP 2ot^ij WrwiiiTY 一"/M Thesis/Assessment Committee Professor John A. RUDD (Chair) Professor Helen WISE (Thesis Supervisor) Professor Wing Tai CHEUNG (Committee Member) Professor Daisy K.Y. SHUM (External Examiner) I Abstract Abstract of thesis entitled: The Characterization of G-protein Coupled Receptors in Isolated Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Cells Submitted by Barry Ho Sing YEUNG For the degree of Master of Philosophy in Pharmacology At The Chinese University of Hong Kong in September 2011 Sensory stimuli are detected by primary sensory neurons whose cell bodies reside in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). In the DRG， glial cells, including satellite glial cells (SGCs) and Schwann cells, are closely associated with the primary sensory neurons. The primary functions of glial cells are to regulate the trafficking of extracellular ions and neurotransmitters for proper neuronal function and survival. In the early study of pain, DRG were examined and sensory neurons were presumed to be the sole players leading to the development of pain while the associated glial cells were thought not to be directly involved. Recently, however, glial cells have emerged as important contributors to the maintenance and amplification of pain by bidirectional neuron-glia interactions.' i In isolated DRG cell cultures, neurons and glial cells in a mixed cell population can be enriched and studied separately. We have recently characterized the functional expression of pain-related prostanoid receptors (EP4 and IP receptors) in isolated cultures of DRG neurons and glial cells using pharmacological methods. Besides, the prostanoid receptor agonist-stimulated responses in glial cells were curiously inhibited by co-culture with neurons revealing a novel neuron-glia interaction. To investigate the effect of neurons on glial cells in isolated cultures, the phenotypic properties of different glial cell subtypes were first studied. Antibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) identified two major types of glial cells, one population had a round nucleus with spreading cytoplasm, and the other population was bipolar or multipolar and spindle shaped with an elongated nucleus. When DRG cells were cultured over time, glial cells proliferated and the number of GFAP- immunoreactive glial cells increased. These characteristics have also been reported in neuropathic pain conditions in vivo which may suggest that isolated glial cells behaved similarly to those glial cells in neuropathic pain models. The identification of glial cell subtypes and fibroblasts using glial cell-specific antibodies was inconclusive and adaptation of other immunocytochemical methods did not facilitate their identification. The second part of the study was to characterize the expression of other pain-related ii Gs- and Gj/o-coupled G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) on neurons and glial cells, and to investigate if the receptor-specific activities of glial cells were also inhibited by co-culture with neurons. Results revealed the presence of P2-adrenoceptors (P2- ARs) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptors, but not pi-adrenoceptors (Pi-ARs), on neurons and glial cells. Consistent with the EP4 and IP receptor agonist- stimulated responses, the CGRP-stimulated responses in mixed DRG cells were smaller than those in the glial cells. This inhibitory pattern was not seen with P2-AR agonist stimulation. Characterization of Gj/o-coupled GPCRs was prevented due to the failure