The Depth Distribution of Chinese Coal Resource

Kexi Pan School of Social Development and Public Policy Fudan University August 22nd 2005 Content

Introduction

The depth distribution of Chinese coal resource

The general situation of Chinese coal mining

Coal mining situation of the U.S.A and other main coal producers Conclusion remarks and further works Introduction

 China is relatively abundant of coal, at the time-being, the depth of coal exploitation is about 400~500m, (in some special cases, it is 600m).  Alongside with the increase of depth, exploitation cost, safety, etc. are very serious problems.  Generally speaking, the coal seams with depth more than 1000~1500m are not suitable for exploitation. Because of the

difference of absorb ability of CO2 and CH4, injection of CO2 to

replace CH4 is a win-win strategy.

 From aspect of CO2 sequestration, detailed survey, study and analysis of the deep unminable coal seams will be of significant importance. Chinese Coal Resource

Total Resource Amount 5569.7 billion tons Reserves Proved up 1017.6 billion tons Forecasted Resource Possessed Reserves 4552.1 billion tons 1003.2 billion tons

Exploitable Reserves 114.5 billion tons The Depth Distribution of Chinese Coal Resource

Depth1000 -1500 m Depth1500 -2000 m 1,340.38. 1,367.68. Billion Tons Billion Tons

Depth< 1000 m 1,844.05. Billion Tons Chinese Forecasted Coal Reserves Distribution by Depth(4,552.1Billion Tons ） Chinese Forecasted Coal Reserve中s国煤炭预测储量

Sh河an北xi,/ 山Inn西er/ M内o蒙ng古olia and Hebei16 1675751.1 亿 bi吨llion tons Shaanxi, Gan陕su甘, N宁in青gx新ia, Qinghai and Xinjian23g 2598359..88 8亿 b吨illion tons

O其th它er省 份 25pr32ovi.n7ces亿吨 253.27 billion tons

四Si川ch/u贵an州, G/云uizh南ou and Yunnan 22663.8386. 6b亿illi吨on tons Chinese Forecasted Coal Reserves Distribution by Depth

Chinese Forecasted Coal Reserves Distribution by Depth 1.0 ⅰ Hebei, Shanxi and 0.9 Inner Mongolia 0.8 ⅱ Anhui, Shandong and Henan 0.7 0.6 D epth 1500 - 2000 m 0.5 D epth 1000 - 1500 m 0.4 D epth < 1000 m 0.3 0.2 ⅲ Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan ⅳ Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai 0.1 and Xinjiang 0.0 ⅰ ⅱ ⅲ ⅳ Others National Chinese Forecasted Coal Reserves (Dept中h国煤<1000m)炭预测储量 (埋深<1000米)

Sh河anx北i, /I山nn西er /M内o蒙ng古olia and H4eb50ei4 .46540亿.46吨 billion tons Shaanxi,陕 G甘ansu宁, 青Ni新ngxia, Qinghai and Xin1j1ian74g2 1.1117亿4.2吨1 billion tons

Other其 p它rov省in份ces 61.76 1b6il.l9io6n亿 to吨ns

四Si川ch/u贵an州, G/u云izh南ou and Yunnan 15577.66.87 7bi亿lli吨on tons Chinese Forecasted Coal Reserves （ Depth within 1000m ）

Inner Mongolia Yunnan Others Qinghai Guizhou Sichuan

Shanxi Ningxia Shaanxi Xinjiang Chinese Forecasted Coal Reserves (Depth:1000- 1500m)中国煤炭预测储量 (埋深1000-1500米)

Sh河北anx/i山西, Inner/内蒙 Mon古golia and Heb5ei652 56.75.24亿7 b吨illion tons

Shaanxi陕, G甘宁青新ansu, Ningxia, Qinghai and Xin6023jiang. 160亿吨2.31 billion tons

O其它省份ther p1034rovin.ces8亿吨 103.48 billion tons

四川Sichu/贵州an, G/u云南izhou and Y693unnan.17 6亿吨9.32 billion tons Chinese Forecasted Coal Reserves （ Depth 1000 － 1500m ）

Shanxi Guizhou Xinjiang Shaanxi Gansu

Ningxia Henan Anhui Inner Mongolia Others Chinese Forecasted Coal Reserves (Depth:1500- 2000m)中国煤炭预测储量 (埋深1500-2000米)