of Gj/�agonist tso inhibit forskolin-stimulated responses. With all agonist and forskolin stimulations, neuron-enriched cells produced smaller responses than mixed DRG cells and glial cells. Addition of nerve growth factor (NGF) did not enhance neuronal responses, despite facilitating neurite outgrowth of neurons. With strong evidence that the Gi/o-coupled GPCR should be expressed on DRG cells, other methods need to be identified in order to characterize the presence of these receptors in DRG neurons and glial cells. In conclusion, this thesis suggested that DRG glial cells in isolated cultures may mimic neuropathic pain conditions after nerve injury in vivo, and revealed the necessity to consider the roles played by the associated glial cells and the neuron-glia interactions during investigations using DRG cells. iii 論文摘要 外周神經糸統中（PNS)，背根神經節(DRG)包含主感覺細胞體，負責偵測感官 刺激。而DRG內的神經膠質細胞，包括衛星膠質細胞（SGCs)和施旺細胞，則 緊密地聯繫著主感覺神經元°神經膠質細胞的主要作用，是調節神經元的外離 子和神經傳送素的流量，使神經元得以正常運作和生存。早期關於疼痛的 DRG硏究指出，感覺神經元是產生疼痛感覺的唯一原素，而聯繫著感覺神經 元的神經膠質細胞，則對疼痛感覺的產生過程沒有直接影響。直'至最近，神經 膠質細胞被視為產生疼痛感覺的重要原素，因為神經元和神經膠質細胞相互作 用可維持及增加疼痛的感覺。 在已分離的DRG細胞培養內，DRG混合細胞群中的感覺神經元和神經膠質細 胞可以分別被豐富和硏究。最近，我們透過藥理學方法，揭示了在已分離的 DRG感覺神經元和神經膠質細胞培養中，與疼痛相關並具功能的前列腺素受 體(EP4和IP受體）。另外，當神經膠質細胞與神經元共同培養的時候，神經元 奇異地抑制了神經膠質細胞被前列腺素受體激動劑刺激後的反應，這揭示了新 的神經元和神經膠質細胞相互作用。為了探究在分離培養內神經元對神經膠質 細胞的影響，我們得先探究不同神經膠質細胞的子類型的生理特性。利用能夠 辨識神經膠質原纖維酸性蛋白（GFAP)的抗體，我們在細胞培養內識別出兩類 型的神經膠質細胞：第一類型的神經膠質細胞擁有圓形的細胞核和展開的_胞 質；第二類型的神經膠質細胞擁有瘦長的細胞核，以及屬兩極或多極的妨錘形 iv 細胞質。隨著培養DRG細胞的時間增加，神經膠質細胞的數目，以及GFAP 螢光訊號的強度皆有增長。以上特徵亦見於神經病情況，表示在分離狀態的神 經膠質細胞和在活體內神經病狀態的神經膠質細胞，兩者表現相似。至現階段， 神經膠質細胞抗體仍未能成功識別神經膠質細胞的子類型和成纖維細胞，至於 採用其他免疫細胞學的方法，亦未見對細胞識別有任何幫助。 此硏究的第二部分，是要在神經元和神經膠質細胞上，揭示其他與疼痛相關的 Gs偶聯和Gi/�偶聯的G蛋白偶聯受體（GPCRs)，再探究神經元的存在，會否 抑制神經膠質細胞的受體特異性活動。結果顯示，在神經元和神經膠質細胞上， 可找到卩2臂上腺素受體（P2-ARS)和降血韩素基因相關縮氣酸（CGRP)受體， 但沒有Pi臂上腺素受體(pi-ARs)。另外，比較發現，細胞被CGRP剌激後， 混合DRG細胞的神經膠質細胞的反應比單一神經膠質細胞的反應大，這顯示 與EP4和IP受體激動劑的刺激反應結果一致。相反，當p2-AR激動劑分別刺 激混合DRG細胞和神經膠質細胞時，卻沒有發現相近的抑制效果。綜合各Gs- GPCR激動劑的剌激測試結果，我們發現神經元富集細胞受刺激後的反應，較 混合DRG細胞和神經膠質細胞受剌激後的反應為細。另外，我們無法揭示Gi/� 偶聯的GPCRs，因為激動劑的刺激測試結果未能抑制細胞受福斯高林 (forskolin)剌激後的反應。而在細胞中加入神經生長因素（NGF)之後，結果 雖然未能增加神經元富集細胞受剌激後的反應，但卻促進了神經元突軸的$長。 雖然現在存有理據證明在DRG細胞上可找到Gi/�偶聯的GPCRs，但我們還需 X 使用其他測試方法來確認GI/�偶聯的GPCRS在DRG神經元和神經膠質細胞上 的存在。 ‘ 總括而言，此論文提出在分離培養中的DRG神經膠質細胞，能模擬在活體內 神經受傷後的神經病情況。另外，也揭示了在硏究DRG的同時，應考慮關聯 神經膠質細胞，以及神經元和神經膠質細胞相互作用的角色。 I vi Acknowledgements I consider my thesis incomplete without this acknowledgement section. It is my pleasure to give thanks to a few people who made this thesis possible. First and ” foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude and appreciation to my supervisor, Professor Helen Wise, for her continuous guidance and support of my study. I appreciate her patience, enthusiasm and immense knowledge, which made my MPhil experience inspiring and joyful. She is such a perfect listener and advisor that I just happened to share all my ups and downs with her. Not only has she given me professional guidance on scientific research, but she has also given me personal guidance on life in general. Besides, I would like to thank the rest of my thesis committee members: Professor John Rudd, Professor WT Cheung and Professor Daisy Shum for reading my thesis and giving insightful suggestions, comments and questions on it. I would also like to say a big "Thank You" to all my laboratory colleagues, including Mr. Kevin Chow, Dr. Johnson Ng and Mr. Terence Chu, for all the ideas and suggestions that came throughout our work. My time at CUHK was made enjoyable in large part due to my buddies at the former Department of Pharmacology: Ms. Stella Chai, Ms. Janina Efpunkt, Dr. Dave Ho, Dr. Winnie Kan, Ms. Stephanie Knapp, Dr. Jessica Law, Ms. Joyce Lee, Mr. Thomas Pffeifer, Ms. Christina Poon, Mr. Dirk Saalfrank... Thanks for all the fun that you all have brought me in the last two years. I gratefully acknowledge the research funds from the Graduate School of CUHK, the overseas conference grants from the School of Biomedical Sciences of CUHK, and the Hong Kong Pharmacology Society. Special thanks to ONO Pharmaceuticals vii (Japan) for providing EP-specific ligands and Schering AG (Germany) for providing cicaprost for this study. Last but not least，I would like to thank my family, especially my parents, for all their unflagging love, support and encouragement throughout my life. Thanks also to Ms. Mimi Chan and Mr. Paul Wong for their advice and assistance during the thesis process. Finally，I express my profound appreciation to my girlfriend, Ms. Joey Wong, for her professional English-to-Chinese abstract translation and thesis proofreading effort. Her love, care, patience, understanding, encouragement and, above all, super delicious food have made my day. Barry HS YEUNG (MPhil) The Chinese University of Hong Kong Sept 2011 I viii Publications based on work in this thesis Article Ng KY, Yeung B, Wong YH，Wise H (2011) • Dorsal root ganglion neurons inhibit adenylyl cyclase activity in associated glial cells (Manuscript in preparation) Oral presentations Ng KY, Yeung B, Wong YH, Wise H (2010) Neurons regulate Gg-coupled GPCRs on glial cells in adult rat dorsal root ganglion cell cultures The International Conference of Pharmacology 一 The 3��Mainland Taiwa, n and Hong Kong Symposium of Pharmacology, Shenyang, China Yeung B, Ng KY, Wong YH, Wise H (2010) Characterization of Gs-coupled GPCRs in cultures of adult rat dorsal root ganglia cells in relation to neuron-glia interactions The 13th Scientific Meeting of the Hong Kong Pharmacology Society, Hong Kong SAR Poster presentations Yeung B, Ng KY, Wong YH, Wise H (2010) Neuron-glia interactions for Gs-coupled GPCRs in cultures of adult rat dorsal root ganglia cells The 28th Scientific Meeting of The Hong Kong Society of Neurosciences and The Annual Biennial Meeting of The Biophysical Society
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Quiescent Satellite Glial Cells of the Adult Trigeminal Ganglion
    Cent. Eur. J. Med. • 9(3) • 2014 • 500-504 DOI: 10.2478/s11536-013-0285-z Central European Journal of Medicine Quiescent satellite glial cells of the adult trigeminal ganglion Research Article Mugurel C. Rusu*1,2,3, Valentina M. Mănoiu4, Nicolae Mirancea3, Gheorghe Nini5 1 „Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050511 Bucharest, Romania. 2 MEDCENTER - Center of Excellence in Laboratory Medicine and Pathology 013594 Bucharest, Romania 3 Institute of Biology of Bucharest – The Romanian Academy, , 060031 Bucharest, Romania 4 Faculty of Geography, University of Bucharest, 050107 Bucharest, Romania 5 Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dental Medicine, “Vasile Goldiş” Western University, 310045 Arad, Romania Received 18 August 2013; Accepted 27 November 2013 Abstract: Sensory ganglia comprise functional units built up by neurons and satellite glial cells (SGCs). In animal species there was proven the presence of neuronoglial progenitor cells in adult samples. Such neural crest-derived progenitors were found in immunohistochemistry (IHC). These fi ndings were not previously documented in transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was thus aimed to assess