河Sh北an/x山i, 西Inn/er内 M蒙古ongolia and H6eb5ei93 6.6592.3亿吨6 billion tons Shaanxi, Gan陕su,甘宁 Ning青xia,新 Qinghai and Xinjiang 5588333.3.6 亿bil吨lion tons

O其th它er 省份 8pr80ov.i9n亿ces吨 88.09 billion tons

四川Sichu/an贵州, Gu/云izh南ou and Yu3n68nan.6 23亿6.8吨2 billion tons Chinese Forecasted Coal Reserves （ Depth 1500-2000m ）

Shanxi Ningxia Gansu Shaanxi Hebei Xinjiang Guizhou Henan

Others

Inner Mongolia Number of Chinese Coal Mines

State-owned principal coal mines 736 Local state-owned coal mines 2176

Coal mines owned by villages and towns 24500 Number of American Strip Mines and Pithead Mines

1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 842 800 749 Strip Mine 600 Pithead Mine 400

200

0 1999 2002 Chinese Coal Mine Exploration Depth

East Northeast Southwest Middlesouth North China China China China China 0

200

400 Average Depth 456m

600

800

1000

1200 The Biggest Vertical Depth 1300m Reserves of American Strip Mines and Pithead Mines

339.3

163.4 St r i p Mi ne Pi t head Mi ne

EIA1999(Unit：billion tons) The Output of Main Coal Producers’ (Strip Mine and Pithead Mine)

100%

80%

60% Pithead Mine

40% Strip Mine

20%

0% China U.S.A Australia India S.Africa Chinese Coal Yield

Chinese Coal Output 1949-2004 (Unit:Million Tons)

1956 2000

1800 1667 1600 1380 1400

1200 1079.3 1089.67 1000 999.16 800 620.13 600 397.21 353.99 400

200 42.92

0 1 1 1 1 1 19 1 1 1 1 19 1 19 1 1 1 1 1 19 1 1 1 1 19 1 1 2 2 94 9 95 9 9 96 9 96 9 9 97 9 9 9 9 98 9 99 9 9 9 00 00 5 55 57 5 6 67 6 71 7 7 7 81 83 8 8 93 9 97 99 1 3 7 9 9 9 3 9 1 5 9 3 5 5 7 1 5 1 3 Chinese Coal Yield

The composition of coal output of China in 2004

Coal mines owned by villages State- and towns owned key 38% coal mines 47%

Local state- owned coal mines 15% Conclusion Remarks

 Exploitation of the coal with depth more than 1500~2000m is very difficult ---- increase of cost, unsafety, disaster gas blast.

 Injection of CO2 into unminable coal seams is a win-win

strategy ---- exploitation of huge amount of CH4 and a nature

reservoir of CO2 storage.  The unminable deep coal reserves is about 30% of the total, in 3 average, absorbed CH4 in coal is 10~20m /t.

 The amount of CH4 in deep coal seams which could be obtained by CO2 injection is 13Tm3 (37% of the total estimated reserves in China).

 Theoretically, 2mols of CO2 could “squeeze” out 1mol of CH4.

 The amount of CO2 which could be stored in unminable deep coal

seams is 30Gt (10 times of the CO2 emitted in China annually). Conclusion Remarks

 The areas of abundant unminable coal reserves are coincide with the areas of abundant minable coal reserves (with depth less than 1000m). It is easy to be arranged:  On-site exploitation  On-site transformation (power, liquid fuels, chemical...) via Polygeneration  On-site capture (sequestration)  On-site injection and sequestration (enhancement of CBM production) Further Works

 Detailed survey and analysis of reserves of deep unminable coal seams, their distribution, the physical and chemical characteristic of the coal (permeability, contents of CBM, etc.)

 The absorb ability and desorb ability of CH4 and CO2 for diverse coal, the basic mechanism, establishment of mathematical model, experimental and simulation study

 The flow pattern of underground injected CO2 and desorbed

CH4, the requirement of well-drilling and distribution, modeling and simulation  Strengthen the international cooperation (Alberta Research Council, Canada and other institutions) ThThaannkk YYouou