in TEM if cells of the human adult trigeminal ganglion indeed have ultrastructural features to qualify for a progenitor, or quiescent phenotype. Trigeminal ganglia were obtained from fi fteen adult donor cadavers. In TEM, cells with heterochromatic nuclei, a pancytoplasmic content of free ribosomes, few perinuclear mitochondria, poor developed endoplasmic reticulum, lack of Golgi complexes and membrane traffi cking specializations, were found included in the neuronal envelopes built-up by SGCs. The ultrastructural pattern was strongly suggestive for these cells being quiescent progenitors. However, further experiments should correlate the morphologic and immune phenotypes of such cells.
    [Show full text]
  • Canine Dorsal Root Ganglia Satellite Glial Cells Represent an Exceptional Cell Population with Astrocytic and Oligodendrocytic P
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Canine dorsal root ganglia satellite glial cells represent an exceptional cell population with astrocytic and Received: 17 August 2017 Accepted: 6 October 2017 oligodendrocytic properties Published: xx xx xxxx W. Tongtako1,2, A. Lehmbecker1, Y. Wang1,2, K. Hahn1,2, W. Baumgärtner1,2 & I. Gerhauser 1 Dogs can be used as a translational animal model to close the gap between basic discoveries in rodents and clinical trials in humans. The present study compared the species-specifc properties of satellite glial cells (SGCs) of canine and murine dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in situ and in vitro using light microscopy, electron microscopy, and immunostainings. The in situ expression of CNPase, GFAP, and glutamine synthetase (GS) has also been investigated in simian SGCs. In situ, most canine SGCs (>80%) expressed the neural progenitor cell markers nestin and Sox2. CNPase and GFAP were found in most canine and simian but not murine SGCs. GS was detected in 94% of simian and 71% of murine SGCs, whereas only 44% of canine SGCs expressed GS. In vitro, most canine (>84%) and murine (>96%) SGCs expressed CNPase, whereas GFAP expression was diferentially afected by culture conditions and varied between 10% and 40%. However, GFAP expression was induced by bone morphogenetic protein 4 in SGCs of both species. Interestingly, canine SGCs also stimulated neurite formation of DRG neurons. These fndings indicate that SGCs represent an exceptional, intermediate glial cell population with phenotypical characteristics of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes and might possess intrinsic regenerative capabilities in vivo. Since the discovery of glial cells over a century ago, substantial progress has been made in understanding the origin, development, and function of the diferent types of glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)1.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomina Histologica Veterinaria, First Edition
    NOMINA HISTOLOGICA VETERINARIA Submitted by the International Committee on Veterinary Histological Nomenclature (ICVHN) to the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists Published on the website of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists www.wava-amav.org 2017 CONTENTS Introduction i Principles of term construction in N.H.V. iii Cytologia – Cytology 1 Textus epithelialis – Epithelial tissue 10 Textus connectivus – Connective tissue 13 Sanguis et Lympha – Blood and Lymph 17 Textus muscularis – Muscle tissue 19 Textus nervosus – Nerve tissue 20 Splanchnologia – Viscera 23 Systema digestorium – Digestive system 24 Systema respiratorium – Respiratory system 32 Systema urinarium – Urinary system 35 Organa genitalia masculina – Male genital system 38 Organa genitalia feminina – Female genital system 42 Systema endocrinum – Endocrine system 45 Systema cardiovasculare et lymphaticum [Angiologia] – Cardiovascular and lymphatic system 47 Systema nervosum – Nervous system 52 Receptores sensorii et Organa sensuum – Sensory receptors and Sense organs 58 Integumentum – Integument 64 INTRODUCTION The preparations leading to the publication of the present first edition of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria has a long history spanning more than 50 years. Under the auspices of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists (W.A.V.A.), the International Committee on Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature (I.C.V.A.N.) appointed in Giessen, 1965, a Subcommittee on Histology and Embryology which started a working relation with the Subcommittee on Histology of the former International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee. In Mexico City, 1971, this Subcommittee presented a document entitled Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft as a basis for the continued work of the newly-appointed Subcommittee on Histological Nomenclature. This resulted in the editing of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft II (Toulouse, 1974), followed by preparations for publication of a Nomina Histologica Veterinaria.
    [Show full text]
  • Advances in Transcription Factors Related to Neuroglial Cell Reprogramming
    Translational Neuroscience 2020; 11: 17–27 Review Article Kuangpin Liu, Wei Ma, Chunyan Li, Junjun Li, Xingkui Zhang, Jie Liu, Wei Liu, Zheng Wu, Chenghao Zang, Yu Liang, Jianhui Guo, Liyan Li* Advances in transcription factors related to neuroglial cell reprogramming https://doi.org/10.1515/tnsci-2020-0004 glia. Neuroglial cells are intimate partners of neurons Received August 23, 2019; accepted January 7, 2020 throughout their life cycle [2]. In embryos, neuroglial cells form a cellular framework and regulate the survival Abstract: Neuroglial cells have a high level of plasticity, and differentiation of neurons. In addition, during and many types of these cells are present in the nervous neurogenesis and early development, neuroglial cells system. Neuroglial cells provide diverse therapeutic mediate the proliferation and differentiation of neurons targets for neurological diseases and injury repair. Cell by synthesizing and secreting various growth factors and reprogramming technology provides an efficient pathway extracellular matrix components [2]. The most prominent for cell transformation during neural regeneration, while function of neuroglial cells during development is transcription factor-mediated reprogramming can facilitate formation of myelin sheaths around axons, which provide the understanding of how neuroglial cells mature into necessary signals and maintain rapid conduction for functional neurons and promote neurological function nervous system function [3]. Additionally, neuroglial recovery. cells maintain homeostasis in nerve cells and participate in synaptic plasticity and cell repair [2]. Similar to Keywords: Neuroglial cell; Reprogramming; Transcription developmental processes in other types of animal cells, factor the development of neuroglial cells is influenced by interactions between cells; cell lineage and extracellular signaling can regulate the migration, proliferation and 1 Introduction differentiation of glial cells.
    [Show full text]
  • Neuron-Satellite Glial Cell Interactions in Sympathetic Nervous System Development
    NEURON-SATELLITE GLIAL CELL INTERACTIONS IN SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT by Erica D. Boehm A dissertation submitted to the Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, Maryland July 2020 © 2020 Erica Boehm All rights reserved. ABSTRACT Glial cells play crucial roles in maintaining the stability and structure of the nervous system. Satellite glial cells are a loosely defined population of glial cells that ensheathe neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses of the peripheral nervous system (Elfvin and Forsman 1978; Pannese 1981). Satellite glial cells are closely juxtaposed to peripheral neurons with only 20nm of space between their membranes (Dixon 1969). This close association suggests a tight coupling between the cells to allow for possible exchange of important nutrients, yet very little is known about satellite glial cell function and development. How neurons and glial cells co-develop to create this tightly knit unit remains undefined, as well as the functional consequences of disrupting these contacts. Satellite glial cells are derived from the same population of cells that give rise to peripheral neurons, but do not begin differentiation and proliferation until neurogenesis has been completed (Hall and Landis 1992). A key signaling pathway involved in glial specification is the Delta/Notch signaling pathway (Tsarovina et al. 2008). However, recent studies also implicate Notch signaling in the maturation of glia through non- canonical Notch ligands such as Delta/Notch-like EGF-related Receptor (DNER) (Eiraku et al. 2005). Interestingly, it has been reported that levels of DNER in sympathetic neurons may be dependent on the target-derived growth factor, nerve growth factor (NGF), and this signal is prominent in sympathetic neurons at the time in which satellite glial cells are developing (Deppmann et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Nonrenewal of Neurons in the Cerebral Neocortex of Adult Macaque Monkeys
    The Journal of Neuroscience, February 1, 2003 • 23(3):937–942 • 937 Nonrenewal of Neurons in the Cerebral Neocortex of Adult Macaque Monkeys Daisuke Koketsu,1 Akichika Mikami,2 Yusei Miyamoto,1 and Tatsuhiro Hisatsune1 1Department of Integrated Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8562, Japan, and 2Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama 484-8506, Japan The concept that, after developmental periods, neocortical neurons become numerically stable and are normally nonrenewable has been challengedbyareportofcontinuousneurogenesisintheassociationareasofthecerebralcortexintheadultMacaquemonkey.Therefore, we have reexamined this issue in two different Macaque species using the thymidine analog bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) as an indicator of DNA replication during cell division. We found several BrdUϩ/NeuNϩ (neuronal nuclei) double-labeled cells, but cortical neurons, distinguished readily by their size and cytological and immunohistochemical properties, were not BrdU positive. We examined in detail the frontal cortex, where it is claimed that the largest daily addition of neurons has been made, but did not see migratory streams or any sign of addition of new neurons. Thus, we concluded that, in the normal condition, cortical neurons of adult primates, similar to other mammalian species, are neither supplemented nor renewable. Key words: adult neurogenesis; cerebral cortex; primates; DNA synthesis; glial markers; 3D immunohistochemistry Most neurons of the mammalian brain are generated from neu- Gould and colleagues assert,
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity Among Satellite Glial Cells in Dorsal Root Ganglia of the Rat
    SatelliteBrazilian glial Journal cells of in Medical rat spinal and ganglion Biological Research (2008) 41: 1011-1017 1011 ISSN 0100-879X Short Communication Diversity among satellite glial cells in dorsal root ganglia of the rat R.S. Nascimento1,2, M.F. Santiago3, S.A. Marques1,2, S. Allodi1,2 and A.M.B. Martinez1,2 1Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, 2Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, 3Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil Correspondence to: A.M.B. Martinez, Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, ICB, CCS, Bloco F, UFRJ, Av. Brig. Trompowsky, s/n, 21941-540 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil E-mail: [email protected] Peripheral glial cells consist of satellite, enteric glial, and Schwann cells. In dorsal root ganglia, besides pseudo-unipolar neurons, myelinated and nonmyelinated fibers, macrophages, and fibroblasts, satellite cells also constitute the resident components. Information on satellite cells is not abundant; however, they appear to provide mechanical and metabolic support for neurons by forming an envelope surrounding their cell bodies. Although there is a heterogeneous population of neurons in the dorsal root ganglia, satellite cells have been described to be a homogeneous group of perineuronal cells. Our objective was to characterize the ultrastructure, immunohistochemistry, and histochemistry of the satellite cells of the dorsal root ganglia of 17 adult 3-4-month-old Wistar rats of both genders. Ultrastructurally, the nuclei of some satellite cells are heterochromatic, whereas others are euchromatic, which may result from different amounts of nuclear activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of an in Vitro Model for Activation of Satellite Glial Cells in The
    Development of an in vitro Model for Activation of Satellite Glial Cells in the Sympathetic Nervous System Master’s Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Graduate Program in Molecular and Cell Biology Susan Birren, Advisor In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Molecular and Cell Biology by Surbhi Sona February 2014 Acknowledgement I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Susan Birren for giving me this learning opportunity in her lab. I thank her for her constant guidance and support and for critiquing my work. I also thank her for her insightful questions and suggestions. I am extremely grateful to Dr. Joana Enes for mentoring my work and training me in the various techniques used in this research. I thank her for her patience and valuable guidance which made this a wonderful learning experience for me. I deeply thank her for providing me with some of the materials used in my experiments - She established the primary rat cultures used in this study. The various HEK cell constructs, used in the neurotrophin experiments, were also developed by her. I also thank all the members of the Birren lab for their support and valuable discussions on my work. ii Abstract Development of an in vitro Model for Activation of Satellite Glial Cells in the Sympathetic Nervous System A thesis presented to the Graduate Program in Molecular and Cell Biology Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Waltham, Massachusetts By Surbhi Sona Glial cells of the central nervous system are activated upon injury and modulate the course of several diseases.
    [Show full text]
  • Neuronal Processes and Glial Precursors Form a Scaffold for Wiring the Developing Mouse Cochlea ✉ N
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19521-2 OPEN Neuronal processes and glial precursors form a scaffold for wiring the developing mouse cochlea ✉ N. R. Druckenbrod1,2, E. B. Hale1, O. O. Olukoya 1, W. E. Shatzer1 & L. V. Goodrich 1 In the developing nervous system, axons navigate through complex terrains that change depending on when and where outgrowth begins. For instance, in the developing cochlea, spiral ganglion neurons extend their peripheral processes through a growing and hetero- fi 1234567890():,; geneous environment en route to their nal targets, the hair cells. Although the basic prin- ciples of axon guidance are well established, it remains unclear how axons adjust strategies over time and space. Here, we show that neurons with different positions in the spiral ganglion employ different guidance mechanisms, with evidence for both glia-guided growth and fasciculation along a neuronal scaffold. Processes from neurons in the rear of the ganglion are more directed and grow faster than those from neurons at the border of the ganglion. Further, processes at the wavefront grow more efficiently when in contact with glial precursors growing ahead of them. These findings suggest a tiered mechanism for reliable axon guidance. 1 Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. 2Present address: Decibel Therapeutics, 1325 ✉ Boylston St #500, Boston, MA 02215, USA. email: [email protected] NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2020) 11:5866 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19521-2 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications 1 ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19521-2 euroscientists have long puzzled how neurons make the Several observations suggest that glia might be involved in the connections needed for proper circuit function, with earliest stages of cochlear wiring.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomina Histologica Veterinaria
    NOMINA HISTOLOGICA VETERINARIA Submitted by the International Committee on Veterinary Histological Nomenclature (ICVHN) to the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists Published on the website of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists www.wava-amav.org 2017 CONTENTS Introduction i Principles of term construction in N.H.V. iii Cytologia – Cytology 1 Textus epithelialis – Epithelial tissue 10 Textus connectivus – Connective tissue 13 Sanguis et Lympha – Blood and Lymph 17 Textus muscularis – Muscle tissue 19 Textus nervosus – Nerve tissue 20 Splanchnologia – Viscera 23 Systema digestorium – Digestive system 24 Systema respiratorium – Respiratory system 32 Systema urinarium – Urinary system 35 Organa genitalia masculina – Male genital system 38 Organa genitalia feminina – Female genital system 42 Systema endocrinum – Endocrine system 45 Systema cardiovasculare et lymphaticum [Angiologia] – Cardiovascular and lymphatic system 47 Systema nervosum – Nervous system 52 Receptores sensorii et Organa sensuum – Sensory receptors and Sense organs 58 Integumentum – Integument 64 INTRODUCTION The preparations leading to the publication of the present first edition of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria has a long history spanning more than 50 years. Under the auspices of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists (W.A.V.A.), the International Committee on Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature (I.C.V.A.N.) appointed in Giessen, 1965, a Subcommittee on Histology and Embryology which started a working relation with the Subcommittee on Histology of the former International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee. In Mexico City, 1971, this Subcommittee presented a document entitled Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft as a basis for the continued work of the newly-appointed Subcommittee on Histological Nomenclature. This resulted in the editing of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft II (Toulouse, 1974), followed by preparations for publication of a Nomina Histologica Veterinaria.
    [Show full text]
  • Expression of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) in the Trigeminal Ganglion of Male Wistar Rats
    Original Research Expression of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) in the Trigeminal Ganglion of Male Wistar Rats P.K. Sankaran1,*, M.Kumaresan2, G. Karthikeyan3, Yuvaraj M.4 1,3Assistant Professor, 2,4Tutor, Dept. of Anatomy, Saveetha Medical College & Research Institute, Chennai *Corresponding Author: Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Background Significance: The pseudounipolar neurons in the sensory ganglia are wrapped by small satellite cells which play a similar role like Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. The pseudounipolar cells of trigeminal ganglion are surrounded by a capsule formed by satellite glial cells. These satellite glial cells play important role in maintaining normal functions of the neuron. Aim & Objective: To localise GFAP in satellite glial cells of trigeminal ganglion. Material & Methods: Six male wistar albino rats trigeminal ganglion were collected and immunohistochemically stained for GFAP in six male wistar albino rats. Result: GFAP was localised in the cytoplasm of satellite glial cells surrounding the neurons. GFAP was also localised around Schwaan cells of an axon. Discussion: GFAP is an intermediate protein which can get up regulated due to peripheral axonal injury. This GFAP can trigger mediators of inflammation and create a neuralgia or migraine like conditions. Conclusion: This study concluded that satellite cells are type of glial cells that express GFAP. This GFAP was also expressed by Schwaan cells surrounding the axon. Keywords: GFAP, Trigeminal ganglion, Satellite glial cells, Pseudounipolar
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of the Satellite Glial Cell (SGC) in the Extrinsic Sensory Innervation of the Gut in Rodent High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity (DIO)
    Characterization of the satellite glial cell (SGC) in the extrinsic sensory innervation of the gut in rodent high-fat diet-induced obesity (DIO) Grace England STAR Mentor: Dr. Helen Raybould 11 August 2016 Obesity epidemic warrants scientific attention •In the U.S., 39.4% of adults were obese in 2011-2012 (68.6% overweight or obese)1 •Canine obesity rates average 34-59% in developed nations 2 •Feline obesity rates average 19-52% in developed nations 3 •Obesity co-morbidities are often very detrimental to quality of life. •Therefore, the study of physiological regulation of food intake is relevant for understanding obesity onset and identifying treatments. The vagal afferent pathway communicates information about contents of the gut lumen to the hypothalamus •Gut hormones target vagal afferent terminals, which relay sensory information to the brain. Hypothalamus Anorexigenic hormones (eg leptin) • Anorexigenic: signal satiety. Cholecystokinin Glucagon-like •However, consumption of a high-fat peptide 1 diet (HFD) leads to leptin resistance in Peptide YY3-36 vagal afferent neurons (VAN). Leptin Leptin resistance is characterized by cellular and electrophysiological changes in VAN • Leptin is ineffective in communicating the “fed” state of the gut to the brain. • Changes in neuronal plasticity “lock” VAN in an orexigenic phenotype, and hyperphagia ensues.4,5 Satellite glial cells (SGCs) envelop neuronal cell bodies in 3D space Neuron cell body Satellite Glial Cells http://philschatz.com/anatomy-book/resources/1210_Glial_Cells_of_the_PNS.jpg
    [Show full text]